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A   Cyclopedia   ol    State    History,    Embracing    Events, 

Institutions,    Industries,    Counties,    Cities, 

Towns,  Prominent  Persons,  Etc. 


Edited  by 

FRANK  W.  BLACKMAR,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D 


IN   TWO   VOLUMES 

VOLUME  1 


ILLUSTRATED 


STANDARD   PUBLISHING   COMPANY 

CHICAGO 


Copyrielit   1912 

by 

StaiidarJ  I'ublishliig  CuiiiiJuiiy. 


^ 


V.  / 


LIST  OB^  ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 
Asjricultiiral  Cdllcfic    34 

Steam   IMiiw  iti   Action   48 

Display  of  Agricultural  I'roducts   33 

Reeclier's  Island 97 

Baker  I'liivcrsity  130 

Battleship  Kansas  159 

Bethany  College 177 

State  School  for  the  Blind '. 192 

lolm  Brown  MonunienJ 242 

Campbell  College 275 

Old  Capitol  at  Pawnee 283 

State  Capitol  at  Topeka 285 

C'nuncil  (  )ak  at  (.'nnnoil  •  irnv  c 46r 

State  School  for  the  iJeaf 496 

Weather  Building  at  Dodge  City 524 

State  Hospital  for  Epileptics 595 

State  Home  for  I'^eehle  Minded 635 

I'drt  Kiley   669 

Old   Guard    1  louse  at    I'ort   Scott    672 

C^ld   Ciovcrnmcnt   Building.   I'Ort  Scott    673 

Cieological  Section ~2,2, 

Pawnee  Indians — Father  and  Son    905 

Boys'  Industrial  School   934 

(lirls'  industrial  Schtjol   935 


^ 


INl^RDl^UCTIOISr 


Perhaps  no  other  Cdinniniiwcahh  achiiitted  into  the  Union  during 
the  last  half  of  the  last  century  has  a  greater  historical  interest  than 
Kansas.  Born  in  the  storm  and  stress  period  of  national  political 
controversy,  cradled  in  the  tumult  of  civil  war,  and  reared  to  full  state- 
hood in  an  era  unparalleled  in  the  arts  of  peace,  the  life  of  Kansas  has 
been  one  of  intense  activity.  Carved  out  of  territory  once  known  as 
part  of  the  Great  American  Desert,  by  the  industry  of  her  ])eople  it 
has  become  one  of  the  most  ]H-oductivc  and  wealthy  states  of  the  Union 
in  proportion  to  its  poi)ulation.  l'"rom  the  political  unrest  of  the  early 
life  has  sj^rung  a  people  alive  to  progressive  forms  of  government. 
Alert  in  educational  atifairs,  from  the  beginning  her  schools  have  been 
monuments  of  the  greatness  of  her  people ;  interested  in  the  justice 
and  equity  of  lnunan  relationship,  her  laws  for  securing  human  rights 
in  political,  industrial  and  social  order  are  among  the  most  enlightened 
in  the  land. 

To  write  a  history  of  such  a  state,  to  unravel  all  of  its  political 
entanglements,  to  carry  forward  the  political  and  industrial  develop- 
ment through  border  war,  civil  war,  Indian  depredations,  drought  and 
failure,  to  iinal  achievement  of  a  great  commonwealth  is  a  serious  task. 
To  such  a  task  those  who  have  been  engaged  in  the  preparation  of 
this  work  have  devoted  their  best  energy  and  most  faithfid  service. 

It  would  be  almost  impossible  to  make  such  a  history  of  achievement 
covering  such  a  wide  range  of  subjects  in  consecutive  narration  and 
at  the  same  time  make  it  usable  for  those  for  whom  it  was  intended. 
1^'or  this  reason  the  aljihabctical  order  of  topics  has  been  chosen.  By 
this  method  information  on  an\-  subject  from  ihc  administration  of  a 
gfivernor  or  the  development  of  a  cousliltiticiu  to  an  historical  incident 
or  the  founding  of  a  small  town  may  be  obtained  with  facility.  And 
in  the  presentation  of  the  material  in  this  form  it  has  been  necessary 
to  omit  all  political  controversies,  to  avoid  all  comparison  of  judgment 
and  relate  the  simple  facts  of  how  it  all  came  about. 

I  lowever,  all  those  who  wish  to  have  a  consecutive  history  of  political 
events  need  only  to  follow  the  history  of  the  separate  administrations 
of  the  governors  from  Reeder  to  Stubbs  and  they  will  find  a  continued 
history  of  the  political  development  of  Kansas.  And  if  this  be  supple- 
mented bv  the  ])crnsal  of  separate  articles  such  as  those  of  the  Louisiana 
Purchase,  the  Missouri  Compromise,  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  Squatter 
Sovereignty,  the  development  of  constitutional  conventions,  finance, 
taxation  and  the  important  reform  measures  under  their  respective  titles 


INTRODUCTION 

lie  may  have  a  Iiistory  and  philosophy  of  Ihc  buikling  of  a  state.  Tlie 
value  of  this  may  be  enhanced  by  reading  the  brief  biographies  of  the 
people  who  have  been  most  in  the  limelight  as  leaders  in  the  building 
of  Kansas.  In  the  preparation  of  these  brief  biographies  one  cannot 
help  but  reflect  upon  the  fact  that  after  all  the  rank  and  file  of  the  peo- 
ple, each  one  performing  his  duty  in  his  proper  place,  made  Kansas. 
Those  men  and  women  who  endured  the  hardships  of  pioneer  days 
(and  Kansas  has  always  had  her  pioneer  days  in  the  progress  of  civili- 
zation from  the  Missouri  border  to  the  Colorado  line),  subdued  the 
soil,  mastered  the  resources  of  the  country,  developed  her  industries, 
built  her  schools,  churches  and  railroads,  made  a  large  part  of  the  real 
history  of  Kansas  which  cannot  be  recorded  except  in  a  general  way. 
History  seldom  portrays  the  real  life  of  the  commonwealth.  It  is  the 
sociology  of  the  state  after  all  that  represents  its  true  greatness. 

Indeed  the  political  history  of  the  state  represents  a  small  part  of 
what  Kansas  has  wrought  and  hence  a  small  jvirt  of  its  life.  The  Kan- 
sas Cyclopedia  assumes  to  present  every  factor  in  the  political,  social, 
and  economic  development  and  relate  every  important  event  which 
has  had  to  do  with  the  building  of  a  great  commonwealth.  And  when 
we  i)ause  to  think  of  it,  what  a  great  history  it  is,  extending  back  ne.irly 
four  hundred  years,  with  its  active  progress  crowded  into  a  little  more 
than  hall  a  century  I     And  yet  it   falls  naturally   into  various  ]icriods : 

It  comprises  prehistoric  Kansas  and  the  occupation  of  the  native 
races;  the  early  expeditions  of  Coronado  and  other  Spanish  explorers; 
the  early  trappers  and  traders,  followed  by  the  ex])lorations  of  Pike 
;m(l  Long;  the  military  organization  for  the  protection  of  the  frontier; 
the  history  of  early  trading  and  transiiorlation  trails  leading  to  Santa 
Fe,  Utah,  Oregon  and  California;  the  period  of  settlement  and  the  dis- 
posal of  public  land;  the  struggle  that  organized  Kansas  a  free  state; 
the  organization  and  development  of  counties  and  towns;  the  mus- 
tering of  its  armies  for  the  preservation  of  the  Union;  the  expansion 
of  government  and  the  making  of  internal  imhlic  improvements;  the 
exploitation  of  ilu-  geology  of  Kansas  and  the  development  of  its  ma- 
terial resoiu'ces ;  dcxclopnient  of  agricullnre,  ui.iuufacliuing  and  trans- 
|ir)rlation;  and  through  it  all  the  de\  clo])nicn1  of  schools,  colleges  and 
the  university,  liie  foimding  and  progress  of  chaiilable  institutions,  the 
building  of  churches  and  the  enaclmciit  of  special  laws  to  enforce  the 
moral  condiicl  of  society.  Add  to  this  the  hiuidrcds  of  instances  of 
real  life  told  of  men  and  affairs  and  you  li;i\c  an  onlliiic  of  Ihc  ical 
history  of  Kansas. 

The  editor  of  this  history,  and  his  able  assistants  have  sought  with 
painstaking  exactness  lo  ascertain  the  truth  of  Kansas  history.  They 
have  had  at  tlicir  command  llie  writings  of  many  authorities,  the  ex- 
periences of  men  and  a  magnificent  body  of  historical  materi.il  fmiu  Ihc 
Kansas  Historical  Society.  If  the  book  is  entirely  free  from  error  it 
is  different  from  any  other  history  ever  written  of  any  country.  And 
while  small  errors  may  have  crept  in  even  after  the  most  circful  scrutiny. 


JNTUiililIi'TliiN 

as  may  be  expected  in  so  large  a  work,  still  for  its  purpose  the  present 
history  should  be  in  advance  of  all  other  histories  of  the  State  of  Kansas. 
If  it  is  not  in  advance,  it  is  a  mistake,  to  have  written  it.  At  least  it 
will  present  in  a  concise  form  a  large  amount  of  the  historical  material 
in  the  libraries  of  Kansas,  hitherto  hidcUii  from  view  to  most  people 
of  the  state. 

It  is  hoped  that  its  use  by  students  will  ije  large  and  that  it  will  lead 
to  extended  research  and  an  elaboration  of  special  subjects.  For  such 
the  frequent  cross  references  will  be  found  valuable  aids. 

Acknowledgment  is  hereby  ma<le  to  the  secretary  and  assistants 
of  the  state  historical  societ}-  for  their  aid  in  giving  access  to  the  val- 
uable collection  in  their  charge,  and  recognition  is  made  of  the  following 
list  of  historical  writings,  manuscripts,  etc. : 

Official  Publications. — Reports  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Ethnology ; 
Congressional  i^ecord  ;  V.  S.  Senate  and  House  Reports;  Messages  and 
Documents  of  the  Presidents;  Reports  of  Congressional  Investigating 
and  Special  Committees;  Departmental  Reports;  Correspondence  and 
Reports  of  the  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs;  U.  S.  Treaties  and  Con- 
ventions; Rebellion  Records;  Reports  of  U.  S.  General  Land  Office; 
Session  Laws  of  Kansas ;  Legislative  Journals ;  Reports  of  State  Board 
of  Agriculture,  Bank  Commissioner,  Adjutant-General,  Superintendent 
of  Public  Instruction,  Railroad  Commission,  etc.;  Kansas  Historical  So- 
ciety Publications,  Governors'  Messages,  Reports  of  University  Geo- 
logical Survey,  etc. 

Histories  of  Kansas. — Cutler's,  1  fazelrigg's,  Jlolloway's,  Prentis' 
Spring's,  Tattle's,  and  VVilder's  Annals  of  Kansas. 

Miscellaneous. — Adair's  Travels  in  North  America ;  Adams'  Home- 
stead Guide  ;  American  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  Reports  ;  Annual  Reg- 
ister;  Appleton's  Annual  Cyclopedia;  Baker's  Forestry  Report;  Ban- 
croft's Historical  Works;  Bandelier's  Gilded  Man;  Blackmar's  Life  of 
Charles  Robinson,  Spanish  Colonization  in  the  Southwest,  and  Spanish 
Institutions  in  the  Southwest;  Boughton's  Kansas  Handbook;  Brewer- 
ton's  The  War  in  Kansas;  Britton's  War  on  the  Border;  Bronson's 
Farmers'  Unions,  etc. ;  Canfield's  Local  Government  in  Kansas ;  Chap- 
man's Emigrant's  Guide;  Child's  Kansas  Emigrants;  Chittenden's  Amer- 
ican Fur  Trade;  Connelley's  Life  of  John  Brown,  Ouantrill  and  the  Bor- 
der Wars,  Kansas  Territorial  Governors,  Doniphan's  Expedition,  and 
the  Provisional  Government  of  Nebraska  Territory;  Cooke's  Scenes  and 
Adventures  in  the  Army;  Custer's  Wild  Life  on  the  Plains;  Davidson's 
Silk  Culture;  Dodge's  Plains  of  the  (Ireat  West;  Elliott's  Notes  in  Sixty 
Years;  Fowler's  Report  of  Glenn's  Expedition;  Fremont's  Reports  of 
Explorations  in  the  West;  Gallatin's  Reports  of  the  Transactions  of  the 
American  Ethnological  Society ;  Gihon's  Geary  and  Kansas ;  Giles'  Thir- 
ty Years  in  Topeka ;  Gladstone's  An  Englishman  in  Kansas ;  deed's 
From  River  to  Sea;  Greeley's  American  Conflict,  and  An  Overland  Jour- 
ney ;  Gregg's  Commerce  of  the  Prairies ;  Hale's  Kanzas  and  Nebraska ; 
Harvey's  History  of  the  Shawnee  Indians;  Hinton's  Army  of  the  Bor- 


IiNTItODUCTlON 

der;  Humphrey's  The  Squatter  Sovereign;  Inman's  Stories  of  the  Old 
Santa  Fe  Trail;  Irving's  Adventures  of  Captain  Bonneville,  and  A  Tour 
of  the  Prairies;  Jenkins'  The  Northern  Tier;  Kansas  Biographical  Reg- 
ister; Kendall's  Santa  Fe  Expedition;  Lewis  and  Clark's  Journals; 
Long's  Expedition,  Report  of;  Lowe's  Five  Years  a  Dragoon;  Margry's 
Works;  Meline's  Two  Thousand  Miles  on  Horseback;  Monette's  Dis- 
covery and  Settlement  of  the  Mississippi  Valley ;  Murray's  Travels  in 
North  America;  Parker's  Kansas  and  Nebraska  Handbook;  Parkman's 
Discovery  of  the  Great  West;  Parrish's  Life  on  the  Great  Plains; 
Phillips'  Conquest  of  Kansas;  Pierce's  Incidents  of  Western  Travel; 
Pike's  Expedition,  Accounts  of;  Redpath's  The  Roving  Editor,  and  Life 
of  John  Brown;  Richardson's  Beyond  the  Mississippi;  Mrs.  Robinson's 
Kansas,  Its  Interior  and  Exterior  Life ;  Shea's  Memoir  of  Ftench  Colo- 
nies in  America,  Translation  of  Charlevoix,  and  Expedition  of  Penalosa; 
Simpson's  Smithsonian  Reports;  Smyth's  Pleart  of  the  New  Kansas; 
Speer's  Life  of  James  H.  Lane ;  Spring's  Prelude  to  the  War  of  '6i ; 
Steele's  Sons  of  the  Border,  and  Frontier  Army  Sketches;  Tewksbury's 
Kansas  Picture  Book;  Thwaites'  Early  Western  Travels;  Tomlinson's 
Kansas  in  1858;  Victor's  American  Conspiracies;  Von  Hoist's  Constitu- 
tional History  of  the  United  States;  Washburn  College  Bulletins; 
Webb's  Scrap  Books;  Wilson's  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave  Power;  Wil- 
son's Eminent  Men  of  Kansas ;  County  Histories,  Magazines,  News- 
paper Files,  Gazetteers,  City  Directories,  etc. 

Manuscripts. — The  Kansas  State  Historical  Society  has  a  vast  collec- 
tion of  manuscripts,  consisting  of  letters,  historical  sketches,  short  biog- 
raphies, etc.  Among  those  consulted  may  be  mentioned  Dunbar's  Ac- 
count of  the  Bourgmont  Expedition;  Executive  Minutes  and  Corre- 
spondence; Journals  of  the  Constitutional  Conventions;  Letters  of  John 
Brown ;  Letters  and  Diary  of  Isaac  McCoy;  Gov.  .\.  TI.  Reeder's  Diary; 
L'npublished  reports  of  various  Commissions,  etc. 

Fk.xnk  W.  Ul.vckmau. 


KANSAS 


Abbott,  James  B.,  one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of  Kansas,  was  born  at 
Hampton,  Conn.,  Dec.  3,  1818,  and  grew  to  manhood  in  his  native  state. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  third  party  of  emigrants  from  New  England, 
which  reached  Lawrence  on  Oct.  10,  1854,  arid  soon  become  recognized 
as  one  of  the  stalwart  advocates  of  the  free-state  cause.  Maj.  Abbott 
took  up  a  claim  about  half  a  mile  south  of  Blanton's  bridge,  on  the  road 
to  Hickory  Point,  and  his  house  was  a  favorite  meeting  place  of  the  free- 
state  men  in  that  neighborhood.  As  the  pro-slaveryites  grew  more  and 
more  agressive,  one  of  the  crying  necessities  of  the  settlers  was  arms  and 
ammunition  with  which  to  defend  themselves  against  the  predatory 
gangs  which  infested  the  territory.  Maj.  Abbott  was  one  of  those  who 
went  east  to  procure  arms,  and  through  his  "efforts  there  were  sent  to 
Kansas  117  Sharp's  rifles  and  a  12-pounder  howitzer.  He  was  one  of 
the  party  that  rescued  Branson  from  the  sheriff  of  Douglas  count}';  was 
a  lieutenant  jn  command  of  a  company  at  the  first  "battle"  of  Franklin; 
commanded  the  Third  regiment  of  free-state  infantry  during  the  siege 
of  Lawrence  in  1856;  fought  with  John  Brown  at  Black  Jack,  and  was 
the  leader  of  the  expedition  that  rescued  Dr.  John  Doy.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  first  house  of  representatives  elected  under  the  Topeka  con- 
stitution, and  in  1857  was  elected  senator.  Upon  the  adoption  of  the 
Wyandotte  constitution,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  lower  house 
of  the  first  state  legislature,  which  met  in  March,  1861.  In  that  year 
he  was  appointed  agent  for  the  Shawnee  Indians  and  removed  to  De 
Soto,  Johnson  county.  At  the  time  of  the  Price  raid  he  led  a  party  of 
Shawnees  against  the  Confederates.  In  1866  he  retired  from  the  Indian 
agenc}',  and  in  the  fall  of  that  year  was  elected  to  the  state  senate.  He 
was  influential  in  securing  the  establishment  of  the  school  for  feeble 
minded  youth.  Maj.  Abbott  died  at  De  Soto  on  March  2,  1879.  The 
howitzer  he  brought  to  Kansas  in  the  territorial  days  is  now  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  Kansas  Historical  Society,  of  which  he  was  a  director  for 
tweh-e  \cars  immediately  prior  to  his  death. 

Abbyville,  a  village  of  Reno  county,  is  situated  in  Westminister 
township.  17  miles  southwest  of  Hutchinson,  the  county  seat.  The 
former  name  was  Nonpariel.  It  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  has  a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural 
routes,  express,  telegraph  and  telephone  facilities,  churches  of  the  lead- 
ing Protestant  denominations,  some  mercantile  and  shipping  interests, 
and  in  igio  reported  a  population  of  300. 
(I-2) 


1 8     "  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Abilene,  the  judicial  seat  and  largest  city  of  Dickinson  county,  is; 
located  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Smoky  Hill  river,  96  miles  from  Topeka,. 
and  has  an  altitude  of  1,153  i^^^-  It  was  first  settled  in  1858,  was  first 
the  terminus  of  and  later  a  station  on  the  stage  line.  The  first  store  was- 
opened  by  a  man  named  Jones,  usually  referred  to  as  "Old  Man  Jones," 
in  whose  stock  of  goods  whisky  was  a  prominent  article.  In  i860  the 
town  was  surveyed  and  the  following  spring  it  was  selected  as  the 
coimty  seat  bv  a  popular  vote.  Early  in  1867  the  Kansas  Pacific  rail- 
road was  completed  to  Abilene,  and  the  same  year  the  place  was  selected 
by  Joseph  G.  McCoy  as  the  most  available  point  for  assembling  cattle 
for  shipment,  the  selection  being  made  because  of  the  abundance  of 
grass  and  water  in  the  neighborhood.  Concerning  the  town  at  this  time, 
Mr.  McCoy  says :  "Abilene  in  1867  was  a  very  small,  dead  place,  con- 
sisting of  about  one  dozen  log  huts,  low,  small,  rude  aflFairs,  four-fifths 
of  which  were  covered  with  dirt  for  roofing;  indeed,  but  one  shingle  roof 
could  be  seen  in  the  whole  city.  The  business  of  the  burg  was  conducted 
in  two  small  rooms,  mere  log  huts,  and  of  course  the  inevitable  saloon, 
also  in  a  log  hut,  was  to  be  found." 

After  Mr.  McCoy  had  decided  upon  Abilene  as  the  best  cattle  ship- 
ping point,  circulars  were  sent  all  over  Texas  and  before  the  close  of 
the  }-ear  1867  some  35.000  cattle  had  been  driven  there  for  shipment  on 
the  new  railroad  to  the  eastern  markets.  This  had  a  tendency  to  stim- 
ulate the  growth  of  the  town,  but  it  also  brouglit  in  many  undesirable 
characters.  Gamblers,  confidence  men,  cow  boys,  etc.,  came  in  and  prac- 
tically took  possession  of  the  place,  much  to  the  chagrin  and  disgust  of 
the  reputable,  law-abiding  citizens.  Shooting  affrays  were  common,  and 
the  turbulent  element,  being  in  the  majority,  continued  to  run  things 
with  a  high  hand  until  the  probate  court  of  Dickinson  county,  on  Sept. 
6,  1869,  granted  a  petition  to  incorporate  Abilene,  and  named  J.  B. 
Shane,  T.  C.  Henry,  Thomas  Sherran,  T.  F.  Hersey  and  Joseph  G. 
McCoy  as  trustees.  McCoy  was  chosen  the  first  mayor  and  the  new 
city  government  took  steps  to  check  the  prevailing  lawlessness.  A  stone 
jail  was  commenced,  but  about  the  time  the  walls  were  up  a  band  of 
cow  boys  tore  them  down.  Finally,  Thomas  Smith,  who  had  come  to 
Abilene  from  Kit  Carson,  Col.,  was  elected  town  marshal.  It  is  said 
that  his  appearance  was  against  him,  but  what  lie  lacked  in  physical 
strength  was  more  than  made  up  in  courage  and  diplomacy,  and  in  a 
short  time  he  succeeded  in  disarming  all  the  desperate  characters,  thus 
bringing  about  a  reign  of  law  and  order.  The  Kansas  Montlily  of  Feb., 
1879,  ten  years  after  Abilene  was  incorporated,  says:  "Abilene,  from 
being  a  Texas  cattle  town  without  law,  order  or  society,  is  now  one  of 
tlie  most  iiome-like,  orderly  and  agreeable  towns." 

Since  that  time  tlie  growth  and  devol()i)ment  (if  .Xbilcni'  lias  liocn 
steadily  onward  and  upward,  ami  in  mio  tlie  city  had  a  population  of 
4,118.  Its  location  at  the  junctimi  ul  the  Union  Pacific,  Chicago,  Rock 
Island  &  Pacific,  and  the  Atchi.'^on,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fc  railways  makes- 
it  an  important  shipping  point,  and  large  quantities  of  grain.  live  stock. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  IQ 

etc.,  are  annuall}-  exported.  Tlic  city  lias  two  banks,  an  international 
mone}'  order  postoffice  from  which  emanate  seven  rural  delivery  routes, 
unsurpassed  express,  telegrajih  and  telephone  facilities,  a  modern  elec- 
tric lif^hting  plant,  a  fine  system  of  waterworks,  a  fire  dcijartment,  a 
Carnegie  library  and  a  well  appointed  opera  house.  Mount  St.  Joseph 
Academy  is  located  here,  which  supplements  the  excellent  public  school 
system  and  affords  ample  educational  opportunities.  The  manufactures 
include  flour  mills,  creameries,  foundries,  an  organ  factory,  planing 
mills,  cigar,  carriage  and  ice  factories,  etc.  The  press  is  well  represented 
by  two  daily  and  four  weekly  newspapers,  the  Implement  Dealers'  Bul- 
letin (monthly),  and  the  Kansas  State  Stmday  School  Journal  falso 
monthly). 

Abilene  Trail. — In  1867  Joseph  G.  McCoy,  of  Illinois,  settled  at 
Abilene  to  engage  in  the  cattle  trade,  and  he  caused  to  be  laid  out  a 
cattle  trail  to  connect  with  the  north  end  of  the  Chisholm  trail,  near 
Wichita,  to  run  northward  to  Abilene,  on  the  Union  Pacific  railroad, 
where  the  cattle  could  be  marketed  in  a  more  expeditious  manner.  The 
road  from  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Arkansas  to  Abilene  "was  not  direct 
but  circuitous.  In  order  to  straighten  up  this  trail  and  bring  the  cattle 
direct  to  Abilene,  and  by  shortening  the  distance,  to  counteract  the  ex- 
ertions of  western  would-be  competing  points  for  the  cattle  trade,  an 
engineer  corps  was  sent  out  under  the  charge  of  Civil  Engineer  T.  F. 
Hersey.  .  .  .  Mr.  Hersey  with  compass  and  flag  men  and  detail  of 
laborers  with  spades  and  shovels  for  throwing  up  mounds  of  dirt  to 
mark  the  route  located  by  the  engineers,  started  out  and  ran  almost  due 
south  from  Abilene  until  the  crossing  of  the  Arkansas  was  reached,  find- 
ing good  water  and  abundant  grass  with  suitable  camping  points  the 
entire  distance.  Meeting  at  the  Arkansas  river  the  first  drove  of  cattle 
of  the  season,  the  party  piloted  the  herd  over  the  new  trail,  and  thus  by 
use  opening  it  to  the  many  thousand  herds  of  cattle  that  followed  in 
months  and  years  afterward." 

In  1867  about  35,000  head  of  cattle  were  driven  from  Texas  to  Abilene 
over  this  trail;  in  1868  about  75,000;  in  1870  about  300,000;  and  in  1871 
about  700,000,  being  the  largest  number  ever  received  from  Texas  in 
any  one  year.  The  country  about  Abilene  was  fast  settling  up  about 
this  time,  grazing  lands  were  getting  scarcer,  and  these  conditions  were 
such  that  many  of  the  settlers  objected  to  the  pasturing  of  the  great 
herds  in  the  vicinity.  Hence  the  year  1872  found  Wichita  in  possession 
of  the  trade  that  Abilene  had  for  several  years  enjoyed,  the  completion 
of  the  Santa  Fe  railroad  to  that  point  giving  the  needed  railroad  facil- 
ities. From  1867  to  1871  about  10,000  cars  of  live  stock  were  shipped 
out  of  Abilene,  and  in  1872  about  80.000  head  of  cattle  were  shipped 
from  Wichita.  "The  settlement  of  the  valleys  of  the  Arkansas  and  the 
Ninnescah  rivers  rendered  it  impractical  to  reach  W'ichita  shipping  yards 
after  1873,  and  the  loading  of  cattle  was  transferred  to  points  on  the 
railroad  farther  west,  halting  finally  at  Dodge  City,  where  1887  saw  the 
end  of  the  use  of  the  famous  Abilene  cattle  trail." 


20  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Abolitionists. — In  183 1  William  Lloyd  Garrison  began  the  publica- 
tion of  the  "Liberator,"  the  iirst  newspaper  in  the  United  States  to  take 
a  radical  stand  for  the  abolition  of  slavery.  (See  Slavery.)  Two  years 
later  the  National  Anti-Slavery  Society  was  organized  at  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  and  in  a  short  time  the  members  of  the  organization  became  divided 
to  some  extent  as  to  the  methods  to  be  pursued  in  the  efforts  to  secure 
the  emancipation  of  the  slaves.  Some  clung  to  the  theory  of  gradual 
manumission,  with  compensation  to  the  slaveholders  as  a  last  resort, 
while  others  advocated  the  immediate  and  unconditional  liberation  of 
every  slave,  by  force  if  necessary,  and  without  compensating  their 
owners.  These  extremists  in  1835  were  nicknamed  "abolitionists"  by 
those  who  favored  slaver}-,  and  also  by  the  conservative  element  in  the 
society.  Although  this  name  was  first  applied  in  a  spirit  of  derision, 
the  extremists  accepted  it  as  an  lionor.  In  a  short  time  a  number  of 
abolitionist  orators — speakers  of  more  than  ordinary  ability — were  de- 
veloped. Among  these  may  be  mentioned  Wendell  Phillips,  Gerrit 
Smith  and  Charles  Sumner,  who  never  lost  an  opportunity  of  present- 
ing their  views,  and  the  pitblic  was  kept  on  the  alert,  wondering  what 
they  would  do  next. 

The  society  became  divided  in  1840  on  the  question  of  organizing  a 
political  party  on  anti-slavery  lines.  From  that  time  each  branch  worked 
in  its  own  way,  and  by  the  time  Kansas  was  organized  as  a  territory  the 
abolitionists — the  radical  wing  of  the  original  society — had  become 
strong  enough  to  attract  attention  from  one  end  of  the  country  to  the 
■other.  Among  the  pro-slavery  men  there  was  no  distinction  between 
those  who  were  in  favor  of  the  gradual,  peaceable  emancipation  of  the 
slave  and  those  who  were  in  favor  of  immediate  emanci])ation  at  what- 
ever cost.  All  were  "abolitionists."  The  following  utterances  of  pro- 
slavery  orators  and  extracts  from  the  pro-slavery  press  will  show  how 
the  advocates  of  slavery  regarded  the  free-state  men  as  "abolitionists" 
indiscriminately : 

At  a  squatter  meeting  near  Leavenworth  on  June  10,  1854,  a  reso- 
lution was  adopted  declaring  that  "We  will  afford  protection  to  no 
abolitionist  as  a  settler  in  Kansas."  A  pro-slavery  meeting  in  Lafayette 
county,  Mo.,  Dec.  15,  1854,  denounced  the  steamboats  plying  on  the 
Missouri  river  for  carrying  abolitionists  to  Kansas.  As  a  result  of  this 
agitation,  the  Star  of  the  West  in  the  spring  of  1856  was  allowed  to 
carry  about  100  persons  from  Georgia,  Alabama  and  South  Carolina  to 
Kansas  unmolested,  but  on  her  next  trip,  with  a  number  of  free-state 
passengers,  she  was  held  up  at  Lexington,  where  tjie  passengers  were 
disarmed,  and  upon  arriving  at  Weston  was  not  permitted  to  land. 
Other  steamers  encountered  similar  opposition. 

In  Feb.,  1855,  Lawrence  was  denoimced  because  it  was  "the  home 
of  about  400  aliolitionists,"  and  at  a  Law  and  Order  meeting  at  Leaven 
worth  on  the  15th  of  the  following  November,  John  Calhoun  said;  "Yen 
yield  and  you  will  have  the  most  infernal  government  that  ever  cursed 
a  land.  I  would  rather  be  a  paintpd  slave  over  in  Missouri,  or  a  serf  to 
the  Czar  of  Russia,  than  have  the  abolitionists  in  power." 


KANSAS    HISTORY  21 

On  Oct.  5,  1857,  occurred  the  election  for  members  of  llie  legislature, 
and  on  the  23d  the  i)oiii|)han  Constitutionalist,  a  pro-slavery  paper,  ac- 
counted for  the  free-state  victory  by  saying  that  the  "sneaking  abolition- 
ists were  guilty  of  cutting  loose  the  ferry  boats  at  Doniphan  and  other 
places  on  the  day  of  the  election,  by  order  of  Jim  I^ane."  To  this  the 
I^awrence  Republican  retorted:  "Had  man,  that  Jim  Lane,  to  order  the 
boats  cut  loose;  great  inconvenience  to  the  Missourians  and  the  Demo- 
cratic party." 

At  the  beginning  of  the  border  troubles  the  Platte  Argus  said  edito- 
rially:  "The  abolitionists  will  probably  not  be  interfered  with  if  they  set- 
tle north  of  the  40th  parallel  of  north  latitude,  but  south  of  that  line  they 
need  not  set  foot." 

A  pro-slavery  convention  at  Lecompton  on  Dec.  9,  1857,  adopted 
resolutions  denunciatory  of  Govs.  Reeder,  Geary  and  Walker  for  their 
efforts  "to  reduce  and  prostitute  the  Democracy  to  the  unholy  ends  of 
the  abolitionists."  These  instances  might  be  multiplied  indefinitely,  but 
enough  has  been  said  to  show  that  the  pro-slaverites  made  no  distinction 
whatever  between  the  radical  and  conservative  wings  of  the  free-state 
party.  If  a  man  was  opposed  to  slavery,  though  willing  to  let  it  alone 
where  it  already  existed,  he  was  just  as  much  of  an  "abolitionist"  as  the 
extremist  who  would  be  satisfied  with  nothing  less  than  immediate 
emancipation  of  all  slaves,  without  regard  to  constitutional  guarantees 
or  the  simplest  principles  of  equity. 

The  radical  anti-slavery  people  claimed  that  the  Civil  war  was  an 
anti-slavery  conflict,  and  maintained  that  this  view  was  justified  by  the 
emancipation  proclamation  of  President  Lincoln,  notwithstanding  Mr. 
Lincoln's  previous  utterance  that  he  was  not  striving  to  abolish  slavery, 
but  to  preserve  the  Union. 

Academy  of  Language  and  Literature. — Wilder's  Annals  of  Kansas 
says  this  society  was  organized  on  June  16,  1885,  with  the  following 
officers:  J.  A.  r.^ippincott,  president;  O.  C.  Hill,  vice-president;  W.  H. 
Carruth,  secretary;  J.  E.  Williamson,  treasurer;  W.  L  Graham,  Lily  M. 
Storrs  and  the  secretary,  executive  committee.  The  objects  of  the  acad- 
emy, as  stated  in  the  by-laws,  were  "to  promote  the  love  and  study  of 
literature  and  to  encourage  investigation  and  original  production 
therein." 

On  Dec.  31,  1885,  another  meeting  was  held,  at  which  time  Prof.  W.  L 
Graham  of  Baker  University  was  elected  president ;  Prof.  William  Mc- 
Donald of  the  University  of  Kansas,  vice-president ;  Miss  Viola  Price, 
secretary;  Prof.  J.  E.  Williamson  of  the  Topeka  high  school,  treasurer; 
and  the  executive  committee  was  composed  of  Prof.  Graham,  Miss  Price 
and  Prof.  T.  W.  Phelps.  The  dues  of  the  society  were  fixed  at  $1.00  per 
year  for  each  member,  and  in  1892  the  academy  numbered  75  members. 
After  the  magazine  called  the  Agora  began  publication  in  1891  it  was 
made  the  official  organ  of  the  society.  The  last  number  of  this  magazine, 
published  in  March,  1896,  contains  the  announcement,  that  the  annual 
meetine  of  the  Academy  of  Language  and  Literature  would  be  held  at 


22  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Lawrence  in  April  of  that  year.  No  later  record  of  the  organization  can 
be  found.  Its  place  in  the  literature  of  Kansas  is  now  (1911)  practically 
fiUed  by  the  Kansas  Authors'  Club. 

Academy  of  Science. — In  1867  several  Kansas  naturalists  who  were 
interested  in  scientific  investigation,  decided  to  form  an  organization  for 
scientific  research,  particularly  in  its  relation  to  the  state  and  its  natural 
resources.  After  considerable  deliberation  with  regard  to  the  formation 
of  a  society,  the  projectors  published  a  letter  in  the  Kansas  Journal  of 
Education  for  March,  1868,  calling  the  attention  of  the  people  to  the 
benefits  which  a  Natural  History  Society  would  be  to  the  state,  as  it 
would  alTord  the  means  of  associated  effort ;  give  inspiration  to  natural- 
ists;  arouse  interest  in  scientific  subjects;  put  the  state  in  communica- 
tion with  various  scientific  bodies  throughout  the  country,  and  collec- 
tions made  by  the  societ\'  would  be  secured  to  the  state.  This  letter  met 
with  considerable  favor  and  in  July  a  second  letter  or  "call"  was  sent 
out,  requesting  "all  persons  in  the  state  interested  in  naturnl  science  to 
meet  at  Topeka  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  .September." 

As  a  result  of  this  call  a  meeting  of  the  naturalists  was  held  in  Lincoln 
College,  Topeka,  Sept.  i,  1868,  and  an  organization  was  effected  under 
the  name  of  the  "Kansas  Natural  History  Society,"  with  the  follow- 
ing officers:  B.  F,  Mudge,  president;  J.  S.  Whitman,  vice-president; 
John  Parker,  secretar\';  Frank  Snow,  treasurer,  and  John  A.  Banfield, 
curator.  The  object  of  the  society,  according  to  the  constitution,  was 
"to  increase  and  diffuse  a  knowledge  of  science,  particularly  in  its  rela- 
tion to  the  state  of  Kansas." 

The  second  annual  meeting  was  lieJd  in  the  Presbyterian  church  at 
Topeka,  Sept.  7,  1869,  when  several  scientific  papers  were  read  ;  a  lec- 
ture on  the  Mound  Builders  was  delivered,  and  the  officers  of  the  pre- 
vious year  were  reelected.  On  Sept.  5  and  6,  1870,  the  third  annual  meet- 
ing was  held  at  the  University  building  at  Lawrence.  Again  papers  on 
scientific  subjects  were  read  and  llie  following  officers  elected:  John 
Fraser,  president;  B.  F.  Mudge,  vice-president;  John  D.  Parker  secre- 
tary and  librarian;  Frank  Snow,  treasurer;  B.  F.  Mudge  and  Frank 
Snow,  curators.  At  this  meeting  Mr.  Fraser  suggested  that  the  scope 
of  the  society  be  widened  to  comprehend  the  entire  scientific  field  within 
the  state.  At  the  fourth  meeting,  held  in  the  rooms  of  the  board  of  edu- 
cation, Leavenworth,  Oct.  25,  1871,  the  by-laws  were  amended  to  allow 
all  observers  and  investigators  along  scientific  lines  to  become  memljers. 
and  the  name  was  changed  to  the  Kansas  Academy  of  Science.  In  1873 
the  society  was  incorporated  as  a  state  institution.  Section  2  of  llie  act 
of  incorporation  provided  that,  "Tlie  .^cademy  of  .Science  sJiall  In-  a 
coordinate  department  of  the  State  Department  of  Agriculture,  witli  their 
office  in  the  agriculture  room,  where  they  shall  place  and  keep  for  public 
inspection  geological,  botanical  and  other  specimens,  the  same  In  ho 
under  the  direction  and  control  of  the  said  Academy  nf  .Science," 

In  his  message  to  the  legislature  in  1885.  Gov.  Martin  said.  "This  is 
a  u.sefu!  organization,  ui.iintaincd  at  no  expense  In  liio  state  except  the 


KANSAS    IIISl'Din-  23 

■courtesy  of  liaving  its  re])orts  inihlislicd  as  a  part  of  the  biennial  report 
of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture." 

Since  1895  the  academy  has  received  legislative  appropriations  for 
its  support.  The  members  of  the  academy  were  instrumental  in  secur- 
ing the  geographical  survey  of  the  state  and  have  taken  an  interest  in 
tlie  develojjment  of  the  coal  beds  and  natural  gas  wells. 

A  majority  of  the  members  of  the  academy  are  from  the  educational 
institutions  of  the  state,  who  take  an  interest  and  are  leaders  in  the 
important  scientific  research  of  the  day.  At  the  present  time  the  offices 
of  the  academy  and  the  specimens  that  have  been  collected  are  located 
in  the  north  wing  of  the  state  capitol  on  the  fourth  floor.  The  officers 
of  the  society  for  191 1  were  as  follows:  President,  J.  M.  McWharf,  of 
Ottawa;  vice-presidents,  A.  J.  Smith,  of  Emporia,  and  J.  E.  Welin,  of 
Lindsborg;  treasurer,  F.  W.  Bushong,  of  I-awrence;  secretary,  J.  T. 
Lovewell,  of  Topeka. 

Achilles,  a  village  of  Rawlins  county,  is  situated  in  JeiYerson  townshijj, 
on  Sappa  creek  and  about  15  miles  southeast  of  Atwood,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  money  order  posi office  and  is  connected  by  stage  with 
Colby,  whence  it  receives  a  daily  mail.  The  population  was  70  in  1910. 
Achilles  is  the  principal  trading  point  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the 
county.  What  is  known  as  the  battle  of  Achilles  was  a  fight  between 
a  band  of  20  hunters  and  some  Indians  at  a  water  hole  about  five  miles 
south  of  the  village  on  April  24,  1875.     (See  Sappa  Creek.) 

Ackerland,  a  village  of  Leavenworth  county,  is  located  in  the  west- 
ern portion  on  the  Leavenworth  &  Topeka  R.  R.  about  15  miles  south- 
west of  Leavenworth.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  express  office, 
etc.,  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  25. 

Ackley,  Ernest  L.,  lawyer  and  regent  of  the  Kansas  State  Univer- 
sity, was  born  at  North  Ridgeville,  Ohio,  Nov.  30,  1863,  a  son  of  Chaun- 
cey  and  Jerusa  (McNeal)  Ackley.  About  1875  the  family  removed  to 
Kansas  and  settled  on  a  farm  in  Ottawa  county,  where  Ernest  attended 
the  public  schools  until  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age,  when  he  obtained 
a  position  in  a  bank  at  Minneapolis.  After  working  in  the  bank  for 
about  two  years,  he  entered  the  state  university,  and  graduated  in  the 
law  department  with  the  class  of  1890.  For  a  time  he  was  employed 
on  the  Salina  Republican  with  Joseph  L.  Bristow,  now  United  States 
senator,  and  was  also  employed  by  Charles  F.  Scott  on  the  Lawrence 
Journnl.  In  July,  iSgo,  he  became  associated  with  A.  L.  ^^'ilmoth.  a 
classmate,  in  the  practice  of  law  at  Concordia.  W.  W.  Caldwell  entered 
the  firm  in  1807,  when  ]\Ir.  Ackley  withdrew,  and  in  Feb.,  1901,  he  formed 
a  partnership  with  P.  B.  Pulsifer,  which  lasted  until  his  death  the  fol- 
lowing August.  About  the  same  time  he  was  appointed  by  Gov.  Stan- 
ley one  of  the  regents  of  the  university.  Air.  Ackley  was  an  active  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Historical  Society;  a  member  of  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows  and  the  Modern  ^^'oodmen  of  America,  and  belonged 
to  the  Phi  Gamma  Delta  college  fraternity.  In  Nov. ,.1893,  he  married 
Miss  Ada  B.  Fry,  at  one  time  a  teacher  in  the  Concordia  schools.  Mr. 
Ackley  died  at  Concordia  on  Aug.  27,  1901. 


24  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Acknowledgments. —  (See  Deeds.) 

Acres,  a  post-village  of  Clark  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  8  miles  west  of  Ashland,  the  county  seat.  It 
is  a  shipping  and  supply  point  for  the  neighborhood  in  which  it  is  situ- 
ated, and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  30. 

Actions. — Actions  are  defined  as  ordinary  proceedings  in  a  court  of 
justice  by  which  one  party  prosecutes  another  for  the  enforcement  or 
protection  of  a  right,  the  redress  or  prevention  of  a  wrong,  or  the  pun- 
ishment of  a  public  offense.  Actions  are  of  two  kinds — civil  and  crim- 
inal. A  civil  action  may  be  commenced  in  a  court  of  record  by  filing 
in  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  the  proper  court  a  petitioji,  and  causing  a 
summons  to  be  issued  thereon.  The  petition  must  contain  the  name, 
surname  and  place  of  residence  of  plaintiff  and  defendant ;  a  clear  state- 
ment of  the  cause  of  action  and  a  prayer  for  judgment  in  conformity 
with  the  allegations  of  the  petition,  and  must  be  signed  either  by  the 
plaintiff  or  his  attorney.  Summons  is  then  issued,  addressed  to  the  de- 
fendant. A  copy  of  the  petition  need  not  accompany  the  summons,  but 
the  defendant  or  plaintiff  shall  be  entitled  to  a  copy  of  the  petition,  or 
any  other  papers  filed  in  the  action,  upon  application  to  the  clerk  there- 
for, and  the  costs  of  such  copy  shall  be  taxed  among  the  costs  in  the 
action. 

Actions  before  justices  of  the  peace  are  commenced  by  summons,  or 
by  appearance  and  agreement  of  the  parties  without  summons.  In  the 
former,  the  action  is  deemed  commenced  upon  delivery  of  the  writ  to 
the  constable  to  be  served,  and  he  shall  note  thereon  the  time  of  receiv- 
ing the  same.  In  the  latter  case,  the  action  is  deemed  commenced  at 
the  time  of  docketing  the  case.  When  a  guardian  to  the  suit  is  necessary, 
he  must  be  appointed  by  the  justice,  as  follows:  First — If  the  infant  be 
plaintiff,  the  appointment  must  be  made  before  the  summons  is  issued, 
upon  the  application  of  the  infant,  if  he  be  of  the  age  of  fourteen  years 
or  upwards;  if  under  that  age,  upon  the  application  of  some  friend.  The 
written  consent  of  the  guardian  to  be  appointed,  and  to  be  responsible  for 
the  costs  if  he  fail  in  the  action,  must  be  filed  with  the  justice.  Second 
— If  the  infant  be  defendant,  the  guardian  must  be  appointed  before  the 
trial.  It  is  the  right  of  the  infant,  if  over  fourteen  years  of  age,  to  nomi- 
nate his  own  guardian,  who  must  be  present  and  consent,  in  writing,  to 
be  appointed,  otherwise  the  justice  may  appoint  any  suitable  person 
who  gives  such  consent. 

The  distinction  between  actions  at  law  and  suits  in  equity,  and  the 
forms  of  all  such  actions  and  suits  formerly  existing,  is  abolished,  and 
in  their  place  there  is  but  one  form  of  action,  called  a  civil  action.  In 
such  action  the  parly  complaining  is  known  as  the  plaintiff,  and  the 
adverse  parly  as  the  defendant.  Actions  shall  be  triable  on  the  issues 
of  fact  within  ten  days  after  the  issues  are  made  up.  Issues  of  law  and 
motions  may  be  tried  by  the  court  or  judge  in  term-time  or  vacation, 
at  such  times  as  the  court  or  judge  may  fix,  after  reasonable  notice, 
which  shall  not  be  less  than  three  days.    Whenever  damages  are  recov- 


KANSAS    HISTOKY  25 

erable,  the  plaintiff  may  claim  and  recover  any  damages  to  which  he 
may  be  entitled  for  the  cause  of  action  established. 

Ada,  a  village  of  Ottawa  county,  is  located  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  and  on  Salt  creek  in  Fountain  township,  lo  miles 
west  of  Minneapolis,  the  county  seat.  It  has  banking  facilities,  all  lines 
of  business  activity,  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  a  money  order 
postoffice  with  one  rural  mail  route.  It  is  the  shipping  point  of  a  pros- 
perous farming  community.    The  population  in.1910  was  300. 

Adams,  a  village  of  Kingman  county,  is  located  in  Canton  township, 
some  16  miles  southeast  of  the  city  of  Kingman.  It  is  a  station  on  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  and 
is  a  shipping  and  trading  point  for  that  section  of  the  county,  though 
the  population  was  reported  as  only  20  in  1910. 

Adams,  Franklin  George,  one  of  the  most  earnest  and  energetic  men 
of  Kansas  in  the  great  work  of  perpetuating  Kansas  history,  was  born 
at  Rodman,  Jefferson  county,  N.  Y.,  May  13,  1824,  and  was  reared  upon 
his  father's  farm.  He  attended  the  common  schools  and  at  the  age  of 
nineteen  went  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  received  private  instruction  from 
an  elder  brother.  He  taught  in  the  public  schools  of  Cincinnati,  and  in 
1852  graduated  from  the  law  department  of  what  is  now  the  University 
of  Cincinnati.  He  became  profoundly  interested  in  the  debate  on  the 
Kansas-Nebraska  bill,  and  determined  to  settle  in  Kansas.  To  this  end 
he  joined  a  party  from  Kentucky  which  reached  Kansas  in  March,  1855, 
and  settled  in  what  is  now  Riley  county,  where  they  founded  the  Ash- 
land colony.  Before  long  Mr.  Adams  returned  to  Cincinnati,  where  he 
taught  school  again,  but  in  April,  1856,  he  returned  to  Kansas  and  set- 
tled on  a  farm  near  Pilot  Knob,  Leavenworth  county.  He  was  forced 
to  flee  to  Lawrence  for  protection  during  the  border  war,  and  bore  arms 
in  defense  of  that  place  against  the  invasion  of  the  pro-slavery  men.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Leavenworth  constitutional  convention ;  was  active 
in  the  organization  of  the  free-state  party  in  Atchison  county,  of  which 
he  was  elected  the  first  probate  judge  in  the  spring  of  1858.  In  1861  he 
was  appointed  register  of  the  land  office  at  Lecompton.  In  September 
he  moved  the  office  to  Topeka  and  held  the  position  until  1864.  He  was 
also  identified  at  different  times  with  various  publications  of  the  state 
among  them  the  Squatter  Sovereign,  Topeka  State  Record,  Kansas  Farm- 
er, Atchison  Free  Press  and  Waterville  Telegraph.  He  was  active  in  the 
formation  of  the  State  Agricultural  Society  and  drafted  the  law  under 
which  it  was  organized.  He  became  secretary  of  the  state  fair  associa- 
tion which  held  the  first  state  fair  at  Atchison  in  1863.  The  next  year 
he  gave  up  his  various  enterprises  in  Topeka,  returned  to  Atchison,  was 
appointed  United  States  agent  to  the  Kickapoos,  and  removed  to  Ken- 
nekuk,  in  the  northwest  corner  of  Atchison  county.  He  resigned  this 
agency  in  1869,  and  in  the  fall  of  1870  located  at  Waterville,  Marshall 
county,  where  in  1873,  he  published  "The  Homestead  Guide,"  giving  the 
history  and  resources  of  northwest  Kansas.  In  the  spring  of  1875  he 
returned  to  Topeka.  and   the  following  February  the   directors  of  the 


-26  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

newly  formed  State  Historical  Society  elected  him  secretary.  It  was 
in  this  position  that  Mr.  Adams  did  his  greatest  and  best  work  for 
Kansas.  He  at  once  started  the  work  of  organization  and  pursued  with 
steady  effort  every  avenue  which  he  thought  capable  of  adding  to  the 
growth  and  resourcefulness  of  the  society.  During  his  residence  in 
Topeka  Mr.  Adams  was  instrumental  in  establishing  the  kindergarten 
work  among  the  poor.  He  was  long  a  member  of  the  Kansas  State 
Grange  and  took  special  interest  in  the  education  of  children  on  farms. 
As  editor,  author  and  publisher  Mr.  Adams  was  enabled  to  make  his 
ideas  known  and  to  turn  public  opinion  in  the  right  direction.  The  great 
collection  in  the  rooms  of  the  Historical  Society  may  be  said  to  be  the 
development  and  flower  of  a  great  life  work.  Mr.  Adams  was  married 
on  Sept.  29,  1855.  to  Harriet  E.  Clark,  of  Cincinnati.  The  whole  state 
mnurned  when  Mr.  Adams  passed  away  on  Dec.  2,  1899. 

Adams,  Henry  J.,  lawyer,  was  born  at  Rodman,  Jefierson  county,  N. 
Y.,  Feb.  10,  1816.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools,  spent  a  short 
time  at  Oberlin  College,  Ohio,  then  read  law  and  graduated  from  the 
Cincinnati  Law  School.  He  came  to  Kansas  in  March,  1855,  and  during 
the  summer  located  at  Lawrence.  The  next  winter  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  senate  of  the  free-state  legislatiu"e,  and  from  that  time 
took  an  active  part  in  public  affairs.  During  the  session  of  1858  the  ter- 
ritorial legislature  made  him  chairman  of  the  committee  to  investigate 
the  O.xford,  Kickapoo  and  other  election  frauds.  He  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  Leavenworth  constitutional  convention  and  under  that  con- 
stitution was  elected  governor,  but  as  Congress  failed  to  admit  Kansas 
as  a  state,  he  was  never  installed  in  office.  Before  the  convention  in 
1858,  Mr.  Adams  received  an  equal  vote  with  Marcus  J.  Parrott  for  dele- 
gate in  Congress,  but  Parrott  was  declared  the  nominee  and  was  elected. 
Under  an  act  passed  by  the  legislature  of  1859,  Mr.  Adams  was  ap- 
pointed a  member  of  a  committee  with  Judge  S.  A.  Kingman  and  E.  S. 
Hoogland.  to  audit  the  claims  against  the  United  States  government, 
for  losses  sustained  by  citizens  of  Kansas  because  of  jilunder  and  de- 
struction of  private  property  during  the  border  war.  Next  to  Gov.  Rob- 
inson he  was  the  most  popular  candidate  before  the  Republican  conven- 
tion wiiich  nominated  the  first  governor  of  the  state.  Soon  after  the  out- 
break of  the  Ci\il  war  he  was  api)ointed  paymaster  of  the  army  and 
served  in  that  capacity  until  the  close  of  hostilities,  lit'  died  at  Watcr- 
viije,  June  2.  1870. 

Admire,  a  town  in  Tvy  lo\\iislii|i.  Lynn  cduiily.  is  a  slalinn  nn  the 
Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  about  20  miles  northeast  of  h'mporia.  the  county 
scat.  It  lias  a  bank,  a  money  order  ])ostoffice  with  two  rural  routes,  a 
feed  mill,  telephone  connections  with  the  siuTounding  towns,  churches 
of  several  denominations,  a  good  school  building,  a  good  retail  trade,  and 
docs  considerable  sliijiping.  The  j)o|Milation  was  300  according  \n  ihc 
U.  .S.  census  of  iijio. 

Admission  to  Statehood. —  In  the  formation  nf  Ihc  I'cdcr.il  L;ii\crn- 
iiU'Ul,   tiic  thirteen  original   stales  assumed   dnniiiiion   over  all    Ihe   nn- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  2/ 

organized  territory  belonging  to  the  United  States,  and  delegated  to 
themselves  the  power  of  arbiter  of  the  destinies  of  new  states  seeking 
admission.  Every  time  a  bill  has  been  introduced  in  Congress  for  the 
admission  of  a  new  state,  it  has  been  the  signal  for  debate,  but  in  no 
instance  has  the  discussion  been  more  acrid  or  more  prolonged  than  in 
the  case  of  Kansas.  Four  constitutional  conventions  were  held  in  the 
territory,  and  four  constitutions  were  submitted  to  the  people  before  one 
was  found  that  was  satisfactory.  (See  Constitutions.)  The  Wyandotte 
constitution,  under  which  Kansas  was  finally  admitted,  was  completed 
by  the  convention  on  July  29,  1859;  ratified  by  the  people  on  Oct.  4  and 
on  Feb.  14,  i860,  it  was  presented  to  the  senate  of  the  United  States  by 
the  president  of  that  body. 

On  Feb.  15,  i860,  Galusha  A.  Grow,  of  Pennsylvania,'  introduced  in 
the  house  a  bill  for  the  admission  of  Kansas,  which  was  referred  to  the 
committee  on  territories.  This  bill  passed  the  house  on  April  11,  by  a 
vote  of  134  to  73,  and  was  sent  to  the  senate,  where  it  was  read  and  re- 
ferred on  the  13th.  During  the  next  two  months  it  came  before  the  sen- 
ate several  times,  but  was  usually  thrtist  aside  by  the  influence  of  the 
members  of  the  slave  states,  who  did  not  desire  the  admission  of  a  state 
that  would  in  all  probability  send  to  the  United  States  senate  two  men 
opposed  to  slavery,  or  at  least  opposed  to  its  extension  into  new  terri- 
tory. On  May  30  it  was  called  up  by  Senator  Collamer  of  Vermont,  who 
tried  to  force  its  passage.  A  week  later  (June  5)  it  was  again  called  up, 
but  this  time  further  action  was  postponed  on  motion  of  Mr.  Hunter  of 
Virginia,  who  thought  the  military  appropriation  bill  of  more  import- 
ance. On  the  7th  Mr.  Wade  of  Ohio  moved  "to  postpone  all  prior  or- 
ders, and  take  up  the  bill  for  the  admission  of  Kansas,"  but  the  motion 
was  defeated  by  a  vote  of  32  to  26.  This  ended  the  consideration  of  the 
bill  at  that  session. 

The  second  session  of  the  36th  Congress  began  on  Dec.  3,  i860,  and 
on  the  nth  the  bill  was  called  up  by  Mr.  Collamer,  with  a  view  to  mak- 
ing it  the  special  order  at  some  definite  date  in  the  near  future.  Mr. 
Green  of  Missouri  objected,  but  the  motion  was  carried  over  his  objec- 
tion by  a  vote  of  23  to  18.  When  the  bill  came  up  as  a  special  order  on 
the  24th,  Foster  of  Connecticut,  who  was  presiding,  ruled  that  there 
was  unfinished  business  before  the  senate  that  must  be  disposed  of  before 
the  consideration  of  the  Kansas  question,  and  again  there  was  a  delay. 
On  the  31st  it  was  postponed  to  Jan.  14,  1861,  by  the  same  filibustering 
tactics  on  the  part  of  the  senators  from  the  slave  states,  and  when  the 
14th  arrived  it  was  postponed  to  the  i6th.  The  friends  of  the  bill 
thought  that  a  vote  could  certainly  be  reached  this  time,  but  they  reck- 
oned without  their  host,  for  on  the  i6th  a  motion  to  go  into  executive 
session  prevailed,  and  the  Kansas  bill  was  made  the  special  order  for 
one  o'clock  p.  m.  on  the  i8th.  When  that  time  arrived,  Mr.  Green  had 
an  amendment,  of  which  he  had  previously  given  notice,  relating  to 
boundaries,  and  the  remainder  of  the  day  was  spent  in  debating  the 
amendment,  which  was  defeated  by  a  vote  of  31  to  23.    Immediately  fol- 


28  CVCLOI'EDIA    OF 

lowing  the  defeat  of  the  amendment  there  was  a  disorderly  scene  in  the 
senate  chamber,  caused  by  a  multiplicity  of  motions  to  go  into  execu- 
tive session,  to  adjourn,  etc.  The  amendment  had  served  the  purpose  of 
producing  another  delay  in  the  final  vote  on  the  bill. 

The  following  day  the  bill  was  again  called  up.  This  time  Senator 
Fitch  of  Indiana  had  an  amendment  to  offer,  and  again  there  was  a  long 
and  tedious  debate  before  the  amendment  was  defeated.  Some  of  the 
friends  of  the  measure  began  to  lose  hope.  This  was  the  short  session 
of  Congress,  and  if  the  opponents  could  keep  up  their  dilatory  methods 
until  March  3  the  bill  would  have  to  go  over  to  the  next  session.  But 
the  cloud  that  himg  over  Kansas  was  penetrated  by  a  ray  of  light  in  an 
unexpected  manner. 

Five  slave  states  had  already  seceded  from  the  Union,  and  on  Jan.  21 
Senators  J.  M.  Alason  and  R.  M.  T.  Hunter,  of  Virginia;  A.  P.  Butler 
and  R.  B.  Barnwell,  of  South  Carolina;  H.  L.  Turney,  of  Tennessee; 
Pierre  Soule,  of  Lotiisiana ;  JelTerson  Davis,  of  Mississippi ;  David  R. 
Atchison,  of  Missouri ;  Jackson  Morton  and  D.  L.  Yulee,  of  Florida,  filed 
a  protest  against  the  action  of  the  members  of  Congress  from  the  north- 
ern states  and  withdrew  from  the  senate.  With  their  withdrawal  the 
power  of  the  slave  oligarchy  was  broken.  Scarcely  had  they  left  the 
hall,  when  Mr.  Seward  of  New  York  moved  to  call  up  the  Kansas  ad- 
mission bill,  but  was  informed  by  the  vice-president  that  no  motion  was 
necessary,  as  the  bill  was  then  the  special  order  before  the  senate.  The 
remaining  senators  from  the  slaveholding  states  indulged  in  some  per- 
functory debate,  but  they  recognized  the  fact  that  their  influence  had 
vanished  with  the  departure  of  their  colleagues.  The  bill  was  soon 
passed  by  a  vote  of  36  to  16,  and  was  signed  by  President  Buchanan  on 
the  29th. 

The  preamble  of  the  bill  recited  the  facts  concerning  the  formation, 
adoption  and  ratification  of  the  Wyandotte  constitution,  under  which 
the  state  was  asking  for  admission. 

Section  i  provided  "That  the  state  of  Kansas  shall  be,  and  is  hereby 
declared  to  be,  one  of  the  United  States  of  America,  and  admitted  to 
the  Union  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  original  states  in  all  respects 
whatever."  The  section  then  defined  the  boimdaries  (see  Boundaries), 
and  provided  "That  nothing  contained  in  the  said  constitution  resjiecting 
the  boundaries  of  said  state  shall  be  construed  to  impair  the  rights  of 
person  or  jjroperty  now  pertaining  to  the  Indians  in  said  territory,  so 
long  as  such  rights  shall  remain  unextinguished  by  treaty  between  the 
United  States  and  such  Indians,  or  to  include  any  territory  which,  by 
treaty  with  such  Indian  tribes,  is  not.  without  the  consent  of  such 
Indian  tribe,  to  be  included  within  the  territorial  limits  or  jurisdiction 
of  any  other  state  or  territory  ;  but  all  siich  territory  shall  be  excepted 
out  of  tiie  boundaries,  and  constitute  no  part  of  the  State  of  Kansas, 
until  said  tribe  sliali  signify  their  assent  to  the  president  of  the  United 
States  to  be  included  within  said  state,"  etc. 

Section   2  provided  that    until   the  next   enumeration   and   apportion- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  29 

ment  of  Congressmen,  Kansas  should  be  entitled  to  one  representative 
in  the  lower  branch  of  the  national  legislature. 

Section  3  offered  to  the  people  of  Kansas  the  following  propositions : 

1st,  That  sections  numbered  16  and  36  in  every  township  of  the  puD- 
lic  lands  in  the  state  should  be  granted  the  state  for  the  use  of  schools; 
and  in  the  event  said  sections  or  any  part  thereof  should  have  been  sold 
or  otherwise  disposed  of,  other  lands,  equivalent  thereto  and  as  cdn- 
tiguous  as  might  be,  were  to  be  given  to  the  state  instead  of  the  sec- 
tions prescribed. 

2nd,  That  72  sections  of  land,  to  be  selected  by  the  governor  of  the 
state,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  commissioner  of  the  general  land 
office,  were  to  be  set  apart  and  reserved  for  the  use  and  support  of  a 
state  university. 

3d,  That  10  sections  of  land,  to  be  selected  by  the  governor,  were  to 
be  donated  by  Congress  for  the  completion  of  public  buildings  and  the 
erection  of  others  at  the  seat  of  government. 

4th,  That  all  salt  springs,  not  exceeding  twelve  in  number,  with  6 
sections  of  land  adjoining_each,  were  to  be  granted  to  the  state,  to  be 
disposed  of  as  the  legislature  might  direct,  subject  to  certain  restric- 
tions imposed  by  the  act. 

5th,  That  five  per  cent,  of  the  proceeds  of  all  sales  of  public  lands  lying 
within  the  state,  which  should  be  sold  after  Kansas  was  admitted  into 
the  Union,  should  be  granted  to  the  state  for  the  purpose  of  construct- 
ing public  roads  and  making  internal  improvements. 

6th,  That  the  state  should  never  levy  a  tax  upon  the  lands  or  prop- 
erty of  the  United  States,  lying  within  the  State  of  Kansas. 

Section  4  provided  that  from  and  after  the  admission  of  the  state,  all 
the  laws  of  the  United  States,  which  were  not  locally  inapplicable, 
should  have  the  same  force  and  effect  in  Kansas  as  in  other  states  of 
the  Union.  This  section  also  declared  the  state  a  judicial  district  of  the 
United  States,  established  a  district  court,  the  same  as  that  in  the  State 
of  Minnesota,  and  made  it  the  duty  of  the  United  States  district  judge 
to  hold  two  terms  of  court  annually,  beginning  on  the  second  Monday  in 
April  and  the  second  Monday  in  October. 

The  act  of  admission  was  signed  by  President  Buchanan  on  Jan.  29, 
1861,  and  on  Feb.  9  the  state  government  was  inaugurated.  On  Feb. 
22,  Washington's  birthday,  the  American  flag  was  hoisted  over  Inde- 
pendence Hall  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  bearing  for  the  first  time  the 
star  representing  Kansas.  It  was  raised  by  Abraham  Lincoln,  who  was 
then  on  his  way  to  Washington  to  be  inaugurated  as  president  of  the 
United  States.     Mr.  Lincoln  said : 

"I  am  invited  and  called  before  you  to  participate  in  raising  above 
Independence  Hall  the  flag  of  our  country  with  an  additional  star  upon 
it.  I  wish  to  call  your  attention  to  the  fact  that,  under  the  blessing  of 
God,  each  additional  star  added  to  that  flag  has  given  additional  pros- 
perity and  happiness  to  our  country." 

Adobe  Walls,  Battle  of. — In  the  spring  of  1874  a  number  of  Dodge 


30  CVCLOPEDIA    OF 

City  buffalo  hunters  went  south  to  the  Pan  Handle  country  and  the 
"Staked  Plains"  of  Texas  to  hunt  buffaloes,  and,  invading  the  hunting- 
grounds  of  the  Indians  of  that  locality,  it  is  said  they  killed  100,000 
buft'aloes  during  the  ensuing  five  months.  Their  camp  was  made  at  a 
deserted  station  known  as  "Adobe  Walls,"  near  the  ruins  of  which  at 
the  time  were  three  large  adobe  and  log  houses,  occupied  by  traders  and 
hunters.  The  Indians,  who  had  been  watching  this  wholesale  slaughter 
of  the  animals  which  constituted  their  chief  food  supply  were  in  no  peace- 
ful frame  of  mind  in  consequence,  and  after  holding  a  council,  about 
900  Arapahoes,  Cheyennes,  Comanches  and  Kiowas  on  the  morning  of 
June  27  rode  out  to  make  an  attack,  hoping  to  take  the  hunters  by  sur- 
prise. At  the  time  of  the  attack  some  of  the  occupants  of  one  of  the 
buildings  at  Adobe  Walls  were  up  on  the  roof  of  the  building  making- 
needed  repairs,  and  while  thus  engaged  discovered  the  Indians.  Seeing 
they  were  apprehended,  the  Indians  gave  the  war  whoop  and  charged 
— riding  25  or  more  abreast — firing  their  rifles  and  revolvers  as  they 
came.  Two  hunters  who  had  come  in  during  the  night  and  were  en- 
camped about  100  yards  away  from  the  buildings  were  the  only  ones 
failing  to  reach  a  place  of  safety.  They  were  quickly  killed  and  scalped. 
The  occupants  of  the  buildings  numbered  28  men  and  i  woman,  a  Mrs. 
William  Olds,  of  Warsaw,  Mo.,  wife  of  one  of  the  hunters  and  the  only 
white  woman  in  all  that  section  at  the  time.  As  soon  as  the  hunters 
reached  shelter  they  grasped  their  rifles  and  returned  the  fire  of  the 
Indians  with  telling  effect.  The  late  Ouanah  Parker,  at  thai  time  war 
chief  of  the  Comanches  and  a  noted  chief  in  the  tribe  since,  headed  the 
first  charge,  but  while  passing  the  open  door  of  one  of  the  houses  was 
shot  through  the  breast  and  put  out  of  the  fight  almost  at  the  start.  The 
Indians,  however,  were  persistent  in  their  attacks,  and  again  and  again 
returned  to  the  assault,  only  to  fall  before  the  withering  fire  of  the 
hunters  within  the  buildings.  Three  casualties  among  the  hunters  closed 
the  first  days'  fight,  2  of  these  being  the  men  killed  in  their  wagon.  Fir- 
ing was  kept  up  intermittently  during  the  second  day,  and  under  cover 
of  darkness  one  of  the  hunters  was  sent  for  assistance  to  Dodge  City, 
175  miles  distant,  which  place  he  reached  some  days  later  without  mis- 
hap. The  Indians  had  lost  many  men  in  their  charges  and  after  the 
second  day  began  to  do  their  fighting  at  long  range.  On  the  third  day 
William  Olds  was  killed  by  the  accidental  discharge  of  his  gun.  P>y  the 
morning  <if  the  fourth  day  over  100  hunters  from  the  surrounding  coun- 
try had  crowded  into  Adobe  Walls,  agumenting  the  fighting  force  corre- 
spondingly. Two  days  later,  after  two  days  of  quiet,  one  more  hunter 
was  killed,  he  and  a  companion  having  gone  out  for  sand  phniis.  (  >ii 
July  14.  the  Indians  having  decamped,  the  hunters  marched  out  for 
Dodge  City,  which  place  they  reached  nn  the  27th.  Gov.  Osborn  sent 
1,000  stands  of  arms  to  Dodge  Cily  in  response  tn  ihc  rc(|ucst.  The 
Indians  in  this  figlit  lost  80  men  killed  and  mortally  wmuided,  besides 
about  200  ponies.  What  supplies  the  hunters  could  not  take  with  them 
were  appropriated  by  the  Indians  who  Imincd  the  premises. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  3 1 

Adrian,  a  little  hamlet  of  Jackson  county,  is  situated  on  the  ridge 
between  Cross  and  Soldier  creeks,  about  i6  miles  southwest  of  Holton, 
the  county  seat,  and  4  miles  from  Emmett,  which  is  the  nearest  rail- 
road station.     Mail  is  received  by  rural  delivery  from  Delia. 

Adventists. — This  denomination  belongs  to  that  class  of  religious 
organizatious  which  accepts  the  inspiration  of  the  scriptures,  take  the 
Bible  as  their  rule  of  faith,  and  hold  to  the  fundamental  doctrines  of 
Christian  churches.  This  belief  arose  as  a  result  of  the  preachings  of 
William  Miller,  in  183 1.  He  taught  that  the  world  would  come  to  an 
end  in  1843,  '^^'^  would  be  followed  by  the  coming  of  Christ  to  reign 
on  earth.  Mr.  Miller's  study  of  Biblical  prophecies  had  convinced  him 
that  the  coming  would  be  between  March  21,  1843,  ^^^  March  21,  1844. 
When  these  dates  passed  many  preachers  joined  the  movement  and  sev- 
eral thousand  followers  were  gathered  from  different  churches.  On 
April  20,  1845.  ■'^'I''-  ^Tiller  called  a  convention  of  the  faithful  at  Albany, 
N.  Y.,  which  convention  issued  a  declaration  of  belief  and  adopted  the 
name  Adventists.  The  declaration  was  that  Christ  will  come  soon,  but 
at  an  unknown  time,  as  the  prophecy  for  1843  S-"*!  ^^so  that  for  1844,  had 
not  been  fulfilled.  The  resurrection  of  the  dead,  both  the  just  and  the 
unjust,  and  the  beginning  of  the  millennium  after  the  restirection  of  the 
saints,  was  set  forth  in  the  belief. 

The  Adventists  baptize  by  immersion,  and  are  congregational  in 
polity,  except  the  Seven  Day  branch  and  the  Church  of  God,  wdiich- 
have  a  general  conference  that  is  supreme.  Since  their  organization, 
the  Adventists  have  divided  into  seven  bodies.  The  Evangelical  Ad- 
ventists began  to  call  themselves  by  that  name  in  1845.  They  believe 
that  all  the  dead  will  be  raised,  the  saints  first  to  eternal  bliss  and  the 
wicked  last  to  eternal  punishment.  The  Advent  Christians  formed  a 
general  association  in  1861.  They  believe  that  the  dead  are  unconscious 
and  the  wicked  are  punished  by  annihilation.  This  body  is  chiefly  lo- 
cated in  New  England.  The  Seven  Day  Adventists  were  formed  in 
1845.  'i^  New  Hampshire  and  adopted  the  obligation  of  the  seventh  day 
as  the  Sabbath.  They  believe  that  the  dead  sleep  imtil  the  judgment 
and  the  unsaved  are  destroyed.  This  body  is  the  strongest  and  its  mem- 
bers are  spread  throughout  the  United  States,  being  especially  strong 
in  the  west.  The  Church  of  God  was  formed  after  a  division  among  the 
Seven  Day  Adventists  in  1864-65,  concerning  the  revelations  of  Mrs. 
E.  G.  White.  A  general  conference  is  the  head  of  this  organization, 
with  subordinate  state  conferences.  It  is  chiefly  located  in  the  western 
and  southwestern  states.  The  Life  and  Advent  Union,  organized  in 
i860,  believes  that  the  wicked  never  wake  from  their  sleep  of  death. 
The  Church  of  God  in  Jesus  Christ  believes  in  the  establishment  of  the 
kingdom  of  God  on  earth  with  Christ  as  king;  the  annihilation  of  the 
wicked  and  the  restoration  of  Israel.  This  sect  is  established  in  various 
parts  of  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

The  Ad\'entists  were  not  established  to  any  e.xtent  in  Kansas  until 
the  great  tide  of  immigration  set  toward  this  state  in  the  '80s,  for  in' 


32 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF 


1893,  tliere  were  but  30  church  organizations  in  the  state  with  a  mem- 
bership of  900.  As  the  country  became  more  densely  populated  the  num- 
ber of  Adventist  bodies  increased  and  new  organizations  were  perfected. 
In  1906  the  Seven  Day  Adventists  had  2,397  communicants ;  the  Advent 
Christian  church  247,  making  a  total  membership  of  2,689. 

Aetna,  a  village  of  Barber  county,  is  located  near  the  southwestern 
corner  in  Aetna  township,  about  30  miles  from  Medicine  Lodge,  the 
county  seat.  It  is  connected  by  stage  line  with  Lake  City,  which  is  the 
most  convenient  railroad  station.  It  is  a  trading  center  for  the  neigh- 
borhood, has  a  money  order  postoffice,  and  in  1910  reported  a  popula- 
tion of  25. 

Agenda,  a  village  of  Republic  county,  is  located  in  the  northern  part 
of  Elk  Creek  township,  and  is  a  station  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  & 
Pacific  R.  R.,  17  miles  southeast  of  Belleville,  the  county  seat.  The  first 
house  in  Agenda  was  erected  by  Joseph  Cox  in  1887,  soon  after  the  town 
was  laid  out.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  delivery 
route,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  several  general  stores  and  other 
business  establishments,  a  bank,  a  grain  elevator,  and  in  1910  reported 
a  population  of  200. 

Agra,  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  Phillips  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.,  12  miles  east  of  Phillipsburg, 
the  county  seat.  It  was  first  settled  in  1888,  was  incorporated  in  1904, 
and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  347.  Agra  has  a  bank,  a  money 
order  postoffice  which  supplies  mail  to  the  surrounding  country  by  rural 
free  delivery,  grain  elevators,  a  weekly  newspaper — the  Sentinel — good 
schools,  churches,  a  considerable  retail  trade,  and  ships  large  quantities 
of  grain  and  live  stock. 

Agricola,  a  village  of  Cof?ey  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison, 
Topcka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  in  Rock  Island  township,  20  miles  northeast 
of  Burlington,  the  county  seat,  and  6  miles  from  Waverly.  It  has  tele- 
graph and  express  offices  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural 
route.     The  population  according  to  the  1910  census  was  100. 

Agricultural  College. — The  official  title  of  this  institution  is  the 
"Kansas  State  Agricultural  College."  The  Congress  of  the  United 
States,  by  an  act  approved,  July  2,  1862,  entitled,  "An  act  donating 
public  lands  to  the  several  states  and  territories  which  may  provide  col- 
leges for  the  benefit  of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts,"  granted  to  the 
State  of  Kansas  upon  certain  conditions,  90,000  acres  of  public  lands 
for  the  endowment,  support  and  maintenance  of  a  college.  The  leading 
object  of  such  colleges  was  to  be,  without  excluding  oilier  scientific  and 
classical  studies,  and  including  military  tactics,  to  teacii  such  branches 
of  learning  as  are  related  to  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  in  order 
to  promote  the  liberal  and  practical  education  of  the  industrial  classes 
in  the  several  pursuits  and  professions  of  life  :  and  when  the  legislature 
of  Kansas  in  1863  accepted  the  benefits  of  said  act  with  its  provisions, 
the  foundation  of  the  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College  was  laid. 

The  location  of  the  college  may  be  attributed  to  the  citizens  of  Man- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  33 

hattan,  which  city  was  founded  in  1855  by  the  cooperation  of  two  col- 
onies, one  from  New  England  and  the  other  from  Cincinnati.  In  the 
New  England  party  were  several  college  graduates  who  were  active  in 
the  promotion  of  education.  In  1857  an  association  was  formed  to  build 
a  college  in  or  near  Manhattan  to  be  under  the  control  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  church  of  Kansas  and  to  be  called  Bluemont  Central  College. 
The  charter  secured  in  Feb.,  1858,  provided  for  the  establishment  of  a 
classical  college  but  contained  the  following  section  "The  said  associa- 
tion shall  have  power  to  establish,  in  addition  to  the  literary  depart- 
ment of  arts  and  sciences,  an  agricultural  department,  with  separate  pro- 
fessors, to  test  soils,  experiment  in  the  raising  of  crops,  the  cultivation 
of  trees,  etc.,  upon  a  farm  set  apart  for  the  purpose,  so  as  to  bring  out 
to  the  utmost  practical  results  the  agricultural  advantages  of  prairie 
lands." 

By  a  special  act  of  Congress,  title  was  secured  to  100  acres  of  land, 
about  one  mile  west  of  Manhattan,  on  which  the  institution  was  located./ 
The  growth  of  the  college  was  slow  and  unsteady,  because  both  money 
and  students  were  scarce.  In  1861  when  locations  for  a  state  university 
were  discussed,  the  trustees  of  Bluemont  Central  College  offered  their 
site  and  building  to  the  state  but  their  offer  was  refused.  In  1863  when 
Kansas  accepted  the  act  of  Congress  giving  land  for  an  agricultural 
college,  said  college  was  established  in  Riley  county,  provided  that  the 
trustees  of  Bluemont  College  cede  its  land  to  the  state  in  fee  simple. 
The  Agriculttiral  College  was  organized  that  same  year  with  a  board 
of  trustees  consisting  of  the  governor,  secretary  of  state,  superintendent 
of  public  instruction,  the  president  of  the  college  ex  officio,  and  nine  oth- 
ers to  be  appointed  by  the  governor  and  confirmed  by  the  senate.  Later 
the  board  of  regents  was  reduced  to  seven  members.  Four  departments 
were  named,  to-wit:  Agriculture;  Mechanic  Arts;  Military  Science  and 
Tactics ;  Literature  and  Science. 

From  1863  to  1873  the  development  of  the  college  was  much  as  it 
would  have  been,  had  the  trustees  of  Bluemont  College  remained  in 
control.  The  department  of  literature  and  science  was  fostered  while 
the  departments  for  which  the  school  was  especially  founded  were  prac- 
tically ignored.  The  first  faculty  consisted  of  Rev.  Joseph  Denison, 
president  and  professor  of  ancient  languages  and  mental  and  moral 
science;  J.  G.  Schnebly,  professor  of  natural  science;  Rev.  N.  O.  Pres- 
ton, professor  of  mathematics  and  English  literature;  Jeremiah  E.  Piatt, 
principal  of  the  preparatory  department ;  Miss  Bell  Haines,  assistant 
teacher  in  preparatory  department,  and  Mrs.  Eliza  C.  Beckwith  teacher 
of  instrumental  music.  The  first  catalogue  gives  the  names  of  94  stu- 
dents in  the  preparatory  department  and  15  in  the  college.  Fifteen  stu- 
dents graduated  in  the  period  from  1863  to  1873.  In  1867  a  large  board- 
ing hall  for  students  was  erected  by  parties  in  Manhattan.  It  was  a  fail- 
ure financially.  The  college  was  urged  to  buy  it  and  did  at  a  cost  of 
$10,000.  In  1868  about  200  varieties  of  forest  and  fruit  trees  were  plant- 
ed. In  1871  a  new  farm  of  155  acres  was  purchased  for  $29,832.71  ii 
(1-3) 


34 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF 


scrip.  The  city  of  Manhattan,  fearing  the  agricultural  college  would 
be  consolidated  with  the  university  at  Lawrence,  gave  $12,000  (the  re- 
sult of  a  bond  election)  toward  the  purchase. 


M.-M.V  UUILDING,   AGRICULTURAL   COLLKGK. 

An  act  of  legislation  in  1873,  reorganizing  the  state  institutions,  re- 
sulted in  the  appointment  of  a  new  board  of  regents.  It  elected  Rev. 
John  A.  Anderson  of  Junction  City  to  the  place  vacated  by  President 
Denison,  who  resigned  the  'same  year.  Mr.  Anderson  changed  the  pol- 
icy of  the  college  immediately.  Through  him  and  the  board  who  sup- 
ported iiim,  the  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College  started  on  the  mission 
it  was  intended  to  fulfill.  Mr.  Anderson  believed  in  industrial  education, 
and  the  reasons  for  his  radical  policies  were  published  in  1874  in  a""Hand 
Rook  of  the  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College."  Briefly  told  he  thought 
prominence  should  be  given  to  a  study  in  proportion  to  the  actual  bene- 
fit expected  to  be  derived  from  it ;  that,  "The  farmer  and  mechanic 
should  be  as  completely  educated  as  the  lawyer  or  minister;  but  the 
information  that  is  essential  to  one  is  often  comparatively  useless  to  the 
other  and  it  is  therefore  unjust  to  compel  all  classes  to  pursue  the  same 
course  of  study."  That  ninety-seven  per  cent  of  Kansas  people  are  in 
industrial  vocations,  so  greater  prominence  should  be  given  industrial 
studies.  That  each  year's  course  of  study  should  be,  as  far  as  ]5ossible, 
complete  in  itself  because  many  students  are  unable  to  take  a  whole  col- 
lege course.  Mr.  Anderson's  views  were  unpopular  but  ihcy  met  the 
approval  of  the  board  of  regents  to  such  an  extent  that  tlicy  discontinued 
the  dc])artment  of  literature  and  organized  those  of  mechanic  arts  and 


KANSAS    JIISTORY  35 

agriculture;  the  students  were  moved  from  the  old  farm  to  the  new  one; 
workshops  in  iron  and  wood,  a  sewing  room,  printing  office,  telegraph 
office  and  kitchen  laboratory  were  equipped  that  industrial  training 
might  be  given ;  and  fifty  minutes  of  manual  training  per  day  became 
compulsory  for  each  student.  After  Mr.  Anderson  had  been  president 
three  years  Latin,  French,  German  were  discontinued;  the  preparatory 
course  was  abolished,  thus  shortening  the  whole  course  from  six  to 
four  years;  the  grade  of  work  was  adjusted  and  lowered  U,  CMimect 
with  that  done  by  the  public  schools. 

In  1875  the  Mechanics'  Hall  was  erected;  in  1876  Horticultural  Hall 
and  the  Chemical  Laboratory;  in  1877  the  main  part  of  the  present  barn 
was  constructed  (it  was  iinished  in  1886)  ;  and  in  1879  the  main  hall, 
named  in  honor  of  Mr.  Anderson,  was  built. 

In  1878  Mr.  Anderson  resigned,  and  from  Feb.  to  Dec,  1879,  ^-  L- 
Ward  was  acting  president  of  the  college.  Shortage  of  money  made  it 
a  difficult  year.  The  legislature  of  1877  having  voted  "that  not  over 
$15,000  of  the  interest  on  the  endowment  fund  shall  be  used  to  pay  in- 
structors and  teachers  in  said  college  until  debts  of  said  college  be  paid 
in  full,  and  until  said  college  shall  refund  to  state  all  moneys  advanced 
by  the  state  to  pay  for  instructors  and  running  expenses  of  said  college." 
The  debt  had  been  decreased  during  President  Anderson's  administra- 
tion but  was  not  cleared  until  the  state  legislature  passed  an  act  liquidat- 
ing it. 

George  Thompson  Fairchild,  who  succeeded  Mr.  Anderson,  entered 
upon  his  duties  as  president  of  the  college  in  Dec,  1879.  He  had  been 
an  instructor  in  the  Michigan  Agricultural  College,  so  came  well  pre- 
pared to  improve  the  college  at  Manhattan.  He  believed  in  a  school 
that  would  combine  the  culture  of  a  classical  education  with  the  useful- 
ness of  manual  training.  He  rearranged  the  course  of  study  to  combine 
theory  and  practice,  added  literature,  psychology,  etc.,  divided  the  school 
year  into  three  terms,  inaugurated  a  series  of  lectures,  and  appointed 
committees  to  take  charge  of  the  various  branches  of  school  life. 

In  1890  the  Federal  government  passed  an  act  for  the  further  endow- 
ment of  agricultural  colleges  esta-blished  under  the  provisions  of  an  act 
of  1862.  The  act  provided,  "the  sum  of  $15,000  for  the  year  ending  June 
30,  1890,  and  an  annual  increase  of  the  amount  of  such  appropriation 
thereafter  for  ten  years  by  an  additional  sum  of  $1,000  over  the  preced- 
ing year,  and  the  average  amount  to  be  paid  thereafter  to  each  state  and 
territory  shall  be  $25,000,  to  be  applied  only  to  instruction  in  agriculture, 
the  mechanic  arts,  the  English  language,  and  the  various  branches  of 
mathematics,  physical,  natural  and  economic  science,  with  special  refer- 
ence to  the  industries  of  life  and  to  the  facilities  for  such  instruction." 

In  1907  the  income  of  the  agricultural  college  was  further  increased 
by  what  is  known  as  the  Nelson  amendment  to  the  agricultural  appro- 
priation bill.  "In  accordance  with  the  act  of  Congress  approved  July 
2,  1862,  and  the  act  of  Congress  approved  Aug.  30,  1890,  the  sum  of 
$5,000,  in  addition  to  the  sums  named  in  said  act,  for  the  fiscal  year  end- 


36  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

ing  Tune  30,  1908,  and  an  annual  increase  of  the  amount  of  such  appro- 
priation thereafter  for  four  years  by  an  additional  sum  of  $5,000  over  the 
preceding  year,  and  the  annual  sum  to  be  paid  thereafter  to  each 
state  and  territory  shall  be  $50,000  to  be  applied  onl}'  for  the  purposes 
of  the  agricultural  colleges  as  defined  and  limited  in  the  act  of  Congress 
approved  Aug.  30,  1890,  pi-ovided,  that  said  colleges  may  use  a  portion 
of  this  money  for  providing  courses  for  the  special  preparation  of  in- 
structors for  teaching  the  elements  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts. 

A  valuable  adjunct  to  the  Agricultural  College  is  the  Experiment  Sta- 
tion. Some  experiment  work  in  forest  planting  was  commenced  by  the 
college  as  early  as  1868.  In  1874  experiments  in  the  cultivation  of  tame 
grasses  were  started  by  Prof.  Shelton.  These  were  followed  by  experi- 
ments in  subsoiling,  feeding,  etc.,  but  all  work  was  carried  on  in  a  small 
way  at  the  expense  of  the  college  until  Congress  passed  the  Hatch  bill 
in  March,  1887,  providing  for  the  organization  of  a  station  for  experi- 
ments along  agricultural  lines  in  each  state.  This  station  was  located 
at  the  Agricultural  College  by  the  state  legislature  and  the  management 
vested  in  a  council  consisting  of  the  president,  the  professors  of  agricul- 
ture, horticulture  and  entomology,  chemistry,  botany,  and  veterinary 
science.  The  Hatch  bill  provided  for  an  annual  Congressional  appro- 
priation of  $15,000  for  experimental  work. 

In  1906,  another  appropriation  was  made  for  the  Experiment  Station, 
under  what  is  known  as  the  Adams  act,  which  provided  "fgr  the  more 
complete  endowment  and  maintenance  of  the  agricultural  experiment 
stations,"  a  sum  beginning  with  $5,000,  and  increasing  each  year  by 
$2,000  over  the  preceding  year  for  five  years,  after  which  time  the  annual 
appropriation  is  to  be  $15,000,  "to  be  applied  to  paying  the  necessary 
expenses  of  conducting  original  researches  or  experiments  bearing  di- 
rectly on  the  agricultural  industry  of  the  United  States,  having  due  re- 
gard to  the  varying  conditions  and  needs  of  the  respective  states  and 
territories."  Under  the  Adams  act  only  sucli  experiments  may  be  en- 
tered upon  as  have  first  been  approved  by  the  office  of  experiment  sta- 
tions of  the  United  States  department  of  agriculture.  In  1908,  the  legis- 
lature of  Kansas  appropriated  $15,000  for  further  sniiport  of  the  Ex- 
periment Station. 

The  work  of  the  station  is  published  in  bulletin  form,  of  which  there 
are  three  classes:  The  first  are  purely  scientific,  the  second  are  sim- 
plified to  meet  the  intelligence  of  the  average  reader  and  include  all 
other  bulletins  in  which  a  "brief,  condensed  and  popular  presentation 
is  made  of  data  which  call  for  immediate  application  and  cannot  await 
publication  in  the  regular  bulletin  series."  In  addition  to  these  the  sta- 
tion publishes  a  series  of  circulars  of  useful  information  not  necessarily 
new  or  original.  '!"hc  station  has  issued  M17  hullclius,  183  pnss  linllc- 
tins  and  8  circulars. 

While  the  main  division  of  the  station  is  at  Manhattan  it  has  hr.inchcs 
at  Fort  Mayes,  Garden  City,  Ogallah  and  Dodge  City.  The  land  at 
F"ort  Hays  is  nf  the  high  rolling  prairie  varictv  and  was  origiii.illv  part 


KANSAS    HISTORY  3/ 

of  the  Fort  Hays  militar}-  reservation,  which  from  disuse  was  turned 
over  to  the  department  of  interior  in  1889  for  disposal.  In  1895  the 
Kansas  legislature  asked  Congress  to  donate  the  whole  reservation  of 
7,200  acres  to  the  State  of  Kansas  for  agricultural  education  and  re- 
search, for  the  training  of  teachers,  and  for  a  public  park,  but  it  was  not 
until  1900  that  Kansas  secured  the  land.  The  work  of  this  station  is  con- 
fined to  the  problems  of  the  western  part  of  the  state.  This  land  is 
suitable  for  experimental  and  demonstration  work  in  dry  farming,  irri- 
gation and  crops,  forest  and  orchard  tests.  This  station  is  supported 
by  state  funds,  and  sales  of  farm  products. 

The  station  at  Garden  City  is  located  upon  unirrigated  upland  which 
the  Agricultural  College  leased  from  the  county  commissioners  of  Fin- 
ney county  for  99  years.  "It  is  an  experimental  and  demonstration" 
farm  operated  in  conjunction  with  the  United  States  department  of  agri- 
culture for  purpose  of  determining  the  methods  of  culture,  crop  varieties 
and  crop  rotation  best  suited  for  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  state, 
under  dry  land  farming  conditions. 

The  stations  at  Ogallah  and  Dodge  City  are  forestry  stations,  and 
are  operated  under  the  direct  management  of  state  forester  and  general 
supervision  of  tlie  director  of  the  Experiment  Station.  The  engineering 
experiment  station  was  established  by  the  board  of  regents,  "for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  on  continued  series  of  tests  of  engineering  and 
manufacturing  value  to  the  State  of  Kansas,  and  to  conduct  these  tests 
on  a  scale  sufficiently  large  that  the  results  will  be  of  direct  commercial 
value."  Among  the  experiments  made  are  those  of  cement  and  con- 
crete, Kansas  coals,  lubricants  and  bearings,  endurance  tests  of  paints, 
power  required  for  driving  machine  tools,  etc.  President  Fairchild 
remained  at  the  head  of  the  Agricultural  College  from  1879  '"^  1897. 
The  growth  of  the  institution  under  his  direction  was  steady  and  sub- 
stantial. He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Thomas  E.  Will.  It  is  said  great 
prominence  was  given  economic,  financial  and  social  problems  during 
the  presidency  of  Mr.  Will.  In  1897  four  year  courses  were  established 
in  domestic  science,  agriculture,  mechanical  engineering  and  general 
science.  Mr.  Will  resigned  in  1899,  and  Prof.  E.  R.  Nichols  was  chosen 
to  fill  his  place  first  as  acting  president,  later  as  president. 

The  rapid  increase  in  attendance  made  new  buildings  necessary.  In 
1900  the  agricultural  hall  and  dairy  barn  were  erected;  in  1902,  the 
physical  science  hall,  in  1906  the  granar}^  and  in  1904  the  dairy  hall, 
college  extension.  Until  1905  the  extension  work  of  the  college  was  in 
the  form  of  farmer's  institutes  held  throughout  the  state,  this  work  be- 
ing in  charge  of  a  committee  chosen  from  the  faculty.  The  small  means 
available  made  the  institutes  irregular  and  the  attendance  was  small. 
In  1905  the  board  of  regents  employed  a  superintehdent  to  organize  the 
department  of  farmers'  institutes,  and  in  1906  the  department  was  for- 
mally organized.  To  the  appropriation  of  $4,000  made  by  the  legislature 
of  1905  the  college  added  $800.  The  interest  of  the  state  in  the  agricul- 
tural extension  and  the  results  derived  therefrom  resulted  in  an  appro- 


38  ■     CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

priation  of  $11,500  by  the  legislature  of  1907  to  which  the  college  added 
Si, 000.  In  1909  the  legislature  appropriated  $52,500  for  the  department, 
the  policies  and  plans  of  which  are  established  by  a  committee  consist- 
ing of  the  president  of  the  college,  the  director  of  the  experiment  station 
and  the  superintendent  of  the  division.  The  department  includes  the 
following  forms  of  agricultural  extension :  Farmers'  institutes ;  publica- 
tions for  institute  members ;  agricultural  railway  trains ;  schoolhouse 
campaigns ;  boj's'  corn  growing  contests  ;  girls'  cooking  and  sewing  con- 
tests;  rural  education;  demonstration  farming;  highway  construction; 
movable  schools ;  special  campaigns ;  publications  for  teachers ;  corre- 
spondence courses  (18  courses  offered) ;  home  economic  clubs. 

President  Nichols  resigned  in  1909  and  Henry  Jackson  Waters  was 
chosen  by  the  board  of  regents  to  succeed  him.  The  Agricultural  Col- 
lege now  owns  748  acres  of  land  including  the  campus  of  160  acres.  The 
buildings  which  are  built  of  white  limestone  number  twenty-one.  The 
corps  of  instructors  numbers  165,  and  the  number  of  students  enrolled 
in  1010  was  1.535  males.  770  females,  a  total  of  2,305. 

Agricultural  Society,  State. — The  first  effort  to  organize  a  state — or 
more  properly  speaking  a  territorial — agricultural  society,  was  made  on 
July  16,  1857,  when  a  mass  meeting  was  held  at  Topeka  to  consider  the 
subject.  After  discussion  pro  and  con  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
draw  up  a  constitution  for  such  a  society.  Among  the  members  of  tliis 
committee  were  Dr.  Charles  Robinson,  W.  F.  M.  Arny,  C.  C.  Hutchin- 
son, Dr.  A.  Hunting  and  W.  Y.  Roberts.  An  organization  was  effected 
luider  a  constitution  presented  by  the  committee,  but  for  various  reasons 
tiie  society  was  never  able  to  accomplish  much  in  the  way  of  promoting 
the  agricultural  interests  of  Kansas.  In  the  first  place  the  projectors  of 
the  movement  were  mostly  ardent  free-state  men,  while  the  territorial 
authorities  were  of  the  opposite  political  faith,  so  that  it  was  impossible 
to  secure  the  passage  of  laws  favorable  to  the  work  of  the  society. 
Added  to  this,  the  unsettled  conditions  in  the  territor)-,  due  largely  to 
the  political  agitation  for  the  adoption  of  a  state  constitution  and  the 
admission  of  Kansas  into  the  Union,  kept  the  public  mind  so  occupied 
that  it  was  a  difficult  matter  to  arouse  sufficient  interest  in  agriculture 
to  ])lace  the  society  on  a  solid  footing.  After  a  short  existence  it  ceased 
its  efforts  altogether.  The  books  collected  by  the  society  were  afterward 
given  to  the  state  library  by  Judge  L.  D.  Bailey. 

The  territorial  legislature  of  i860  provided  for  the  organization  of 
county  agricultural  societies  in  the  counties  of  Coffey,  Doniphan,  Doug- 
las, Franklin,  Linn  and  Wabaunsee,  and  for  the  "Southern  Kansas  Agri- 
cultural Society,"  but  no  provisions  were  ever  made  by  the  autiiorities 
during  the  territorial  era  for  a  society  that  would  cover  the  entire  terri- 
tory in  its  operations. 

By  the  act  of  May  10,  1861,  the  first  slate  legislature  authorized  ten 
or  more  persons  to  form  an  agricuJtm-al  or  a  horticultural  society  in  any 
county,  town,  city  or  village,  and  file  articles  of  association  with  the 
secretary  of  the  state  society  and  with  the  county  clerk  in  the  county 


KANSAS    niSTOKV  39 

where  the  society  was  located.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  at  the  time  this  law 
was  passed  there  was  no  state  agricultural  society,  but  on  Feb.  5,  1862, 
a  meeting  was  held  in  the  hall  of  the  house  of  representatives  at  Topeka 
for  the  purpose  of  organizing  one.  W.  R.  Wagstaff,  F.  G.  Adams,  Gol- 
den Silvers,  J.  Medill  and  R.  A.  Van  Winkle  were  appointed  as  a  com- 
mittee to  draft  a  constitution,  and  upon  the  adoption  of  their  report  the 
following  ofificers  were  elected :  President,  Lyman  Scott ;  secretary, 
Franklin  G.  Adams ;  treasurer,  Isaac  Garrison ;  executive  committee,  E. 
B.  Whitman,  R.  A.  Van  Winkle,  Welcome  Wells,  F.  P.  Baker,  W.  A. 
Shannon,  J.  W.  Sponable,  C.  B.  Lines,  Thomas  Arnokl,  Martin  Ander- 
son and  J.  C.  Marshall. 

The  constitution  adopted  at  the  formation  of  the  society  provided  for 
the  payment  by  each  member  of  annual  dues  of  one  dollar,  or  for  ten 
dollars  one  could  become  a  life  member.  It  also  provided  for  the  organ- 
ization of  county  societies  as  auxilaries  to  the  state  society. 

On  Jan.  13,  1863,  L.  D.  Bailey  succeeded  Lyman  Scott  as  president. 
Mr.  Bailey  served  as  president  until  Jan.  16,  1867,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Robert  G.  Elliott,  who  in  turn  was  succeeded  by  I.  S.  Kal- 
loch  on  Sept.  30,  1870,  the  latter  continuing  to  hold  the  office  until  the 
society  went  out  of  existence.  Mr.  Adams  served  as  secretary  until 
Jan.  12,  1865,  when  John  S.  Brown  was  elected  as  his  successor.  On 
Sept.  30,  1870,  H.  J.  Strickler  was  elected  secretary  and  served  until 
Sept.  15,  1871,  when  Alfred  Gray  was  elected  to  the  office,  being  the 
last  secretary  of  the  society. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  executive  committee  on  Feb.  20,  1863,  the  presi- 
dent and  secretary  were  given  full  power  to  make  all  the  necessary  ar- 
rangements for  a  state  fair,  and  the  first  state  fair  was  held  at  Leaven- 
worth the  following  fall — Oct.  6  to  9  inclusive.  (See  State  Fairs.)  The 
legislature  of  that  year  made  an  appropriation  of  $1,000  for  the  benefit 
of  the  society.  Another  work  of  the  society  in  1863  was  the  distribution 
of  500  bushels  of  cotton  seed  amoiig  the  farmers  of  the  state  who  were 
desirous  of  trying  the  experiment  of  raising  cotton. 

On  March  12,  1872,  the  State  Agricultural  Society  held  its  last  meet- 
ing and  adjourned  sine  die,  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  (q.  v.),  which 
had  already  been  authorized  by  an  act  of  the  legislature,  taking  its  place. 

Agricultural  Wheel. — During  the  winter  of  1881-82,  the  unsatisfac- 
•tory  condition  of  the  market  for  farm  products,  and  the  oppressiveness 
of  the  Arkansas  mortgage  laws  through  what  was  known  as  the  "ana- 
conda mortgage,"  led  to  a  wide  discussion  among  the  farmers  of  that 
state  as  to  the  advisability  of  organizing  for  cooperation  and  mutual  pro- 
tection. On  Wednesday  evening,  Feb.  15,  1882,  seven  farmers  met  at 
McBee's  school  house,  8  miles  southwest  of  the  town  of  Des  Arc,  in 
Prairie  county,  to  consider  the  question  of  forming  some  kind  of  a  farm- 
ers' society.  A  committee,  consisting  of  W.  T.  McBee,  W.  W.  Tedford 
and  J.  W.  McBee,  was  appointed  to  draft  a  constitution  and  by-laws  and 
report  at  same  place  on  the  evening  of  .the  22nd.  At  the  adjourned  meet- 
ing the  Wattensas  Farmers'  club  was  organized,  the  objects  of  which 


40  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

were  stated  in  the  constitution  as  being  "The  improvement  of  its  mem- 
bers in  the  theory  and  practice  of  agriculture  and  the  dissemination  of 
knowledge  relative  to  rural  and  farming  affairs." 

It  seems  that  the  name  was  not  altogether  satisfactory  to  some  of 
those  interested,  for  at  the  meeting  on  March  i  the  question  of  select- 
ing a  new  one,  with  a  broader  significance,  came  up  for  consideration. 
Some  one  suggested  the  name  of  "Wheel,"  because  "no  machine  can  be 
run  without  a  drive  wheel,  and  agriculture  is  the  great  wheel  or  power 
that  controls  the  entire  machinery  of  the  world's  industries."  The  so- 
ciety was  therefore  reorganized  under  the  new  name,  with  the  follow- 
ing objects : 

"r — To  unite  fraternally  all  acceptable  white  males  who  are  engaged 
in  the  occupation  of  farming,  also  mechanics  who  are  actually  engaged 
in  farming. 

"2 — To  give  all  possible  moral  and  material  aid  in  its  power  to  its 
members  by  holding  instructive  lectures,  b}-  encouraging  each  other  in 
business,  and  by  assisting  each  other  in  obtaining  employment. 

"3 — The  improvement  of  its  members  in  the  theory  and  practice  of 
agriculture  and  the  dissemination  of  knowledge  relative  to  rural  and 
farming  affairs. 

"4 — To  ameliorate  the  condition  of  the  farmers  of  this  country  in 
every  possible  manner." 

By  the  following  spring  the  organization  numbered  some  500  mem- 
bers, and  on  April  9,  1883,  representatives  of  the  local  wheels  in  Ar- 
kansas met  at  the  residence  of  W.  T.  McBee,  one  of  the  seven  founders, 
and  launched  the  state  wheel,  with  E.  B.  McPherson  as  grand  president. 
Deputies  were  appointed  to  carry  the  order  into  new  territory  bv  the 
establishment  of  local  wheels,  and  the  organization  spread  rapidh'  to 
other  states.  On  July  28,  1886,  delegates  from  the  local  wheels  in  Ar- 
kansas, Kentucky  and  Tennessee  met  at  Litchfield,  Ark.,  and  organized 
the  national  wheel  with  Isaac  McCracken'of  Ozone,  Ark.,  as  president, 
and  A.  E.  Gardner  of  Dresden,  Tenn.,  as  secretary  and  treasurer.  The 
State  Wheel  Enterprise,  published  by  Louis  B.  Audigier,  at  Searcy, 
Ark.,  was  made  the  organ  of  the  national  organization.  This  gave  a 
new  impetus  to  the  order,  which  on  March  i,  1887,  just  five  years  after 
it  was  founded,  boasted  a  membership  of  500,000,  the  greater  portion 
of  which  was  in  the  states  of  Arkansas,  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  Missis- 
sippi and  Missouri,  though  the  order  had  extended  into  the  Indian  Ter- 
ritory and  Wisconsin. 

Upon  the  organization  of  the  national  wheel  a  platform  was  ado]itcd, 
in  which  the  following  demands  were  made:  The  preservation  of  the 
pul)lic  domain  of  the  United  States  for  actual  settlers;  legislation  to  pre- 
vent aliens  from  owning  land  in  this  country;  the  coinage  of  enough 
gold  and  silver  into  money  to  assure  a  speedy  extinguishment  of  the 
national  debt;  the  abolition  of  national  banks  and  the  issue  of  enough 
legal  tender  notes  to  do  the  business  of  the  country  on  a  cash  basis; 
legislation  by  Congress  to  prevcntdealing  in  futures  in  agricultural  pro- 


KANSAS    IIISTOUY  4I 

ductions;  a  graduated  income  tax;  a  strict  enforcement  of  the  laws  pro- 
hibiting the  importation  of  foreign  labor  under  the  contract  system; 
ownership  by  the  people  of  all  means  of  transportation  and  communica- 
tion; the  election  of  all  officers  of  the  national  government  by  a  direct 
vote  of  the  people;  the  repeal  of  all  laws  that  bear  unequally  on  capital 
and  labor;  the  amendment  of  the  tariff  laws  so  that  all  import  duties 
on  articles  that  enter  into  American  manufactures  should  be  removed, 
and  that  duties  be  levied  on  articles  of  luxury,  but  not  high  enough  to 
prevent  their  importation ;  the  education  of  the  masses  by  a  well  regu- 
lated system  of  free  schools;  no  renewal  of  patents  at  the  expiration  of 
the  period  for  which  they  were  originally  granted. 

A  resolution  was  also  adopted  by  the  national  wheel  pledging  the 
members  to  support  no  man  for  Congress  "of  any  political  party,  who 
will  not  pledge  himself  in  writing  to  uSe  all  his  inlluence  for  the  forma- 
tion of  these  demands  into  laws." 

At  a  meeting  of  the  national  wheel  at  Meridian,  Miss.,  in  Dec,  1888, 
it  was  recommended  that  the  organization  unite  with  the  Farmers'  Al- 
liance. A  joint  meeting  of  delegates  belonging  to  the  two  organizations 
was  held  at  Birmingham,  Ala.,  May  15,  1889,  and  the  two  orders  were 
consolidated  on  Sept.  24,  following. 

Agriculture. — In  a  general  sense  agriculture  in  Kansas  was  com- 
menced in  1825,  when  the  government  by  a  treaty  made  with  the 
Kansas  Indians  agreed  to  supply  them  with  cattle,  hogs  and  agricul- 
tural implements,  but  literally  history  of  agriculture  begins  with  the 
Quiviran  Indians  who  were  tilling  the  soil  more  than  two  centuries 
earlier,  when  Don  Juan  de  Onate  (q.  v.)  tarried  with  them  on  his  jour- 
ney from  New  Mexico. 

John  B.  Dunbar,  in  an  article  on  "The  White  Man's  Foot  in  Kan- 
sas," speaks  of  the  pleasant  effect  the  country  of  the  Quivirans  had 
upon  Onate.  As  contrasted  with  the  arid  regions  of  New  Mexico 
and  northern  Mexico  it  seemed  to  him  a  veritable  land  of  promise, 
"The  frequent  streams,  the  wide  prairies,  pleasantly  diversified  with 
gently  rolling  hills  and  admirably  adapted  to  cultivation,  the  rich  soil, 
spontaneously  afforded  a  variegated  growth  of  grass,  flowering  plants, 
and  native  fruits,  nuts,  Indian  potatoes,  etc.,  that  added  much  to  the 
attractiveness  of  the  entire  region."  The  Quivirans,  "in  cultivating 
the  soil,  worshipped  the  planet,  Venus,  known  as  Hopirikuts,  the 
Great  Star,  recognized  by  them  as  the  patron  of  agriculture,  as  did 
in  later  days  their  descendants,  the  Pawnees.  Sometimes,  after  plant- 
ing their  corn  patches  to  secure  a  good  crop,  they  offered  the  captive 
girl  as  a  sacrifice  to  Hopirikuts.  As  time  passed  many  of  the  tribe 
came  to  look  upon  this  usage  with  disfavor,  and  finalh',  in  1819,  b}-  the 
interference  of  Pitalesharu,  a  young  brave  of  well  known  character  as 
a  man  of  recognized  prowess  as  war  chief,  the  usage  was  finally  dis- 
continued." 

It  is  not  said  that  the  Kansas  Indians  received  their  suggestion  of 
husbandry  from  the  remote  Quivirans  but  they  were  the  ne.xt  farmers 


42  CYCLOrEDIA    OF 

in  Kansas.  Dr.  Thomas  Say,  the  chief  zoologist  of  the  Long  Ex- 
pedition, in  writing  of  his  visit  to  the  Kansas  village  in  1819,  said : 
"They  commonly  placed  before  us  a  sort  of  soup,  composed  of  maize 
of  the  present  season,  of  that  description,  which  after  having  under- 
gone a  certain  preparation,  is  appropriateh'  named  sweet-corn,  boiled 
in  water,  and  enriched  with  a  few  slices  of  bison  meat,  grease  and  some 
beans,  and,  to  suit  it  to  our  palates,  it  was  generally  seasoned  with  rock 
salt,  which  is  procured  near  the  Arkansas  river.  .  .  .  Another  very 
acceptable  dish  was  called  lyed  corn.  .  .  .  They  also  make  much  use 
of  maize  roasted  on  the  cob,  of  boiled  pumpkins,  of  muskmelons  and 
watermelons,  but  the  latter  are  generally  pulled  from  the  vine  before 
they  are  completely  ripe."  Dr.  Say  further  states  that  the  young  females 
before  marriage  cultivated  the  fields.  The  agenc}-  of  the  Kansas  In- 
dians was  established  at  the  mouth  of  the  Grasshopper  creek  in  1827. 
Daniel  Morgan  Boone,  the  farmer  appointed  by  the  government,  com- 
menced farming  at  this  point  in  1827  or  1828.  Rev.  Isaac  iMcCoy,  in 
1835,  reported  that  the  government  had  20  acres  fenced  and  10  acres 
plowed  at  "Fool  Chief's"  village,  3  miles  west  of  the  present  North 
Topeka.  In  the  spring  of  1835  the  government  selected  300  acres  in 
what  is  now  Shawnee  county,  and  about  the  same  number  south  of 
the  Kansas  River,  in  the  valley  of  Mission  creek  and  carried  on  farm- 
ing on  quite  an  extensive  scale.  The  emigrant  tribes  from  the  east 
who  came  into  Kansas  from  1825-1832  were  sufficiently  civilized  to  have 
a  knowledge  of  farming  and  good  farms  were  cultivated  by  members 
of  the  various  tribes  and  by  the  white  missionaries  who  settled  among 
them. 

The  first  cultivation  of  the  soil  by  white  men  on  a  scale  large  enough 
to  be  called  farming  was  at  Fort  Leavcnwuith  in  1829  or  1830;  at  the 
mouth  of  Grasshopper  creek  by  Daniel  Morgan  Boone  ;  and  at  (he  Shaw- 
nee mission  farm  in  Johnson  county  by  Rev.  Tliomas  Johnson  as  early 
as  1830.  Farms  were  quite  common  on  the  Indian  reservations,  and 
at  the  various  missions,  when  Congress  passed  the  bill  creating  Kansas 
Territory.  The  remarkable  fertility  of  the  soil  of  Kansas  and  its 
adaptability  to  agricultural  purposes  had  been  experimentally  proven 
and  were  well  known  before  the  territorial  bill  was  passed.  Hence, 
the  tide  of  immigration  from  1854  to  1856  was  due  as  much  to  the 
natural  resources  of  the  land  as  to  the  political  preferment.  The  un- 
settled condition  of  territorial  affairs  from  1858  to  i860  was  not  au.s- 
picious  for  the  pursuance  of  industrial  arts.  The  settlers  planted  crops 
but  raised  barely  enough  for  their  own  consumption.  The  United 
States  census  for  i860  in  its  report  on  Kansas  shows  405,468  acres  in 
improved  farms  and  372,932  acres  in  unimproved  farms,  with  the  cash 
value  of  both  as  $12,258,239.  There  were  then  farming  implements 
valued  at  $727,694;  20,344  horses:  i,.|<)'i  mules ;  28,530  milch  cows; 
2,155  oxen;  43,354  mher  cattle;  I7,5(>9  slice]) ;  138,244  swine,  and  the 
value  of  this  live  stock  was  $3,332,450.  There  were  194.17.^  bushels  of 
wheat;  3,833   bushels  of   rye;  6,150,727   bushels   of    Indian    cum;   88,- 


KANSAS    lllSrOKV  43 

325  bushels  of  oats ;  20,349  pounds  of  tobacco ;  24,400  pounds  of  cotton ; 
24,746  pounds  of  wool ;  9,827  bushels  of  peas  and  beans ;  296,335  bushels 
of  Irish  potatoes;  9,965  bushels  of  sweet  potatoes;  4,716  bushels  of 
barley;  41,575  bushels  of  buckwheat;  orchard  products  valuing  $656; 
market  garden  products  worth  $31,641;  1,093,497  pounds  of  butler;  29,- 
045  pounds  of  cheese;  56,232  tons  of  hay;  103  bushels  of  clover  seed; 
3,043  bushels  of  grass  seed;  197  pounds  of  hops;  1,135  pounds  of  flax; 
II  bushels  of  flax  seed;  40  pounds  of  silk  cocoons;  3,742  pounds  of  maple 
sugar;  2  gallons  of  maple  molasses;  87,656  gallons  of  sorghum  molasses; 
r,i8i  pounds  of  beeswax,  and   16,944  pounds  of  honey. 

The  small  beginning  toward  agricultural  development  received  a 
serious  setback  by  what  is  known  as  the  drought  of  i860,  which  really 
began  in  Sept.,  1859,  and  lasted  until  the  fall  of  the  next  year.  fSee 
Droughts.)  The  struggle  with  poverty  was  accompanied  by  a  struggle 
for  statehood,  and  in  1861  Kansas,  a  poor,  destitute,  forlorn  young  thing, 
clothed  in  grain  sacks  and  hope,  was  admitted  to  the  Union.  An 
optimism  born  of  determination  is  indicated  in  the  laws  of  the  legisla- 
ture of  1862,  by  which  a  Kansas  State  Agricultural  society  was  or- 
ganized, "for  the  purpose  of  promoting  the  improvement  of  agriculture 
and  its  kindred  arts,"  and  by  which  county  and  town  agricultural  and 
horicultural  societies  could  be  formed.  The  small  development  of  the 
state  had  not  extended  over  much  territory,  as  in  1861  the  map  of 
Kansas  was  blank  beyond  the  tier  of  counties  embracing  Saline,  Marion 
and  Butler.  During  the  Civil  war  very  little  growth  was  made  in  any 
way,  and  while  agriculture  received  more  attention  than  many  things, 
few  surplus  crops  were  raised.  However,  in  1863,  the  legislature  ap- 
propriated $1,000  to  the  State  Agricultural  Society,  thus  keeping  in 
mind  the  main  business  of  the  state  in  spite  of  war  and  strife.  At  the 
close  of  the  war,  from  1865  until  1870,  a  second  invasion  of  emigrants 
entered  Kansas,  especially  the  southeastern  portion.  This  invasion  con- 
sisted of  the  sturdy  3'oung  men  who  were  discharged  from  the  army, 
and,  out  of  employment,  turned  to  the  fields  of  Kansas  to  make  a  home 
and  support  their  families.  These  families  were  all  poor,  but  kindly 
in  their  relations  with  one  another.  They  exchanged  work  when  outside 
assistance  was  needed,  because  there  was  no  money  for  wages.  Mr. 
Carey  in  an  article  on  the  Osage  ceded  lands  gives  a  vivid  glimpse  of 
these  settlers  and  their  methods  and  shows  a  slight  social  line  of  de- 
marcation between  those  owning  American  horses,  and  those  owning 
mustangs  and  Indian  ponies,  and  between  these  and  the  owners  of  oxen. 
The  implements  employed  were  of  an  ordinary  sort  and  all  the  com- 
munities of  the  state  used  the  methods  of  farming  prevalent  in  the  dis- 
tricts from  which  they  migrated,  and  confined  their  efforts  to  the  com- 
mon crops.  During  the  period  from  1865  to  1870  farming  commenced 
to  be  a  vocation  in  Kansas.  Much  time  and  serious  thought  were  given 
to  it.  In  1869  the  legislature  passed  an  act  for  the  distribution  of  wheat 
on  the  western  frontier.     (See  Harvey's  Administration.) 

The  agricultural   development  of  the   state   during  the   decade  from 


44  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

i860  to  1870  is  shown  by  the  following  statistics  compiled  by  the  ninth 
United  States  census.  It  shows  1,971,003  acres  of  improved  land,  635,- 
419  acres  of  woodland  and  3,050,457  acres  of  unimproved  land.  The 
valuation  of  farms  was  $90,327,040;  of  farming  implements  and  ma- 
chinery, $4,053,312;  the  total  value  of  all  farm  productions,  including 
betterments  and  additions  to  stock  $27,630,651.  There  were  117,786 
horses;  11,786  mules  and  asses;  12,344  milch  cows;  20,774  w^orking 
oxen ;  229,753  other  cattle ;  109,088  sheep ;  206,587  swine.  There  were 
produced  on  the  farms  1,314,522  bushels  of  spring  wheat;  1,076,676 
bushels  of  winter  wheat;  17,025,525  bushels  of  corn;  85,207  bushels  of 
rye;  4,097,925  bushels  of  oats;  98,405  of  barley;  27,826  of  buckwheat; 
33,241  pounds  of  tobacco;  7  bales  of  cotton;  335,005  pounds  of  wool; 
13,109  bushels  of  peas  and  beans;  2,342,988  bushels  of  Irish  potatoes; 
49,533  bushels  of  sweet  potatoes ;  5,022,758  pounds  of  butter ;  226,607 
pounds  of  cheese;  490,289  tons  of  hay;  334  bushels  of  clover  seed;  8,- 
023  bushels  of  grass  seed;  396  pounds  of  hops;  35  tons  of  hemp;  1,040 
pounds  of  flax;  1,553  bushels  of  flaxseed;  938  pounds  of  maple  sugar; 
449,409  gallons  of  sorghum  molasses;  212  gallons  of  maple  molasses; 
2,208  pounds  of  beeswax;  110,827  pounds  of  honey. 

In  the  early  '70s  the  population  grew  more  rapidly  than  the  crops,  thus 
keeping  the  country  poor ;  the  legislature  of  1872  found  it  necessary 
to  appropriate  $3,000  for  the  relief  of  settlers  in  the  western  part  of  the 
state.  In  March  of  the  same  year  the  Kansas  State  Agricultural  So- 
ciety went  out  of  existence  and  the  Kansas  State  Board  of  agriculture 
was  organized.  (See  Agriculture,  State  Board  of.) 

The  state  made  everj'  effort  to  develop  her  fertile  acres,  but  success 
came  slowly,  as  new  catastrophes  were  constantly  happening  to  retard 
progress  and  to  depress  hope.  In  July  and  August,  1874,  Kansas  re- 
ceived a  devastating  visitation  from  the  grasshopper  or  locust.  A  great 
swarm  of  these  insects  passed  over  the  state  devouring  nearly  every 
green  thing.  They  came  so  suddenly  the  people  were  panic  stricken. 
In  the  western  counties,  where  inmiigration  during  the  previous  two 
j-ears  had  been  very  heavy,  and  the  chief  dependence  of  the  settlers 
was  corn,  potatoes  and  garden  vegetables,  the  calamity  fell  with  terri- 
ble force.  Starvation  or  emigration  seemed  inevitable  unless  aid  should 
be  furnished.  The  state  board  of  agriculture  set  about  collecting  cor- 
rect data  relating  to  the  effects  of  the  prevailing  drouth,  and  devasta- 
tion of  crops  by  locusts  and  cinch  bugs,  and  Gov.  Osborn  issued  a 
proclamation  convening  legislature  on  the  15th  day  of  September.  (See 
Osborn's  Administration.) 

The  grasshopper  raid  retarded  immigration  and  discouraged  the 
people  of  the  state  but  did  not  destroy  hope  and  faith,  for  in  1876  all 
forces  rallied  to  redeem  the  reputation  of  Kansas.  The  State  Board 
of  Centennial  Managers  in  a  communication  to  the  legislature  said, 
"Kansas  needs  all  the  advantages  of  a  successful  display,  Uemote  from 
the  money  centers,  the  crash  of  the  'panic'  came,  swce]iing  away  our 
values,   checking  our   immigration,   and    leaving  us    our   land    and    our 


KANSAS    HISTORY  45 

debts.  The  devastation  of  the  locust  was  an  accidental  and  passing 
shadow.  Our  wealth  of  soil  and  climate  has  been  reasserted  in  abundant 
harvests,  but  the  depression  still  rests  like  a  blight  on  the  price  of  real 
estate.  Immigration  has  halted  and  investments  have  measurably 
ceased."  The  legislature  of  1876  evidently  felt  the  same  way  about  the 
state  because  it  appropriated  $25,000  for  the  Kansas  building  and  dis- 
play in  Philadelphia.     (See  Expositions.) 

The  statistics  for  1880,  as  giv,en  by  the  State  Board  of  agricultural, 
show  8,868,884.79  acres  of  land  in  cultivation,  divided  as  follows :  win- 
ter wheat,  2,215,937  3cres,  with  a  product  of  23,507,223  bushels,  valued 
at  $19,566,034.67;  spring  wheat,  228,497  acres,  1,772,661  bushels,  $1,- 
414,633.90;  rye,  54,748  acres,  676,507  bushels,  $270,602.80;  corn,  3,554,- 
396  acres,  101,421,718  bushels,  $24,926,079.07;  barley,  17,121  acres,  287,- 
057  bushels,  $143,528.50;  oats,  477,827  acres,  11,483,796  bushels,  $2,918,- 
689.17;  buckwheat,  2,671.41  acres,  43,455  bushels,  $39,110;  Irish  potatoes, 
66,233  acres,  4,919,227  bushels,  $3,279,501.85;  sweet  potatoes,  4,021 
acres,  39i.f96-55  bushels,  $391,196-55;  sorghufn,  32,945.09  acres,  3,787,- 
535  gallons,  $1,704,390.98;  castor  beans,  50,437.61  acres,  558,974.28 
bushels,  $558,974.28;  cotton,  838.34  acres,  142,517.80  pounds,  $12,826.67; 
hemp,  597.22  acres,  635,872  pounds,  $38,152.32;  tobacco,  607.21  acres, 
449,33540  pounds,  $44,933.54;  broom  corn,  25,507.64  acres,  17,279-, 
664.50  pounds,  $604,788.27;  rice  corn,  27,138.40  acres,  493,915  bushels, 
$125,353.12;  pearl  millet,  8,031.40  acres,  26,784  tons,  $115,527;  millet  and 
hungarian,  268,485  acres,  602,300.31  tons,  $2,542,565.95;  timothy 
meadow,  49,201.46  acres,  79,634.16  tons,  $447,411.20;  clover  meadow, 
16,637.61  acres,  26,796.16  tons,  $151,764.05;  clover,  blue  grass  and 
prairie  pasture,  959,456.91  acres ;  prairie  meadow,  679,744  acres,  798,707 
tons,  $2,570,290.85. 

The  counties  having  the  most  acres  cultivated  were  Sedgwick,  Mc- 
Pherson,  Dickinson,  Miami,  Marshall  and  Sumner,  all  of  which  had 
more  than  210,000,  while  Ford,  Barbour  and  Hodgeman  of  the  or- 
ganized counties  had  the  least  number  of  acres  in  cultivation. 

A  strong  feature  in  the  dissemination  of  agricultural  knowledge  is 
the  county  agricultural  society.  In  the  general  statutes  of  1868,  1872 
and  1873  provision  is  made  for  the  incorporation  of  these  county  clubs 
for  the  encouragement  of  agriculture.  The  important  relation  exist- 
ing between  them  and  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  is  shown  in  sec- 
tion 2  of  chapter  9  of  the  session  laws  of  1873,  which  declares  "that 
every  county  or  district  agricultural  society,  composed  of  one  or  more 
counties,  whether  now  organized  or  hereafter  to  be  organized  under 
the  laws  of  the  state  of  Kansas,  shall  be  entitled  to  send  the  president 
of  such  society,  or  other  delegate  therefrom,  duly  authorized  in  writing, 
to  the  annual  meeting  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  to  be  held  on 
the  second  Wednesday  of  January  of  each  year,  and  who  shall  for  the 
time  being  be  ex-ofificio  member  of  the  state  Board  of  Agriculture ;  pro- 
vided, that  the  secretary  of  each  district  or  county  society,  or  such  other 
person  as  may  be  designated  by  the  society,  shall  make  a  monthly  re- 


i]C-,  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

port  to  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  on  the  last  Wednesday  of  each 
month,  of  the  condition  of  crops  in  his  district  or  county,  make  a  list 
of  such  noxious  insects  as  are  destroying  crops,  and  state  the  extent 
of  their  depradations,  report  the  condition  of  stock,  give  a  description 
of  the  symptoms  of  any  disease  prevailing  among  the  same,  with  means 
of  prevention  and  remedies  employed  so  far  as  ascertained,  and  such 
other  as  will  be  of  interest  to  the  farmers  of  the  state,"  etc.  Chapter 
37,  session  laws  of  1879.  provides  that  the  monthly  reports  required  to 
be  made  to  and  by  the  board  of  agriculture,  by  virtue  of  existing  pro- 
visions of  law,  shall  hereafter  be  made  quarterly  instead  of  monthly, 
except  when  the  public  interests  shall  require  special  reports.  Fifty- 
eight  county  societies  were  organized  as  early  as  1874. 

The  decade  from  1880  to  1890  is  replete  with  new  suggestions,  new 
methods  and  new  ideals  for  agricultural  development.  The  hope  of 
earlier  years  developed  into  confidence  and  in  1884  the  report  of  the 
state  board  of  agriculture  says:  "During  the  biennial  period  just  past, 
nearly  2.000,000  additional  acres  have  been  put  in  cultivation.  The 
principal  field  crops,  corn,  wheat,  oats  and  grass,  have  received  each 
a  proportionate  amount  of  this  increase  in  acreage,  the  most  notable 
additon  being  to  the  winter  wheat  area,  which  increased  from  1,465,- 
745  acres  in  1882  to  2,151,868  acres  in  1884  .  .  .  The  area  of  grass, 
made  up  of  the  tame  grasses  and  prairie  meadow  under  fence,  increased 
in  two  j'ears  nearly  1,000,000  acres.  The  westward  march  of  the  tame 
grasses  may  be  said  to  have  commenced  within  the  period  covered  by 
this  volume.  Fields  of  timothy,  clover,  orchard-grass,  blue  grass  and 
many  other  kinds,  are  now  to  be  found  in  the  central  counties,  and  even 
beyond,  while  such  fields  were  rarely  met  two  years  ago  .  .  .  The 
results  of  farming  operations  in  Kansas  for  the  past  two  years,  .  .  . 
have  definitely  settled  any  doubt  as  to  the  entire  fitness  of  the  eastern 
half  of  the  state  to  the  successful  prosecution  of  agriculture  in  all  its 
branches.  The  debatable  ground  of  ten  years  ago  is  jiow  producing 
crops  that  have  placed  Kansas  among  the  three  great  agricultural  states 
of  the  Union,  and  the  soil  that  ten  years  ago  was  believed  to  the  satis- 
faction of  many  to  be  unfit  for  diversified  farming,  is  now  producing 
average  yields  that  largely  exceed  the  yields  of  any  other  jiortion  of 
the  country." 

During  the  years  1883-84,  in  complying  with  the  law.  the  state  board 
of  agriculture  issued  each  year  a  pam]ihlet  intended  to  supply  informa- 
tion concerning  the  resources  and  capabilities  of  the  state,  to  those  seek- 
ing homes  in  the  west.  "This  report  was  restricted  by  law  to  60  pages, 
and  the  edition  each  year  to  65,000  conies,  divided  into  20,000  English 
copies,  20,000  German,  15,000  Swedish,  and  10,000  Danish." 

The  encouraging  outlook  for  the  realization  of  hope  in  all  fields  of 
industry  was  circumscribed  by  a  drought  in  1887.  'I"lu'  live  prdspcnuis 
years  preceding  it  were  unduly  stimulated  by  heavy  immigration  and 
outside  capital,  the  prevalence  of  fictitious  values  in  all  branches  of 
business  caused  the  crop  failures  of  that  year  to  fall  more  iicavily  uj^on 


KANSAS    HISTORY  .  47 

the  people  tliaii  llicy  (illieivviso  would  have  done.  'J'hc  (Ircjiif^-ht,  which 
extended  throughout  most  of  the  western  states,  fell  with  much  force 
on  Kansas  and  she  experienced  one  of  the  most  disastrous  crop  years 
in  her  history.  In  1888  much  of  the  loss  was  retrieved,  a  rapid  restora- 
tion of  confidence  was  occasioned  in  a  large  measure  by  the  develop- 
ment of  two  new  and  very  important  industries- — sugar  and  salt — and 
by  an  abundant  harvest. 

During  the  years  1888-89  the  state  board  of  agriculture  turned  some 
of  its  attention  from  immigration  to  the  instruction  of  farmers  in  the 
means  and  methods  best  adapted  to  successful  agriculture.  With  this 
in  view  the  agricultural  meetings  were  conducted  along  the  lines  of 
a  farmers'  institute,  and  were  considered  very  profitable.  A  most  im- 
portant step  in  the  scientific  development  of  husbandry  was  made  in 
1887,  when  the  passage  of  the  "Hatch  bill"  by  Congress  provided  for 
the  organization  in  each  state  of  a  station  for  experiment  in  lines  pro- 
motive to  agriculture.  This  experiment  station,  located  by  the  legisla- 
ture, was  made  a  department  of  the  State  Agricultural  College  at  Man- 
hattan. The  work  of  the  section  is  done  in  eight  departments:  the 
farm  department  deals  with  experiments  in  farm  crops,  such  as  the 
testing  of  seeds,  the  introduction  of  new  crops,  rotation  and  adapta- 
tion of  crops  to  soil ;  the  botanical  department  includes  work  along  the 
lines  of  plant  breeding  and  forage  crops;  the  chemical  department  is 
engaged  in  analysis  of  soil,  feeds,  waters,  ores,  clays  and  miscellaneous 
things,  the  dairy  and  animal  husbandry  department  conducts  experi- 
ments in  cheese  making,  economical  production  of  milk,  butter  making, 
relative  advantages  of  cattle  foods,  etc;  the  entomological  department 
experiments  relate  to  orchard  pests,  crop  pests,  etc. ;  the  horticultural 
department  makes  experiments  in  fruit  raising,  shrubs  and  vines  as 
ornamentals,  vegetables  suitable  for  canning  factories,  etc. ;  the  vet- 
erinary department  experiments  in  all  kinds  of  diseases  of  cattle,  swine 
and  stock.  The  general  department  controls  the  management  of  the 
station,  the  distribution  of  bulletins,  press  notices,  etc.  The  experiment 
station  puts  itself  in  touch  with  the  agricultural  districts  through  bul- 
letins, farmers'  institutes,  crop  contests,  press  reports  and  display  trains. 
Its  influence  has  been  shown  in  every  community,  as  is  evidenced  by 
the  diversity  of  crops,  and  the  crop  yield.  In  1890  the  crops  raised  were 
winter  wheat,  spring  wheat,  corn,  oats,  rye,  barley,  buckwheat.  Irish 
and  sweet  potatoes,  castor  beans,  cotton,  flax,  hemp,  tobacco,  broom 
corn,  millet  and  bungareau,  sorghum,  milo  maize,  Jerusalem  corn  and 
prairie  hay,  the  total  number  of  acres  cultivated  being  15.929,654,  the 
crop  valuation  $121,127,645,  and  the  population  1,427,096. 

Up  to  1890  agriculture  was  practical!}^  confined  to  the  eastern  and 
central  parts  of  the  state,  the  western  portion  being  considered  almost 
unfit  for  crops.  In  1891  and  1892  a  special  effort  was  made  to  place  be- 
fore the  public  the  capabilities  of  Kansas  soil  for  the  production  of 
wheat,  and  several  farmers  from  every  county  in  the  state  who  had 
grOAvn   unusually   bountiful    crops    were   asked   to   report   to   the    State 


48 


CYCLOI'EDIA    OF 


Board  of  Agriculture  the  yield  and  methods  of  culture.  These  reports 
were  a  new  and  surprising  revelation  and  showed  that  western  Kan- 
sas, through  to  the  Colorado  line,  was  bound  to  be  adapted  to  success- 
ful wheat  growing,  many  yields  being  reported  at  from  30  to  40  bushels 
an  acre  without  irrigation.  Another  crop  that  sprung  into  prominence 
at  this  time  was  alfalfa.  In  the  spring  of  1891  farmers  in  all  parts  of 
the  state  who  had  been  successful  growing  alfalfa  without  irrigation 
were  asked  to  report  upon  their  manner  of  preparing  the  soil  and  seed- 
ing it,  the  acreage  they  had  in  alfalfa,  its  value  for  hay,  pasture  and 
seed.  These  reports  indicated  that  it  was  the  most  profitable  crop  that 
could  be  grown  in  Western  Kansas,  and  had  revolutionized  farming  in 
that  section. 


STEAM  PLOW  IN  ACTION. 

The  conditions  in  western  Kansas,  especially  in  the  Arkansas  river 
valley,  were  improved  b}'  the  magical  influence  of  irrigation.  The 
valley  proper  is  from  four  to  twelve  miles  wide,  and  the  whole  district 
is  Hat  enough  for  easy  irrigation.  The  soil  is  sandy  alluvium,  cunlaining 
the  highest  elements  of  fertility,  needing  only  moisture  to  change  it 
from  barren  prairie  to  productive  fields.  In  the  early  days  of  immigra- 
tion large  numbers  of  people  settled  in  the  Arkansas  river  valley,  towns 
were  laid  out,  companies  incorporated  and  large  plans  made  for  the  fu- 
ture of  this  subhumid  region.  The  ordinary  methods  of  farmint  encre 
not  adapted  to  the  climatic  conditions  and  failure  followed,  until  -.riga- 
tion  from  the  Arkansas  river  was  tried.  The  experiments  were  success- 
ful until  Colorado  adopted  similar  methods  for  its  arid  portions  and 
used  so  much  water  from  the  river  that  by  1892  the  ditches  in  Kansas 
were  ill  supplied.  The  U.  S.  government  made  investigations  in  west- 
ern Kansas  that  led  to  the  discovery  of  an  underflow  of  the  Arkansas 
that  amounted  to  practically  a  subterranean  river.  In  1905  it  installed 
at  Dcerfield,  in  Finney  county,  an  irrigation  plant  that  pumped  water 
from    wells    drilled    to    this    underground  .  stream.      Through    all    the 


KANSAS    lilSliiKV  49 

Arkansas  valle\-  tlic  well  irris^atidii  metlidd  is  successfully  used.  A 
cro])  like  alfalfa  that  grows  abundantly  without  apparent  irrigation  or 
rainfall  lias  long  roots  reaching  in  tlif  underflow,  or  gains  moisture 
from  the  subsf)il. 

The  investigation  of  drdughl  resisting  crops,  resulted  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  soy-bean  in  1889  with  most  gratifying  results.  They  were 
found  to  stand  drought  as  well  as  kafir  corn  and  sorghum,  not  to  be 
touched  by  chinch  bugs,  and  to  enrich  the  soil  in  which  they  were  grown, 
The  soy-bean  was  brought  from  Japan,  where  it  is  extensively  culti- 
vated for  human  food,  taking  the  jjlace  of  beef  on  account  of  its  rich- 
ness in  protein.  Because  of  its  |)eculiar  tlavDr  but  few  .Americans  like 
it.  The  soy-bean  is  valuable  as  slock  food  and  for  soil  inoculation. 
Other  important  crops  developed  since  1890  are  the  sugar  beet,  and 
cow  peas.  Jt  is  not  great  variation  in  crops  that  Kansas  has  strived  for 
but  inteUigent  production  of  those  adapted  to  Kansas  soil  and  climate. 

Dtiiiug  theyears  from  1890  to  1908  thorough  attention  was  given  to 
every  detail  of  farm  life,  it  being  the  ambition  of  the  state  to  have  every 
a.gricullurist  farm  in  the  best  appro\ed  and  most  scientific  manner.  In 
former  years  the  farmer  devoted  his  time  to  a  few  main  crops  and  let 
the  minor  points  take  care  of  themselves,  pests  and  disease  were  con- 
sidered bad  luck  rather  than  results  of  carelessness  or  ignorance.  The 
farmer  of  today  has  a  broader  view  of  his  vocation  and  investigates 
not  only  the  soil,  its -needs  and  bacteria,  crop  rotation,  planting,  and 
seed  but  also  has  a  knowledge  of  silos  and  ensilage,  the  breeds  of  ducks, 
chickens,  turkeys  and  geese,  the  most  economical  and  elTective  stock 
food,  the  best  rations  for  milch  cows,  how  to  exterminate  the  Hessian 
flv,  prairie  dogs,  gophers,  chinch  bugs  or  clover  hay  worms ;  and  he 
knows  about  weeds,  their  names,  fruits,  seeds,  propagation  and  dis- 
tribution, all  the  simple  diseases  of  stock,  their  symptoms,  causes,  and 
cures,  and  furthermore  is  interested  in  agriculture,  horticulture,  and 
forestrv.  Kansas  leads  all  other  states  in  the  output  of  wheat,  but  corn 
is  her  most  important  soil  product.  The  statistics  of  the  principal 
Kansas  crops  for  1908  were  as  follows:  winter  wheat,  6.831,811  acres, 
76,408,560  bushels,  valuation  $63,597,490.19;  spring  wheat,  107.540  acres, 
400.3(12  bushels,  $287,655.55;  corn,  7,057,535  acres,  150.640,516  bushels, 
$82,642,461.72;  oats.  831,150  acres,  16,707,979  bushels.  $7,118,847.22;  rye, 
34,799  acres,  361,476  bushels,  $240,058.21;  barley,  247,971  acres.  $2,657,- 
122  mmer  (speltz),  50,469  acres.  934,941  bushels,  $437,606.67;  buck- 
whe°  '  316  acres,  3,945  bushels.  $3,587.30:  Irish  potatoes.  81.646  acres, 
5,937,825  bushels,  $4,431,684.17;  sweet  potatoes,  4.818  acres.  471.760 
bushels,  $413,686.13;  castor  beans,  65  acres,  585  bushels,  $585;  flax.  58,- 
084  acres  383,941  pounds,  $360,010.46;  tobacco,  32  acres,'4,8oo  pounds, 
$480;  millet  and  Hungarian,  225.267  acres,  416.413  tons.  $1,841,231.50; 
sugar  beets,  14,513  acres,  53,178  tons,  $265,890.  The  total  acreage  of 
sorghum  planted  for  syrup  or  sugar  was  12,175,  producing  927,269 
gallons,  with  a  value  of  $426,958.90 ;  the  number  of  acres  of  sorghum 
planted  for  forage  or  grain,  402,719,  valued  at  $2,851,481  ;  milo  maize, 
(I-4)      ■ 


50  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

55.255  acres.  106.268  tons.  S5 15.269:  Kafir  corn,  630.096  acres.  Si. 794,- 
032  tons,  $6,856,845.50;  Jerusalem  corn,  3,231  acres,  8,251  tons,  $35,- 
402.50;  tame  grasses,  timothy,  413,148  acres;  clover,  182,789  acres; 
bluegrass,  232,172  acres;  alfalfa,  878,283  acres;  orchard  grass,  2,956 
acres ;  other  tame  grasses,  77,550  acres ;  of  tame  hay  in  1907  there  were 
1,429,119  tons  cut,  with  a  value  of  $9,534,290;  in  1908,  13,744,690  acres 
of  prairie  hay  was  fenced;  in  1907,  1,145,643  tons  of  prairie  hay  was 
cut  and  its  value  was  $5,495,083.50;  the  live  stock  products  in  1908 
were  valued  at  $87,678,468;  and  the  horitcultural  products  of  $995,829, 
making  a  total  cash  valuation  for  1908  of  $277,733,933. 

The  large  acreage  of  crops  and  their  excellent  quality  is  due,  not 
only  to  the  efforts  of  the  farmer  but  also  to  the  excellent  properties  in 
the  soil  and  the  salubrious  climate.  The  soil  of  the  upland  prairies 
is  usually  a  deep,  rich  clay  loam  of  a  dark  color;  the  bottom  lands  near 
the  streams  are  a  black,  sandy  loam ;  and  the  lands  between  the  up- 
lands and  the  bottom  land  show  a  rich  and  deep  black  loam,  contain- 
ing very  little  sand.  All  soils  are  free  from  stones,  and  except  a  few 
stiff  clay  spots  on  the  upland  prairie  are  easily  cultivated.  Tiie  climate 
of  Kansas  is  remarkably  pleasant,  having  a  large  percentage  of  clear 
bright  days. 

The  final  transition  of  the  poor  Kansas  homesteader  into  a  rich 
Kansas  farmer  has  been  the  theme  of  much  newspaper  witticism.  The 
first  families  who  came  lived  in  habitations  of  the  crudest  sort.  \\'hile 
a  few  possessed  cabins  of  native  lumber,  many  occupied  dugouts  or 
houses  built  of  squares  of  sod  taken  from  the  prairie.  The  dugout  con- 
sisted of  a  hole  dug  in  the  side  of  a  canon  or  any  sort  of  depression  on 
the  prairie  that  would  serve  as  a  wind  break.  This  hole  was  roofed 
across,  about  on  the  level  with  the  prairie  with  boards,  and  these  were 
covered  with  sod.  The  sod  house  was  more  pretentious  and  comforta- 
ble. It  had  walls  two  feet  in  thickness,  a  shingled  roof,  doors  and 
windows  set  in,  and  sometimes  was  plastered,  altogether  making  a 
neat  and  commodious  dwelling  place.  The  land  laws  of  the  L'nited 
States  are  such  that  any  citizen  of  this  country,  can,  under  certain  con- 
ditions, file  his  homestead  or  preemption  papers  at  a  nominal  cost  on 
a  quarter  section  (160  acres)  of  and  agricultural  land  belonging  tp  the 
government.  If  he  makes  an  actual  residence  upon  it  for  five  years 
he  secures  the  homestead  for  the  price  of  filing  fees;  if  he  proves  up, 
that  is,  gets  title  from  the  government  before  the  five  years  are  passed, 
he  is  required  to  pay  $1.25  per  acre  for  it.  While  the  land  is  giy'^'  to 
the  settler  for  developing  it,  the  process  usually  requires  several  'fears 
and  some  money.  Fences,  out  buildings,  im]ik'mcnts  and  stock  are  ac- 
cumulated slowly,  especially  when  one  is  poor,  as  nearly  every  settler 
is.  The  situation  in  Kansas  was  similar  to  that  of  other  new  States, 
money  was  needed  to  forward  the  interest  of  the  state  and  of  the  in- 
dividual, hence  in  early  years  the  loan  agents  representing  eastern  cap- 
ital did  a  thriving  business.  Especially  was  this  true  Ijetween  the  years 
1884  and  1888,  a  period  during  which  24  counties  were  organized  in 
western    Kansas,   where    some    250,000    new    citizens   had    made    homes. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  5I 

Insufficient  acres  were  cullivated  to  supply  the  demand  for  food  and 
have  a  surplus  for  capital.  The  whole  of  Kansas  was  in  a  state  of  specu- 
lative fermentation,  stimulated  by  an  abundance  of  eastern  money  seek- 
ing' investment  in  farm  loans  and  city  property.  It  was  so  easy  to 
borrow  money  on  a  homestead,  that  it  is  said  three-fourths  of  the  farms 
were  mortgaged.  The  boom  days  came  to  a  close  in  1887,  with  a  crop 
failure  previously  mentioned,  and  Kansas,  not  yet  self-supporting,  was 
left  with  an  accumulation  of  farm  mortgages  that  depressed  her  for 
many  years.  But  the  farm  mortgages  have  nearly  all  been  redeemed, 
and  as  the  prairies  have  been  turned  to  gardens  and  the  sand  hills  have 
been  covered  with  verdure,  so  have  the  dugout  and  sod  house  given 
way  to  residences  of  the  most  complete  type.  Where  years  ago  the 
farmer  and  his  wife  were  glad  to  have  water  anywhere  in  the  neigh- 
borhood today  they  have  it  pumped  by  windmill  or  power  into  all 
parts  of  th£  house.  The  chickens,  turkeys,  geese  and  ducks  no  longer 
frequent  the  door  yards,  for  the  farmer  of  today  has  a  lawn  ornamented 
with  shrubs  and  trees  as  perfect  as  that  of  his  city  brother,  and  the 
fowls  have  their  own  houses,  and  runways  especially  adapted  to  their 
needs.  The  horses,  cattle,  sheep  and  other  stock  are  no  longer  de- 
pendent upon  the  blue  sky  for  shelter,  for  the  most  modern  stables  are 
constructed  for  their  protection.  The  farmer  and  his  son  do  not  have 
to  arise  at  break  of  day  to  get  in  the  crop,  because  with,  good  teams, 
plows,  reapers,  mowing  machines,  and  other  up  to  date  appliances,  the 
farm  work  does  not  take  so  much  time  as  formerly.  Nor  does  the 
farmer's  wife  wait  until  Saturday  to  ride  to  town  behind  the  weary 
plow  horses,  because  her  automobile  is  always  at  the  door.  The  early 
settler  has  lived  to  realize  his  vision.  Kansas  as  an  agricultural  state 
is  all  he  hoped  and  more. 

Agriculture,  State  Board  of. — On  Feb.  19,  1872,  Gov.  Harvey  ap- 
proved '"an  act  for  the  encouragement  of  agriculture,"  section  i  of  which 
provided  that  "The  present  officers  and  executive  committee  of  the 
Kansas  State  Agricultural  Societj'  shall  be  and  are  hereby  constituted 
the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  who  shall  continue  to  hold  office  during 
the  terms  for  which  they  have  been  respectively  elected,  to-wit :  The 
president,  vice-president,  secretary,  and  one-half  or  five  of  the  executive 
committee,  until  the  second  Wednesday  of  Jan.,  1873,  and  five  of  the 
executive  committee  until  the  second  Wednesday  of  Jan.,  1874;  Pro- 
vided, said  society  alter  or  amend  their  constitution  in  such  manner  as 
not  to  conflict  with  the  provisions  of  this  act.  The  governor  and  secre- 
tary of  state  shall  be  ex  officio  members  of  the  State  Board  of  Agricul- 
ture." 

The  act  also  provided  that  every  county  or  district  agricultural  so- 
ciety, then  in  existence  or  afterward  organized  under  the  laws  of  the 
state,  that  had  held  a  fair  in  the  current  year,  should  be  entitled  to  send 
a  delegate,  with  proper  credentials,  to  the  annual  meetings  of  the  state 
board,  and  such  delegates  should  be  members  ex  officio  for  the  time 
being.     It  was  further  provided   that  beginning  with   1873,  and  there- 


52  CVCI.Ol  EDIA    OF 

after,  the  annual  meetings  sliould  l)e  held  on  the  second  Wednesday  in 
Jannary;  that  the  board  should  make  annual  reports  to  the  legislature, 
including  both  the  agricultural  and  horticultural  societies ;  that  3,500  of 
this  report  should  be  printed  each  year,  and  an  appropriation  of  ,$3,500 
was  made  to  carry  on  the  work  of  the  society  for  the  year  1872. 

The  first  board  was  composed  as  follows:  President,  H.  J.  Stricklcr; 
\ice-president,  George  W.  Veale ;  secretary,  Alfred  Gra}-;  treasurer, 
Thomas  Murphy;  executive  committee,  Martin  Anderson,  E.  S.  \ic- 
colls.  George  L.  Young.  James  Rogers,  William  Martindale,  Malcolm 
Conn.  Joseph  K.  Hudson,  .S.  T.  Kelsey,  James  I.  Larimer  and  John  K. 
Insley.  Gov.  James  M.  Harvey  and  Sec.  of  State  W.  M.  Smallwood  were 
ex  officio  memliers. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  board  was  held  mi  March  12,  1S72,  when  Ihe 
constitution  of  the  old  agricultural  societ^v  was  amended  to  conform  to 
the  provisions  of  the  act  establishing  the  new  board.  At  the  cli'sc  of 
the  year  the  first  annual  report  was  compiled  and  presented  to  the  legis- 
lature. .Although  this  report  contained  much  information  regarding  the 
agricultural  interests  of  the  state,  the  legislature  evidentlv  thought  it 
ought  to  contatin  more,  for  by  the  act  of  March  13,  1S73,  it  was  provided 
that  "It  shall  he  the  duty  of  the  State  lioard  of  .\griculture  to  publish, 
as  a  part  of  their  annual  transactions,  a  detailed  statement,  by  counties. 
of  the  various  industries  of  the  slate,  and  other  statistics,  which  shall 
l)e  collected  from  the  returns  nf  the  cmmty  clerks,  and  from  such  ntluT 
reliable  sources  as  tlic  said  bnanl  may  deem  best;  also  to  cnjlccl,  ar- 
range and  publish  from  time  to  lime,  in  such  manner  as  the  said  board 
may  deem  to  l^e  for  the  best  interest  of  ihe  stale,  such  statistical  and 
other  information  as  those  seeking  homes  in  the  west  may  require;  and 
they  shall  deliver  a  synopsis  of  it  to  sucli  immigrant  aid  societies,  rail- 
road com])anies,  real  estate  agencies,  and  others  interested,  as  may  apply 
for  the  same;  also  to  arrange,  in  suitable  ])ackages  and  cases,  and  ]5lacv 
tlie  same  in  the  agricultural  room>-  for  public  insjiection,  sam|)les  of 
agricullin-al  products,  geological  and  other  specimens,  iiroxidcd  foi'  in 
this  act." 

IJy  the  same  act  the  .\c;ideniy  of  .Science  was  made  ;i  coi  idin.-ite  dc- 
jjartment  of  the  .State  Hoard  of  .\gricultitre,  and  assessors  were  directed 
to  collect  samjiles  of  agricultural  ;ind  other  products  and  turn  the  s;tme 
over  to  the  county  clerk,  who  would  forward  them  to  the  .■igricultuv.il 
rooms  in  tiie  capitol  at  Topeka. 

At  the  annual  meeting  on  Jan.  14.  1S7-I.  I'lol'.  Janu's  II.  I'.irruth.  of 
Law-rencc.  was  elected  botanist;  I'rof.  W.  K.  Kedzie,  of  .M.inh.ittan, 
chemist;  I'rof,  Ivdward  .\.  ro])enoe,  of  ro|)cka,  entomologist;  I'rof.  11. 
!•".  Mndge.  of  Manhattan,  geologist;  I'rof.  I''rank  II.  Snow,  of  l.awrence, 
meteorologist  ;  J.  II.  (arrnlli.  I'..  ]•'.  MndL;eancl  I'vank  II.  Snow,  a  si",n;d 
service  committee. 

During  the  year  1874  the  secretary  ])rep.iriil  .uid  pnMislu'd  a  series 
of  monthly  statements,  by  coiuilies,  showing  the  condition  of  crops, 
etc.      The  board  also  began  in  this  year  the  collection  and  arrangement 


KANSAS    lUSTORV 


53 


of  specimens  of  coal,  buildint,-'  slone.  fossils,  tfypsum,  limber,  etc.,  and 
made  preparations  for  .securing  a  ctjllection  of  Kansas  birds,  noxious  in- 
sects, and  anything  else  that  would  be  of  interest  to  the  aj^ricultural  in- 
dustry in  the  state.  Early  in  the  year  it  was  decided  to  hold  a  state  fair 
at  Leavenworth  in  September,  but  owing  to  the  ravages  of  drought, 
grassho|)pcrs  and  chinch-ljugs  as  the  season  advanced,  jjetitions  from 
all  ])arts  of  the  slate  came  to  the  board  nreinc'  that  the  fair  be  abandcjned, 


n-  KAXSAS  A<;i;iri-i/m;Ai.  i'i;c  iiht-t; 


as  it  was  beliexed  in  be  impnssiljie  to  slmw  prcxlucts  that  would  be  up 
to  the  standard  of  a  more  favorable  year.  The  board,  however,  declined 
to  listen  to  these  complaints,  and  on  Aug.  18  issued  an  address  to  the 
people  of  the  state,  advising  them  to  bring  the  best  tlie}^  had  for  exhibi- 
tion, and  predicting  that,  if  they  would  do  so,  the  fair  would  be  a  suc- 
cess. Concerning  the  fair,  the  annual  report  said :  "The  result  was  all 
that  could  be  desired  as  an  exhibition.  The  products  of  the  soil  were 
never  so  well  represented,  either  as  to  breadth  of  country  or  quality  of 
])roduct.  Representatives  of  Eastern  journals  were  present,  and  able 
to  correct  the  prevalent  idea  that  all  of  Kansas  was  dried  out  and  eaten 
up."     (See  State  Fairs.) 

Plans  for  the  annual  report  for   1874  were   made  at  the  beginning  of 
the  year.      It    was   decided   to  include   in   tiiis   report  a   synopsis   of  tlic 


54  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

board's  proceedings,  the  substance  of  the  monthly  statements,  an  out- 
line of  the  agricultural  history  of  the  state,  a  review  of  the  work  of  the 
agricultural  college,  a  statistical  and  industrial  exhibit,  a  diagram  show- 
ing the  rainfall  in  various  sections  of  the  state,  an  outline  map  of  Kan- 
sas, and  a  sectional  map  of  each  county,  showing  townships,  villages, 
etc.  At  that  time  the  outstanding  indebtedness  of  the  board,  for  the 
years  1871-7J-73,  was  $6,585.42.  To  pay  this  indebtedness  and  publish 
the  annual  report  along  the  comprehensive  lines  contemplated,  it  was 
resolved  to  ask  the  legislature  for  an  appropriation.     By  the  act  of  March 

4,  1874,  the  sum  of  $16,735.42  was  appropriated  to  liquidate  the  indebted- 
ness, pay  the  current  expenses  of  the  board,  and  publish  the  report. 
This  was  the  first  considerable  appropriation  ever  made  for  the  benefit 
of  the  board,  and  the  precedent  thus  established  has  been  followed  by 
subsequent  legislatures,  which  course  has  kept  the  Kansas  State  Board 
of  Agriculture  fully  abreast  of  similar  organizations  in  the  most  pro- 
gressive states  of  the  Union. 

The  annual  report  for  1875  was  the  best  issued  up  to  that  time.  In 
fact,  it  embodied  so  much  useful  and  valuable  information  regarding 
the  agriculture,  mechanical  and  educational  institutions  of  the  state  that 
the  legislature,  by  the  act  of  March  4,  1876,  appropriated  $8,625,  o^  so 
much  thereof  as  might  be  necessary,  for  the  publication  and  distribution 
of  a  second  edition. 

Since  1877,  when  the  constitutional  amendment  making  tlic  legisla- 
tive sessions  biennial  went  into  effect,  the  reports  of  the  board  have 
been'  made  biennially  instead  of  annually,  and  efforts  have  always  been 
made  to  keep  the  character  of  the  report  up  to  the  high  standard  estab- 
lished in  1875.  The  first  biennial  report  embraced  the  years  1877-78. 
For  a  number  of  years  the  annual  appropriation  for  the  board  has  been 
in  the  neighborhood  of  $io,ooo,  and  special  appropriations  fur  certain 
specified  work  have  been  made  from  time  to  time.     By  the  act  of  March 

5,  1901,  the  secretary  was  ordered  to  print  and  distribute  7,500  copes  of 
the  report  for  1899-1900,  in  addition  to  the  15,000  previously  jirinted. 
and  appropriated  $10,550  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  extra  edition. 
The  act  also  provided  for  the  publication  of  20,000  copies  of  the  report 
thereafter.  The  legislature  of  1903  made  a  special  ;ip])ropri;iti(Tn  of  $300 
to  gather  data  to  make  tests  of  sugar  beets. 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  presidents  of  the  board,  with  the  years  in 
which  they  served:  IT.  J-  Strickler,  1872;  E.  S.  Niccolls,  1873;  George 
T.  Anthony,  1874  to  1S76,  inclusive;  John  Kelly.  1877-78;  R.  W.  Jen- 
kins, 1879  to  1884,  inclusive;  Joshua  Wheeler,  1885-86;  \\'illiani  Sims. 
1887-88;  A.  W.  Smith,  1889  to  1892,  inclusive;  Thomas  M.  Totter,  1893 
to  1896,  inclusive;  George  W.  Click,  1897-98;  T.  A.  Hubbard,  1890-1900; 
Edwin  Taylor,  1901-02;  J.  IT.  Churchill,  1903-04;  J.  W.  Robison.  1905-06; 
A.  ]..  .Sponsler,  1907-08:  (  linrles  E.  Sutton,  1909-10;  1.  L.  Diesem, 
191  I-. 

.Mfred  Gray  served  as  secretary  from  the  organization  of  the  board 
to   1879,  when  J.  K.   Hudson  was  elected  to  succeed  him.     lludson  re- 


KANSAS    lllSTOKY  55 

signed  before  the  expiration  of  his  term,  and  on  Oct.  i,  1881,  F.  D.  Co- 
burn  was  elected  to  fill  the  vacancj'.  William  Sims  was  then  secretary 
from  1882  to  1887.  He  was  followed  by  Martin  Mohler,  who  served  un- 
til 1894,  since  which  time  the  office  has  been  held  by  Foster  D.  Coburn. 

Air,  a  small  hamlet  of  J, yon  county,  is  located  on  Elm  creek  in 
Waterloo  townshi]).  about  jo  miles  northeast  of  b'.mporia,  the  county 
seat,  and  5  miles  from  Admire,  which  is  the  most  convenient  railroad 
station,  and  from  which  it  receives  mail  by  rural  free  deliver)-. 

Akron,  a  village  of  Cowley  county,  is  situated  in  Fairview  township. 
8  miles  north  of  Winfield,  the  county  seat.  It  is  a  station  on  the  Atchi- 
son, Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  has  some  local  trade,  and  in  1910  reported 
a  population  of  52. 

Alabama  Colony. — ]n  1856,  in  several  Southern  states,  movements 
were  made  to  encourage  and  promote  emigration  to  Kansas,  hoping 
thereby  to  advance  the  cause  of  slavery  in  Kansas.  A  Kansas  executive 
committee  was  formed  in  Alabama,  and  considerable  money  raised  for 
the  purpose  of  giving  free  transportation  to  all  southerners  who  would 
go  for  the  j)urpose  of  settling.  In  Aug.,  1856,  Capt.  Henry  D.  Clayton 
left  Fufaula,  Ala.,  with  29  emigrants  for  ICansas,  being  joined  by  others 
at  different  places  along  the  route,  until  90  persons  were  added  by  the 
time  the  colony  reached  Atlanta,  Ga.  The  colonists  were  taken  to  Nash- 
ville by  rail,  and  from  there  by  steamboat  down  the  Cumberland  river, 
up  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  rivers,  reaching  Kansas  City  on  Sept. 
2.  Among  the  colonists  were  four  families  who  came  with  the  view  of 
joining  the  "Georgia  Colony"  which  had  recently  been  driven  out  of 
Kansas  into  Missouri.  On  account  of  the  disturbed  conditions  in  the 
territory  the  emigrants,  soon  after  landing,  organized  a  military  com- 
pany, with  IMr.  Clayton  as  captain;  J.  H.  Dauforth,  first  lieutenant;  W. 
W.  Mosely,  second  lieutenant;  J.  C.  Gorman,  C.  ^^^  Snow.  S.  G.  Reid 
and  B.  B.  Simons,  as  first  to  fourth  sergeants  respectively;  \\'.  H.  Bald- 
win, W.  S.  Reynolds,  \V.  L.  Stewart  and  W.  R.  Kaen,  as  first  to  fourth 
corporals ;  and  P.  M.  Blue,  W.  T.  G.  Cobb,  James  Coxwell,  A.  Haygood, 
J.  L.  Hailey,  R.  P.  Hamilton,  J.  J.  Kitchen,  A.  P.  McLeod,  J.  ^^'.  Guinn. 
Charles  O'Hara,  W.  A.  Pinkston,  T.  PI.  Rich,  T.  F.  Rogers,  T.  Semple, 
D.  R.  Thomas  and  M.  Westmoreland,  as  privates. 

This  company  was  in  active  service  in  the  territory  for  a  short  time, 
but  at  the  solicitation  of  Gov.  Geary  disbanded.  Peace  being  estab- 
lished in  the  territory  the  next  step  was  to  locate  the  settlers,  which  was 
done  in  Shawnee  county,  about  4  miles  south  of  Tecumseh.  upon  the 
California  road  from  Westport,  and  about  14  miles  from  Lecompton. 
then  the  capital  of  the  territory. 

The  executive  committee  which  raised  the  money  to  send  the  settlers 
to  the  territory  estimated  the  cost  to  be  about  S50  a  head,  but  by  taking 
deck  passage  on  the  steamboats  it  was  found  that  the  cost  per  capita 
did  not  exceed  $30.  The  money  saved  on  this  item  was  distributed  to 
the  colonists  most  in  need  of  help,  while  $500  was  paid  over  to  the  Mis- 
souri executive  committee,  A.  G.  Boone,  secretarv,  to  be  used  "not  onlv 


56  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

in  purchasinn-  munitions  of  war"  to  ath'ance  slavery  in  Kansas,  but  also 
in  furnishing-  provisions  to  the  distressed  (southern)  settlers,  many  of 
whom  were  recently  driven  from  their  homes  along  the  border.  Several 
of  the  colonists  returned  to  the  South  without  setting  foot  on  Kansas 
soil. 

After  seeing  the  colony  settled.  Mr.  Clayton  returned  to  .Alabama. 
and  issued  a  report  of  sixteen  pages  in  which  he  gave  detailed  statements 
of  the  doings  and  expenses  incident  to  the  settlement.  According  to  the 
rei)ort  something  over  $7,000  was  raised  for  the  purpose,  of  which  $3.- 
73i).cS5  was  expended. 

Alamota,  a  money  order  postoffice  of  Lane  county,  is  located  in  the 
township  of  the  same  name,  and  is  a  station  on  the  division  of  the  At- 
chison, Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  that  runs  from  Great  Bend  to  Scott, 
9  miles  east  of  Dighton,  the  county  seat.  It  is  a  shipping  and  trading 
ijoint  nf  snme  importatnce  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  40. 

Alanthus,   a   post-village   in    Larrabee   townshi]),    Gove   county,   is   on 
the  Smoky  Hill  river  about  t8  miles  southeast  of  Go\e,  the  county  seat,- 
and   12  miles  north  of  L'tica,  which    is    the    most    cunvcnient    railroad 
station. 

Albia,  a  small  hamlet  of  Washington  county,  is  situated  near  the  Ne- 
Ijraska  line,  10  miles  north  of  Alorrowville,  from  which  ]ilace  mail  is 
delivered  by  the  rural  free  deliver}-  system.  iMidicott.  Xcb..  is  the  near- 
est railroad  station. 

Albert,  a  prosjjerdus  little  town  of  Barton  cnunl\.  is  near  the  west- 
ern boundary,  and  is  a  station  on  the  Great  Mend  and  Scott  di\isiiin  of 
the  Atchison,  'Popeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  15  n-iiles  from  Great  licnil.  .\1- 
bert  has  a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  delivery  route, 
large  grain  elevators,  several  good  mercantile  hdtises,  ami  in  (()io  re- 
ported a  population  of  250. 

Alburtis,  a  small  settlement  in  ?\linris  cnunty.  is  abi)Ul  2  i-niles  from 
the  Wabaunsee  coimty  line  and  7  miles  from  Ccmncil  Grove,  the  county 
seat,  fri)i-n  which  place  the  inhabitants  received  mail  hy  rural  free  de- 
livery. 

Alcona,  a  ]jiisl-\illage  nf  Rmiks  ccuut).  is  lucateil  in  the  township  of 
the  same  name,  a  little  north  of  the  .'-Solomon  ri\-cr  and  some  13  i-niles 
west  of  Stockton,  the  county  seat.  The  poi)ulation  of  the  entire  town- 
ship in  1910  was  320.  Alcona  is  therefore  a  small  i)lacc,  l)ut  it  is  a  trad- 
ing center  and  rallying  point  for  the  pef)])le  in  that  ]iart  of  the  county, 

Alden,  one  of  the  thriving  towns  of  Rice  county,  is  located  in  \'alle\' 
lownshiji,  on  the  main  line  of  the  Atchison,  'ro])eka  tS:  Santa  W-  R.  R.. 
about  10  miles  southwest  of  Lyons,  the  county  seat.  It  li.is  ieK'gi-a])h 
and  ex|)ress  ofifices,  a  money  order  ])ostoffice  with  one  mral  delivery 
route,  a  bank,  lelejilione  connection  with  the  surrounding  towns,  a  good 
graded  i)ubiic  school,  and  is  a  tr;tding  and  ship])ing  pi>int  of  considerable 
imjuirtance.     'i'he  i)o|)ulaliou  in    Mjio  was  275. 

Aleppo,  a  small  liamlel  of  Sedgwick  counl\,  is  .situated  about  15 
mills   wi'^i   i.f  Wii-liii;i.  ihi-  i-ounty  scat,  and  3  miles  northwest   of  (lod 


KANSAS    lIls•|■nu^•  57 

(lard,  from  vvliicli  place  the  inhabitants  receive  mail  by  rnral  free  de- 
livery.    (Idddard  is  the  most  convenient  railroad  station. 

Alexander,  a  prosperons  little  town  of  Rush  county,  is  situated  in 
rSelle  I'rairic  township,  on  Walnut  creek  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  I'"e  K.  R.,  about  13  miles  southwest  of  I. a  Crosse,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  bank,  two  creameries,  several  g'ood  mercantile  establish- 
ments, a  money  order  postofifice,  express  and  tele_si;raph  service,  churches 
of  several  denominations,  and  reported  a  population  of  150  in  1910. 

Alexis,  Grand  Duke. — Many  people  may  not  know  that  Kansas  was 
once  honored  by  a  visit  from  royalty.  In  Nov.,  1871.  .Alexander  11,  at 
that  time  czar  of  Russia,  sent  his  third  son,  (irand  Duke  .A'exis,  as  a 
special  embassador  to  President  Grant  and  the  people  of  the  Ignited 
States  with  consfratulations  on  the  outcome  of  the  ("ivil  war.  With 
a  desire  to  sec  somctliing  of  the  country,  the  grand  duke  spent  a  por- 
tion of  Jan.,  1872,  with  some  army  oflficers  and  plainsmen  in  roughing  it 
through  Kansas,  Nebraska  and  Colorado.  The  duke's  desire  was  to 
engage  in  a  buffalo  himt.  .Accordingly  he  was  met  by  Gen.  Custer  and 
conducted  to  a  camp  on  Red  Willow  creek,  where  it  was  supposed 
bufifalo  could  be  found.  Learning  that  a  large  herd  of  iDufifalo  had  been 
seen  in  the  vicinity  of  Kit  Carson,  130  miles  east  of  Denver,  the  party 
took  a  train  at  Fort  Wallace,  Kan.,  and  went  there.  The  troop  horses 
used  by  the  hunting  party  were  unused  to  the  bison  and  almost 
stampeded  when  they  came  within  sight  of  the  herd,  causing  several 
ludicrous  and  some  slightly  serious  accidents.  The  grand  duke  has  been 
described  as  "modest,  good-humored  and  companionable,"  and  his  good 
humor  never  showed  to  better  advantage  than  in  that  buffalo  hunt. 
After  a  ball  at  Denver,  given  in  his  honor,  the  royal  party  left  on  a 
special  train  for  the  east.  A  short  stop  was  made  at  Topeka,  where 
the  grand  duke  was  officially  received  by  Gov.  Harvey  and  the  legisla- 
ture, which  was  then  in  session,  after  which  there  was  an  informal  re- 
ception. 

Alfalfa. — This  leguminous  plant  was  cultivated  in  ancient  times  by 
the  EgAjitians,  Medes,  Persians,  Greeks  and  Romans.  It  is  called 
lucerne  in  all  cnuntries  of  Europe,  except  Spain,  where  it  is  known  by 
its  Arabic  name — alfalfa.  Early  in  the  history  of  the  western  continent 
the  Spaniards  carried  alfalfa  to  South  .America,  where  it  escaped  from 
cultivation  and  is  said  t(i  be  found  today  growing  wild  over  large  areas. 
Alfalfa  was  carried  from  Chile  to  California  about  the  year  1853  and 
from  there  it  has  spread  eastward  to  the  Mississippi  river — and  be- 
yond. Tt  was  also  introduced  into  America  by  the  Germans,  who 
planted  it  in  New  York  as  early  as  1820.  Alfalfa  was  grown  in  Kansas 
earlier  than  1891,  but  not  until  then  does  the  Kansas  State  Board  of 
.Agriculture  give  a  rejiort  of  its  acreage  in  its  statistics  on  tame  grasses. 
The  table  for  i8gi  shows  three  counties.  Miami,  Atchison,  and  John- 
son as  growing  no  alfalfa  whatever.  Tt  shows  the  counties  of  Stanton, 
Ness,  Neosho,  Morton,  Linn,  .Allen,  Anderson.  Bourbon,  Cherokee, 
Crawford,  Doniphan,  l'"ranklin,   Haskell,  Jefferson  and   Leavenworth   as 


58  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

growing  10  acres  or  less  per  county,  the  counties  of  Chase,  Cloud,  Gray, 
Kearney,  Lyon,  Saline,  Sedgwick  and  Wabaunsee  as  growing  more 
than  1,000  acres  per  county  and  Finney  county  as  growing  5,717  acres; 
the  total  acreage  for  the  whole  state  being  34,384. 

Alfalfa  is  an  upright,  branching,  smooth  perennial  plant,  growing 
from  one  to  three  feet  high.  It  is  often  called  "Alfalfa  clover,"  because 
of  its  resemblance  to  clover.  It  has  a  pea  blossom  and  a  leaf  of  three 
leaflets ;  is  adapted  to  a  wide  range  of  soils  and  climate,  and  is  consid- 
ered by  good  authorities  to  be  the  best  forage  plant  ever  discovered.  It 
is  now  grown  in  every  county  in  Kansas  and  90  per  cent  of  the 
arable  land  is  suitable  for  its  production.  There  are  only  two  condi- 
tions under  which  it  will  not  grow.  When  rock  is  found  within  four 
or  five  feet  of  the  surface  and  the  soil  is  dry  down  to  the  rock,  or  where 
the  soil  is  not  drained  and  is  wet  a  considerable  part  of  the  year.  The 
young  alfalfa  plant  is  one  of  the  Aveakest  grown  and  is  especially 
feeble  in  securing  from  the  soil  the  nitrogen  it  needs  to  develop  it. 
Mature  alfalfa  plants  obtain  their  nitrogen  from  the  air  while  their 
deep  growing  roots  gather  potash  and  phosphoric  acid  from  the  sub- 
soil. Alfalfa  from  one  seeding  can  be  expected  to  live  from  three  to 
fifteen  or  more  years.  Its  value  as  a  stock  food  and  as  an  article  of 
commerce  has  made  it  one  of  the  foremost  of  Kansas  crops.  The  ex- 
periment station  at  Manhattan  has  investigated  its  properties  and 
tested  its  worth,  and  the  recommendation  given  it  has  done  to  increase 
its  growth  in  Kansas.  The  statistics  of  1908  show  alfalfa  production 
in  six  counties  as  being  less  than  100  acres  per  county,  thirty-three  coun- 
ties have  areas  from  10,000  to  35,000  acres  each,  and  Jewell  county  had 
60,018  acres  in  alfalfa,  the  acreage  of  the  whole  state  reaching  878,283. 

The  growing  appreciation  of  alfalfa  as  a  stock  and  dairy  food,  the 
slight  expense  and  little  waste  in  handling  it,  have  led  to  the  manu- 
facture of  several  food  prejjarations.  In  some  cases  these  are  made  by 
simply  grinding  the  alfalfa  into  meal,  and  at  other  times  they  are  a 
mixture  of  the  meal  with  molasses  or  other  ingredients.  The  manifold 
uses  of  alfalfa  give  it  a  prominent  place  in  modern  agriculture  and  large 
areas  in  western  Kansas  are  givin.g  a  return  of  from  $15  to  $35  per 
acre  from  their  alfalfa  fields  where  but  a  few  years  ago  the  land  was 
deemed  worthless. 

Alfred,  a  hamlet  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Douglas  county,  is  10 
miles  west  of  Quayle,  the  nearest  railroad  station,  and  about  4  miles 
west  of  Lone  Star,  from  whicli  il  has  rural  free  delivery. 
.  Aliceville,  a  village  in  .\von  township,  Coft'cy  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  H.  K.,  about  12  miles  in  a  sinitlieaslcrly  direction 
frrim  I'.urlington,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  hank,  a  money  order  ])ost- 
ofificc,  cxjjrcss  office,  a  good  retail  trade,  and  is  a  shii)ping  point  of  some 
importance.     The  population  in   19m  was   150. 

Alida,  a  little  village  of  Geary  county,  is  in  .Smoky  11  ill  township, 
and  is  a  station  on  the  I'nion  Pacific  l\.  K.,  8  miles  west  of  Junction 
City,   tiie   county    seat.      It    has    .-i    money   order    postollice.    a    telegraph 


KANSAS    HISTORY  59 

office,  and  is  a  tradiny  and  shipping  point  for  that  section  of  the  county. 
The  population  in  1910  was  48. 

Aliens. — Under  the  Wyandotte  constitution,  as  originally  adopted 
and  ratified  by  the  people,  aliens  had  the  same  rights  and  i)rivilcges  in 
the  ownership  and  enjoyment  of  real  estate  in  Kansas  as  did  the  citizens 
of  the  state.  Some  years  later  there  grew  up  a  sentiment  in  opposition 
to  alien^  owning  lands  within  the  state,  and  in  1888  this  sentiment  found 
expression  in  an  amendment  to  the  constitution  providing  that  the 
rights  of  aliens  with  regard  to  ownership  of  real  property  in  Kansas 
might  be  regulated  by  law.  The  legislature,  however,  took  no  action 
on  the  subject  until  the  act  of  March  6,  1891,  the  principal  provision  of 
which  was  as  follows: 

"Non  resident  aliens,  firms  of  aliens,  or  corporations  incorporated 
under  the  laws  of  any  foreign  country,  shall  not  be  capable  of  acquiring 
title  to  or  taking  or  holding  any  lands  or  real  estate  in  this  state  by 
descent,  device,  purchase  or  otherwise,  except  that  the  heirs  of  aliens 
who  have  heretofore  acquired  lands  in  this  state  under  the  laws  thereof, 
and  the  heirs  of  aliens  who  may  acquire  lands  under  the  provisions  of 
this  act,  may  take  such  lands  by  device  or  descent,  and  hold  the  same 
for  the  space  of  three  years,  and  no  longer,  if  such  alien  at  the  time 
of  so  acquiring  such  lands  is  of  the  age  of  twenty-one  years;  and  if 
not  twenty-one  3'ears  of  age,  then  for  the  term  of  five  years  from  the 
time  of  so  acquiring  such  lands;  and  if,  at  the  end  of  the  time  herein 
limited,  such  lands  so  acquired  by  such  alien  heirs  have  not  been  sold 
to  bona  fide  purchasers  for  value,  or  such  alien  heirs  have  not  become 
actual  residents  of  this  state,  the  same  shall  revert  and  escheat  to  the 
State  of  Kansas,"  etc. 

Coal,  lead  and  zinc  lands  were  exempted  from  the  jjrovisions  of  the 
act,  and  there  were  some  other  provisions  to  secure  the  application  of 
the  law  without  working  unnecessary  hardships  upon  any  one.  The 
law  was  subsequently  held  to  be  constitutional  by  the  supreme  court  of 
the  state. 

Allegan,  a  little  hamlet  of  Rice  county,  is  located  on  Cow  creek, 
about  10  miles  northwest  of  Lyons,  the  county  seat,  from  which  place 
mail  is  supplied  by  rural  free  delivery.  Chase  is  the  nearest  railroad 
station. 

Allen,  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  Lyon  county,  is  a  station  on  the 
Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  about  18  miles  north  of  Emporia,  the  county 
seat,  and  19  miles  west  of  Osage  City.  .A.llen  was  incorporated  in  1909 
and  in  loio  reported  a  population  of  286.  It  has  telegraph  and  express 
service,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes,  a  bank,  several 
good  mercantile  houses,  a  graded  public  school,  churches  of  various 
denominations,  and  does  considerable  shipping  of  live  stock  and  farm 
products, 

Allen  County,  one  of  the  33  counties  established  by  the  first  territorial 
legislature,  was  named  in  honor  of  William  Allen,  United  States  sena- 
tor from   Ohio.     It  is  located  in  the   southeastern  part  of  the   state,   in 


6o  CYCLOPEDIA    (IK 

the  second  tier  of  counties  west  of  jMissouri  and  about  50  miles  north 
of  the  state  line.  In  extent  it  is  21  miles  from  north  to  south  and  24 
miles  from  east  to  west,  containing  504  square  miles.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Anderson,  east  by  Bourbon,  south  by  Neosho  and  west 
by  Woodson  county.  The  count}-  was  organized  at  the  time  of  its 
creation,  Charles  Passmore  being  appointed  probate  judge;  B.  W.  Cow- 
den  and  Barnett  Owen  county  commissioners,  and  William  Godfrey 
sheriff.  These  oiificers  were  to  hold  their  offices  until  the  general  elec- 
tion in  1857.  and  were  empowered  to  appoint  the  county  clerk  and  treas- 
urer to  complete  the  county  organization. 

The  first  white  inhabitants  located  in  the  cminty  during  the  early 
part  of  the  year  1855.  Duncan  &  Scott's  History  of  Allen  County  (p. 
9),  says:  "There  is  some  dispute  as  to  who  made  the  first  permanent 
settlement,  but  the  weight  of  the  testimony  seems  to  award  that  Imn- 
orable  distinction  to  D.  H.  Parsons,  who,  with  a  companion,  11.  W". 
Cowden,  arrived  on  the  Neosho  river  near  the  month  cif  Elm  creek  in 
.March,  1855." 

During  the  spring  and  summer  settlement  progressed  rapidlw  The 
greater  number  of  settlers  located  along  the  Neosho  ri\-er,  aniung  them 
Ijeing  \\  .  C.  Keith,  Henry  r)ennett,  Elias  Copelin,  James  Barber,  Har- 
nett Owen.  .\.  W.  G.  Brown,  Thomas  Day  and  Giles  Starr,  .\long  the 
banks  of  Morton  creek  the  early  settlers  were  llirani  .Smith.  Michael 
Kisner,  Augustus  Todd,  A.  C.  Smith,  Dr.  Stockton.  ( ieorge  I  lall.  An- 
dersf)n  A\'ray,  Jesse  Morris  and  Thomas  Norris.  .\.lihiniL;h  nian_\  nf  the 
early  settlers  were  ])ro-slavery  men,  but  few  slaves  were  brought  into 
the  county.  The  free-state  men  showed  such  open  antagonism  l<nvard 
slaveholders,  that  the  sla\es  were  soon  gi\en  their  freedom  or  taken 
from  the  county  by  their  masters.  .\  party  of  ])rn-sla\er}-  men  irnm 
Fort  Scott  founded  a  town  company  and  laid  out  a  town  in  Allen 
county,  south  of  the  mouth  of  i'llm  creek  and  on  ihe  east  bank  of  the 
Neosho  river,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  southwest  of  the  |)resent  site  of 
lola.  The  company  was  incorporated  by  the  bogus  legislature  as  the 
Cofachique  Town  Association,  with  Daniel  Wdodson.  Charles  Pass- 
more,  James  S.  l>arbee,  \\  illiam  ISaker,  Samuel  A,  Williams  and  Josejih 
C.  .Anderson  as  incor]5oralors.  Tlic  lii>t  ])ostoffice  was  established  at 
Cofachifjue  in  the  spring  of  1855  with  .\aron  Case  as  postmaster,  but 
no  regular  mail  service  was  o])ened  until  July  1.  1857,  the  mail  n|)  to 
that  time  being  brought  in  from  h'ort  .Scott  by  pri\ate  carrier  jiaid  by 
the  citizens. 

In  l-'ei).,  183O.  .M.  W.  I'osl  ;ind  Joseph  i.ndh'N  .  who  were  eiig;ige(l 
in  the  survey  of  the  standard  parallels,  linislied  with  the  litth  parallel 
through  .Mien  county  and  concluded  to  locate  near  (  oku'lii<|ne.  I'lie 
next  summer  .Mr.  l.udley  brought  a  sawmill  from  \\  estpoit,  .Mo.,  and 
set  up  in  the  limber  near  the  town.  This  mill  was  run  1>\  horse  power 
and  was  tlie  first  manufacluring  concern  ol"  any  kind  in  ihe  county. 

In  tile  second  territorial  legislature,  elected  in  (  let..  185!).  Allen 
county  was  rc|)resented  in  the  council  by  Blake  Little  and  in  the  house 
by   I!.   I'.ranlley  ;ind   W  .  W.  Sjjratl. 


KANSAS    IlIS'ldRV  6l 

In  1858  the  town  of  lola  was  started  and  the  <i^reater  part  of  the 
town  of  Cofachi(|tie  was  moved  to  lola,  while  the  old  site  of  Cofachic|iie 
became  farm  land.  Several  reasons  may  be  given  for  the  failure  of  the 
town.  Being  on  hilly  ground  it  was  difficult  of  access  and  the  water 
supply  was  limited  ;  it  had  been  built  by  pro-slavery  men  and  during 
the  political  troubles  a  feeling  of  enmity  had  grown  up  against  the  town, 
hence  it  was  not  long  before  it  was  depopulated.  Muml)oldt,  in  the 
soutluvest  part  (if  the  county  and  Geneva  in  the  northwest  part  were 
founded  by  free-state  men  and  both  l)ecame  flourishing  communities. 
L'p  to  this  time  settlement  had  been  exclusively  coni'mcd  to  the  timbered 
valleys  of  the  larger  streams,  but  the  new  settlers  began  opening  farms 
upon  the  prairies  and  the  po])ulation  became  generally  distributed  over 
the  county,  especially  the  western  half. 

A  census  of  Kansas  was  taken  in  .\])ril,  1837,  in  |)rc])aration  tor  an  ap- 
portionment of  delegates  to  the  I.ecom])ton  cunstitutional  convention. 
By  this  census  llourbon,  Dorn.  .Mc(iee  and  Alk-n  ccmnties  h?d  a  iio])ula- 
tion  of  2,622,  of  whom  645  were  legal  voters.  This  gave  the  district 
which  these  counties  comprised  four  delegates  in  the  convention,  and 
at  the  election  held  in  June,  1857,  H.  T.  .Wilson,  Blake  Little,  Miles 
Greenwood  and  G.  1'.  TI.  TTamilton  were  elected. 

In  the  legislative  a]iportii)nnient  of  July.  1857,  eigliteen  counties,  in- 
cluding Allen  were  allowed  two  members  in  the  council  and  nineteen 
counties,  including  Allen,  were  allowed  three  representatives.  The 
election,  was  called  for  Oct.  5,  1857,  and  under  the  assurance  of  the 
governor  that  it  should  be  free  and  fair,  the  free-state  men  determined 
to  musler  their  strength  for  the  first  time  at  the  ballot  box.  At  the 
election  Samuel  J.  Stewart  was  elected  a  representative  for  the  district 
and  was  the  first  citizen  from  .-\llen  county  to  occupy  a  seat  in  the  ter- 
ritorial legislature. 

Immigration  continued  during  the  year  1858.  The  Carhle  colony 
friiui  Indiana  selected  320  acres  of  land  in  the  northwest  part  of  the 
county,  north  of  Deer  creek,  for  a  town  site,  but  found  many  difficulties 
in  the  way  of  making  a  prosperous  town  and  abandoned  the  project. 
Later  the  site  was  cut  u])  into  farms.  In  the  course  of  time  a  post- 
office  was  established,  a  store  followed  and  Carlyle  became  a  thriving 
village  in  the  center  of  a  splendid  t'arming  district,  .\bout  the  time 
that  the  Carl\-le  colony  arrived  another  town  was  projected,  called 
Florence,  located  north  of  Deer  creek  and  east  of  Carlyle.  It  was  ex- 
pected that  in  time  a  railroad  would  be  built,  but  it  was  not  and  the 
town  was  a  failure. 

L'pon  the  organization  of  the  county  in  1855,  Cofachique  was  des- 
ignated as  the  county  seat,  and  as  it  was  centrally  located  no  strife  was 
stirred  up  until  Humboldt  was  located  in  1859  bv  the  free-state  men  who 
went  before  the  state  legislature  early  in  1858  and  secured  an  act  lo- 
cating the  county  seat  there.  The  first  meeting  of  the  county  board  at 
Humboldt,  of  which  there  is  a  record,  was  on  Feb.  8,  1850,  but  lit- 
tle business  was  transacted,  and  they  adjourned  to  meet  at  Cofachique. 


62  .      CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

where,  on  Feb.  14,  the  board  organized  the  new  township  of  Geneva  and 
appointed  judges  of  election  to  ratify  or  reject  the  Leavenworth  con- 
stitution. Apparent!}'  Httle  interest  Avas  taken  in  the  election,  as  only 
138  votes  were  cast.  134  for  and  4  against  the  constitution. 

In  the  summer  of  1858  the  second  mail  route  was  established  from 
Lawrence  to  Humboldt,  via  Garnett  and  Hyatt  in  Anderson  county, 
Carl)'le  and  Cofachique  in  Allen  county.  The  service  began  J"!}'  i, 
and  a  few  days  before  that  time  a  trail  was  marked  from  Hyatt  to 
Carlyle.  Zach  Squires  was  the  first  mail  carrier  and  for  some  time  his 
weekl}-  trips  were  made  on  mule  back.  Later  the  service  was  made 
tri-weekly,  the  mule  gave  way  to  a  two-horse  wagon,  later  to  a  two- 
horse  stage,  and  finall}-  to  an  overland  coach,  which  was  kept  on  the 
route  until  the  railroad  was  built  in  1871. 

During  the  year  1859  political  matters  engaged  the  attention  of  the 
people.  On  June  7,  an  election  was  held  for  delegates  to  the  Wyandotte 
constitutional  convention  (q.  v.).  When  this  constitution  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  people  on  Oct.  4,  the  vote  in  Allen  county  stood  244  for 
and  159  against,  and  on  the  homestead  clause,  which  was  submitted 
separately,  201  for  and  152  against.  The  territorial  legislature  of  1859 
adopted  a  new  plan  of  county  organization,  providing  for  three  com- 
missioners and  a  probate  judge  with  restricted  powers.  On  March  26, 
i860,  a  special  election  was  held  for  the  new  officers.  J.  G.  Richard  was 
elected  probate  judge;  George  Zimmerman,  N.  T.  \A'inans  and  D.  B. 
Stewart  county  commissioners. 

The  last  year  of  the  territorial  period  was  the  hardest  in  the  history 
of  the  county.  It  was  the  year  of  the  great  drought.  (See  Droughts.) 
During  the  winter  of  1859-60,  there  was  little  snow  and  the  In  it  winds 
of  the  following  summer  swept  over  the  dry,  parched  earth,  burning  all 
vegetation  Except  in  occasional  valleys  and  ravines  where  a  partial  crop 
was  raised.  The  pojnilation  of  the  county  was  about  3,000,  and  with 
such  a  scanty  crop,  the  prospect  of  starvation  seemed  imminent.  Most 
of  the  people  had  come  into  the  county  within  two  years  and  had  not 
fairly  opened  their  farms.  Many  of  the  settlers,  with  starxatinn  and 
hardship  before  them,  returned  to  the  east. 

Great  dissatisfaction  developed  over  the  location  of  the  county  seat 
at  Humboldt,  and  on  March  26,  i860,  an  election  was  held  to  decide  on 
a  location,  Humboldt  and  lola  being  the  principal  contestants.  The  re- 
sult of  the  election  was  562  votes  for  Humboldt  and  331  for  Tola,  with 
78  votes  scattered,  l)ut  the  jjeople  in  the  vicinity  of  Tola  and  the  northern 
part  of  the  county  were  not  satisfied.  The  strife  was  kept  up  for  some 
years  until  another  election  was  ordered  for  May  10,  1865,  when  lola 
received  the  largest  niunber  of  votes.  When  the  county  seat  was  located 
at  Jrila,  the  town  coni])anv  donated  100  l(its  to  the  county  to  aid  in  the 
constructif)n  of  public  buildings.  In  1866  bonds  were  voted  for  funds 
and  within  a  sh'ut  lime  a  building  was  secured  for  county  offices  and 
court  purposes.     In   1H77  the  ])rcscnt  court-house  was  purchased. 

As  soon  as  the  news  of  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  reached  .\1Umi 
countv,  ncariv  all   the  able  bodied  men  h;isleiic(l   In  iiilisl   in   llie  ;irmy. 


KANSAS    niSTOKV  63. 

The  lola  battalion  was  formed  in  1861 ;  three  companies,  commanded 
by  Capts.  Colman,  Flesher,  and  Killen  served  in  the  Ninth  Kansas,  and 
two  companies,  commanded  by  Capts.  W.  C.  Jones  and  N.  11.  lUans- 
ton,  served  in  the  Tenth  Kansas  volunteer  infantry.  As  the  county  was 
located  so  near  the  border  of  the  state  there  was  danger  of  invasion  from 
Missouri  guerrillas  and  hostile  Indians  froui  the  Indian  Territory.  While 
the  Allen  county  soldiers  were  with  Gen.  Lane,  a  raid  was  made  on  the 
unprotected  settlers  of  Humboldt,  Sept.  8,  1861,  by  a  band  of  Missouri 
guerrillas,  Cherokee  and  Osage  half-breed  Indians.  On  Oct.  14.  iHdi.  the 
town  was  captured  and  set  on  fire  by  Confederate  cavalry.  The  Con- 
federate officers  claimed  that  this  was  done  in  retaliation  for  the  burning 
of  Osceola  by  Gen.  Lane.  The  land  ofifice  had  just  been  opened  before 
this  and  J.  C.  l^urnett,  the  register,  managed  to  have  his  sister  save  $25,- 
000  in  land  warrants,  that  were  in  the  office  at  the  time.  After  the 
burning  of  Humboldt  a  military  post  was  established  there,  but  no  ac- 
tions took  place  until  the  Price  raid  in  1864.  The  militia  of  the  county 
was  organized  into  a  battalion,  known  as  the  Allen  county  battalion, 
and  was  composed  of  six  companies,  three  from  Tola  and  the  northern 
part  of  the  count)',  two  from  Humboldt  and  one  from  the  extreme  south- 
ern part  of  the  county.  This  organization  comprised  all  the  able  bodied 
men  in  the  county  between  the  ages  of  16  and  60  years. 

The  first  railroads  in  Allen  county  were  built  in  1870.  the  Missouri, 
Kansas  &  Texas  being  completed  across  the  southwestern  part  of  the 
county  in  the  spring,  and  the  Leavenworth,  I^awrence  &  Galveston  in 
the  fall  of  the  same  year.  Bonds  were  voted  by  the  county  to  aid  in  the 
construction  of  the  railroads,  In  1880,  bonds  having  been  voted  by  dif- 
ferent townships  along  the  line,  the  Fort  Scott  &  Wichita  railroad  was- 
built  across  the  county  east  and  west,  through  lola.  There  are  now 
()6  miles  of  main  line  railroads  in  the  county:  The  Atchison.  Topeka 
&-  Santa  Fe  running  almost  directly  north  and  south  in  the  western  part 
of  the  county,  and  a  branch  southwest  from  Colony,  Anderson  county,. 
across  the  extreme  northwest  corner.  The  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas 
crosses  the  eastern  part,  almost  directly  north  and  south,  with  a  branch, 
north  from  Moran  and  another  running  west  with  its  terminus  at  loia. 
Another  line  of  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  enters  the  county  near 
the  center  on  the  west  and  crosses  the  southwest  corner,  while  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific  crosses  from  east  to  west  somewhat  north  of  the  center, 
through  lola. 

The  first  church  in  the  county  was  that  of  the  United  Brethren, 
begun  in  1859  and  completed  the  following  year.  For  some  years  this 
church  was  used  as  a  union  church  by  all  denominations  and  also  as  a 
school  house.  The  Humboldt  Herald  was  the  first  paper  established. 
It  was  started  Nov.  16,  1864,  by  Maj.  Joseph  Bond  and  two  years  later 
the  Humboldt  Union  was  established  with  Orin  Thurston  as  editor. 

In  Nov.,  1871,  a  tax  was  voted  for  the  establishment  of  a  county  poor 
farm.  Settlement  of  the  count}'  was  somewhat  retarded  for  some  years 
by  the  contention  between  the  settlers  on  the  one  hand  and  the  Kansas 
City,  Lawrence  &  Southern  Kansas  railroad  company  over  the  title  tO' 


64  CVCI.orEDIA    OF 

certain  lands.  The  case  was  finally  settled  by  Judge  David  Brewer  of 
the  United  States  circuit  court  on  Sept.  3,  1885,  in  favor  of  the  settlers. 
His  decision  threw  o]ien  to  settlement  some  27,000  acres  and  immediate- 
ly there  was  an  influx  of  immigrants. 

The  general  surface  of  the  county  is  level,  the  soil  is  fertile  and  highly 
productive.  The  valleys  average  a  mile  and  a  half  in  width  and  the 
timber  belts  about  a  mile.  The  principal  varieties  of  trees  native  to  the 
county  are  black  walnut,  hickory,  cottonwood.  oak,  hackberry  and  elm. 
The  main  water  course  is  the  Neosho  river,  which  flows  through  the 
western  part  of  the  county  from  north  to  south.  Its  tributaries  are 
Indian,  Martin's.  Deer,  Elm,  and  other  small  creeks.  The  Little  Osage 
flows  through  the  northeast  and  the  Marmaton  river  through  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  county. 

The  chief  agricultural  products  are  corn,  wheat,  oats,  Kafir  corn  and 
potatcjes,  and  the  county  is  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  production  of  flax 
and  broom  corn.  Live  stock  raising  is  an  im]:)ortant  industry,  and  many 
fine  orchards  aflford  good  profits  to  their  owners. 

Natural  gas  is  the  most  important  mineral  resource.  There  are  sev- 
eral large  wells,  but  the  field  is  particular!}^  well  developed  near  Tola 
in  the  west  and  La  Ilarpe  in  the  north  central  part,  and  valuable  oil 
wells  exist  near  Humboldt.  There  are  \ast  quantities  of  raw  material 
for  Portland  cement,  which  is  manufactiu-ed  and  sent  to  all  parts  of 
the  L^nited  States.  .\n  almost  inexhaustable  sujiply  of  shale  has  been 
found  for  making  high  grade  brick  and  tile,  which  are  manufactured  and 
shipped  out  of  the  state.  A  good  quality  of  limestone  is  also  found.  The 
county  is  divided  into  the  following  townships:  Carlyle,  Cottage  Gro\e, 
Deer  Creek,  Elm,  Elsmore,  Geneva.  Humbuldt.  Tola,  Logan,  Alarmalun, 
Osage  and  Salem. 

According  to  the  U.  S.  census  for  1910  the  population  of  the  county 
was  27,640,  a  gain  of  8,133  during  the  preceding  decade.  The  rejiort  of 
the  State  P>oard  of  Agricultiu-e  for  the  same  year  gives  the  total  value 
of  farm  products  as  $1,362,654.60,  corn  Icidiiig  with  1,123,290  bushels, 
valued  at  .$550,412.10. 

Allendale,  a  little  haiiiU't  of  Allrn  cmnity.  is  situated  abcmt  5  or  6 
miles  northeast  of  lola,  the  county  seat,  from  which  ])lacc  it  receives 
mail  by  rural  delivery.  It  is  about  equally  distant  from  Carlyle  on  the 
Santa  Fe  and  La  llar])c  on  the  Missouri.  Kansas  il-  Texas  raibciads. 
which  iilaccs  are  the  nearest  railway  stations. 

AUis,  Samuel,  Jr.,  an  early  missionary  to  the  Indians  west  of  the 
Missouri  river,  was  born  at  Conway,  Franklin  county,  Mass.,  .Sept.  28, 
1805.  Me  learned  the  trade  of  harness  maker  and  worked  at  \arious 
places  in  his  early  nianlnMid,  finally  reaching  Ithaca,  X.  Y..  where  he 
united  with  the  Presbyterian  cliureh.  thottgh  his  iiarenls  were  Congre- 
galionalists.  In  the  s|)ring  nf  1834  he  left  Ithaca  in  com|)any  with  Rev. 
John  Dunbar  (q.  v.)  as  a  missionary  to  the  Nez  Perces.  I'pon  arriving 
at  .St.  Louis  he  found  that  the  company  of  traders  with  which  he  had 
intended   to  journey   tn   the    Indian   eninitry   had   already   left    th.it    city. 


KANSAS    IIISTCJRV  65 

.Not  caring  to  undertake  llic  tri|i  alimc,  Ik-  s[ienl  sonic  time  at  Fort 
Leavenworth,  and  then  accompanied  Mr.  Dunbar  to  the  agency  of  the 
Omalias,  Otoes  and  Pawnees  at  Bellevue,  Neb.  Soon  after  arriving  there 
Mr.  Dunbar  went  as  a  missionary  to  the  Grand  Pawnees  and  Mr.  AlHs 
to  the  Pawnee  Loups,  with  whom  he  remained  until  1846.  Among  his 
other  labors  was  the  establishment  of  the  Pawnee  school  at  Council 
Point  on  the  Platte  river.  For  several  years  he  was  the  interpreter  for 
the  United  States  in  the  negotiation  of  treaties  and  in  this  capacity  aided 
in  the  acquisition  of  the  Indian  lands  in  Nebraska  and  Kansas.  In  1851 
he  went  to  St.  Mary's,  Iowa,  where  he  lived  on  a  farm  for  two  j'ears. 
He  then  returned  to  Nebraska  and  there  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
As  a  member  of  the  Nebraska  Plistorical  Society  he  made  valuable  con- 
tributions to  the  Indian  history  of  that  state  and  Kansas. 

Allison,  a  village  of  Decatur  county,  is  located  in  the  township  of  the 
same  name,  on  the  north  fork  of  the  Solomon  river,  about  25  miles 
southeast  of  Oberlin,  the  county  seat,  and  8  miles  from  Dresden,  which 
is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  It  has  a  money  order  postofifice,  some 
local  trade,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  25. 

Alma,  the  judicial  seat  and  principal  city  of  Wabaunsee  county,  is 
located  a  little  northwest  of  the  center  of  the  county  on  Mill  creek  and 
the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.,  and  is  the  terminus  of  a  di- 
vision of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  which  connects  with 
the  main  line  at  Burlingame.  The  first  house  in  Alma  was  built  in  the 
fall  of  1867  and  the  following  December  the  town  was  made  the  county 
seat.  In  1868  a  hotel  and  school  house  were  erected,  and  after  the  ad- 
vent of  the  railroads  the  growth  was  more  rapid.  Mill  creek  furnishes 
water  power  for  operating  a  flour  mill  and  some  other  concerns.  Being 
located  in  the  heart  of  a  rich  agricultural  and  stock  raising  region.  Alma 
is  a  shipping  point  of  considerable  importance.  It  has  a  bank  with  a 
paid  up  capital  of  $50,000,  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with 
four  rural  delivery  routes  emanating  from  it,  excellent  express,  tele- 
graph and  telephone  facilities,  an  electric  lighting  plant,  two  weekly 
newspapers — the  Enterprise  and  the  Signal — and  a  monthly  publication 
called  the  Emblem,  devoted  to  the  interests  of  a  fraternal  organization. 
The  city  has  a  modern  high  school  building,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $16,000, 
and  both  the  Lutherans  and  Catholics  have  parochial  schools.  The  mer- 
cantile establishments  of  Alma  rank  favorably  with  those  in  other  cities 
of  its  size.  Good  building  and  cement  stone  are  found  in  the  vicinity. 
The  altitude  of  Alma  is  1,055  ^^^t.     In  1910  the  population  was  1,010. 

Almena,  an  incorporated  town  of  Norton  county,  is  located  on  Prairie 
Dog  creek  in  the  northeastern  portion,  at  the  junction  of  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  and  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  railroads, 
12  miles  east  of  Norton,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  weekly  news- 
paper, an  opera  house,  good  hotels,  large  grain  elevators,  an  interna- 
tional money  order  postoffice  with  three  rural  routes,  and  in  1910  had  a 
population  of  702.  Being  located  in  the  midst  of  a  fine  agricultural 
country,  Almena  ships  large  quantities  of  grain  and  live  stock,  and  its 
(I-5) 


66  CYCLOPEDIA   OF 

retail  stores  supply  a  considerable  section  of  the  northeastern  part  of 
the  county.  A  fine  quality  of  building  stone  is  found  in  the  immediate 
vicinity. 

Altamont,  one  of  the  incorporated  towns  of  Labette  county,  is  lo- 
cated in  Mt.  Pleasant  township,  on  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R., 
ID  miles  northwest  of  Oswego,  the  county  seat  and  very  near  the  geo- 
graphical center  of  the  county.  It  has  banking  facilities,  a  weekly  news- 
paper, express  and  telegraph  ofifices,  and  an  international  money  order 
postoffice  with  three  rural  routes.  The  town  was  laid  otit  the  year  the 
railroad  was  built  (1879),  by  a  company  of  which  L  N.  Hamilton  was 
president.  The  first  house  was  built  by  Scott  Noble,  in  the  fall  of  that 
year.  A  hotel  was  built  the  following  summer  and  a  general  store 
opened  by  Jones,  Burns  &  Wright.  A  number  of  business  enterprises 
were  launched  in  the  next  two  years.  The  first  church  was  erected  in 
1880.  A  postoffice  called  Elston  was  established  in  this  vicinity  in  1870. 
^\1^en  Altamont  was  founded  the  name  was  changed.  The  town  was 
incorporated  in  1884  and  the  following  officers  chosen :  Mayor,  H.  C. 
Rlanchard ;  police  judge,  L.  W.  Grain;  councilmen.  R.  B.  "Gregg,  W.  M. 
McCoid,  D.  Reid,  C.  S.  Newlon,  and  A.  J.  Garst ;  city  clerk,  W.  F.  Ham- 
man. 

Alta  Vista,  one  of  the  larger  towns  of  Wabaunsee  county,  is  situ- 
ated in  Garfield  township,  on  Mill  creek  and  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island 
&  Pacific  R.  R.,  15  miles  southwest  of  Alma,  the  county  seat.  It  was 
settled  in  1887,  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third  class  in  1905, 
and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  499.  Alta  Vista  is  one  of  the  busy 
towns  of  Kansas.  It  has  two  banks,  a  weekly  newspaper,  a  number  of 
high  class  mercantile  houses,  a  good  public  school  system,  ex]5ress  and 
telegraph  offices,  telephone  connection,  does  considerable  shipping,  and 
its  money  order  postoffice  is  the  starting  point  of  three  rural  delivery 
routes  which  supply  mail  to  the  surrounding  country. 

Alton,  an  incori)orated  town  of  Osborne  county,  is  located  on  the  Solo- 
miin  river  in  i^umner  township,  and  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific 
R.  R.  13  miles  west  of  Osborne,  the  county  sc!at.  The  population  in  T910 
was  414.  Alton  has  a  bank,  a  public  library,  a  fire  department,  an  opera 
house,  a  weekly  newspaper,  express,  telegraph  and  telephone  service, 
and  is  the  principal  shipping  point  and  trruling  center  for  the  north- 
western part  of  the  county. 

Altoona  Tformerly  Geddesburg") .  one  of  the  larger  incorporated  cities 
of  Wilson  county,  is  located  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R..  and  on  the 
Verdigris  river.  1 1  miles  cast  of  Fredonia,  the  county  seat.  It  has  two 
1)anks.  a  weekly  newspaper,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  an  in- 
ternational money  order  postoffice  with  three  rural  routes.  The  popula- 
tion in  1910  was  1,462.  The  town  was  founded  in  1869  by  a  town  com- 
pany, of  which  Dr.  T.  F.  C.  Todd  was  president.  No  town  elections 
were  held  until  tlic  town  company  ceased  to  do  business.  The  first 
Imsiness  enterprise  was  a  grocery  store  opened  in  1869  by  George 
SInillz  and  John  Tloopcr.    The  postoffice  was  established  in  April.  1870, 


KANSAS  insTom'  67 

and  J.  N'.  D.  Brown  ajipi  linlcd  postmaster.  The  Altoona  Union,  the 
second  paper  published  in  the  county,  was  founded  in  March,  1870,  by 
Bowser  &  Brown.  A  school  house  was  built  the  next  year  at  a  cost  of 
$3,000.  A  steam  saw  mill  and  a  flour  mill  were  set  up  in  1871  on  the 
Verdigris. 

The  growth  of  Altoona  dates  from  the  entrance  of  tlic  railrnad  in 
1885-6.  At  that  time  it  was  a  town  of  some  300  inhabitants,  and  a 
dozen  business  houses.  The  development  of  the  oil  and  gas  fields  in 
the  vicinity  in  the  'gos  added  greatly  to  the  importance  of  the  city. 

Amador,  a  village  of  Clifford  township,  Butler  county,  is  located  on 
a  branch  of  the  Whitewater  river,  about  16  miles  northwest  of  Eldorado, 
the  county  seat.  Mail  is  received  by  the  people  of  Amador  from  I '.urns, 
Marion  county,  by  rural  free  delivery. 

America  City,  a  hamlet  of  Nemaha  count}',  is  located  in  Red  Vermil- 
lion township  on  the  Red  Vermillion  river,  20  miles  south  of  Seneca, 
the  county  seat,  and  6  miles  from  Havensville,  from  which  place  it  re- 
ceives daily  mail.  An  act  incorporating  this  little  town  was  approved 
b}^  the  territorial  legislature  on  Feb.  14,  1867.  The  corporate  limits  in- 
cluded 380  acres  of  land.  A  store  was  opened  in  1861  and  a  Methodist 
church  built.     In  1910  it  reported  a  population  of  30. 

American  Settlement  Company. — This  company,  which  was  organized 
in  Sept.,  1854,  had  its  headquarters  at  No.  226  Broadway,  N.  Y.  The 
officers  were :  Theodore  Dwight,  president ;  J.  E.  Snodgrass,  vice- 
president ;  G.  M.  Tracey,  secretary;  D.  C.  Van  Norman,  treasurer; 
George  Walter,  general  superintendent.  The  preamble  to  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  company  set  forth  that  "The  subscribers  hereto,  being  de- 
sirous to  form  a  company  for  the  purpose  of  settling  a  tract  of  land  in 
the  Territory  of  Kansas,  in  order  to  assist  in  making  it  a  free  state, 
and  to  found  thereon  a  city,  with  a  municipal  government,  and  the 
civil,  literary,  social,  moral  and  religious  privileges  of  the  free  states, 
for  the  equal  benefit  of  the  members,  have  associated  and  formed,  and 
do  hereby  associate  and  form  themselves  into  a  joint  stock  company, 
under  the  name  of  'American  Settlement  Company,'  and  have  adopted 
the  following  articles  for  the  government  of  said  company,"  etc. 

Article  I  provided  for  a  capital  stock,  to  be  divided  into  shares  equal 
to  the  number  of  lots  in  the  proposed  city,  the  price  of  which  was  at 
first  fixed  at  $5  a  share,  subject  to  an  advance  when  so  ordered  by  the 
board  of  directors,  and  no  one  was  to  be  allowed  to  purchase  more  than 
six  shares. 

Article  II  vested  the  management  in  a  board  of  directors,  a  ma- 
jority of  whom  should  be  residents  of  New  York  City.  This  board  was 
to  be  self-perpetuating,  being  given  power  to  fill  vacancies,  etc. 

Article  III  provided  that  members  of  the  company  and  colonists 
should  be  persons  of  good  moral  character,  the  aim  being  to  establish 
a  community  with  a  high  ideal  of  citizenship. 

Articles  IV  to  XI  defined  the  duties  of  the  officers  and  dwelt  prin- 
cipally with  the  routine  matters  pertaining  to  such  associations. 


68  •  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Article  XII  provided  that  the  money  received  from  the  sale  of  shares 
should  be  used  to  secure  a  tract  of  land  two  miles  square,  on  or  near 
the  Santa  Fe  trail,  and  to  defray  the  expenses  of  surveying  and  laying 
out  a  municipality  to  be  known  as  "Council  City." 

Article  XIV  stipulated  that  one  lot  out  of  every  fifty  should  be  given 
for  school  purposes,  and  the  management  should  have  the  power  to 
donate  other  lots  for  the  establishment  of  institutions  "appropriate  to 
an  orderly,  virtuous,  temperate  and  refined  American  community." 

Immediately  after  the  organization  was  perfected  a  committee  of 
seven  men — citizens  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio — visited 
Kansas  to  select  a  site  for  "Council  City,"  and  after  exploring  the  terri- 
tory for  several  weeks  decided  upon  a  tract  between  Dragoon  and 
Switzler  creeks,  in  what  is  now  Osage  county,  a  short  distance  south 
of  the  present  city  of  Burlingame.  About  the  same  time  a  circular  was 
issued  by  the  company,  stating  that  the  object  was  "to  found  in  Kansas 
a  large  and  flourishing  city,  one  that  would  claim  the  attention  and 
patronage  of  all  interested  in  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  that  ter- 
ritory." 

Council  City  was  laid  out  with  streets  75  feet  wide  and  avenues  150 
in  width.  The  lots  were  75  by  150  feet,  and  there  were  several  tracts 
ranging  from  to  to  50  acres  each  reserved  for  parks.  A  small  party 
of  settlers  arrived  late  in  Oct.,  1854.  and  a  few  of  the  more  energetic 
set  to  work  to  make  Council  City  a  reality,  but  the  majority  were  dis- 
appointed b)'  the  prospect.  Other  settlers  came  in  the  spring  of  1855, 
but  the  metropolis  never  met  the  expectations  of  its  projectors,  and 
after  a  precarious  existence  of  a  few  months  it  disappeared  froni  the 
map. 

Americus,  an  incorporated  city  of  the  third  class  in  Lyon  county,  is 
a  station  on  the  Missouri.  Kansas  &  Texas  R.  R.,  9  miles  nortliwcst  of 
Kniporia.  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  weekly  newspaper,  churches 
of  various  denominations,  good  public  schools,  etc.  Its  location  in  the 
rich  valley  of  the  Neosho  river  gives  it  a  good  local  trade  and  makes 
it  an  important  shipping  point.  The  population  in  1910  was  451.  Two 
delivery  routes  emanates  from  its  money  order  postoffice  and  supply 
mail  to  the  surrounding  rural  districts,  and  the  town  is  provided  with 
express  and  telegraph  offices  and  has  telephone  connection  with  F.m- 
poria  and  other  cities. 

Ames,  a  village  of  Shirley  township,  Cloud  comity,  is  a  station  on 
the  Missouri  I^acific  R.  R.  12  miles  cast  of  Concordia,  the  county  scat. 
It  has  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  delivery  route,  express 
and  telegraph  service,  some  good  mercantile  houses,  and  in  ii)io  re- 
ported a  population  of  120. 

Amiot,  a  village  of  Reeder  townslii]i.  Anderson  counly.  is  a  station  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  16  miles  northwest  of  Garnett,  llic  comity 
seat,  and  not  far  from  the  Coffey  count)'  line.  The  population  in  u)\o 
was  40.  Amiot  has  a  money  order  postoffice.  and  is  a  ir.idiiiL;  and  siiip- 
ping  priini    for  thai   section  of  the  coniity. 


KANSAS    IIISTORV  69 

Amy,  a  mone}-  order  postoffice  of  Lane  county,  is  located  in  Blaine 
township,  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  I-'c  R.  R.,  7  miles  west  of 
Dighton,  the  county  seat,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  telephone. 

Ananias  Club. — According  to  an  early  letter  head  of  the  club,  the 
St.  Ananias  club  of  Topeka  was  instituted  July  4,  1876.  It  was  organized 
in  the  year  1874,  by  a  number  of  the  "good  fellows"  of  the  capital  city 
for  social  purposes,  and  was  incorporated  in  1886.  The  club  had  four 
tenets :  Honesty,  sobriety,  chastity  and  veracity.  The  motto  of  the  club 
was  "Unadulterated  truth."  St.  Ananias  was  the  patron  saint.  At  the 
time  of  organization  it  had  29  members.  Following  are  the  original 
members  and  the  official  titles  which  they  bore:  Samuel  A.  Kingman, 
perpetual  president;  Sam  Radges,  secretary,  phenomenal  prevaricator; 
Floyd  P.  Baker,  distinguished  dissimulator;  C.  N.  Beal,  efficacious 
equivicator;  A.  Bergen,  libelous  linguist;  J.  C.  Caldwell,  eminent  ex- 
pander ;  George  W.  Crane,  egregious  cxaggerator ;  Hiram  P.  Dillon, 
felicitous  fabricator ;  Charles  M.  Foulkes,  fearful  fictionist ;  Xorris  L. 
Gage,  quaint  quibbler;  N.  S.  Goss,  oleaginous  falsifier;  Cyrus  K.  Holli- 
day,  illustrious  illusionist;  J.  B.  Johnson,  truth  torturer;  Henry  Keeler, 
laconic  liar;  John  T.  Morton,  nimble  narrator;  D.  A.  Moulton,  financial 
fabricator;  Thomas  A.  Osborn,  pungent  punster;  H.  A.  Pierce,  diabolical 
dissembler;  George  R.  Peck,  sapient  sophist;  T.  P.  Rodgers,  immacu- 
late inventor;  Byron  Roberts,  vivid  variationist ;  H.  K.  Rowley,  me- 
phistophelian  munchausenist ;  Dr.  Silas  E.  Sheldon,  esculapian  equivi- 
cator ;  Henry  Strong,  racy  romancer ;  William  C.  Webb,  august  ampli- 
fier ;  Daniel  W.  Wilder,  hypothetical  hyperbolisy ;  Archibald  L.  Wil- 
liams, paraphrastic  paralogist. 

From  the  time  of  its  organization  until  its  dissolution  the  club  had  a 
membership  of  82,  which  included  many  distinguished  Kansans,  of 
whom  in  the  year  191 1  not  more  than  twelve  or  fifteen  were  living.  It 
has  been  said  that  during  the  existence  of  the  club  its  doors  were  never 
closed  and  that  at  almost  any  hour  of  the  day  or  evening  a  whist  game 
could  be  found  in  progress. 

The  club  had  but  one  president  and  one  secretary,  and  after  the 
death  of  President  Kingman,  on  Sept.  9,  1904,  the  organization  closed 
its  doors,  the  records  and  portraits  being  turned  over  to  the  Kansas 
State  Historical  Society.  Among  the  effects  was  an  excellent,  life-like 
portrait  in  oil,  of  St.  Ananias,  with  halo  over  the  head,  a  lyre  clasped  in 
his  hands,  his  lips  open  as  if  about  to  sing,  and  the  whole  partially  sur- 
rounded with  a  border  of  cherry  sprigs  showing  the  ruddy  fruit,  and 
each  spray  garnished  with  a  small  hatchet. 

Andale,  an  incorporated  town  of  Sedgwick  county,  is  a  station  on  the 
Missouri  Pacific  R.  R..  in  Sherman  township,  19  miles  northwest  of 
Wichita.  Andale  has  a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  free 
delivery  route  which  supplies  mail  to  the  inhabitants  of  that  section  of 
the  county,  a  Catholic  church  and  school,  some  good  mercantile  estab- 
lishments, express  and  telegraph  facilities,  and  does  considerable  ship- 
ping of  grain  and  other  farm  products.    The  population  in  1910  was  237. 


"JO  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Anderson,  a  little  hamlet  of  Smith  county,  is  located  near  the  head 
of  \\hite  Rock  creek,  about  9  miles  northeast  of  Smith  Center,  the 
county  seat,  from  which  place  mail  is  received  by  rural  free  delivery. 

Anderson  County  was  named  for  Joseph  C.  Anderson,  a  member  of 
the  first  territorial  legislature,  which  erected  and  organized  the  county 
in  1855.  It  is  located  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state  in  the  second 
tier  of  counties  west  of  iMissouri,  about  50  miles  south  of  the  Kansas 
river  and  70  miles  north  of  the  southern  boundary  of  the  state.  It  is 
24  miles  square  and  has  an  area  of  576  square  miles.  On  the  north  it 
is  bounded  by  Franklin  county,  on  the  east  of  Linn,  on  the  south  by 
Allen  and  on  the  west  by  Coffey. 

When  the  first  white  settlers  came  to  what  is  now  Anderson  county 
in  the  spring  of  1854  they  found  some  of  the  fields  which  the  Indians  had 
cultivated.  They  were  Valentine  Gerth  and  Francis  Meyer,  who  came 
from  Missouri  and  settled  on  the  Pottawatomie  near  the  present  site  of 
Greeley.  These  men  were  without  families  but  planted  and  cultivated 
the  old  Indian  fields  the  first  summer.  Henry  Harmon  came  with  his 
family  and  settled  near  the  junction  of  the  branches  of  the  Pottawatomie. 
During  the  summer  and  fall  more  settlers  came,  among  whom  were 
Henderson  Rice.  \\'.  D.  West,  Thomas  Totton.  Anderson  Cassel,  J.  .'^. 
\\'aitman  and  Dr.  Rufus  Gilpatrick.  In  the  winter  of  1854-55  quite  a 
number  of  Germans  came  to  the  county  and  settled  along  the  south 
branch  of  the  Pottawatomie  above  Greeley,  where  they  built  several 
cabins  and  selected  valuable  timber  claims.  In  the  spring  of  1855  they 
returned  to  St.  Louis  and  on  account  of  the  territorial  troubles  never 
came  back.     Their  claims  were  soon  taken  up  by  other  settlers. 

\\'hen  Gov.  Reeder,  on  Nov.  8,  1854,  issued  a  proclamation  ordering  an 
election  for  the  29th,  the  region  now  embraced  in  Anderson  county  was 
made  a  part  of- the  Fifth  district.  The  election  was  ordered  to  be  held 
at  the  house  of  Henry  Sherman  near  the  place  called  Dutch  Henry's 
crossing  on  ihc  I'otlawatdinie.  .\1  llie  election  lUr  iiicnihcis  of  tiic 
first  territorial  legislature,  A.  M.  Coffe\'  and  David  Lykins  were  elected 
to  the  council  and  .Mien  Wilkerson  and  H.  W.  Yonger  representatives. 
Of  the  resident  voters,  about  50  in  number  and  practically  all  free-state 
men,  only  a  few  voted,  but  the  Missourians  came  over  and  cast  about 
200  pro-slavery  votes.  At  the  election  for  a  delegate  to  Congress  in 
Oct.,  1855,  George  ^^'i!son  was  the  only  person  voting  in  the  district. 
Samuel  Mack,  one  of  the  judges,  refused  to  vote  regarding  the  election 
as  a  farce,  most  of  the  voters  being  residents  of  Missouri  who  came 
over  on  horseback  and  in  wagons,  well  supplied  with  whiskey  and  guns. 
CScc  Keeder's  .Administration.)  Piecause  of  the  nnlrages  committed 
upon  the  free-state  settlers,  a  military  (irganization,  made  up  of  Frank- 
lin and  Anderson  county  men  and  called  the  Pottawatomie  Rifles,  was 
formed  in  the  fall  of  1855.  Among  the  members  were  Dr.  Rufus  Gil- 
patrick, M.  Kilbourn,  W.  Aycrs,  H.  H.  Williams,  August  Hondi,  Samuel 
Mack,  James  Townsley  and  Jacob  Benjamin  from  Anderson  comity. 

The  legislature  having  defined   the  bounds  (>{  the  county,   llun   pro- 


KANSAS    HISTOKY  7I 

vided  for  its  organization  and  the  election  of  county  officers.  In  joint 
session  the  legislature  elected  George  Wilson  probate  judge  and  com- 
missioned him  on  Aug.  27,  1855,  for  a  term  of  two  years.  He  was  the 
first  commissioned  officer  and  immediately  after  qualifying  set  out  for 
the  county.  On  Sept.  10,  he  arrived  at  Henry  Sherman's  house,  where 
he  remained  until  the  15th,  when  he  went  to  the  house  of  Francis  Meyer 
near  the  present  site  of  the  town  of  Greeley.  Judge  Wilson  had  desig- 
nated Meyer's  house  as  the  temporary  seat  of  justice  and  notified  Wil- 
liam R.  True  and  John  C.  Clark,  who  had  been  appointed  county  com- 
missioners and  A.  V.  Cummings,  who  had  been  appointed  sheriff,  to 
meet  him  there  on  the  15th  to  complete  the  county  organization.  But 
all  three  refused  to  accept  the  appointment,  although  Judge  Wilson  at- 
tempted several  times  to  make  them  qualify-  Cummings  was  a  resident 
of  Bourbon  county.  Wilson  at  last  appealed  to  the  governor  for  assist- 
ance to  organize  the  county  and  Acting  Gov.  Shannon  commissioned 
Francis  Meyer  and  F.  P.  Brown  commissioners  and  Henderson  Rice 
sherifl:'.  but  .Brown  and  Rice  would  not  accept  the  commissions.  The 
probate  judge  and  Francis  Meyer  organized  the  county  on  Jan.  7,  1856. 
Five  days  later  the  second  session  of  the  probate  judge  and  commis- 
sioners' court  was  held  at  Meyer's  house  and  David  McCammon  was 
appointed  sheriff.  He  gave  bond  and  qualified  on  Jan.  18,  on  which  date 
the  court  held  its  third  session  and  J.  S.  Waitman  was  appointed  com- 
missioner. This  was  the  first  time  that  a  full  board  of  commissioners 
had  existed.  At  this  time  C.  H.  Price  was  appointed  justice  of  the 
peace  for  the  county  and  commissioned  by  Judge  Wilson.  Price  quali- 
fied on  March  5,  1856,  and  the  same  day  was  appointed  treasurer  of  the 
county.  On  Feb.  4,  1856,  Thomas  Totton  was  appointed  clerk  of  the 
county,  and  on  March  9  a  petition  for  the  location  of  a  road  from  Henry 
Sherman's  house  to  Cofachique,  the  county  seat  of  Allen  county,  was 
considered.'  David  McCammon,  James  Townsley  and  Samuel  Mack 
were  appointed  commissioners  to  open  the  road,  which  was  to  be  70 
feet  wide.    This  was  the  first  road  in  the  county. 

On  Feb.  18,  1856,  a  petition  was  presented  to  the  commissioners, 
signed  by  A.  McConnell  and  fifteen  others,  requesting  a  permanent  loca- 
tion of  the  county  seat,  and  David  McCammon,  James  Townsley  and 
Thomas  Totton  were  appointed  to  select  the  site,  provided  it  should  be 
located  within  three  miles  of  the  geographical  center  of  the  count3^ 
The  commissioners  selected  a  place  and  called  it  Shannon,  where  the 
county  business  was  transacted  until  April  5,  1859.  The  first  term  of 
the  district  court  was  held  on  the  fourth  Monday  in  .April,  1856;  Sterling 
Cato,  one  of  the  territorial  judges  presiding.  It  convened  at  the  house 
of  Francis  Meyer  and  was  in  session  an  entire  week  but  the  records  of 
the  proceedings  have  disappeared. 

At  the  election  of  delegates  to  the  Topeka  constitutional  convention, 
49  votes  were  polled  at  the  Pottawatomie  precinct,  by  free-state  voters 
and  at  the  election  for  the  adoption  or  rejection  14  persons  from  .Ander- 
son countv  voted. 


72  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

During  the  summer  and  fall  of  1856  Anderson  county  was  overrun  by 
bands  of  lawless  pro-slavery  men,  known  as  "Border  Ruffians."  The 
officers  of  Anderson  county  had  been  chosen  because  of  their  loyalty 
to  the  slave  power,  and  when  the  difficulties  culminated  in  1856  they 
took  an  active  part  with  the  pro-slavery  men.  The  free-state  men  re- 
fused to  countenance  such  conduct  on  the  part  of  the  officers  and  late  in 
the  spring  Francis  Meyer,  John  S.  Waitman,  David  McCammon  and 
George  Wilson  having  been  concerned  in  several  pro-slavery  atrocities, 
were  forced  to  flee  from  the  county.  There  was  continued  trouble  along 
Pottawatomie  creek  until  the  government  ordered  United  States  troops 
to  the  neighborhood.  They  camped  for  several  weeks  a  short  distance 
from  the  present  site  of  Greeley,  but  were  commanded  by  pro-slavery 
officers  and  reall}'  afforded  little  protection  to  the  free-state  settlers. 
The  Pottawatomie  Rifles  drilled  at  the  farm  of  W.  L.  Frankenburger  and 
participated  in  many  of  the  expeditions  of  1856-7.  During  the  fall  of 
1856  pro-slavery  invasions  became  so  frequent  that  it  was  unsafe  for  the 
settlers  to  remain  at  home  over  night  with  their  families,  and  for 
several  months  they  would  collect  at  Frankenburger's  claim  on  the 
Pottawatomie,  the  women  and  children  taking  shelter  in  the  cabin,  while 
the  men  remained  on  guard.  Anderson  county  men,  commanded  by  Dr. 
Rufus  Gilpatrick,  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Osawatomie  under  John 
Brown.  When  Gov.  Woodson  declared  the  territory  in  a  state  of  insur- 
rection and  rebellion  and  called  out  the  militia,  several  .settlers  left  .An- 
derson county  never  to  return. 

About  this  time  a  party  of  some  200  hundred  Missourians  camped  on 
Middle  creek,  at  Battle  Mound,  waiting  for  reinforcements  preparatory 
to  a  general  movement  against  the  free-state  settlements  along  the  Pot- 
tawatomie, and  many  outrages  were  committed  in  Anderson,  Linn  and 
Franklin  counties.  Among  these  was  the  capture  of  George  Partridge, 
Aug.  27,  1856,  and  on  the  same  day  the  burning  of  the  hou9<;s  of  Kil- 
bourne  and  Cochrane  near  Greeley.  Dr.  Gilpatrick,  while  making  calls, 
discovered  the  pro-slavery  camp  and  at  once  gave  warning.  The  Pot- 
tawatomie Rifles,  under  command  of  Dr.  Gilpatrick,  made  an  attack  early 
in  the  morning  of  Aug.  28,  which  was  a  complete  surprise,  the  pro- 
slavery  men  retreating  in  great  confusion  to  Missouri.  Another  de- 
tachment of  pro-slavery  men  robbed  Zach  Schutte  and  attempted  other 
atrocities,  but  upon  hearing  of  the  capture  of  the  camp  also  hastily  fled 
into  Missouri. 

The  survey  of  the  public  lands  in  .\ndcrson  county  began  in  the  fall 
of  1855  and  closed  in  the  spring  of  1856.  Some  of  the  first  settlers  who 
came  to  the  county  were  of  the  class  who  made  a  living  speculating  in 
government  land  claims.  They  selected  the  finest  timber  and  valley 
lands  along  the  streams,  and  after  actually  settling,  would  slake  out 
other  claims  under  ficticious  names,  and  then  offer  to  sell  the  ficticious 
claims  to  new  arrivals.  The  buyer  of  sucli  claims  would  nfUn  go  l^ack 
East  after  his  family  and  upon  his  return  find  his  cabin  occupied,  the 
claim  having  been  sold  a  second  lime  by  the  speculator.      These  claims 


KANSAS    lUSTOkV  73' 

caused  much  trouble  in  llie  I'liitcd  Slates  land  office,  and  in  Nov., 
1858,  a  free-state  squatters'  court  was  organized  in  Anderson,  Linn  and 
Bourbon  counties  for  the  adjustment  of  land  claims.  Dr.  Rufus  Gil- 
patrick  was  elected  judge.  The  decisions  of  the  court  were  generally 
satisfactory  to  the  settlers,  and  enforced  by  Maj.  Abbott  and  a  minister 
named  Stewart,  known  as  the  fighting  preacher.  Several  town  sites 
were  laid  out,  but  with  two  exceptions  the  towns  failed  to  become  im- 
portant. Garnett  and  Greeley  were  both  surveyed  in  1856  and  became 
flourishing  communities.  In  Dec,  1856,  a  party  of  80  men  was  formed  in 
Lawrence  for  the  purpose  of  settling  in  Anderson  county.  A  town  site 
was  selected  in  the  northern  part  of  what  is  now  Washington  township, 
and  the  town  named  Hyatt.  The  founders  proposed  making  it  the 
county  scat.  A  sawmill  was  built  in  the  spring  of  1857.  In  the  fall  a 
grist  mill  was  added,  and  ]'>.  F.  Allen  opened  a  store.  A  postoffice  and 
school  were  established  but  the  county  seat  dream  was  not  realized. 
Soon  after  the  county  seat  was  permanently  located  at  Garnett  Hyatt 
was  abandoned. 

The  first  mail  route  in  Anderson  county  was  established  on  Jan.  11, 
1858,  to  run  from  Leavenworth  to  Humboldt  in  Allen  county  via  Hyatt. 
The  route  was  marked  and  service  began  in  March.  There  was  a  road 
from  Carlyle  and  one  from  Fairview  to  Hyatt.  Zach  Squires  was  the 
first  mail  carrier  and  expressman.  At  first  the  post  was  weekly  but  soon 
changed  to  a  tri.-weekly  service.  In  the  spring  of  1859,  the  route  was 
changed  to  run  through  Garnett,  where  a  postoffice  was  established. 
In  the  fall  of  1859  the  county  board  received  petitions  for  the  opening  of 
five  roads,  and  the  old  maps  show  that  they  all  centered  at  Hyatt  and 
none  at  Garnett  or  Stiannon. 

On  Nov.  30,  1857,  the  county  commissioners  entered  into  a  contract 
for  the  construction  of  a  court-house  and  jail  at  Shannon.  Dr.  Preston 
Bowen  was  to  build  it  for  $1,000,  but  at  the  election  held  Jan.  26,  1858, 
it  was  shown  that  a  majority  of  the  people  were  opposed  to  the  erec- 
tion of  the  buildings.  The  commissioners  therefore  resigned.  On  Feb. 
12,  1858,  the  county  organization  was  changed  by  an  act  of  the  legisla- 
ture from  a  board  of  commissioners  to  a  board  of  supervisors,  and  on 
June  14,  the  new  board  contracted  with  Dr.  Bowen  for  a  court-house  and 
jail  at  Shannon  at  his  own  expense,  to  be  completed  witJiin  a  year.  The 
jail  was  completed  and  work  begun  on  the  court-house,  when,  in  the 
spring  of  1859,  the  seat  of  justice  for  the  county  was  located  at  Garnett 
by  an  act  of  the  legislature  and  the  first  meeting  of  the  board  of  super- 
visors at  Garnett  was  held  on  April  5,  of  that  year. 

In  March,  1859,  an  election  was  held  on  the  proposition  of  a  state  con- 
stitutional convention  and  of  the  185  votes  cast  in  Anderson  county- 
only  7  were  against  holding  the  convention.  On  the  first  Tuesday  in 
June,  1859,  an  election  was  held  for  a  delegate  to  the  convention.  Dr. 
James  G.  Blount  and  W.  F.  M.  Arny  were  the  candidates  from  the  An- 
derson county  district.  Blount  was  elected  and  sat  in  the  Wyandotte- 
convention. 


74  I-  VCLOrEDIA    OF 

Education  was  one  of  the  first  considerations  of  the  early  settlers. 
The  first  school  district  laid  out  was  near  Scipio  in  Putnam  township, 
and  the  first  superintendent  of  public  instruction  was  John  R.  Slentz, 
who  was  appointed  by  the  governor  near  the  close  of  1858. 

The  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  caused  great  excitement  in  Anderson 
county.  At  the  call  for  volunteers  an  entire  company  enlisted  in  one 
day,  and  Anderson  county  was  represented  in  nearly  every  Kansas  regi- 
ment, about  three-fourths  of  the  able-bodied  men  entering  the  Union 
army.     In  1861  the  population  of  the  count}-  was  little  over  i.ooo. 

A  considerable  number  of  the  early  settlers  of  Anderson  county  were 
Catholics,  and  the  St.  Boniface  Catholic  church  in  Putnam  township 
was  the  first  church  building  erected.  It  was  built  in  1858,  and  in  1871, 
while  under  the  charge  of  Father  Albert  Heinemann,  the  parish  erected 
a  college  building  about  6  miles  north  of  Garnett  and  called  it  Mount 
Carmel.  The  first  Protestant  church  was  built  by  the  L'nited  Brethren 
in  Garnett  in  1859.  The  first  county  building  erected  in  Garnett  was 
the  jail,  which  was  built  in  1864.  Four  years  later  the  court-house  was 
erected  on  Oak  street.  In  1891  the  legislature  passed  an  act  providing 
for  the  erection  of  a  court-house  on  the  county  square,  the  cost  not  to 
exceed  $40,000, 

i\  county  fair  was  held  in  Anderson  county  as  early  as  1863,  but  the 
county  fair  association  was  not  organized  until  Nov.  13.  1873.  It  was 
capitalized  for  $5,003.  The  first  newspaper  in  the  county  was  the  Gar- 
nett Pathfinder,  established  by  I.  E.  OIney  in  Jan.,  1865.  It  was  the 
only  puljlication  until  1868,  when  W.  H.  Johnson  started  the  Garnett 
Courant. 

The  general  surface  of  Anderson  count}-  is  undulating,  divided  into 
bottom  land,  timber  and  rolling  upland.  The  creek  bottoms  average 
about  2  miles  in  width,  and  belts  of  timber  along  the  streams  average 
three-fourths  of  a  mile.  The  main  water  course  of  the  county  is  the 
Pottawatomie  river,  which  rises  in  the  central  part  of  the  county  and 
flows  northeastward,  its  north  and  south  branches  uniting  near  the  north- 
east corner  of  the  county.  The  Little  Osage  river,  Indian  and  Deer 
creeks  flow  through  the  southern  portion.  Lime  and  sandstone  are 
plentiful,  while  red  ocher  is  found  in  Uccdcr  township,  t'oal  has  been 
found  in  several  places  and  there  are  natural  gas  wells  near  Greeley. 
The  trees  native  to  this  section  are  walnut.  Cottonwood,  oak,  hickory. 
hackberry.  elm,  sycamore,  and  hard  and  soft  maples.  Corn,  wheat,  oats 
and  Kafir  corn  are  the  leading  agricultural  products.  Live  stock  raising 
is  a  prr)ductivc  industry,  and  there  aie  innre  than  100.000  bearing  fruit 
trees  in  the  county.  There  are  130.25  miles  of  main  track  railroad  within 
the  limits  of  the  county.  The  Missouri  Pacific  has  three  lines — one 
crossing  the  county  diagonally  from  the  northwest  to  southeast  pass- 
ing through  Garnett;  a  second  enters  the  county  in  the  northeast  and 
crosses  the  west  border  near  the  center,  and  the  third  line  crosses  the 
sriuthern  part  almost  directly  east  and  west.  The  Atchison,  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fc  runs  north  and  south  near  the  center,  and  a  branch  diverging 


KANSAS    IIISIORY  75 

from  Colony  in  the  southwest,  crosses  the  southwest  coiner.     'I'he  Mis- 
souri, Kansas  &  Texas  crosses  the  southeast  corner. 

The  county  is  divided  into  the  following  townships:  Indian  creek, 
Jackson,  Lincoln,  Lone  Elm,  Monroe,  Ozark,  Putnam,  Reeder.  Rich, 
Union,  Walker,  Washington,  Welda  and  Westphalia,  (jarnett.  the 
county  seat,  is  the  largest  town  and  railroad  center.  Other  important 
towns   and  villages  arc   Colony,   (ireeley,    Harris,    Kincaid,   Lone    Elm, 

Selma  and  Welda. 

The  U.  S.  census  of  1910  reported  the  population  of  Anderson  county 
at  r  3.829.  The  total  value  of  farm  products  for  that  year  was,  according 
to  tii'c  report  of  the  state  board  of  agriculture,  $i,437-654-37-  Corn  led 
with  1,355,223  bushels,  valued  at  $691,163.73.  Next  to  this  was  the  hay 
crop,  valued  at  $394,779-  and  oats  stood  third  in  the  list  with  362,937 
bushels,  valued  at  $i34,275-59-  '^'^-e  wheat  crop  amounted  to  38,187 
bushels,  valued  at  $35-339-05-  ^'^-^^  -i"'!  K'^fi''  ^■"'"  '"'''"''  ^'^"  'mpoJ-tant 
crops.  _. 

Anderson,  John  Alexander,  clergyman  and  member  of  Congress,  was 
born  in  Washington  county.   Pa.,  June  26,   1834.     He  was  educated  at 
Miami   Cniversitv,  Oxford,  Ohio,  graduating  in   1853.     Benjamin   Har- 
rison, afterwards' president  of  the  United  States  was  his  roommate  while 
in  college.     He  began  work  as  pastor  of  a  church  at  Stockton,  Cal.,  in 
1857    and  preached   the  first   Union  sermon  on  the  Pacific  coast.     He 
soon'  began  to  take  an  interest  in  all  matters  of  general  welfare,  and  as 
a   result"  the  state   legislature   of  California  elected  him  trustee   of  the 
state  insane  asylum  in  i860.     Two  years  later  he  was  appointed  chap- 
lain of  the  Third  California  infantry.     In  this  capacity  he  accompanied 
Gen    Connor's  expedition  to  Salt  Lake  City.     Mr.  Anderson's  desire  to 
be  always  investigating  something  led  to  his  appointment  to  the  United 
States  Sanitary  Commission  as  California  correspondent  and  agent.   His 
first   duty  was  to  act  as  relief  agent  of  the  Twelfth  army  corps.     He 
was  next  transferred  to  the  central  office  at  New  York.     In  1864,  when 
Gen    Grant  began  moving  toward  Richmond.  ^Ir.  Anderson  was  made 
superintendent  of  transportation  and  had  charge  of  six  steamboats._    At 
the  close  of  the  campaign  he  served  as  assistant  superintendent  ot  the 
canvas  and  supply  department  at  Philadelphia  and  edited  a  paper  called 
the  Sanitary  Commission  Bulletin.     WHien  the  war  closed  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  the  history  bureau  of  the  commission  at  Washington,  remain- 
ing there  one  year  collecting  data  and  writing  a  portion  ot  the  history  ot 
the  commission.     In  1866  he  was  appointed  statistician  of  the  Citizens 
Association  of  Pennsylvania,  an  organization  -for  the  purpose  of  mitigat- 
in<r  the  suffering  resulting  from  pauperism,  vagrancy  and  crime  in  the 
lai-o-e   cities       In    Feb.,    1868,    Mr.   Anderson   accepted    a   call   from   the 
Presbyterian  church  of  Junction  City,  Kan.,  and  during  the  years  spent 
in  this  town  he  developed  power  as  an  orator  and  took  an  active  part  in 
politics      He  was  on  the  school  board  most  of  the  time  he  was  in  Junc- 
tion City      In  1870   the  morning  after  his  mother  was  buried  out  on  the 
open  prairie,  where  all  the  dead  had  been  laid,  he  remarked  to  some  of 


■j6  CVCLOPEDIA    OF 

his  friends,  "This  town  must  have  a  cemetery,"  and  as  a  result  of  his 
eli'orts  beautiful  Highland  stands  as  a  monument  to  his  memory.  In 
1870-71,  there  was  much  interest  throughout  the  country  in  narrow 
gauge  railroads,  it  being  argued  that  there  was  economy  in  ihem.  An- 
derson concluded  that  the  idea  was  not  practicable  and  determined  to 
oppose  the  issue  of  the  bonds  asked  for  in  Clay  county.  His  ideas  pre- 
vailed, and  the  track  was  relaid  standard  gauge.  In  the  summer  of  1872 
Benjamin  Harrison  secured  him  a  call  from  a  church  in  Indianapolis,  but 
his  wife  and  family  persuaded  him  to  remain  in  Kansas.  In  the  fall  of 
1873,  Mr.  Anderson  was  elected  president  of  the  Kansas  State  .\gricul- 
tural  College,  at  Manhattan.  A  radical  change  of  policy  resulted  in  the 
institution  and  it  is  to  Mr.  Anderson  and  the  men  associated  with 
him,  that  the  state  is  indebted  for  the  policy  which  has  placed  the  col- 
lege near  the  head  of  the  list  of  such  institutions  in  the  United  States. 
Mr.  Anderson  remained  president  of  the  college  until  1878,  when  he  was 
elected  to  Congress  and  served  as  representative  from  the  First  and 
Fifth  districts  until  1891.  In  March  of  that  3'ear  he  was  appointed  con- 
sul general  to  Cairo,  Egy-pt,  and  sailed  for  his  new  post  on  April  6,  but 
his  constitution  was  already  impaired  and  he  was  unable  to  stand  the 
change  of  climate.  The  following  spring  he  determined  to  return,  but 
died  on  his  way  home  at  Liverpool,  England,  May  18,  1892.  His  last 
message  was  from  Malta,  "It  is  all  in  God's  hands  and  He  will  direct." 
He  was  laid  at  rest  on  the  hill  top  he  had  chosen  years  before,  near 
the  town  where  he  said  the  happiest  days  of  his  life  had  been  passed, 
and  where  seven  of  his  family  are  also  interred.  The  funeral  ceremonies 
were  conducted  by  the  faculty  and  students  of  the  .Agricultural  College, 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  and  the  Masonic  Fraternity. 

Anderson,  William,  usually  referred  to  as  "Bill"  Anderson,  was  one  of 
the  must  daring,  brutal  and  bloodthirsty  of  those  guerrilla  captains  who 
harassed  Kansas  during  the  early  years  of  the  Civil  war.  He  was  born 
in  Missouri,  but  during  his  boyhood,  and  in  fact  up  to  the  breaking  out 
of  the  war  in  1861,  he  lived  with  his  father  on  the  old  Santa  Fe  trail  at 
the  crossing  of  Bluff  creek.  Shortly  after  the  war  began.  Bill  .\nderson 
and  his  brother  James.  Lee  Griffin  and  the  Rice  boys,  all  living  in  the 
same  neighborhood,  announced  their  intention  of  taking  sides  with  the 
South.  Early  in  June,  1862,  Lee  Griffin  stole  a  horse  and  started  for 
Missouri,  but  he  was  overtaken  and  brought  before  a  justice  of  the  peace 
named  Baker  at  Agnes  City,  at  the  crossing  of  Rock  creek  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Lyon  county,  wlierc  he  was  bound  over  for  trial  in  a 
higher  court.  This  so  incensed  Bill  Anderson's  father  that  he  loaded  his 
shot  gun  and  started  for  Baker's  residence  to  avenge  the  insult.  Fiut 
Ijaker,  who  had  been  warned,  was  on  the  look-out  and  fired  first,  killing 
.Anderson.  The  tragic  deatli  of  his  father  may  have  made  I'.ill  \ii(lerson 
worse  than  he  would  nihcrwisc  have  been,  for  he  innnediatcly  com- 
menced leading  raids  into  Kansas,  along  the  old  .Santa  I'e  trail,  gning 
as  far  into  the  state  as  Council  Grove.  His  three  sisters — Josephine. 
Marv    and    Jennie- — returned    to    Missouri,    wiiere    tlio\-    were    afteiwnrd 


KANSAS    HISTORY  "J"] 

arrestefl  by  order  of  Gen.  Ewing,  and  by  the  fall  of  the  buiUbii','-  in 
which  they  were  imprisoned  one  was  killed.  This  added  ^■aW  and 
wormwood  to  Anderson's  already  embittered  disposition,  and  from  ihat 
time  until  his  death  he  was  more  brutal  than  before.  It  is  said  that  his 
gang  did  more  killing  at  Lawrence  than  any  other  portion  of  Quan- 
trill's  conmiand,  and  aftei*  the  massacre  at  Baxter  Springs  he  wanted 
to  attack  the  fort,  but  Quantrill  would  not  consent.  Anderson  was 
killed  while  on  one  of  his  raids,  Oct.  27,  1864,  and  after  his  death  the 
scalps  of  two  women  were  found  on  the  headstall  of  his  bridle. 

Andover,  a  village  of  Butler  county  (formerly  known  as  Minne- 
haha), is  a  station  on  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.,  in  Bruno 
township,  about  17  miles  southwest  of  Eldorado,  the  county  seat,  and 
not  far  from  the  Sedgwick  county  line.  It  had  a  population  of  130  in 
1910,  its  money  order  postoffice  has  one  rural  free  delivery  route  which 
supplies  mail  to  the  surrounding  country,  and  it  is  a  trading  and  ship- 
ping point  for  the  people  in  that  portion  of  the  county. 

Angelus,  a  village  of  Solomon  township,  Sheridan  county,  is  situated 
on  the  Saline  river,  about  20  miles  southwest  of  Hoxie,  the  county  seat. 
It  is  a  rural  postoffice.  with  a  population  of  30,  and  is  a  trading  center 
for  that  part  of  the  county.  Campus  and  Grinnell,  on  the  L'nion  Pacific, 
are  the  nearest  railroad  stations. 

Angola,  a  village  of  Labette  county,  is  located  in  Canada  township, 
on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  23  miles  southwest  of  Oswego,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  telegraph  and  express  ofiSces  and  a  money  order  post- 
ofifice.  The  town  was  laid  out  in  1886;  C.  H.  Kimball  and  Lee  Clark 
being  the  promoters.    The  population  in  igio  was  100. 

Annelly,  a  money  order  postoffice  of  Richland  township,  Harvey 
county,  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  9  miles  southeast  of 
Newton,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  grain  elevator,  a  hotel,  a  general 
store,  and  does  some  shipping.  The  population  was  reported  as  25  in 
1910. 

Anness,  a  money  order  postoffice  of  Sedgwick  county,  is  in  Erie 
township,  some  30  miles  southwest  of  Wichita  and  not  far  from  the 
Sumner  county  line.  It  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe  R.  R.,  that  runs  from  Wichita  to  Englewood,  has  a  grain  elevator, 
an  express  office,  and  through  its  retail  stores  supplies  the  people  of 
that  section  with  staple  articles.  The  population  was  reported  as  70 
in  1910. 

Annual  Register. — A  volume,  known  as  the  Kansas  Annual  Register, 
was  issued  late  in  Dec,  1S64.  by  the  State  Agricultural  Societv,  with 
Andrew  Stark  as  editor.  The  publication  was  issued  from  the  Leaven- 
worth Bulletin  office  and  is  a  volume  of  265  pages  of  good  historical 
matter,  most  of  which  is  devoted  to  Kansas.  The  idea  of  the  Register 
is  said  to  have  originated  with  Judge  L.  D.  Bailey,  and  it  was  his  in- 
tention to  issue  a  volume  annually.  Besides  a  history  of  religious  so- 
cieties in  the  state,  and  of  counties,  the  volume  contains  lithographic 
pictures  of  Thomas  Carney,  Thomas  Ewing,  jr.,  James  H.  Lane,  A.  C 


y8  CYCLOTEDIA    OF 

\Mlder,  George  W.  Deitzler  and  James  G.  Blunt.  But  one  number  was 
issued. 

Anson,  one  of  the  active,  thriving  little  towns  of  Sumner  county,  is 
in  Sumner  township,  about  lo  miles  northwest  of  Wellington,  the  coun- 
ty seat.  It  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  6  miles  east  of 
Conway  Springs,  has  a  bank,  important  mercantile  and  shipping  in- 
terests, a  money  order  postoffice,  express  and  telegraph  accommoda- 
tions, good  schools,  etc.,  and  in   1910  reported  a  population  of  125. 

Antelope,  a  small  village  of  Marion  county,  I's  located  in  Clear  Creek 
township,  and  is  a  station  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R., 
7  miles  northeast  of  Marion,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order 
postoffice,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  and  although  the  population 
was  only  53  in  1910  it  has  a  good  retail  trade  and  does  some  shipping. 

Anthony,  the  capital  and  largest  city  of  Harper  county,  is  situated 
a  little  southeast  of  the  geographical  center  of  the  county  in  the  Bluff 
creek  valley,  which  is  a  fine  agricultural  district.  When  Harper  county 
was  legally  organized  in  1878  George  T.  Anthony,  then  governor  of 
Kansas,  was  given  power  to  locate  the  county  seat,  and  the  town  was 
named  in  honor  of  the  governor.  The  early  settlers  of  Anthony  were 
intelligent,  industrious  people,  and  for  a  time  the  growth  of  the  place 
went  forward  with  unabated  vigor.  Bonds  were  voted  for  railroad 
companies  and  for  municipal  improvements  and  Anthony  joined  in  the 
rivalry  with  other  towns  during  the  boom  days.  The  rush  to  Oklahoma 
on  April  22,  i88q,  it  is  said,  took  away  about  one-half  the  population, 
and  another  hegira  occurred  some  years  later.  Notwithstandnig  this  the 
growth  of  the  city  was  only  temporarily  impeded,  and  in  1910  reported 
a  population  of  2,669.  an  increase  of  490  during  the  preceding  decade, 
in  spite  of  the  emigration  of  1903. 

Underneath  the  city  is  a  vein  of  fine  salt,  400  feet  in  thickness,  which 
has  been  developed,  and  a  salt  plant  now  turns  out  some  50,000  barrels 
annually.  In  addition  to  this  great  industry,  the  city  has  an  ice  plant, 
a  glove  factory,  a  well  equipped  waterworks  system  owned  by  the 
municipality,  natural  gas  for  fuel  and  li.ght,  an  electric  lighting  plant. 
a  fire  department,  large  grain  elevators,  flour  mills,  two  newspapers,  a 
Carnegie  library,  and  a  good  public  school  system.  Ample  banking 
facilities  are  provided,  and  the  city,  being  located  at  the  junction  of  the 
.Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe,  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific,  the 
Kansas  City.  Mexico  &  Orient,  the  Kansas  Southwestern  and  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific  railrr)ads,  its  transportation  facilities  arc  ini'-in  p.-ssod. 
Hence  it  is  a  prominent  shi|)i)ing  and  distributing  point,  its  exports  be- 
ing grain,  live  stock,  salt,  and  the  ])r<idncts  of  its  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments. The  Anthony  Commercial  chib  was  organized  on  Jan.  i. 
1909,  and  under  its  ausi>ices  a  building  and  loan  association  has  been 
organized  to  aid  the  people  in  becoming  home  owners.  The  .\ntliony 
])ostofficc  is  authorized  to  issue  international  money  orders  and  four 
rural  delivery  routes  sujjply  the  farmers  in  the  vicinity  with  m,\il  d.iily. 
All  the  leading  express  companies  have  offices,  and  tlic  tcU^raph  and 


KANSAS    IlISTOUY  79 

U'loplinne  service  is  better  tlian  that  often  found  in  cities  of  similar 
size.  That  the  people  of  Anthony  are  progressive  in  their  ideas  is 
evidenced  by  the  fact  that  the  commission  form  of  government  was 
adopted  in  Feb.,  1909. 

Anthony,  Daniel  R.,  journalist  and  soldier,  was  born  at  South  Adams, 
Mass.,  Aug.  22,  1824,  a  son  of  Daniel  and  Lucy  Anthony,  and  a  brother 
of  Susan  B.  Anthony,  the  famous  advocate  of  female  suffrage.  In  his 
boyhood  he  attended  school  at  Battenville,  N.  Y.,  and  later  spent  six 
months  at  the  Union  Village  Academy.  Upon  leaving  school  he  be- 
came a  clerk  in  his  father's  cotton  mill  and  flour  mill  until  he  was  about 
23  years  old,  when  he  went  to  Rochester,  N.  Y.  After  teaching  school 
for  two  seasons  he  engaged  in  the  insurance  business,  and  in  1854  he 
was  a  member  of  the  first  colony  sent  out  to  Kansas  by  the  New  Eng- 
land Emigrant  Aid  Society.  In  June,  1857,  he  located  at  Leavenworth, 
which  city  was  his  home  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  When  the  Sev- 
enth Kansas  cavalry  was  organized  in  1861,  Mr.  Anthony  was  com- 
missioned lieutenant-colonel  and  served  until  he  resigned  on  Sept.  3, 
1862,  his  resignation  being  due  to  a  controversy  between  him  and  Gen. 
R.  R.  Mitchell.  While  in  camp  at  Etheridge.  Tenn..  in  June,  1862,  Lieut. - 
Col.  .Xnthony  was  temporarily  in  command  of  the  brigade,  during  a 
short  absence  of  Gen.  Mitchell,  and  issued  an  order  prohibiting  slave- 
owners from  coming  inside  the  Union  lines  for  the  purpose  of  recover- 
ing fugitive  slaves.  The  order  further  specified  that  "Anv  officer  or 
soldier  of  this  command  who  shall  arrest  and  deliver  to  his  master  a 
fugitive  slave  shall  be  summarily  and  severely  punished  according  to 
the  laws  relative  to  such  crimes."  When  Gen.  Mitchell  returned  and 
assumed  command  of  the  brigade,  he  asked  Lieut. -Col.  Anthony  to 
countermand  the  order.  Anthony  replied  that  as  he  was  no  longer  in 
command  he  had  no  right  to  issue  or  revoke  orders.  Mitchell  then 
placed  him  in  command  long  enough  to  rescind  the  obnoxious  order, 
when  Anthony,  being  in  command,  denied  the  right  o*f  Gen.  Mitchell 
to  dictate  what  he  should  do,  and  again  refused  to  countermand  the 
order.  He  was  arrested  and  relieved  of  the  command,  but  the  matter 
came  before  the  L^nited  States  senate  and  Anthony  was  reinstated  by 
Gen.  Halleck.  Then  he  resigned.  He  was  elected  mayor  of  Leaven- 
worth in  1863  and  undertook  to  clear  the  city  of  Southern  sympathizers. 
Several  houses  sheltering  them  were  burned,  when  Gen.  Ewing  placed 
the  city  under  martial  law.  Ewing's  scouts  seized  some  horses,  Anthony 
interfered  and  was  again  arrested,  but  was  released  the  next  day  and 
civil  law  was  restored.  In  the  spring  of  1866  Mr.  Anthony  was  re- 
moved from  the  office  of  postmaster  in  Leavenworth  because  he  re- 
fused to  support  the  reconstruction  policy  of  Andrew  Johnson.  He 
was  president  of  the  Republican  state  convention  of  1868,  and  the  same 
year  was  one  of  the  Kansas  presidential  electors.  In  1872  he  was 
again  elected  mayor  of  the  city ;  was  appointed  postmaster  of  Leaven- 
worth by  President  Grant  on  April  3,  1874.  and  reappointed  bv  Presi- 
dent Hayes  on   March  22,   1878.     He  served  several  terms  in  the  city 


■So  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

■council,  and  was  nominated  for  mayor  a  number  of  times  but  was  de- 
feated. Mr.  Anthony  was  a  life  member  of  the  Kansas  State  Historical 
Societ}",  of  which  he  was  president  in  1885-86.  In  Jan.,  1861,  he  estab- 
lished the  Leavenworth  Conservative,  but  the  following  year  sold  it 
to  A.  C.  and  D.  W.  Wilder.  In  March,  1864,  he  purchased  the  Bul- 
letin, the  Times  came  into  his  possession  in  1871,  and  this  paper  he  con- 
tinued to  conduct  until  his  death.  As  a  journalist  Mr.  Anthony  was 
aggressive,  and  his  outspoken  editorials  frequently  involved  him  in 
trouble.  To  him  physical  fear  was  a  stranger,  and  when  R.  C.  Satter- 
lee  of  the  Leavenworth  Herald  published  something  derogatory  to  Mr. 
Anthony  in  1864  a  shooting  affair  occurred  which  resulted  in  the  death 
of  Satterlee.  On  May  10,  1875,  W.  W.  Embry,  a  former  employee, 
fired  three  shots  at  Mr.  Anthony  on  the  stairway  of  the  opera  house. 
One  of  the  shots  took  effect  in  the  right  breast,  just  below  the  collar 
bone,  severed  an  artery  and  Mr.  Anthony's  recovery  from  this  wound 
is  regarded  as  one  of  the  remarkable  cases  of  modern  surgery.  Mr. 
Anthony  married  Miss  Annie  E.  Osborn  of  Edgarton,  Mass.,  Jan.  21, 
1864,  and  died  at  Leavenworth  on  Nov.  12,  1904.  A  short  time  before 
his  death  he  suggested  the  following  as  his  epitaph :  "He  helped  to 
make  Kansas  a  free  state.  He  fought  to  save  the  L'nion.  He  published 
the  Daily  Times  for  nearly  forty  years  in  the  interest  of  Leavenworth. 
He  was  no  hypocrite." 

Anthony,  Daniel  R.,  Jr.,  journalist  and  member  of  Congress  from 
the  First  Kansas  district,  was  born  in  the  city  of  Leavenworth,  Kan., 
Aug.  22,  1870,  a  son  of  Daniel  R.  and  Annie  (Osborn")  Anthony.  He 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  city,  graduated  in  the 
class  of  1887  at  the  Michigan  Military  Academy  at  Orchard  Lake,  Mich., 
and  in  1891  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  the  university  of 
Michigan  at  Ann  Arbor.  The  greater  part  of  Mr.  Anthony's  career 
has  been  taken  up  in  newspaper  work,  and  since  the  death  of  his  father, 
in  Nov.,  1904,  he  has  been  at  the  head  of  the  Leavenworth  Times,  which 
his  father  conducted  for  nearly  forty  years.  From  1898  to  1902  lie  was 
postmaster  of  Leavenworth,  and  in  1903  was  elected  mayor  of  the  city 
for  a  term  of  two  years.  On  March  29,  1907,  he  was  elected  without 
opposition  to  fill  the  unexpired  terrn  of  Charles  Curtis  in  the  national 
house  of  rejiresentatives,  Mr.  Curtis  having  resigned  his  seat  to  enter 
the  I'nited  States  senate.  .At  the  election  in  Nov.,  1908,  he  was  re- 
elected for  a  full  term  of  two  years,  defeating  F.  M.  I'earl  by  a  plurality 
of  7,950,  and  in  1910  he  was  again  elected,  defeating  J.  B.  Chapman 
by  a  plurality  of  14,376.  Mr.  Anthony  was  the  originator  of  the  project 
to  build  a  military  road  from  Fort  Leavenworth  to  Fort  Riley,  and  on 
Dec.  16,  1909,  he  introduced  a  bill  in  Congress  for  that  jiurposc.  His 
plan  was  to  utilize  the  labor  of  the  convicts  in  the  ]'"cdcral  ])risons  at 
Fort  Leavenworth,  and  several  farmers  along  the  line  of  the  proposed 
road  have  signified  their  willingness  to  furnish  the  stone  for  its  con- 
struclifin.  In  addition  to  his  editorial  and  Congressional  duties,  Mr. 
Anthony   is  a   director  of  the   Leavenworth   National    bank.      lie   was 


KANSAS    HISTORY  8l 

united  in  marriage  on  June  21,   1897,  with  Miss  Elizabeth  Havens  of 
Leavenworth. 

Anthony,  George  Tobey,  seventh  governor  of  the  State  of  Kansas, 
was  born  on  a  farm  near  Mayfield,  Fulton  county,  N.  Y.,  June  9,  1824, 
and  was  the  youngest  of  five  children  born  to  Benjamin  and  Anna  An- 
thony. The  parents  were  active  members  of  the  society  of  Friends,  or 
Quakers,  and  were  unwavering  advocates  of  the  abolition  of  chattel 
slavery.  The  father  died  in  1829,  leaving  the  family  in  somewhat 
straightened  circumstances.  When  George  was  about  nine  years  old 
the  family  removed  to  Greenfield,  N.  Y.,  where  he  attended  school  dur- 
ing the  winter  months  and  worked  for  the  neighboring  farmers  in 
summer.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  years  he  entered  the  shop  of  his  uncle 
at  Union  Springs,  N.  Y.,  and  served  an  apprenticeship  as  a  tinner  and 
coppersmith.  Here  he  worked  from  fourteen  to  sixteen  hours  each 
day,  which  doubtless  inculcated  those  industrious  habits  that  charac- 
terized his  course  through  life.  On  Dec.  14,  1852,  he  married  Miss 
Rosa  A.  Lyon,  of  Medina,  N.  Y.,  and  there  engaged  in  business  as  a 
tinner  and  dealer  in  hardware,  stoves,  etc.  Later  he  added  agricultural 
implements  to  his  stock,  and  still  later  he  removed  to  New  York  city, 
where  he  engaged  in  Ijusiness  as  a  commission  merchant  until  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Civil  war.  Gov.  Morgan  selected  him  as  one  of  a 
committee  to  raise  and  organize  troops  under  the  call  of  July  2,  1862, 
in  the  28th  district,  composed  of  the  counties  of  Niagara,  Orleans  and 
Genesee,  his  associates  being  ex-Gov.  Church  and  Noah  Davis.  Mr. 
Anthony  organized  the  Seventeenth  independent  battery  of  light  artil- 
lery in  four  days,  and  was  commissioned  captain  of  the  organization 
when  it  was  rriustered  into  the  United  States  service  on  Aug.  26,  1862. 
In  command  of  this  battery  he  served  between  Washington  and  Rich- 
mond until  the  close  of  the  war;  was  attached  to  the  Eighteenth  corps 
while  in  the  trenches  in  front  of  Petersbuurg;  and  was  with  the  Twenty- 
fourth  corps  in  the  Appomattox  campaign,  which  ended  in  the  sur- 
render of  Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee.  Capt.  Anthony  was  mustered  out  at 
Richmond,  Va.,  June"  12,  1865,  and  in  November  of  the  same  year  he 
became  a  resident  of  Leavenworth,  Kan.,  where  for  nearly  three  years 
he  was  editor  of  the  Daily  Bulletin  and  Daily  Commercial.  He  then 
published  the  Kansas  Farmer  for  six  years.  After  coming  to  Kansas, 
Mr.  Anthony  held  a  number  of  positions  of  trust  and  responsibility. 
In  1867  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  in  charge  of  the  soldiers' 
orphans;  in  December  of  that  year  was  appointed  assistant  assessor  of 
United  States  internal  revenue;  was  commissioned  collector  of  internal 
revenue  on  July  11,  1868;  was  president  of  the  Kansas  state  board  of 
agriculture  for  three  years,  and  president  of  the  board  of  Centennial 
managers  in  1876.  In  the  last  named  year  he  was  nominated  by  the 
Republican  state  convention  for  the  office  of  governor.  During  the 
campaign  some  of  his  political  enemies  charged  that  he  had  been  guilty 
of  cowardice  while  serving  with  his  battery  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac, 
and  insisted  on  his  removal  from  the  ticket.  The  charge  was  investi- 
(1-6) 


82  CYCLOPEDIA    OK 

gated  by  the  state  central  committee,  which  refused  to  remove  Mr. 
Anthony,  and  the  committee's  decision  was  ratified  by  the  people  at 
the  election  in  November,  when  Mr.  Anthony  was  elected  by  a  plurality 
of  nearly  23,000  votes.  Two  years  later,  in  the  Republican  state  con- 
vention, he  was  defeated  for  a  renomination  on  the  seventeenth  ballot. 
In  1881  he  was  made  superintendent  of  the  Mexican  Central  railway, 
a  position  he  held  for  about  two  years.  In  1884  he  was  elected  to 
represent  Leavenworth  county  in  the  state  legislature ;  was  a  member 
of  the  state  railroad  commission  from  1889  to  1893;  was  the  Republican 
nominee  for  Congressman  at  large  in  1892,  but  was  defeated  by  William 
A.  Harris ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  Trans-Mississippi  Congress  at  New 
Orleans  in  1892;  was  appointed  superintendent  of  insurance  by  Gov. 
Morrill  in  1895,  and  held  this  office  until  his  death,  which  occurred  at 
Topeka  on  Aug.  5,  1896.  As  an  orator  Gov.  Anthony  was  logical  and 
forcible,  rarely  failing  to  impress  his  hearers  by  his  intense  earnestness. 
He  was  often  criticized — such  is  always  the  case  with  men  of  positive 
natures — but  no  word  was  ever  whispered  against  his  honor  or  in- 
tegrity. The  Kansas  Historical  Society  Collections  (vol.  VI.,  p.  204) 
says :  "George  T.  Anthony's  greatest  usefulness  to  his  adopted  state 
was  his  work  while  editor  of  the  Kansas  Farmer  and  as  president  of 
the  board  of  Centennial  managers.  The  pioneer  farmers  of  Kansas  were 
negligent  in  the  management  of  farm  affairs.  Corn  was  about  the  only 
crop  produced,  and  at  the  end  of  the  season  the  plow  was  left  in  the 
furrow  and  the  mowing  machine  was  left  in  the  fence  corner,  while 
the  live  stock  were  left  to  shift  for  themselves.  The  Kansas  Farmer 
taught  diversified  farming,  economy  in  management,  improvement  in 
live  stock,  and  higher  regard  for  home  and  social  life.  The  Centennial 
exhibit  made  a  grand  advertisement  for  Kansas." 

Anthony's  Administration. — The  first  biennial  session  of  the  Kansas 
state  legislature  convened  on  Jan.  9,  1877,  and  organized  with  Lieut. 
Gov.  Melville  ].  Salter  as  president  of  the  senate,  and  Peter  P.  Elder  as 
speaker  of  the  house.  Gov.  Anthony  requested  a  joint  session  of  the 
two  branches  of  the  assembly,  that  he  might  read  his  message  in  person. 
This  was  something  of  an  innovation,  and  Representative  Mohler,  of 
Saline  county,  with  thirteen  others  entered  a  protest  against  such  a  pro- 
ceeding, giving  as  tiieir  reasons  therefor,  ist — because  it  was  not  au- 
thorized by  the  constitution ;  2nd — such  a  joint  session  was  not  really 
the  legislature  of  Kansas ;  and  3d — it  was  a  departure  from  established 
precedent.  Tlie  protest  was  made  a  matter  of  record,  but  a  majority  of 
the  members  voted  to  hold  the  joint  session  in  accordance  with  the  gov- 
ernor's request,  and  nn  the  iitli  Gov.  Anthony  read  lu's  message  to  the 
two  houses. 

Mis  message  showed  lliat  the  new  executive  was  fully  conversant  witji 
jjublic  matters,  and  was  replete  with  valualjle  suggestions.  "The  re- 
ports of  the  state  officers,"  said  he,  "show  the  financial  condition  and 
credit  of  the  state  to  be  of  the  most  flattering  character.  Seven  i)er 
cent,  currency  bonds  of  tlie  state  are  held  at   a  premium  of  seven  per 


KANSAS    HISTORY  83 

cent,  on  their  par  value  b.v  tlic  must  prudent  investors.  In  fact,  it  is 
difficult  to  find  holders  willing  to  part  with  them,  when  sought  as  an 
investment  by  the  state,  at  the  highest  quoted  price." 

He  then  carefully  reviewed  the  condition  of  the  state's  public  insti- 
tutions; called  attention  to  the  ambiguity  of  the  law  inflicting  the  death 
penalty;  devoted  some  attention  to  the  Price  Raid  claims,  and  recom- 
mended a  "house  of  correction"  for  youthful  offenders.  On  this  sub- 
ject he  said:  "Humanity  and  the  public  good  unite  in  demanding  a  place 
of  confinement,  other  than  the  penitentiary,  for  youthful  offenders.  So 
revolting  is  it  to  the  judgment  and  conscience  of  men  to  consign  erring 
youth,  for  its  first  proven  crime,  to  the  society  and  ineffaceable  disgrace 
of  a  penitentiary,  that  judges  and  jurors  cannot  be  found  to  convict 
when  they  can  evade  it." 

As  an  economical  means  of  providing  a  place  of  confinement  of  this 
nature  for  juvenile  transgressors,  he  recommended  a  separate  building 
and  yard  on  the  grounds  of  the  penitentiary,  but  under  the  same  man- 
agement. 

About  the  time  that  Gov.  Anthony  came  into  office,  complaint  was 
made  in  several  of  the  western  states  that  the  railroads  were  not  giving 
the  people  fair  treatment  in  many  respects.  His  utterances  on  this 
question  evinced  the  fact  that  he  had  given  it  close  attention.  Said  he: 
"There  is,  whether  just  or  not,  a  widespread  feeling  of  dissatisfaction 
with  the  railroad  corporations  of  the  state,  on  account  of  alleged  unful- 
filled obligations  on  their  part.  It  is  claimed  that  these  corporations 
received  valuable  franchise  privileges,  most  of  them  sharing  in  the  di- 
vision of  a  half-million  acres  of  state  internal  improvement  lands,  and 
receiving  large  contributions  of  local  aid  upon  their  lines  in  county, 
township  and  city  bonds ;  that  these  valuable  rights  and  franchises  were 
bestowed  on  condition,  and  in  consideration,  on  the  part  of  the  state 
and  people,  that  companies  so  chartered  and  aided  should  build  upon  the 
lines  and  operate  their  roads,  in  good  faith,  between  the  terminal  points 
named  in  their  respective  charters.  .  .  .  Some  of  these  companies,  it 
is  asserted,  have  not  built  upon  the  lines,  nor  caused  their  roads  to  con- 
nect and  be  operated  between  and  to  the  points  stipulated.  ...  In 
order  to  settle  all  controverted  points  now  in  dispute  as  to  the  char- 
tered obligations  of  these  companies,  I  urge  the  passage  of  a  law  which 
shall  clearly  and  fully  embody  a  demand  upon  these  companies  for  a 
recognition  of  the  obligation  held  by  you  to  be  due  from  them  to  the 
state,  with  adequate  provision  for  its  enforcement  by  the  state  author- 
ities." 

For  some  reason  the  legislature  did  not  see  fit  to  act  upon  this  recom- 
mendation of  the  governor,  but  instead  passed  several  acts  authoriz- 
ing counties,  cities  and  townships  to  issue  bonds  to  aid  in  the  construc- 
tion of  additional  lines  of  railroad.     (See  Railroads.) 

By  an  act  of  Congress,  approved  July  3,  1876,  the  secretary  of  war 
authorized  the  issue  to  certain  western  states  of  1,000  stands  of  arms 
each,  Kansas  being  one  of  such  states,  but  the  governors  of  these  states 


84  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

were  required  to  execute  bond  for  the  proper  care  of  the  arms,  etc.  In 
Kansas  there  was  at  that  time  no  law  empowering  the  governor  to  give 
such  bond,  but  the  secretary  of  war  turned  over  to  the  state  the  arms, 
upon  a  bond  given  by  Gov.  Osborn  and  his  promise  to  secure  the  rati- 
fication of  his  action  by  the  legislature.  In  his  message,  Gov.  Anthony 
reminded  the  assembly  that  the  arms  were  in  possession  of  the  state, 
and  that  it  was  due  Gov.  Osborn  that  prompt  action  be  taken  approv- 
ing his  course,  adding:  "Without  such  action  I  shall  feel  it  my  duty 
to  cause  the  return  of  the  arms  and  the  cancellation  of  the  bond." 

B}-  the  act  of  March  7,  1877,  Gov.  Osborn's  action  was  legalized  and 
his  bond  thus  rendered  a  valid  obligation  upon  the  state.  Two  days 
before  the  passage  of  this  act  the  legislature  authorized  the  governor 
to  "procure  the  erection  of  a  state  armory,"  and  appropriated  $2,000  for 
that  purpose.  The  armory  was  built  on  the  State-house  grounds,  south- 
east of  the  capitol,  but  has  long  since  been  remov*ed. 

During  the  session  George  W.  Martin  was  for  a  third  time  elected 
public  printer,  and  from  Jan.  23  to  31  there  were  daily  ballots  for  the 
election  of  a  United  States  senator.  Preston  B.  Plumb  was  elected  on 
the  sixteenth  ballot,  receiving  83  votes  to  63  for  David  P.  Lowe ;  8  for 
John  Martin;  i  for  Thomas  P.  Fenlon,  and  2  for  ex-Gov.  Wilson  Shan- 
non. 

The  legislature  adjourned  on  March  7.  The  principal  acts  passed 
•during  the  session  were  those  creating  the  office  of  commissioner  of 
fisheries;  reorganizing  the  state  normal  school;  authorizing  the  holding 
of  normal  institutes  in  various  sections  of  the  state;  changing  the  of- 
ficial names  of  the  blind  and  deaf  and  dumb  asylums ;  making  the  fiscal 
year  begin  on  July  i  instead  of  Dec.  i ;  and  directing  the  governor  to 
appoint  a  state  agent  to  prosecute  the  claims  of  Kansas  against  the 
United  States.  Ex-Gov.  Crawford  was  appointed  to  this  position  short- 
ly after  the  adjournment. 

Lieiit.-Gov.  M.  J.  Salter  resigned  his  ofifice  to  accept  a  position  in 
the  land  office  at  Independence.  This  left  a  vacancy  to  be  filled  at  the 
election  on  Nov.  6,  1877,  when  a  chief  justice  of  tlie  supreme  court  was 
also  to  be  elected.  Three  tickets  were  offered  to  the  voters  of  the  state 
for  their  consideration.  The  Republican  nominees  were  Albert  H.  Hor- 
ton  for  chief  justice  and  Lyman  U.  Humphrey  for  lieutenant-governor; 
the  Democratic  candidates  were  respectively  William  R.  Wagstaff  and 
Thomas  W.  Waterson ;  and  tlie  Greenbackers  presented  S.  A.  Riggs 
and  D.  B.  Hadley.  The  Democratic  and  Republican  nominations  were 
made  by  the  state  central  committees  of  tiiose  parties.  This  course 
failed  to  meet  the  approval  of  some  of  the  voters,  and  on  Oct.  6  the 
Republicans  of  Bourbon  cotmty  held  a  meeting  at  Fort  .Scott  and  de- 
nounced tiie  state  committee  "for  assiiining  authority  to  make  nomina- 
tions." The  protest,  however,  had  but  little  effect  upon  the  ultimate 
result,  as  at  the  election  Morton  received  63,850  votes;  Wagstaff,  25,378; 
and  Riggs,  9,880,  the  vote  for  lieutenant-governor  being  practically  the 
same.  Mr.  Humphrey  took  tlie  oath  of  office  as  lieutenant-governor  on 
Dec.  I. 


KANSAS    I.ISTOKY  .  85 

On  Dec.  8,  1877,  Gov.  Anthony  made  a  demand  for  the  surrender  of 
one  George  1.  Hopkins,  a  fugitive  from  justice  who  had  sought  refuge 
in  the  State  of  Ohio,  but  Robert  F.  Hurlbutt,  then  governor  of  Ohio, 
refused  to  honor  the  requisition.  A  corresiiondence  followed  and  the 
requisition  was  again  refused  by  R.  M.  Bishop,  who  succeeded  Hurl- 
butt  as  governor.  On  Oct.  23,  1878,  Gov.  Bishop  made  a  requisition  for 
one  Peter  C.  Becker,  an  embezzler  of  Butler  county,  Ohio,  who  had  fled 
to  Kansas,  when  Gov.  Anthony  refused,  giving  the  same  reasons  as 
those  presented  by  the  Ohio  authorities  in  the  Hopkins  case.  This  had 
the  desired  effect,  as  on  Nov.  21,  1878,  Gov.  Bishop  wrote,  explaining 
the  situation,  and  adding:  "I  very  much  regret  the  circumstance  has 
occurred,  as  my  desire  is  to  remain  on  the  most  amicable  relations  not 
only  with  your  state,  but  all  the  other  states.  The  warrant  for  Hop- 
kins' arrest  will  be  issued  whenever  again  demanded."  Gov.  Anthony 
deserved  great  credit  for  the  skill  and  courage  with  which  he  handled 
this  matter  in  upholding  the  dignity  and  enforcing  the  laws  of  the  state. 

The  winter  of  1877-78  was  noted  for  the  temperance  movement  which 
swept  over  the  state  and  culminated  in  the  organization  of  the  State 
Temperance  Society  at  Topeka  on  March  9,  1878,  with  Rev.  John  A. 
Anderson  as  president.  On  April  4  E.  B.  Reynolds  made  the  announce- 
ment that  100,000  Murphy  pledges  had  been  signed  by  Kansans. 

A  great  strike  of  the  employees  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
railroad  commenced  on  April  4,  1878,  and  the  next  day  C.  F.  Morse,  gen- 
eral superintendent  of  the  railroad,  wrote  to  Gov.  Anthony  as  follows : 
■'There  is  a  large  mob  about  our  depot,  threatening  violence.  I  have 
called  on  the  sheriff,  and  he  is  trying  to  raise  a  posse,  but  we  may  need 
help  from  the  state.     Will  you  protect  this  company  and  its  property?" 

"I  have  to  assure  you,"  wrote  Gov.  Anthony  the  same  day  in  reply, 
"of  my  full  sympathy,  and  that  the  power  of  the  state  shall  be  brought 
to  bear  to  suppress  any  effort  to  drive  peaceable  laborers  from  their 
work  upon  your  road  or  elsewhere."     (See  Labor  Troubles.) 

Three  state  tickets  were  nominated  in  the  political  campaign  of  1878. 
The  first  party  to  hold  a  convention  was  the  Greenback  party,  delegates 
of  which  met  at  Emporia  on  July  3  and  nominated  the  following  candi- 
dates: For  governor,  D.  P.  Mitchell;  lieutenant-governor,  Alfred  Tay- 
lor; secretary  of  state,  T.  P.  Leach;  auditor,  A.  B.  Cornell;  treasurer, 
A.  G.  Wolcott;  attorney-general,  Frank  Doster;  superintendent  of  public 
instruction,  1.  T.  Foot;  chief  justice,  H.  V.  Vrooman.  Frank  Doster 
was  later  made  the  candidate  for  Congress  in  the  third  district,  the  vote 
of  the  Greenback  party  generally  going  to  J.  F.  Cox,  the  Democratic 
candidate  for  attorney-general.  The  candidates  for  Congress  in  the 
first  and  second  districts  were  Elbridge  Gale  and  P.  P.  Elder,  respec- 
tively. No  nomination  was  made  for  Congressman  at  large,  the  support 
of  the  party  being  thrown  to  Samuel  J.  Crawford,  the  Democratic  candi- 
date. 

■  On  Aug.  28  the  Republican  state  convention  met  at  Topeka  and  nomi- 
nated John  P.  St.  John  for  governor ;  layman  U.  Humphrey,  for  lieuten- 
ant-governor;   James   Smith,   for  secretary   of   state;    P.    I.    Bonebrake, 


86  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

for  auditor ;  John  Francis,  for  treasurer ;  Willard  Davis,  for  attorney- 
general  ;  Allen  B.  Lemon,  for  superintendent  of  public  instruction ;  Al- 
bert H.  Horton,  for  chief  justice;  and  James  R.  Hallowell,  for  Congress- 
man at  large.  The  Republican  candidates  for  Congress  in  the  districts 
were  John  A.  Anderson  in  the  iirst,  Dudley  C.  Haskell  in  the  second, 
and  Thomas  Ryan  in  the  third. 

The  Democratic  state  convention  was  held  at  Leavenworth  on  Sept. 
4.  John  R.  Goodin  headed  the  ticket  as  the  candidate  for  governor; 
George  Ummethum  was  nominated  for  lieutenant-governor ;  L.  W.  Bar- 
ton, for  secretary  of  state ;  Osbun  Shannon,  for  auditor ;  C.  C.  Black, 
for  treasurer ;  J.  F.  Cox,  for  attorney-general ;  O.  F.  McKim,  for  super- 
intendent of  public  instruction;  R.  M.  Ruggles,  for  chief  justice;  and 
Samuel  J.  Crawford,  for  Congressman  at  large.  J.  R.  ]\IcClure  was  the 
Democratic  nominee  for  Congress  in  the  first  district;  Charles  W.  P>lair, 
in  the  second,  and  Joseph  B.  Fugate  in  the  third. 

There  were  no  especially  exciting  features  of  the  campaign,  though 
a  fairly  heavy  vote  was  polled  at  the  election  on  Nov.  5,  when  St.  John 
received  74,020  votes  for  governor ;  Goodin,  37,208 ;  and  Mitchell,  27,057. 
The  Republican  candidate  for  Congress  in  each  of  the  three  districts 
was  elected  by  a  substantial  majority,  and  Mr.  Hallowell  carried  the 
state  as  the  candidate  for  Congressman  at  large.  It  developed,  how- 
ever, that  the  state  was  not  authorized  to  elect  a  Congressman  at  large, 
and  Hallowell  was  not  permitted  to  take  his  seat. 

In  Sept.,  1878,  the  Indians  on  the  western  frontier  began  making  hos- 
tile demonstrations.  When  Gov.  Anthony  received  the  information 
tJiat  some  of  the  Cheyennes  had  left  their  reservation  and  were  moving 
against  the  settlements  in  western  Kansas,  he  placed'  himself  in  tele- 
graphic communication  with  the  Federal  authorities.  Ten  da^'S  later 
the  Indians  were  reported  to  be  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Dodge,  and,  as 
the  general  government  refused  to  act,  the  governor  sent  Adjt.-Gen. 
Noble  with  arms  and  ammunition  to  the  menaced  districts,  with  in- 
structions to  arm  and  organize  the  people  for  their  own  defense.  (See 
Indian  Wars.) 

If  Gov.  .Anthony  had  introduced  an  innovation  at  the  commencement 
of  his  administration,  in  requesting  a  joint  session  to  hear  his  mes- 
sage, he  introduced  no  less  an  innovation  at  its  close,  in  submitting  a 
retiring  message,  partly  a  review  of  his  official  acts  and  partly  sugges- 
tions for  the  future.  This  message  bears  the  date  of  Jan.  13,  1870,  and 
in  a  prefatory  note  to  the  incoming  governor,  Gov.  Anthony  says : 
"Sir:  Impelled  by  a  sense  of  duty,  I  have  prepared,  and  herewith  hand 
you,  a  commtmication  to  the  legislature.  This  innovation  will,  I  trust, 
meet  with  sufificient  approval  on  your  part  to  justify  you  in  its  trans- 
mittal to  llic  separate  br;inchcs  of  that  bod\.  wiiich  faxcr  1  rcsiioiM  fully 
ask  at  your  hands." 

In  the  message  itself,  ho  thus  gives  his  reasons  for  its  preparation: 
"Believing  it  better  to  establish  a  good  precedent  than  to  follow  a  b.id 
one,  and  liolding  duly  to  the  public  ]>aramount  to  custom  and  usage, 


KANSAS    HISTORY  8? 

1  have  concluded  to  depart  from  the  practice  of  predecessors,  by  ad- 
dressing- you.  I  am  impelled  to  this  departure  by  a  belief  that  there 
are  transactions,  both  complete  and  incomplete,  connected  with  my  ad- 
ministration, which  should  be  brought  to  your  attention  in  more  full- 
ness of  detail  and  particularity  of  statement  than  could  be  expected  or 
required  of  the  governor  elect;  and  I  trust  you  will,  by  law,  make  it 
his  duty  to  perform  a  work  I  have  assumed  to  do  at  the  peril  of  un- 
friendly criticism." 

The  governor  then  gives  a  detailed  account  of  the  appointment  of 
ex-Gov.  Samuel  J.  Crawford  as  state  agent,  with  a  list  of  the  bonds 
issued  at  various  times  for  military  purposes,  amounting  to  $470,726.15, 
for  which  the  state  had  not  been  reimbursed  by  the  Federal  govern- 
ment. He  also  discussed  the  Santa  Fc  strike;  school  lands  and  school 
funds ;  the  correspondence  with  the  governors  of  Ohio ;  the  Indian  raid 
of  1878,  and  included  a  list  of  pardons  granted  to  convicts  during  his 
term  of  office.  Gov.  St.  John,  in  his  own  message,  made  no  reference 
to  Gov.  Anthony's  farewell  communication,  though  it  appears  to  have 
been  submitted  to  the  legislature,  as  official  copies  of  it  were  printed 
by  the  state  printer.  The  day  following  its  submission  to  Gov.  St. 
John,  the  administration  of  Gov.  Anthony  came  to  a  close. 

Anti  Horse  Thief  Association. — Shortly  after  the  commencement  of 
the  Civil  war,  lawless  men  in  the  border  states — that  is  the  states  lying 
between  the  loyal  and  seceded  states — banded  themselves  together  for 
the  purpose  of  plundering  honest  citizens.  Missouri  especially  was  sub- 
ject to  the  depredations  of  these  gangs,  and  in  time  the  conditions  be- 
came so  bad  that  the  law-abiding  people  found  it  necessary  to  take  some 
action  for  defense.  The  first  organization  of  this  character  was  pro- 
posed at  a  meeting  held  at  Luray,  Mo.,  in  Sept.,  1863.  At  a  second 
meeting,  held  at  Millport,  Mo.,  about  a  month  later,  a  constitution  and 
by-laws  were  adopted,  and  as  horses  seemed  to  be  the  principal  objects 
of  theft,  the  society  took  the  name  of  the  "Anti  Horse  Thief  Associa- 
tion." The  effectiveness  of  such  an  organization  quickly  became  ap- 
parent, the  order  spread  to  other  states,  and  in  time  covered  a  large 
expanse  of  territory.  After  the  war  was  over,  when  the  conditions  that 
called  the  association  into  existence  no  longer  existed,  its  scope  was 
widened  to  include  all  kinds  of  thefts  and  a  national  organization  was 
incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Kansas.  This  national  order  is  com- 
posed of  officers  and  delegates  from  the  state  associations  and  meets 
annually  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  October.  Next  in  importance  is  the 
state  division,  which  is  made  up  of  representatives  of  the  local  organiza- 
tions, and  meets  annual!}-  to  elect  officers  and  delegates  to  the  national 
order.  The  sub-orders  or  local  associations  are  composed  of  individual 
members  and  usually  meet  monthly.  An}-  reputable  citizen  over  the 
age  of  21  years  is  eligible  for  membership,  widows  of  members  receive 
all  the  protection  to  which  their  husbands  were  entitled  while  living, 
and  other  women  may  become  "protective  members"  by  payment  of  the 
regular  fees  and  dues. 


88  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

W'aW  and  McCarty,  in  their  history  of  the  association,  say:  "The 
A.  H.  T.  A.  uses  only  strictly  honorable,  legal  methods.  It  opposes 
lawlessness  in  an}'  and  all  forms,  yet  does  its  work  so  systematically  and 
efficiently  that  few  criminals  are  able  to  escape  when  it  takes  the  trail. 
.  .  .  The  centralization  of  'Many  in  One'  has  many  advantages  not 
possessed  by  even  an  independent  association,  for  while  it  might  en- 
compass a  neighborhood,  the  A.  T.  H.  A.  covers  many  states.  .  .  .  The 
value  of  an  article  stolen  is  rarely  taken  into  consideration.  The  order 
decrees  that  the  laws  of  the  land  must  be  obeyed,  though  it  costs  many 
times  the  value  of  the  property  to  capture  the  thief.  An  individual 
could  not  spend  $50  to  $100  to  recover  a  $25  horse  and  capture  the  thief. 
The  A.  T.  H.  A.  would,  because  of  the  effect  it  would  have  in  the 
future.  .  .  .  Thieves  have  learned  these  facts  and  do  less  stealing  from 
our  members,  hence  the  preventative  protection." 

This  was  written  in  1906.  At  that  time  the  national  organization 
numbered  over  30,000  members,  arranged  in  divisions  as  follows :  Ohio 
Division,  which  embraced  the  State  of  Ohio ;  Illinois  Division,  which 
included  the  states  of  Illinois,  Indiana  and  Michigan  and  all  territory 
east  of  the  Mississippi  and  south  of  the  Ohio  river  not  otherwise  dis- 
tricted ;  Missouri  Division,  including  the  states  of  Missouri,  Iowa,  Ar- 
kansas and  Louisiana ;  Kansas  Division,  which  consisted  of  the  states 
of  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  and  all  territory  to  the  north,  west  and  south 
of  those  states  not  included  in  other  districts;  Oklahoma  Division,  in- 
cluding the  State  of  Oklahoma ;  Indian  Territory  Division,  which  em- 
braced the  Indian  Territory  and  Texas. 

The  Anti  Horse  Thief  Association  is  in  no  sense  a  vigilance  com- 
mittee, and  the  organization  has  never  found  it  necessary  to  adopt  the 
mysterious  methods  of  "Regulators,"  "White  Caps"  or  kindred  organi- 
zations. Its  deeds  are  done  in  the  broad  open  light  of  the  day.  When 
a  theft  or  robbery  is  committed  in  any  portion  of  the  vast  territory  cov- 
ered by  the  association  and  the  direction  taken  by  the  offender  is  ascer- 
tained, local  associations  are  notified  to  be  on  the  lookout  for  the  fugi- 
tive, and  his  capture  is  almost  a  certainty.  Although  the  original  name 
is  retained,  bankers,  merchants  and  manufacturers  are  to  be  found 
among  the  members,  courts  recognize  its  value,  criminals  fear  it,  and 
press  and  pulpit  have  endorsed  and  praised  its  work  in  the  apprehension 
of  criminals. 

Antiquities. — (See  Archaeology.) 

Antonino,  a  post-village  of  Ellis  county,  is  situated  in  the  Smoky 
Ilill  valley  about  8  miles  southwest  of  Hays,  the  county  seat.  It  is  a 
small  hamlet  and  receives  mail  Iri-weekly.  Hays  is  the  most  conve- 
nient railroad  station. 

Antrim,  a  small  hamlet  of  Stafford  county,  is  within  a  short  dis- 
tance of  the  Pratt  county  line,  about  8  miles  south  of  St.  John,  the 
county  seat  and  most  convenient  railroad  station,  from  which  mail  is 
received  by  rural  free  delivery. 

Aplington    Art    Gallery. — The    movement    for    a    traveling    art    study 


KANSAS    HISTORY 


89 


collection  may  be  said  to  have  had  its  beginning  in  the  year  1895,  but 
nothing  definite  was  accomplished  till  1901,  when  Mrs.  W.  A.  Johnston 
was  president  of  the  Kansas  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs,  and  the 
executive  board  accepted  a  small  set  of  photogravures — the  gift  of  Mrs. 
Kate  A.  Aplington  of  Council  Grove — to  be  used  as  the  nucleus  of  a 
state  art  study  collection.  A  report  of  the  board  says:  "I.ater  it  was 
thought  best  to  let  some  district  try  the  experiment  of  caring  for  the 
traveling  collection,  and  as  the  Fourth  district  offered  to  frame  the 
pictures  and  keep  them  in  circulation  in  the  schools  of  the  district,  the 
collection  was  placed  in  their  hands." 

At  the  first  board  meeting  of  the  Kansas  Federation  of  Women's  clubs 
in  1903,  a  motion  was  made  to  publish  a  "Book  of  Quotations,"  the 
profits  from  the  sales  to  be  devoted  to  the  purchase  of  large  size  carbon 
photographs  for  use  by  the  clubs  and  schools  of  the  state  for  public  art 
exhibits.  The  proceeds  from  the  sale  of  the  book  netted  over  $360,  which 
was  used  for  the  purchase  of  50  pictures  of  the  Italian,  and  about  60 
of  the  Dutch  and  Flemish  schools.  A  small  German  collection  was 
added  later.  In  1905  a  very  full  fine  French  collection  was  added.  The 
following  year  a  new  English  collection  was  added,  and  during  the  first 
three  years  the  gallery  was  in  existence  the  State  Federation  held  91 
exhibits. 

From  the  first  it  was  intended  at  some  future  time  to  ofifer  this  col- 
lection to  the  state,  and  accordingly,  in  Feb.,  1907,  the  executive  board 
of  the  Federation  met  in  Topeka  and  took  formal  action  regarding  this. 
A  bill  was  passed  by  the  legislature  of  1907,  authorizing  the  acceptance 
of  the  collection  by  the  state. 

Aplington,  Kate  Adele,  for  whom  the  above  collection  is  named,  was 
born  in  Sugar  Grove,  Lee  Co.,  111.,  March  i,  1859,  a  daughter  of  Henry 
H.  and  Elizabeth  Melinda  (Deming)  Smith,  both  natives  of  New  York. 
Her  father  was  an  educator  and  from  1854  to  1879  was  engaged  con- 
tinuously in  school  work,  being  city  superintendent  of  schools  in  Sa- 
vannah, Mt.  Carroll,  Galena,  Macomb.  Alton,  Polo  and  Ottawa,  111., 
and  for  12  years  was  county  superintendent  of  Whiteside  county,  111. 
As  a  girl  Mrs.  Aplington  was  quite  a  student,  and  vvas  of  great  help 
to  her  father  in  his  laboratory  work.  She  was  graduated  in  1876,  and 
immediately  took  some  post-graduate  work,  to  fit  herself  for  a  univer- 
sity course,  but  failing  eyesight  prevented.  She  taught  two  terms  in 
the  Ottawa  (111.)  high  school,  and  while  there  helped  establish  a  read- 
ing room  and  library.  On  June  19,  1879,  she  was  married  to.  John  Ap- 
lington, a  graduate  of  the  Union  College  of  Law  of  Chicago,  and  in 
1880  they  moved  to  Council  Grove,  Kan.,  where  they  have  since  resided. 
In  1901  Mrs.  Aplington  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Charities  Con- 
ference committee  and  with  other  members  visited  the  Girls'  Industrial 
School  at  Beloit,  making  recommendations  that  domestic  science  be 
installed  in  the  school.  In  1902  she  was  made  chairman  of  the  manual 
training  committee  of  the  Kansas  State  Social  Science  Federation,  and 
wrote  hundreds  of  letters  to  educators  in  the  larger  towns,  from  whom 


90  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

she  received  voluminous  reports  and  recommendations  from  which  the 
present  state  law  was  passed  in  1903.  In  that  j'ear  she  was  elected 
vice  president  of  the  Kansas  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs,  at  its  meet- 
ing in  Wichita,  and  was  the  author  of  the  proposition  to  publish  a 
'"Book  of  Quotations,"  the  profits  from  the  sales  to  be  devoted  to  the 
purchase  of  a  collection  of  carbon  reproductions  of  famous  paintings. 
These  copies  were  purchased  and  for  three  years  were  exhibited  in  va- 
rious parts  of  the  state,  Mrs.  Aplington  having  the  superintendency  of 
the  same.  In  1907,  the  collection  was  offered  and  accepted  by  the  state, 
and  was  given  the  name  of  "Aplington  Art  Gallery."  Mrs.  Aplington 
is  still  connected  with  the  traveling  art  galleries  and  at  the  present 
time  (July,  191 1 )  is  preparing  notes,  etc.,  for  an  American  collection  of 
paintings  which  will  be  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  traveling  libraries 
commission  to  be  used  in  connection  with  the  other  exhibits. 

Appanoose,  a  hamlet  of  Douglas  county,  is  situated  in  the  extreme 
southwestern  corner,  8  miles  southeast  of  Overbrook,  the  nearest  rail- 
road station,  from  which  it  has  rural  free  delivery.  In  1910  it  had  a 
population  of  less  than  20. 

Aral,  a  little  hamlet  of  Butler  comity,  is  about  20  miles  southwest 
of  Eldorado,  the  county  seat,  and  3  miles  from  Rose  Hill,  from  which 
place  mail  is  received  by  rural  free  delivery. 

Arapahoe  County. — One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  territorial  legislature 
of  1855  created  .Vraiiahoe  count}' — so  named  for  the  plains  tribe  of  In- 
dians— and  defined  the  boundaries  as  follows:  "Beginning  at  the  north- 
east corner  of  New  Mexico,  running  thence  north  to  the  south  line  of 
Nebraska  and  north  line  of  Kansas;  thence  along  said  line  to  the  east 
line  of  L'tah  territory  ;  thence  along  said  line  between  Utah  and  Kansas 
territories,  to  where  said  line  strikes  New  Mexico;  thence  along  the 
line  between  said  New  Mexico  and  the  territory  of  Kansas  to  the  place 
of  beginning." 

.-Ml  the  territory  embraced  within  these  boundaries  is  now  in  the 
state  of  Colorado.  By  the  act  of  creation  Allen  P.  Tibbitts  was  ap- 
pointed judge  of  the  probate  court  of  the  county,  the  plan  for  holding 
court  being  left  to  his  discretion,  and  Allen  P.  Tibbitts,  Levi  Mitchell 
and  Jonathan  Atwood  were  appointed  commissioners  to  locate  the  coun- 
ty seat,  which  was  to  be  known  as  Mountain  City.  One  representa- 
tive in  the  state  legislature  was  apportioned  I0  the  counly,  which  was 
attached  tn  Marshall  county  for  all  business  purposes. 

In  1873  a  second  county  of  Arapahoe  was  created  in  the  southwest- 
ern |)art  of  the  state  out  of  unorganized  territory.  Its  boundaries  were 
defined  as  follows;  "Commencing  at  the  intersection  of  the  east  line 
f)f  range  31,  west,  with  the  north  line  of  township  27.  south;  thence 
south  along  the  range  line  to  wliere  it  intersects  the  sixth  standard 
parallel;  thence  west  along  the  sixth  standard  parallel  lo  the  intersec- 
tion with  tlie  cast  line  of  range  35,  west;  tlience  uorlh  .ilong  the  range 
line  to  where  it  intersects  the  north  line  of  township  27.  siiuth  ;  thence 
cast  to  the  place  of  beginning."     In   1883  ,'\rapahoe  county  disappeaied. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  O' 

its  territory  being  included  in  Finney  and  in  1887  Haskell  county  was 
created  from  that  part  of  Finney  which  had  been  established  as  Arapa- 
hoe in  1873. 

Arbitration,  Boards  of. — Although  Kansas  has  never  been  a  great 
manufacturing  state,  the  need  of  some  systematic  plan  for  the  settle- 
ment of  disputes  between  capital  and  labor  was  felt  at  an  early  day, 
for  as  early  as  1886,  an  act  was  passed  "to  establish  boards  of  arbitra- 
tion." By  this  act,  when  a  petition  signed  by  five  or  more  workmen, 
or  by  two  separate  firms,  individuals  or  corporations  within  the  county 
who  are  employers,  is  presented,  the  district  court  of  a  county,  or  a 
judge  thereof  in  vacation,  shall  have  the  power  to  issue  a  license  for  the 
establishment  of  a  tribunal  for  voluntary  arbitration  and  settlement  of 
disputes  between  employer  ;ind  employee  in  "manufacturing,  mechanical, 
mining  and  other  industries." 

A  tribunal  consists  of  four  persons  appointed  by  the  judge;  two 
workmen  and  two  employers,  all  of  whom  must  be  residents  of  the 
county  in  which  the  dispute  takes  place.  At  the  time  the  license  is 
issued  for  the  establishment  of  the  board,  the  judge  also  appoints  an 
umpire,  who  is  to  decide  impartially  all  questions  that  are  submitted 
during  his  term  of  office.  When  the  board  fails  to  agree  after  three 
meetings,  any  question  in  dispute  is  referred  to  the  umpire  and  his  de- 
cision in  the  matter  is  final.  A  board  of  arbitration  may  take  jurisdic- 
tion of  an}'  dispute  between  employees  and  emploj'er  in  any  of  the 
industries,  who  submit  their  dispute  to  the  tribunal  in  writing.  When 
disputes  occur  in  a  county  where  there  is  no  tribunal,  they  maj'  be  re- 
ferred to  a  tribunal  already  existing  in  an  adjoining  county.  After 
the  appointment  of  a  board  of  arbitration  in  a  county,  it  organizes  by 
electing  one  member  chairman  and  one  secretary.  The  sessions  of 
these  tribunals  are  held  at  the  county  seat,  to  consider  the  petitions 
that  have  been  presented.  Its  members  are  paid  out  of  the  county 
treasury  at  the  rate  of  $2.00  a  day  for  each  day  of  actual  service.  All 
matters  in  dispute  are  submitted  to  the  chairman  of  the  board,  who 
has  power  to  administer  oaths  to  all  witnesses  called  upon  to  testify  by 
either  side.  The  board  also  has  power  to  investigate  all  books,  docu- 
ments and  accounts  pertaining  to  matters  in  hearing  before  it.  The 
board  makes  its  own  rules  for  government  while  in  session,  fixes  its 
own  sessions  and  adjournments,  but  the  chairman  can  call  an  extra 
session  at  any  time,  ^^']len  the  board  cannot  settle  any  matter  in  di's- 
pute  it  submits  the  matter  to  the  umpire  in  writing,  and  he  is  required 
to  award  a  decision  within  seven  days.  When  the  award  is  for  a  spe- 
cific sum  of  money,  a  copy  of  the  decision  is  filed  in  the  district  court 
of  the  county,  after  which  the  court  may  enter  judgment.  Since  the 
act  was  passed  providing  for  these  boards  of  arbitration  many  labor 
disputes  have  been  successfully  settled  with  no  litigation  ;  usually  to 
the  entire  satisfaction  of  both  parties  of  the  dispute. 

Arbor  Day. — This  day  owes  its  origin  to  J.  Sterling  Morton,  of  Ne- 
braska,   late    United    States  commissioner   of  agriculture,   who   in    1872 


92  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

succeeded  in  inducing  his  state  (then  almost  treeless)  to  set  apart  a 
day  for  the  purpose  of  planting  trees.  Over  a  million  were  planted 
that  year.  In  1874  the  same  state  planted  over  12,000,000  trees,  Gov. 
Robert  W.  Furnas,  the  governor  at  that  time  issuing  a  proclamation 
setting  apart  a  day  in  April  for  the  purpose.  Nebraska,  in  1885,  en- 
acted a  law,  designating  April  22,  the  birthday  of  Mr.  Morton,  as  Arbor 
day  and  making  it  a  legal  holiday.  In  Kansas  the  first  recognition  of 
the  day  was  in  1875,  when  Thomas  J.  Anderson,  then  mayor  of  Topeka, 
issued  the  following  proclamation  : 


ARBOR  DAY. 

PROCLAMATION   BY  THE   MAYOR. 

"At  the  sugggestion  of  many  citizens  who  desire  to  see  the  capitol 
grounds  made  an  ornament  to  the  city,  I  hereby  appoint  Friday.  April 
23,  1875,  as  "Arbor  Day,"  and  request  all  citizens  on  that  date  to  set 
out  trees  in  the  capitol  grounds.  On  that  day,  it  is  hoped  that  each 
citizen  interested,  will  repair  to  the  grounds,  between  the  hours  of  2 
p.  m.  and  5  p.  m.,  and  set  out  one  tree.  The  secretary  of  state  will  point 
out  the  proper  locations  for  the  trees. 

"Tiios.  J.  Anderson.  Ma\'or." 

The  citizens  of  Topeka  responded  to  the  call  and  some  800  trees 
were  planted.  The  next  year  the  mayor  of  Topeka  set  apart  April  18 
as  arbor  day,  on  which  occasion  the  residents  of  the  capital  city  again 
gathered  on  the  capitol  grounds  to  replace  such  trees  as  had  died  dur- 
ing the  previous  twelve  months,  and  to  make  such  additions  as  they 
saw  fit. 

From  this  time  on  the  cities,  towns  and  villages  of  the  state  began 
observing  the  day  in  a  more  or  less  public  manner,  with  the  ultimate 
result,  that  many  sections  are  now  veritable  forests,  where  a  few  short 
years  ago  they  were  treeless  plains. 

On  April  4,  1883,  Gpv.  George  W.  Glick  issued  a  proclamation,  set- 
ting apart  April  25  to  be  observed  as  arbor  day.  This  probably  was 
the  earliest  official  recognition  given  the  day  by  the  chief  executive 
of  Kansas,  which  custom  has  since  been  followed  by  succeeding  gov- 
ernors. 

Arbor  day  is  now  observed  in  nearly  every  state  and  territory  in  the 
linioii,  anfj  in  many  j)laccs  in  C'anarla  and  in  parts  of  luirDpt.  '\'hv  day 
is  made  a  feature  in  the  Kansas  schools  each  year,  when  appropriate 
exercises  are  given  in  connection  with  the  planting  of  trees  and  shrubs. 

Arcadia,  an  incorporated  town  of  Crawford  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.,  about  15  miles  northeast  of 
Girard,  the  county  seat,  and  near  the  Missouri  state  line.  It  has  a  bank, 
a  good  graded  public  school,  a  fire  department,  a  weekly  newspaper. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  93 

planing  mills,  brick  and  tile  factories,  a  hotel,  churches  of  several  of 
the  leading  denominations,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  694. 
Communication  with  other  places  is  maintained  by  telegraph  and  tele- 
phone in  addition  to  the  facilities  offered  by  the  postoffice,  which  issues 
international  money  orders  and  supplies  the  surrounding  rural  districts 
with  mail  through  the  medium  of  four  free  delivery  routes. 

Archaeology. — Webster  defines  archaeology  as  "The  study  of  an- 
tiquities; the  study  of  art,  architecture,  customs  and  beliefs  of  ancient 
peoples  as  shown  in  their  monuments,  implements,  inscriptions,  etc." 

The  term  is  sometimes  used  in  its  narrow  sense  for  the  study  of 
the  material  remains  of  the  historic  peoples  of  antiquity,  especially  the 
Greeks,  Romans,  Babylonians  and  Egyptians,  and  sometimes  for  the 
general  scientific  study  of  prehistoric  man,  when  it  is  known  as  pre- 
historic archaeology  or  paleethnology.  Holloway's  History  of  Kansas 
(p.  87)  says :  "Kansas  cannot  boast  of  a  remote  antiquity.  Her  soil 
never  becomes  the  scene  of  stirring  events  until  of  late  years.  Her 
level  and  far-reaching  prairies  afiforded  but  little  temptation  lo  the  early 
adventurer.  No  ideal  gold  mines  or  opulent  Indian  city  were  ever  lo- 
cated within  her  boundaries." 

While  this  is  true  in  a  general  sense — so  far  as  human  antiquities 
are  concerned — there  is  abundant  evidence  to  show  that  Kansas  has  a 
remote  antiquity  along  other  lines.  In  prehistoric  times  southwestern 
Kansas  was  the  bed  of  a  great  inland  sea,  where  dwelt  the  ichthyo- 
saurus and  other  gigantic  animals,  and  in  Barber  county  there  are 
beds  of  petrified  shells  resembling  the  shells  of  the  modern  oyster.  The 
antiquities  of  Kansas  are  therefore  confined  chiefly  to  the  fossil  remains 
of  prehistoric  animals,  of  which  fine  specimens  are  to  be  found  in  the 
collections  of  the  University  of  Kansas  and  Yale  University.  Some 
years  ago  S.  S.  Hand  found  a  fossil  fish  in  Hamilton  county,  which  he 
sent  to  Chancellor  Snow  of  the  state  university,  who  wrote  in  reply: 
"My  view  about  your  fine  fish  is,  that  it  lived  and  died  when  what  is 
now  Hamilton  county,  more  than  3,000  feet  above  the  present  level, 
was  under  the  salt  water  ocean.  Remains  of  fishes,  sharks  and  great 
sea  monsters  are  found  abundantly  in  the  rocks  of  western  Kansas, 
especially  along  the  banks  of  the  Smoky  Hill  river  and  its  branches. 
In  fact,  the  ocean  covered  the  entire  western  portion  of  the  United 
States.  The  Rocky  mountains  were  not  upheaved  when  your  fish  lived 
and  died."     (See  Geology.) 

Of  the  early  inhabitants  of  Kansas,  little  definite  information  can  be 
gleaned  from  the  relics  these  departed  races  have  left  behind.  Stone 
mauls,  hammers,  arrow  heads  and  a  few  iron  implements  constitute 
the  greater  part  of  these  relics,  and  the  information  they  impart  tells 
but  little  of  the  people  who  made  and  used  them,  or  of  the  period  when 
those  people  lived.  Brower,  in  his  Quivira  and  Harahey  (q.  v.)  gives 
an  account  of  his  discovery  of  the  sites  of  a  number  of  ancient  villages, 
and  earlv  in  1880  the  Scientific  American  published  an  article  comment- 
ing on  the  report  of  Judge  E.  P.  West  of  recent  archaeological  explora- 


94  CYCLOPEDIA   OF 

tions  in  Kansas.  Saj's  the  American :  "Judge  West  presents  a  large 
amount  of  evidence  to  show  that  at  a  remote  period  that  region  was 
peopled  by  a  race  with  which  the  mound  builders  must  be  accounted 
modern.  .  .  .  Prior  to  the  (glacial)  drift  epoch  the  river  channels 
were  deeper  than  now,  and  the  river  valleys  were  lower.  Subsequently 
the  valleys  were  filled  by  a  lacustrine  deposit  of  considerable  depth. 
In  or  beneath  this  last  deposit  the  reamins  of  an  extinct  race  occur." 

The  remains  mentioned  in  Judge  West's  report  were  found  along 
the  line  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  in  Douglas,  Pottawatomie,  Riley, 
Dickinson,  .Marion,  Ellsworth  and  Lincoln  counties,  and  all  with  the 
exception  of  one  on  the  second  bottom  or  terrace.  In  digging  wells 
and  making  other  excavations  stone  implements,  pottery,  bones  and 
bone  implements  were  found  from  20  to  30  feet  below  the  surface. 
Judge  West  is  inclined  to  fix  the  time  when  this  race  occupied  the  re- 
gion as  after  the  glacial  epoch  and  prior  to  deposition  of  the  loess.  In 
requesting  the  newspapers  of  Kansas  to  urge  the  importance  of  sav- 
ing such  relics  and  remains  when  found,  he  says:  "Flere  we  have  a 
buried  race  enwrapped  in  a  profound  and  startling  mystery — a  race 
whose  appearance  and  exit  in  the  world's  drama  precede  stupendous 
changes  marking  our  continent,  and  which  perhaps  required  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  years  in  their  accomplishment.  The  prize  is  no  less 
than  determining  when  this  mysterious  people  lived,  how  they  lived, 
when  they  passed  out  of  existence,  and  why  they  became  extinct." 
(See  Lansing  Skeleton.) 

George  J.  Remsburg,  whu  has  devoted  considerable  time  tn  the  study 
of  the  archaeological  remains  of  the  Missouri  valley,  investigated  the 
ruins  of  a  number  of  Indian  villages,  etc.,  and  in  the  Kansas  Magazine 
for  June,  1893,  published  the  results  of  his  researches.  Aiier  mention- 
ing the  location  and  describing  several  old  Indian  villages,  he  says: 
''One  of  the  richest  archaeological  finds  ever  made  in  Atchison  county 
was  at  Oak  Mills,  a  small  village  in  the  river  bottom.  Two  men  were 
employed  in  repairing  the  fence  around  John  Davitz's  lot,  when  they 
observed  several  flint  implements  projecting  from  a  ridge  of  clay.  In- 
vestigation revealed  the  fact  that  it  was  an  aboriginal  burial  ground. 
The  remains  of  several  Indians  were  exhumed,  the  bones  of  which 
crumbled  instantly  on  being  exposed.  Not  even  a  small  fragment  of 
bone  could  be  preserved,  except  the  teeth,  which  are  worn  down  very 
short  and  smooth,  indicating  tlial  the  deceased  were  of  an  advanced 
age,  or  that  they  had  subsisted  on  a  diet  of  dry  corn  or  coarse  food. 
The  skulls  were  completely  decayed,  but  the  imprint  of  one  of  them 
indicated  that  it  was  unusually  large.  .  .  .  Near  the  shoulders  and 
lireast  of  each  of  the  skeletons  was  a  pile  of  flint  implomenls.  The 
large  implements  were  made  from  common  blue  chert,  while  the  drills 
and  arrow  points  are  of  finer  materials  and  of  various  colors. 
Everything  about  tliese  discoveries  goes  to  show  that  they  are  the  re- 
mains of  Indians  who  occupied  this  region  centuries  ago.  All  external 
evidence  of  a  burying  ground  had  been  oblileratcd,  and  had  it  not  been 
for  Ihe  heavy  rains  the  rjiscovery  would  probably  not  have  licen  made." 


KANSAS    HISTORY  95 

Trees  of  considerable  size  had  been  felled  upon  the  site  of  this  old 
aboriginal  cemetery  30  years  before  the  discovery  mentioned  In'  Mr. 
Remsburg,  a  fact  which  goes  to  bear  out  his  statement  that  the  skele- 
tons were  those  of  natives  who  had  lived  centuries  ago. 

Another  important  archaeological  investigation  was  made  by  Prof. 
J.  A.  Udden  of  Bethany  College  in  the  early  '80s,  when  he  examined 
the  mounds  south  of  the  Smoky  Hill  river  and  found  bones  of  animals, 
stone  implements,  sandstone  or  "hand  grindstones,"  the  entire  collec- 
tion numbering  some  500  interesting  relics.  Prof.  Udden  made  a  par- 
tial report  to  the  Academy  of  Science  in  1886,  and  subsequently  a  more 
complete  report  was  published  in  the  Kansas  Historical  Collections. 
The  finding  of  a  piece  of  chain  mail  (See  Coronado)  he  says  "makes 
it  certain  that  the  village  was  occupied  by  Indians  at  least  as  late  as 
after  the  discovery  of  America  by  Europeans." 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  archaeological  relic  ever  found  in  Kan- 
sas is  the  ruins  of  a  pueblo  known  as  El  Quartelejo.  Dunbar  says  that 
about  1702  "the  occupants  of  the  pueblo  of  Picuries,  in  northern  New 
Mexico,  forsook  their  village  and,  resorting  to  the  northeastern  plain, 
established  the  post  later  known  as  El  Quartelejo,  distant  northeast 
350  miles  from  Santa  Fe,  in  the  present  Scott  county,  Kan.  The  ex- 
planation of  this  sudden  movement  was  probably  the  result  of  some 
fanciful  or  mysterious  impulse,  from  which  they  were  in  due  time 
readily  dissuaded  by  the  governor  of  the  province,  Don  Francisco 
Cuerbo  y  Valdes,  and  soon  after  resumed  their  forsaken  home." 

Bancroft,  in  his  history  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  (p.  228),  says: 
"Capt.  Uribarri  marched  this  year  (1706)  out  into  the  Cibola  plains; 
and  at  Jicarilla,  37  leagues  northeast  of  Taos,  was  kindly  received  by 
the  Apaches,  who  conducted  him  to  Cuartelejo,  of  which  he  took  pos- 
session, naming  the  province  San  Luis  and  the  Indian  rancheria  Santo 
Domingo." 

The  ruins  of  the  old  pueblo  are  in  the  northern  part  of  the  country 
and  were  first  noticed  about  1884.  The  dimensions  are  32  by  50  feet, 
and  the  remains  of  the  foundation  walls  indicate  that  it  was  divided 
into  seven  rooms,  varying  in  size  from  10  by  14  feet  to  16  by  18  feet. 
Prof.  S.  W.  Williston  visited  these  riiins  in  1898  and  the  following 
January  gave  a  description  of  them  before  the  Kansas  Historical  So- 
ciety, his  paper  on  that  occasion  appearing  in  the  vol.  VI  of  the  Kansas 
Historical  Collections.  Handel  T.  Martin,  of  the  paleontological  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Kansas,  who  examined  the  pueblo  in  con- 
nection with  Prof.  Williston,  has  published  the  results  of  his  investiga- 
tions in  an  illustrated  article  in  the  Kansas  University  Science  Bul- 
letin for  Oct.,  1909.  After  remarking  that  much  of  the  stone  has  been 
taken  away  by  the  people  living  in  the  vicinity,  Mr.  Handel  asks  the 
rather  pertinent  question  :  "Would  it  not  be  well  for  the  state  to  pre- 
serve at  this  late  day  our  only  known  pueblo  from  further  destruc- 
tion?" 

Argentine,  the  second  largest  town  of  \\\vanili)tte  cnuntw  is  located 
in  tiie  extreme  southeastern  portion  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Kansas 


96  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

river  and  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  Santa  Fe  railroad,  about  4  miles 
west  of  Kansas  City,  Mo.  Late  in  the  '70s  the  railroad  located  their 
transfer  depot,  side  tracks,  round  house,  coal  chutes  and  sheds  near 
the  present  town  site,  and  within  a  short  time  a  considerable  settlement 
had  sprung  up.  The  land  was  surveyed  and  platted  in  1880  and  orig- 
inally consisted  of  60  acres  of  land  owned  by  James  M.  Coburn.  The 
Kansas  Town  company  obtained  a  charter  on  April  9,  1881,  and  imme- 
diately organized  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  The  incorporators  were 
William  B.  Strong,  George  O.  Manchester,  Joab  Mulvane,  J.  R.  Mul- 
vane  and  E.  Wilder  and  the  same  body  of  men  were  the  directors  for 
the  first  year.  Joab  Mulvane  was  elected  president  and  manager  of  the 
company;  and  E.  Wilder,  secretary  and  treasurer.  This  new  company 
purchased  415  acres  of  land  adjoining  the  first  town  site,  and  after  giv- 
ing the  Kansas  City,  Topeka  &  Western  railroad  what  it  desired  for 
railroad  purposes,  the  remaining  360  acres  was  laid  out  as  Mulvane's 
addition  to  Argentine  and  placed  upon  the  market.  In  1882  Argentine 
was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third  class,  having  acquired  by  that 
time  the  required  number  of  inhabitants  for  a  city  government.  The 
first  Tuesday  in  August  an  election  was  held  for  city  officials,  at  which 
time  G.  W.  Gully  was  elected  mayor ;  John  Steffins,  W.  C.  Rlue,  Patrick 
O'Brien,  A.  Borgstede  and  George  Simmons,  councilnicn  ;  J.  II,  1 1  alder- 
man, city  clerk;  A.  J.  Dolley,  police  judge;  and  Charles  Duvall,  marshal. 

In  the  winter  of  1881  a  public  school  was  opened  and  the  citizens  saw 
the  necessity  for  a  public  school  building.  On  Aug.  28,  1882,  an  election 
was  held  to  vote  on  the  question  of  issuing  bonds  to  the  amount  of 
$7,000  for  such  a  purpose,  and  the  proposition  was  carried  by  a  large 
majority.  Work  was  at  once  started  on  the  first  school  building.  A 
postofiice  was  established  in  1881  and  has  been  enlarged  several  times 
in  proportion  to  the  growth  of  the  city.  The  Congregational  church 
was  the  pioneer  religious  organization,  as  services  were  held  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1881  and  the  following  year  a  church  building  was  erected. 

One  of  the  first  commercial  enterprises  in  tlie  town  was  tlic  Kansas 
City  Refining  and  Smelting  company  which  located  there  in  1880.  This 
was  for  many  years  the  largest  plant  in  the  country.  The  capital  stock 
of  the  original  company  was  $200,000  and  over  250  men  were  employed 
from  the  start.  It  was  built  for  the  purpose  of  refining  gold  and  silver 
bullion,  shipped  from  the  other  smelters,  but  the  company  also  carries 
on  lead  smelting  and  the  manufacture  of  various  commercial  products 
from  the  other  metals  that  are  recovered  in  the  refining  process,  chief 
of  which  are  blue  and  white  vitriol.  Copper  is  made  from  the  vitriol 
and  in  1896  more  than  a  million  and  a  half  poimds  of  this  metal  were 
put  on  the  market  from  the  Argentine  plant.  At  the  present  lime  tlie 
company  has  a  paid  up  slock  of  more  than  $3,000,000  and  is  the  leading 
manufactory  of  the  town. 

Many  other  commercial  enterprises  have  located  in  Argentine  be- 
cause of  tiie  excellent  transportation  facilities.  It  has  extensive  railroad 
repair  shops,  large  factories  for  the  manufacture  of  iron  products,  and 


KANSAS    illSTOKY  97 

many  retail  stores.  Today  Aigentine  is  a  well  paved  city  with  excel- 
lent water  and  lighting  systems,  street  railway,  good  public  school  sys- 
tem, many  churcWes,  good  hotels  and  is  an  extensive  banking  town. 
The  population  in  1910  was  6,500. 

Argonia,  one  of  the  incorporated  towns  of  Sumner  county,  is  in 
Dixon  township,  on  the  Chikaskia  river  and  at  the  junction  of  the  At- 
chison, Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  and  Missouri  Pacific  railways,  20  miles 
west  of  Wellington,  the  county  seat.  It  has  an  international  money 
order  postoflice,  from  which  emanate  four  rural  routes,  express  and 
telegraph  offices,  telephone  connection,  grain  elevators,  a  good  school 
system,  and  is  the  principal  shipping  and  supply  point  for  the  western 
part  of  the  county.  Several  religious  demoninations,  including  the 
Baptists,  Methodists,  Friends  and  Presbyterians,  are  represented  by  neat 
houses  of  worship.     The  population  in  1910  was  466. 

Arickaree,  Battle  of. — This  action  terminated  the  Indian  wars  on  the 
plains.  It  was  the  most  tragic  of  the  many  battles  fought  with  the  In- 
dians in  Kansas  and  Nebraska  and  took  its  name  from  the  place  where 
the  battle  which  was  fought — on  a  small  island  in  tke  middle  of  the 
Arickaree,  a  branch  of  the  Republican  river.  This  island  is  now  in- 
cluded in  the  state  of  Colorado,  near  the  west  line  of  what  is  now  Chey- 
enne countv,  Kan. 


BEECHER'S   ISL.'^ND,  SEPT.    17,   1905. 

In  the  summer  of  1868  a  troop  of  renegade  Indians,  composed  of  men 
from  several  tribes,  made  a  raid  on  the  settlers  of  the  Saline  and  Solo- 
mon valleys,  killed  a  number  of  people,  drove  oS  numerous  horses  and 
captured  two  white  women,  one  of  whom  lived  on  White  Rock  creek, 
Jewell  county,  the  other  on  the  Solomon  river  in  Ottawa  county.  Most 
of  the  settlers  from  the  district  fled  to  the  towns  for  safety.  The  In- 
dians were  well  armed  and  mounted  and  moved  rapidly  toward  the  north. 
Many  of  the  settlers  along  the  Saline  and  Solomon  were  old  soldiers 
and  quickly  formed  an  armed  band  to  pursue  the  Indians  but  could  not 
(1-7) 


98  CYCLOPEDIA    OV 

overtake  them.  Gen.  Sheridan,  who  was  in  command  of  the  depart- 
ment, heard  that  there  was  a  band  of  Indians  camped  on  the  western 
frontier  and  decided  to  pursue  them.  Col.  George  A.  Forsyth  was  or- 
dered to  form  a  volunteer  company  at  Fort  Harker  (q.  v.),  in  what  is 
now  Ellsworth  county.  Lieut.  Frederick  Beecher,  of  the  regular  army, 
was  detailed  to  select  the  troop  and  choose  50  picked  men,  experienced 
frontiersmen,  ex-soldiers  and  scouts,  all  known  for  their  metal  and  dar- 
ing. Most  of  the  men  furnished  their  own  horses  and  were  well  et|uipped 
for  the  service.  They  made  a  forced  march  to  Fort  Hays,  then  up  the 
>  Smoky  Hill  river  to  Fort  Wallace,  a  distance  of  200  miles.  There  they 
were  supplied  with  ammunition,  rations,  pack  mules  and  a  few  horses. 
On  Sept.  10,  the  troop,  cohsisting  of  49  men,  left  Fort  Wallace,  Col.  For- 
syth in  command,  Lieut.  Beecher  second  in  command,  and  Dr.  Moore, 
of  Fort  Wallace,  citizen  surgeon.  They  expected  to  meet  a  band  of 
from  250  to  300  Indian  warriors,  the  number  reported  by  the  scouts. 
Hearing  of  an  Indian  raid  on  a  wagon  train  near  Sheridan,  the  troop 
hastened  in  that  direction.  There  they  struck  the  Indian  trail  and  fol- 
lowed it  north  until  they  reached  the  Republican  river  then  westward 
to  the  Arickaree,  where  a  camp  was  formed  on  its  north  bank  opposite 
a  sandy  island.  While  they  could  see  no  Indians  the  troop  was  con- 
vinced they  were  in  the  vicinity.  The  island  was  investigated  and 
chosen  as  a  safe  place  of  retreat  should  they  be  surrounded  by  the 
enemy,  sentinels  were  posted,  the  stock  guarded  and  most  of  the  men 
went  to  sleep  worn  out  by  the  forced  march.  The  Indians  had  been 
notified  by  their  scouts  of  the  conditions  at  the  camp  and  attacked  just 
at  dawn  on  the  morning  of  the  17th.  By  stealth,  they  had  crept  down 
the  ravine  and  managed  to  stampede  most  of  the  mules  and  also  some 
of  the  horses.  Singing  their  battle-songs — Cheyenne,  Arapahoe  and 
Sioux — the  Indians  came  on.  The  men  of  the  troop  knew  that  advance 
meant  death  and  retreat  was  impossible,  the  advantage  of  the  island  as 
a  place  of  refuge  was  now  of  value  and  Col.  Forsyth  gave  the  order, 
"Reach  the  island."  This  sudden  movement  disconcerted  and  surprised 
the  Indians.  Col.  Forsyth  divided  the  command,  part  going  to  the  east 
end  of  the  island  under  Jack  Stilwell,  the  other  to  the  west  end.  The 
Indians  advanced  in  disorder  across  the  creek  bed  toward  the  island 
and  were  met  by  volley  after  volley  from  the  whites,  who  had  managed 
to  dig  shallow  pits  in  the  sand  which  offered  small  cover.  Some  of  the 
Indians  then  tried  to  advance  through  the  tall  grass,  but  were  picked 
off.  During  the  first  hour  many  of  the  horses  and  mules  were  killed, 
firing  on  both  sides  was  kept  up  until  10  o'clock,  when  several  chiefs 
had  been  killed  and  the  celebrated  chief.  Roman  Nose,  took  command. 
He  claimed  to  have  a  charmed  life  and  led  another  fierce  attack  toward 
the  east  end  of  the  island,  which  the  Indians  did  not  know  was  de- 
fended as  the  fighting  had  been  all  at  the  other  end.  Roman  Nose  was 
shot  and  with  his  fall  the  attack  practically  ceased  until  2  o'clock  p.  m., 
when  the  Indians  received  reinforcements  under  Dull  Knife  of  the  Sioux 
tribe.     Orders  were  not  to  fire  until   the  Indians  were  in  close  range; 


KANSAS    lilSinK\-  Q9 

Dull  Knife  was  killed  and  when  the  Indians  returned  and  recovered  his 
body,  the  battle  was  ended.  The  river  bed  was  strewn  with  the  dead 
warriors  and  ponies  of  the  Indians ;  the  wounded  whites  received  but  lit- 
tle aid  as  Dr.  Moore  had  been  hit  in  the  head  early  in  the  engagement. 
Col.  Forsyth  and  Lieut.  Beechcr  were  both  wounded,  many  of  the  men 
were  dead,  and  all  suffered  for  lack  of  water.  At  midnight  two  scouts 
were  started  on  their  perilous  journey  to  Fort  Wallace  for  aid,  and 
reached  the  fort  at  sundown  on  Sept.  20.  A  command  left  at  midnight 
for  the  Arickaree.  As  help  was  so  long  in  coming  to  the  besieged  men, 
who  were  suffering,  two  more  men  volunteered  to  try  to  get  through 
the  Indian  lines.  They  met  the  relief  party  under  Col.  Parker,  and 
guided  it  to  the  island.  It  was  later  learned  that  the  Indians  lost  be- 
tween 700  and  800  warriors  during  the  battle,  which  liroke  their  power' 
in  the  west. 

Arispie,  a  hamlet  of  Pottawatomie  county,  is  located  9  miles  east  of 
Westmoreland,  the  county  seat,  and  7  miles  southwest  of  Onaga,  from 
which  place  it  receives  daily  mail. 

Arkalon,  an  international  money  order  postoffice  of  Seward  county, 
is  situated  in  Fargo  township  at  the  point  where  the  Chicago,  Rock  Is- 
land &  Pacific  R.  R.  crosses  the  Cimarron  river,  13  miles  northeast  of 
Liberal,  the  county  seat.  Although  the  population  is  small,  Arkalon  is 
an  important  shipping  point,  especially  for  grain  and  live  stock. 

Arkansas  City,  the  largest  city  of  Cowley  county  and  one  of  the 
most  important  commercial  centers  of  southeastern  Kansas,  is  beauti- 
fully located  on  the  elevation  between  the  Arkansas  and  Walnut  rivers, 
about  4  miles  north  of  the  state  line  and  12  miles  south  of  Winfield,  the 
county  seat.  The  city  was  laid  out  in  1870,  about  the  time  Cowley 
county  was  organized,  and  the  postoffice  was  established  in  April  of 
that  year  with  G.  H.  Norton  as  postmaster.  Mr.  Norton  built  the  first 
house — a  pioneer  log  structure — and  was  one  of  the  first  merchants. 
The  place  was  first  called  Adelphi,  later  Walnut  City,  still  later  Cress- 
well  and  finally  the  name  of  Arkansas  City  was  adopted.  On  June  10, 
1872,  Judge  W'.  P.  Campbell  of  the  13th  district  issued  the  order  for  the 
incorporation  of  the  town,  and  at  the  first  election  for  municipal  officers 
on  July  2,  A.  D.  Keith  was  chosen  mayor.  For  a  few  years  the  growth 
was  comparatively  slow,  but  in  Dec,  1879,  the  Atchison,  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fe  railroad  company  completed  a  line  to  Arkansas  City,  after 
which  the  growth  was  more  rapid  and  of  a  more  substantial  character. 
Following  this  road  came  the  Kansas  Southwestern,  the  Missouri  Pa- 
cific, the  Midland  Valley  and  the  St.  Louis  and  San  Francisco  lines,  pro- 
viding transportation  facilities  as  good  as  are  to  be  found  in  any  city 
of  its  size  anywhere. 

With  the  advent  of  the  railroads,  manufacturing  became  an  important 
industry.  Water  power  .is  provided  by  a  canal  5  miles  long  connecting 
the  W^alnut  and  Arkansas  rivers.  Among  the  manufactured  products 
are  cement,  flour  and  feed,  brooms,  paint  and  alfalfa  meal.  The  city 
also  has  a  meat  packing  establishment,  planing  mills,  ice  factory,  cream- 


100  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

eries,  five  banks,  an  opera  house  which  cost  about  $100,000,  an  electric 
lighting  plant,  a  fine  waterworks  system  which  was  first  installed  in 
1881  and  has  been  enlarged  to  keep  pace  with  the  growth  of  the  city,  a 
fire  department,  a  street  railway,  a  good  sewer  system,  and  two  beauti- 
ful public  parks.  The  first  school  was  taught  in  1871  by  T.  A.  Wilson 
in  a  house  that  cost  about  $400.  The  present  public  school  system  com- 
prises four  modern  ward  school  buildings  and  a  high  school  building 
which  cost  about  $40,000.  A  number  of  fine  church  edifices  add  to  the 
beauty  of  the  city,  the  jobbing  trade  covers  a  large  territory,  and  the 
press  is  well  represented  by  two  daily  and  three  weekl}'  newspapers. 
The  Arkansas  City  Commercial  club  is  composed  of  energetic  citizens, 
always  alert  to  the  interests  of  the  city,  and  that  its  efforts  in  this  direc- 
tion have  been  successful  ma)'  be  seen  in  the  fact  that  the  population 
increased  from  6,140  in  igoo  to  7,508  in  1910. 

Arkansas  River. — Undoubtedly  the  earliest  account  of  this  river  is 
to  be  found  in  the  narratives  of  the  Coronado  expedition,  1540-1541,  in 
which  the  stream  was  given  the  name  "St.  Peter's  and  St.  Paul's  river." 
Marquette  names  it  on  his  map  of  1673.  The  Mexicans  named  it  "Rio 
Napete,"  but  the  stream  acquired  the  name  "Akansa"  from  the  early 
French  voyagers  on  account  of  a  tribe  of  the  Dacotah  or  Osage  stock 
which  lived  near  its  mouth.  The  stream  has  its  source  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  of  Colorado,  in  latitude  39  degrees  20  minutes  north,  longi- 
tude 106  degrees  15  minutes  west.  It  flows  in  a  southerly  and  easterly 
direction,  passing  through  the  royal  gorge  to  the  city  of  Pueblo,  from 
which  place  it  takes  an  eastward  course,  traversing  what  was  once  a 
portion  of  the  "Great  American  Desert,"  and  entering  Kansas  in  Hamil- 
ton county,  just  south  of  the  town  of  Coolidge,  thence  flowing  in  a  gen- 
eral easterly  direction  through  the  counties  of  Hamilton,  Kearny,  l-'in- 
ney,  Gray  and  Ford,  at  which  point  the  stream  makes  an  abrupt  turn  to 
the  northeast,  passing  through  the  counties  of  Edwards,  Pawnee  and 
Barton,  the  "great  bend"  of  the  river  being  in  the  last  named.  From 
here  the  river  turns  to  the  southeast,  passing  through  the  counties  of 
Rice,  Reno,  Harvey,  Sedgwick,  Sumner  and  Cowley,  leaving  the  state 
at  a  point  almost  due  south  of  the  village  of  Davidson.  It  then  flows 
across  Oklahoma  and  Arkansas,  emptying  into  the  Mississippi  river  at 
Napoleon,  Ark. 

The  Arkansas  is  accounted  the  most  important  of  the  western  tribu- 
taries of  the  combined  Mississippi  and  Missouri  rivers,  is  about  2,000 
miles  in  length,  of  which  310  are  in  the  state  of  Kansas.  The  stream  is 
rarely  navigable  to  a  point  above  Fort  .Smith,  though  in  times  of  flood 
the  channel  is  open  to  boats  of  light  draft  to  a  point  much  higher  up. 
In  1854  a  writer  in  the  New  York  Tribune,  in  describing  the  territories 
of  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  gave  Fort  Mann  (near  Dodge  City)  as  the 
"head  of  navigation"  on  the  stream.     CSce  Farly  River  Commerce.") 

Across  the  plains  of  Colorado  and  Kansas  the  channel  of  this  river 
is  very  shallow,  in  some  places  the  banks  being  less  than  five  feet  above 
low  water,  and  the  channel  at  least  three-quarters  of  a  mile  in  width. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  lOI 

The  slream  in  Colorado  is  almost  entircl}'  diverted  to  the  irrigation 
of  lands  alongside,  and  the  sandy  wastes  thus  watered  have  been  made 
veritable  garden  spots.  This  wholesale  diversion  of  the  water  by  that 
state  was  the  cause  of  much  complaint  on  the  part  of  property  owners 
and  others  along  the  river  in  Kansas  who  suffered  considerable  loss  and 
inconvenience  from  the  river  going  dry.  To  determine  what  rights  the 
state  had  in  the  matter,  the  Kansas  state  senate  of  1901  passed  a  con- 
current resolution  relating  to  the  diversion  of  the  waters  of^the  Arkansas 
river,  in  the  state  of  Colorado,  as  follows : 

"Whereas,  It  is  a  matter  of  common  notoriety  that  the  waters  of  the 
Arkansas  river  for  some  time  past  have  been  and  are  now  being  diverted 
from  their  natural  channel  by  the  state  of  Colorado  and  its  citizens,  to 
the  great  damage  of  the  state  of  Kansas  and  its  inhabitants ;  and 

Whereas,  It  is  threatened  not  only  to  continue  but  also  to  increase 
said  diversion ;  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved  by  the  senate,  the  house  of  representatives  concurring 
therein.  That  the  attorney  general  be  requested  to  institute  such  legal 
proceedings,  and  to  render  such  assistance  in  other  proceedings  brought 
for  the  same  purpose,  as  may  be  necessary  to  protect  the  rights  and 
interests  of  the  state  of  Kansas  and  the  citizens  and  property  owners 
thereof." 

The  house  concurred,  and  in  May,  1901,  the  state  of  Kansas  by  its 
attorney-general,  filed  a  bill  in  equity  in  the  U.  S.  supreme  court, 
which  necessitated  the  taking  of  many  thousands  of  pages  of  testi- 
mony of  residents  living  along  the  valley  of  the  Arkansas.  The  case 
was  finally  decided  in  favor  of  Colorado. 

Arlington,  an  incorporated  town  of  Reno  county,  is  situated  in  the 
township  of  the  same  name,  17  miles  southwest  of  Hutchinson,  at  the 
point  where  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  crosses  the  Nin- 
nescah  river.  It  has  a  bank,  grain  elevators,  a  weekly  newspaper,  a 
good  public  school  system,  a  cornet  band,  a  money  order  postoffice  with 
two  rural  free  delivery  routes,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  and  is  the 
shipping  and  supply  point  for  a  large  area  of  the  rich  agricultural  coun- 
try surrounding  the  town.  The  population  increased  from  312  in  1900 
to  450  in  1910. 

Arma,  an  incorporated  town  of  Crawford  county,  is  a  station  on  the 
Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  9  miles  east  of  Girard,  the  county  seat,  and 
about  3  miles  west  of  the  state  line.  It  is  a  typical  Kansas  town,  has 
express  and  telegraph  offices,  a  flour  mill,  a  lumber  yard,  several  gen- 
eral stores,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  327. 

Armour,  a  sub-station  of  the  Kansas  City  postoffice  (see  Kansas 
City),  is  located  on  the  Union  Pacific  and  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pa- 
cific railroads,  about  4  miles  west  of  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

Armourdale,  (See  Kansas  City.) 

Armstrong,   (See  Kansas  City.) 

Army  of  Law  and  Order. — From  the  name  of  this  organization,  one 
would  naturally  suppose  that  it  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  promot- 
ing peace,  prosperity  and  good  government  among  the  people  of  Kansas. 


I02  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Cut  such  was  not  the  case.  It  was  an  armed  force,  the  strength  of 
which  has  been  variously  estimated  at  from  500  to  1,100  men,  organ- 
ized by  David  R.  Atchison  and  one  of  the  Stringfellows,  whose  policy 
was  banishment  or  extermination  of  all  free-state  men  in  the  territory. 
The  "army"  was  divided  into  two  regiments,  with  Atchison  as  com- 
mander-in-chief. The  headquarters  of  the  organization  were  af  Little 
Santa  Fe  on  the  Missotu'i  border,  some  15  miles  south  of  Westport. 
Among  the  outrages  committed  by  this  force  was  that  of  robbing  the 
Quaker  mission,  because  the  Quakers  were  "nigger  stealers."  The  cat- 
tle and  horses  belonging  to  the  mission  were  driven  oft',  articles  of  value 
were  appropriated,  and  for  a  time  the  mission  was  broken  up.  In  the 
latter  part  of  Aug.,  1856,  the  "army"  was  preparing  for  an  attack  upon 
the  city  of  Lawrence,  when  the  timely  arrival  of  Gov.  Geary  put  a  stop 
to  the  proceedings.  The  Army  of  Law  and  Order  was  a  part  of  the 
militia  disbanded  by  Gov.  Geary,  and  it  was  never  reorganized.  (See 
Woodson's  and  Geary's  Administrations.) 

Army  Service  School. — As  early  as  1870  Gen.  John  Pope,  then  com- 
manding the  Department  of  the  Missouri,  urged  the  establishment  of  a 
school  for  teaching  military  tactics,  etc.,  and  recommended  that  it  be 
located  at  Fort  Leavenworth.  He  repeated  his  suggestions  several  times 
before  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman,  commanding  the  army  of  the  United 
States,  laid  the  foundation  of  the  infantry  and  cavalry  school  in  his  Gen- 
era] Orders  No.  42,  dated  Alay  7,  1881.  This  order  directed  that  steps 
be  taken  for  the  establishment  of  a  school  of  application  for  the  infan- 
try and  cavalry,  similar  to  that  for  the  artillery  at  Fortress  Monroe,  Va. 
The  school  was  to  be  made  up  of  three  field  officers  of  cavalry  and  in- 
fantry ;  not  less  than  four  companies  of  infantry  and  four  troops  of  cav- 
alry ;  one  battery  of  light  artillery,  and  the  officers  detailed  for  instruc- 
tion from  each  regiment  of  cavalry  or  infantry,  not  exceeding  the  rank 
of  lieutenant,  who  had  not  previously  received  professional  instruction. 

Col.  Elwell  S.  Otis,  of  the  Twentieth  United  States  infantry,  was  as- 
signed to  the  command  of  the  post  and  charged  with  the  work  of  or- 
ganizing the  school,  under  a  code  of  regulations  similar  to  that  in  use 
at  Fortress  Monroe.  General  Orders  No.  8,  series  of  1882,  announced 
the  organization  of  the  school,  issued  certain  regulations  for  its  govern- 
ment, prescribed  a  course  of  instruction  covering  organization  of  troops, 
tactics,  discipline  and  theoretical  instruction. 

The  Spanish-American  war  caused  a  suspension  of  the  school  for  four 
years,  during  which  time  there  was  a  large  increase  in  the  army.  Elihu 
Root,  secretary  of  war,  in  his  report  for  1901,  said:  "In  the  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  enlarged  army  about  1,000  new  officers  have  been  added  from 
the  volunteer  force,  so  that  more  than  one-third  of  all  the  officers  in  the 
army  have  been  without  any  opportunity  whatever  for  systematic  study 
of  the  science  of  war."  lie  spoke  highly  of  the  work  accomplished  by 
the  school  before  llie  war,  and  recommended  its  renewal. 

As  a  result  of  his  recommendations.  General  Orders  No.  155,  of  the 
war  dcparlmcnt  for  1901,  directed  that  "The  infantry  and  cavalry  scliool 


KANSAS    IIISTOUV  IO3 

at  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kan.,  shall  be  enlarged  and  developed  into  a  gen- 
eral service  and  staff  college,  and  shall  be  a  school  of  instruction  for  all 
arms  of  the  service,  to  which  shall  be  sent  officers  who  have  been  recom- 
mended for  proficiency  attained  in  the  officers'  schools  conducted  in 
the  various  posts." 

The  reorganized  school  opened  on  Sept.  i,  1902,  with  Gen.  J.  Frank- 
lin Bell  as  commandant,  and  Col.  A.  L.  Wagner,  who  had  been  con- 
nected with  the  old  school,  as  assistant.  By  General  Orders  No.  115, 
series  of  1904,  three  separate  schools  were  established:  ist,  The  infan- 
try and  cavalry  school ;  2nd,  The  signal  school ;  3d,  The  staff  college. 
Other  changes  followed,  and  by  General  Orders  No.  211,  of  1907,  the  m- 
fantry  and  cavalry  school  was  designated  "The  Army  School  of  the 
Line,"  and  the  method  of  selecting  student  officers  was  changed  so  that 
none  could  be  admitted  of  a  lower  grade  than  captain,  with  not  less 
than  five  years'  service. 

Circular  No.  13,  issued  by  the  war  department  in  1908,  set  forth  the 
function  of  the  service  schools  to  be  the  promotion  of  the  best  interests 
of  the  service,  and  while  it  might  be  desirable  to  afford  equal  opportu- 
nity to  all  officers,  it  was  impossible  to  do  so  and  adhere  to  the  purpose 
for  which  such  schools  were  established,  viz. :  to  promote  the  best  in- 
terests of  the  service  by  affording  the  most  promising  officers  the  op- 
portunity for  instruction  in  the  highest  duties  of  the  soldiers'  profession. 

The  course  of  study  in  the  infantry  and  cavalry  school  embraces 
military  art,  engineering,  law  and  languages ;  that  of  the  signal  school 
includes  field  signaling,  signal  engineering,  topography  and  languages; 
that  of  the  staff  college  includes  military  art,  engineering,  law,  lan- 
guages and  the  care  of  troops. 

The  commandants  of  the  school  at  Fort  Leavenworth  since  its  or- 
ganization have  been  Cols.  Elwell  S.  Otis,  Thomas  H.  Ruger,  A.  D. 
McCook,  E.  F.  Townsend,  H.  S.  Hawkins,  Charles  W.  Miner,  J-  Frank- 
lin Bell,  Charles  B.  Hall,  and  Brig.-Gen.  Frederick  Funston,  the  last 
named  having  assumed  the  duties  of  the  position  on  Aug.  14,  1908.  Al- 
though the  service  school  at  Fort  Leavenworth  is  a  national  institution, 
maintained  by  the  general  government,  it  is  located  on  Kansas  soil,  and 
is  an  institution  in  which  the  progressive  citizens  of  the  state  feel  a 
deep  interest,  and  of  which  they  are  justly  proud. 

Arnold,  a  money  order  postoffice  of  Ness  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  in  Ohio  township,  about  15  miles  north- 
west of  Ness  City,  the  county  seat.  It  has  an  express  office  and  is  a 
shipping  and  supply  point  for  that  part  of  the  county  in  which  it  is 
located.     In  1910  it  had  a  population  of  75. 

Arrington,  a  village  of  Atchison  county,  is  situated  in  the  southwest 
corner  on  the  Leavenworth,  Kansas  &  Western  railroad,  about  25  miles 
southwest  of  Atchison.  It  is  the  supply  and  shipping  point  for  a  con- 
siderable territory,  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  express  and  telegraph 
facilities,  several  general  stores,  a  school,  and  in  1910  had  a  population 
of  210. 


I04  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Art  Association,  State. — When  the  Topeka  pubHc  library  building 
was  completed  in  April,  1883,  rooms  were  fitted  up  in  it  for  the  use 
of  an  art  gallery  and  school.  On  Nov.  i,  1883,  a  letter  was  sent  out  by 
a  committee  consisting  of  George  W.  Click,  A.  H.  Horton,  A.  S.  John- 
son, John  Martin,  G.  F.  Parmelee,  J.  R.  Mulvane,  J.  F.  Scott,  Frank 
Drummond,  Robert  Price  and  Edward  Wilder,  suggesting  Nov.  8,  when 
the  Social  Science  club  was  to  meet,  as  a  suitable  occasion  to  organize 
an  art  association.  The  letter  also  contained  the  announcement  that  a 
donation  of  $1,000  had  been  gi\"en  by  "one  interested  in  art  and  progress," 
to  further  the  work. 

The  proposition  met  with  favor,  and  on  Nov.  9,  1883,  the  Art  As- 
sociation was  incorporated  with  72  charter  members.  The  articles  of 
association  declared  the  objects  to  be:  i.  The  formation  of  a  permanent 
art  collection  at  the  capital,  to  be  open  to  all  visitors;  2.  To  hold  an 
annual  competitive  exhibition  for  Kansas  artists.  3.  The  establishment 
of  an  art  school.  Edward  Wilder  was  elected  president,  and  G.  F. 
Parmelee,  secretary.  The  association  was  governed  by  a  board  of  24 
directors.  The  first  art  loan  exhibition  opened  in  the  rooms  in  the 
library  on  March  16,  1885,  when  a  large  number  of  oil  paintings,  water 
colors,  engravings,  drawings  in  black  and  white,  ceramics,  embroidery, 
curios,  etc.,  were  thrown  open  to  the  public. 

On  Sept.  13,  1886,  the  first  session  of  the  art  school  was  opened, 
under  the  direction  of  George  E.  Flopkins,  formerly  in  charge  of  the 
Cincinnati  School  of  Design.  At  his  suggestion  the  association  im- 
ported a  number  of  casts  of  famous  art  statues,  historic  figures,  etc.  For 
a  time  the  school  was  conducted  with  comparative  success.  Then  in- 
terest began  to  wane,  some  of  the  members  of  the  association  died  or 
moved  away,  others  neglected  to  pay  their  annual  membership  fees, 
and  the  association  finally  lapsed  into  a  state  of  inactivity  altogether. 
The  collection,  or  at  least  the  most  of  it,  is  still  on  exhibition  in  the 
library  building  at  Topeka. 

Artesian  Wells. — The  flowing  or  artesian  well  takes  it  name  from 
Artois,  France,  where  wells  of  this  character  have  long  been  known. 
Hilgard  says:  "Artesian  wells  are  most  readily  obtained  where  the 
geological  formations  possess  a  moderate  inclination  or  dip,  and  are 
composed  of  strata  of  materials  impervious  to  water  (rock  or  clay), 
alternating  with  such  as — like  sand  or  gravel — allow  it  to  pass  more 
or  less  freely.  The  rain  water  falling  where  such  strata  ajiproach  to 
or  reach  the  surface  will  in  great  part  accumulate  in  the  pervious  strata, 
rendering  them  'water  bearing.'  Thus  are  formed  sheets  of  water  be- 
tween two  inclined,  impervious  walls  of  rock  or  clay,  above  as  well 
as  below,  and  exerting  great  pressure  at  their  lower  portions.  Where 
water  so  circumstanced  finds  or  forces  for  itself  natural  outlets,  we  shall 
have  springs;  when  tapped  artifically  by  means  of  a  bore-hole,  we  have 
an  artesian  well,  from  whose  mouth  the  water  may  overflow  if  its 
surface  level  be  below  that  of  pressure." 

Prior  to  the  settlement  of  Kansas  by  white  people,  and  in   fact  for 


KANSAS    HISTORY  IO5 

a  quarter  of  a  century  or  more  after  the  state  was  admitted  into  the 
Union,  the  western  half  was  regarded  as  practically  a  desert.  In  iSpi 
E.  S.  Nettleton  made  an  investigation  of  the  artesian  and  underflow 
conditions  in  Nebraska,  the  Dakotas,  Colorado  and  Kansas.  In  his  re- 
port he  gives  special  mention  of  the  overflow  at  Hartland  and  Dodge 
City,  and  quoted  the  following  letter  from  R.  I.  Smith,  of  Winona, 
Logan  county:  "I  have  a  6-inch  bored  well  in  my  door  yard,  135 
feet  deep,  with  8  feet  of  water.  Over  a  year  ago  I  noticed  that  at  times 
a  strong  current  of  air  came  out  of  the  openings  around  the  pump- 
stock,  and  by  observation  find  it  to  be  an  excellent  barometer,  as  it 
blows  from  6  to  20  hours  preceding  a  storm.  I  have  placed  a  brass 
whistle  in  the  space,  which  at  times  can  be  heard  a  quarter  of  a  mile. 
The  harder  and  longer  it  blows  the  more  intense  the  ccsming  storm  will 
be.  A  peculiarity  of  it  is  the  fact  that,  after  the  storm  it  takes  back  the 
wind." 

Robert  Hay,  chief  geologist  in  the  office  of  irrigation  inquiry  of  the 
United  States  department  of  agriculture,  made  a  report  the  same  year 
on  the  overflow  conditions  in  the  Smoky  Hill  and  Republican  valleys^ 
but  he  developed  nothing  of  importance. 

In  1892  J.  W.  Gregory,  special  agent  of  the  artesian  and  overflow  in- 
vestigation on  the  Great  Plains,  described  in  his  report  the  underflow 
in  Kearny,  Trego,  Pratt,  Seward,  Morton,  Logan,  Scott,  Wichita,  Grant, 
Thomas,  Decatur,  Meade,  Gray,  Rooks  and  Russell  counties  in  Kansas. 
Describing  a  well  in  the  northern  part  of  Meade  county,  he  says:  "The 
first  water  was  found  in  white  quartz  gravel  at  75  feet  and  rose  4  feet. 
At  113  feet  a  flow  of  water  was  found  in  white  quartz  gravel,  which 
came  up  freely  through  the  pipe,  carrying  quantities  of  the  gravel.  The 
water  rose  to  a  height  of  over  81  feet,  or  within  32  feet  of  the  top  of 
the  ground,  where  it  remains." 

Mr.  Gregory  reported  a  number  of  wells  in  which  the  water  rose 
well  toward  the  surface.  One  of  these  was  sunk  by  J.  J.  Rosson  on 
the  top  of  a  mound  in  the  valley  of  the  north  fork  of  the  Cimarron 
river  in  Grant  county.  After  digging  60  feet  without  obtaining  water. 
a  hole  was  bored  in  the  bottom  of  the  well  20  feet  deeper,  when  the 
water  quickly  rose  in  the  well  to  within  20  feet  of  the  surface. 

The  reports  of  these  investigations,  conducted  by  direction  of  the  na- 
tional government,  have  done  much  to  strengthen  the  belief  that  under 
a  large  part  of  western  Kansas  there  is  a  body  of  water  that  can  be 
made  to  flow  to  the  surface,  and  numerous  experiments  have  been  made 
in  boring  wells  in  the  hope  of  striking  this  underflow.  In  some  in- 
,  stances  these  experiments  have  been  successful.  In  the  Crooked  creek 
valley,  in  Meade  county,  there  are  about  100  flowing  wells,  though  the 
flow  is  not  sufficiently  strong  to  render  them  of  much  utility  in  irriga- 
tion. There  is  a  similar  artesian  area  about  "Wagonbed  Springs," 
Stevens  county.  The  wells  in  these  districts  range  from  40  to  140  feet 
deep.  At  the  time  Mr.  Gregory  made  his  report  there  were  2  flowing 
wells  in  Morton  county  and  5  in  Hamilton,  demonstrating  that  western 


I06  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Kansas,  or  at  least  that  portion  of  it,  is  situated  over  a  subterranean 
bod}'  of  water  possessing  all  the  qualifications  mentioned  by  Hilgard 
for  producing  artesian  wells. 

With  the  knowledge  that  flowing  wells  could  be  obtained  in  west- 
ern Kansas  came  a  request  for  state  aid  in  developing  the  field,  and  on 
Jan.  30,  1908,  Gov.  Hoch  approved  an  act  passed  by  the  special  session 
of  the  legislature,  authorizing  the  county  commissioners  of  Stevens, 
Morton,  Grant  and  Stanton  counties  to  appropriate  from  the  general 
revenue  funds  of  said  counties  not  exceeding  $5,000  in  each  county  for 
the  purpose  of  prospecting  for  and  developing  artesian  wells.  How- 
ever, no  money  was  to  be  so  appropriated  and  expended  until  160  acres 
of  land  had  been  donated  to  the  county,  and  upon  this  160  acres  one 
or  more  wells  might  be  sunk,  such  wells  to  be  under  the  control  of  the 
count}'  commissioners.  No  reports  of  wells  sunk  under  the  provisions 
of  this  act  are  obtainable. 

Recent  developments  tend  to  show  that  the  early  experiments  in 
artesian  wells  in  Kansas  were  only  comparatively  successful  or  alto- 
gether failures  because  the  drillers  did  not  go  deep  enough.  Most  of 
the  wells  have  gone  no  further  than  the  first  pervious  stratum.  Some- 
where there  is  a  source  of  pressure  sufficiently  strong  to  furnish  an 
abundant  supply  of  water  if  the  stratum  connected  with  it  can  be 
reached.  In  1910  Ernest  C.  Wilson,  formerly  editor  of  the  Richfield 
Monitor,  in  Morton  county,  developed  an  8-inch  well,  over  500  feet 
in  depth,  which  flows  2,000  gallons  per  minute  and  supplies  enough 
water  to  irrigate  a  half  section  of  land.  If  the  same  conditions  hold 
good  throughout  the  western  part  of  the  state,  it  is  only  a  question  of 
a  few  years  until  that  section  will  be  well  supplied  with  moisture,  the 
"treeless  plains  will  be  sheltered  by  timber,  and  the  "Great  American 
Desert"  will  be  a  thing  of  the  past. 

Arvoni,  a  little  hamlet  of  Osage  county,  is  in  the  township  of  same 
name,  on  the  Marais  des  Cygnes  river  and  about  12  miles  southwest 
of  Lyndon,  the  county  seat.  The  people  of  Arvonia  receive  their  mail 
by  rural  free  delivery  from  Reading,  which  is  the  most  convenient  rail- 
road station. 

Ashcroft,  a  liamlct  of  Jefferson  county,  is  near  the  northern  boundary 
on  the  Atchison.  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  about  4  miles  from  Valley 
Falls,  and  12  miles  from  Oskaloosa,  the  county  scat.  It  is  sup]ilied 
with  mail  by  rural  route  from  Nortonville. 

Asherville,  one  of  the  thriving  little  towns  of  Mitchell  cnuiity,  is  lo- 
cated on  the  Solomon  river  and  on  the  I'nion  Pacific  R.  R.  in  .\shcrville 
township,  ID  miles  southeast  of  Reloit.  It  has  a  money  order  post- 
oflfice  with  one  rural  route,  telegraph  and  express  offices.  The  popula- 
tion in  1910  was  125.  Asherville  was  the  first  postoffice  in  the  county 
and  also  had  the  first  store,  established  in   1867,  by   lion.  John  Rccs. 

Ashland,  the  county  seat  of  Clark  county  and  one  of  the  growing 
towns  of  southwest  Kansas,  is  located  a  little  southeast  of  the  geo- 
graphical center  of  the  county,  on  Beaver  creek  and  the  line  of  the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  lOJ 

» 

Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  ¥e:  R.  R.  that  runs  from  Wichita  to  Engle- 
wood.  Ashland's  population  almost  doubled  during  the  decade  from 
1900  to  1910.  In  the  former  year  it  was  493  and  in  the  latter  910.  The 
volume  of  business  and  shipping  increased  in  even  greater  proportions 
than  the  poinilatifju.  The  city  has  two  banks,  grain  elevators,  a  weekly 
newspaper — the  Clark  County  Clipper — several  general  stores,  hard- 
ware, drug  and  jewelry  stores,  confectioneries,  etc.,  a  good  public  school 
system,  and  the  Catholics,  Methodists,  Christians  and  Presbyterians  all 
have  neat  church  edifices.  The  Ashland  postoffice  is  authorized  to  is- 
sue international  money  orders,  express,  telegraph  and  telephone  fa- 
cilities are  ample,  and  taken  altogether,  Ashland  can  be  described  as 
a  wide-awake,  progressive  little  city. 

Ashland  Colony. — Within  a  few  months  after  the  passage  of  the 
Kansas-Nebraska  bill  steps  were  taken  at  Newport,  Ky.,  to  organize  a 
colony  for  the  purpose  of  founding  a  settlement  in  Kansas.  Several 
local  meetings  were  held,  but  nothing  definite  was  accomplished  until 
about  the  close  of  the  year  1854.  Early  in  1855  some  60  persons,  most 
of  them  from  Covington,  Ky.,  and  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  embarked  on  the 
steamboat  Express  for  the  new  territory.  The  boat  arrived  at  Kansas 
City,  Mo.,  in  March,  1855.  ^  site  had  been  previously  selected  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Kansas  river,  near  the  mouth  of  McDowell's  creek. 
The  original  intention  was  to  make  the  entire  trip  by  water,  the  colo- 
nists believing  the  Kansas  river  to  be  navigable,  but  upon  arriving 
at  Kansas  City  they  found  that  their  boat  would  be  unable  to  proceed 
farther.  Emigrant  wagons  and  teams  were  procured  for  the  remainder 
of  the  journey,  and  on  April  22  they  reached  their  destination.  Many 
of  these  colonists  were  admirers  of  Henry  Clay  and  the  town  they 
laid  out  was  named  Ashland,  after  the  great  commoner's  residence  in 
Kentucky.  The  name  was  also  given  -to  the  township  subsequently  or- 
ganized, including  the  settlement  founded  by  this  colony. 

The  officers  of  the  Ashland  colony  were :  Franklin  G.  Adams,  presi- 
dent;  Rev.  N.  B.  White,  vice-president;  Henry  J.  Adams,  treasurer. 
Among  the  members  were  Matthew  Weightman,  W.  H.  Mackey,  Sr., 
and  wife,  John  E.  Ross,  C.  L.  Sanford,  C.  N.  Barclay.  William  Stone 
and  J-  S.  Williams.  A  few  of  the  colonists  became  discouraged  and 
returned  to  their  old  homes  in  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  but  the  majority 
of  them  were  prepared  to  encounter  the  hardships  of  pioneer  life  on 
the  frontier  and  went  bravely  forward  with  the  erection  of  log  cabins, 
etc.  Late  in  December  a  postoffice  was  established  at  Ashland  with 
William  Mackey  as  postmaster,  and  in  March,  1857,  the  town  was  made 
the  county  seat  of  Davis  (now  Geary)  county.  Several  terms  of  the 
territorial  court  were  held  there  by  Judge  Elmore  before  the  seat  of 
justice  was  removed  to  Junction  City  in  Nov.,  i860.  With  the  removal 
of  the  county  seat  Ashland  began  to  wane.  Some  of  the  leading  mem- 
bers of  the  colony  found  better  opportunities  for  the  exercise  of  their 
talents  and  energies  elsewhere,  and  in  time  the  town  of  Ashland  be- 
came only  a  memory.  In  1873  the  legislature  transferred  Ashland 
township  to  Riley  county. 


Io8  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

» 

Ashley,  William  H.,  fur  trader  and  Congressman,  was  born  in  Pow- 
hatan county,  Va.,  about  1778.  In  1808  he  went  to  L'ppcr  Louisiana 
(now  Missouri)  and  was  there  made  a  brigadier-general  of  militia.  In 
1822  he  organized  the  Rocky  Mountain  Fur  company  and  went  to  the 
Rocky  mountains,  where  he  formed  friendly  relations  with  the  Indians, 
wnth  whom  he  traded  for  many  years  and  accumulated  a  comfortable 
fortune.  In  some  of  his  excursions  from  the  States  to  his  trading 
posts  he  crossed  Kansas,  though  his  route  was  generally  up  the  Platte 
valley.  In  1820  he  was  elected  lieutenant-governor  of  Illinois,  and  later 
removed  to  Missouri.  From  1831  to  1837  he  represented  a  Missouri 
district  in  Congress.    He  died  at  Boonville,  Mo.,  March  26,  1838. 

Ashton,  a  village  of  Walton  township,  Sumner  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Kansas  Southwestern  R.  R.,  about  16  miles  southeast  of  Welling- 
ton, the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postofifice  with  one  rural 
free  delivery  route,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  several  general  stores, 
and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  125. 

Ash  Valley,  a  rural  hamlet  of  Pawnee  county,  is  in  the  township  of 
the  same  name,  in  Ash  creek  valley,  about  12  miles  northwest  of 
Larned,  the  county  seat,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  stage,  and  from 
which  it  receives  mail. 

Assaria,  one  of  the  active  incorporated  towns  of  Saline  county,  is 
located  in  Smoky  View  township,  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.,  12  miles 
south  of  Saline,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  number  of  business  estab- 
lishments, a  bank,  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  an  international 
money  order  postoffice,  with  one  rural  route.  The  population  in  1910 
was  246.  The  town  was  laid  out  in  1879  by  a  town  company,  of  which 
Highlnnd  Fairchild  was  president. 

Atchison,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Atchison  county,  located  in  the  east- 
ern part  on  the  Missouri  river,  was  founded  in  1854  and  named  in 
honor  of  David  R.  Atchison,  United  States  senator  from  Missouri,  who, 
when  Kansas  was  opened  for  settlement,  interested  some  of  his  friends 
in  the  scheme  of  forming  a  city  in  the  new  territory.  However,  it 
seems  that  all  were  not  agreed  upon  the  location  he  had  selected,  and 
on  July  20,  1854,  Dr.  J.  H.  Stringfellow,  Ira  Norris,  Leonidas  Oldham, 
James  B.  Martin  and  Neal  Owens  left  Platte  City,  Mo.,  to  decide 
definitely  upon  a  site.  They  crossed  the  Missouri  river  near  Fort 
Leavenworth  and  continued  to  travel  up  stream  along  the  western  bank 
until  they  reached  the  place  where  Atchison  now  stands,  where  they 
found  a  site  that  was  the  natural  outlet  of  a  remarkably  rich  agricultural 
region  just  open  to  settlement.  They  also  found  that  two  men  named 
George  M.  Million  and  Samuel  Dickson  had  staked  claims  near  the 
river.  Million's  claim  lay  south  of  what  is  now  known  as  Atchison 
street  and  consisted  of  a  quarter  section.  Dickson  had  built  a  small 
cabin  on  his  claim,  and  this  cabin  was  the  first  structure  erected  on 
the  site  of  llie  present  city.  Million  had  a  ferry,  on  which  he  crossed 
to  the  Missouri  side  to  his  home,  but  on  tlie  day  the  prospectors  ar- 
rived he  was  on  the  Kansas  side.     From  a  map  in  his  possession,  the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  lOQ 

prospectors  found  that  they  were  at  the  location  decided  upon  before 
leaving  Missouri. 

As  all  the  men  in  the  party,  except  Dr.  Stringfellow,  had  already 
taken  claims  in  the  valley  of  Walnut  creek,  he  was  the  only  member 
of  the  party  who  could  select  a  claim.  He  therefore  took  a  tract  north 
of  Million's.  The  proposition  of  forming  a  town  company  for  the  fu- 
ture city  was  laid  before  the  first  settlers.  Dickson  was  willing,  but 
Million  did  not  care  to  cut  up  his  claim.  He  offered  to  sell  his  claim 
for  $i,ooo — an  exorbitant  price  for  the  land — but  the  men  from  Platte 
City  had  determined  to  found  a  city  on  that  particular  spot,  and  the 
purchase  was  made.  A  town  company  was  formed  and  a  week  later  a 
meeting  was  held  under  a  tree  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  about  a  half 
block  south  of  where  Atchison  street  now  runs.  There  were  eighteen 
persons  present  when  the  town  company  was  formally  organized  by 
electing  Peter  T.  Abell,  president;  James  Burns,  treasurer;  Dr.  J.  H. 
Stringfellow,  secretary. 

The  site  was  divided  into  lOO  shares  by  the  company,  of  which  each 
niember  retained  five  shares,  the  remainder  being  reserved  for  common 
benefit  of  all.  By  Sept.  20,  1854,  Henry  Kuhn  had  surveyed  the  480 
acres  and  made  a  plat,  and  the  next  day  was  fixed  for  the  sale  of  lots, 
an  event  of  great  importance  as  it  had  become  understood  that  Senator 
Atchison  would  make  a  speech  upon  the  political  question  of  the  day, 
hence  the  sale  would  be  of  political  as  well  as  business  significance.  At 
this  meeting  on  the  21st,  two  public  institutions  of  vital  interest  to  a 
new  community  were  planned  for — a  hotel  and  a  newspaper.  Each 
share  of  stock  in  the  town  company  was  assessed  $25,  the  proceeds  to 
be  used  to  build  the  National  hotel,  which  was  completed  in  the  spring 
of  1855  on  the  corner  of  Second  and  Atchison  streets,  and  $400  was  do- 
nated to  Dr.  J.  H.  Stringfellow  and  R.  S.  Kelley  to  erect  a  printing 
office.  In  Feb.,  1855,  the  Squatter  .Sovereign  was  issued.  (See  News- 
papers.) 

For  years  there  had  been  considerable  trade  up  and  down  the  Mis- 
souri river,  which  had  naturally  centered  at  Leavenworth,  but  in  June, 
1855,  several  overland  freighters  were  induced  to  select  Atchison  as 
their  outfitting  point.  The  most  important  firms  were  Livingston,  Kin- 
kead  &  Co.  and  Hooper  &  Williams.  The  outfitting  business  done  in 
Atchison  was  one  of  the  greatest  factors  in  establishing  her  commercial 
career.  Some  of  the  first  merchants  to  open  stores  in  the  new  town 
were  George  Challis,  Burns  Bros.,  Stephen  Johnston  and  Samuel  Dick- 
son. 

On  Aug.  30,  1855,  Atchison  was  incorporated.  The  corporation  was 
granted  the  privilege  of  holding  land  "not  to  exceed  640  acres"  and  the 
stock  of  the  company  was  to  be  regarded  as  personal  property.  The 
town  company  had  required  every  settler  to  build  a  house  at  least  16 
.  feet  square  upon  his  lot,  but  when  the  survey  was  made  it  was  discov- 
ered that  some  of  these  buildings  were  upon  school  lands.  The  title  to 
the  school  lands  remained  in  question  for  some  time,  but  in   1857  all 


no  CYCLOPEDIA   OF 

lands  embraced  within  the  corporate  limits  of  the  town  were  acquired 
by  th€  town  company  from  the  general  government,  and  in  turn  con- 
veyed the  lots  to  the  individual  purchasers,  the  titles  being  finally  con- 
firmed by  the  court. 

Dr.  Stringfellow  had  North  Atchison  surveyed  and  platted  in  the  fall 
of  1857.  This  started  a  fever  of  additions.  In  Feb.,  1858.  West  Atchi- 
son was  laid  out  by  John  Roberts,  and  in  May  Samuel  Dickson  had  his 
property  surveyed. as  South  Atchison.  Still  another  addition  was  made 
by  John  Challis. 

On  Feb.  12,  1858,  the  legislature  issued  a  charter  to  the  city  of  At- 
chison, which  was  approved  by  the  people  on  March  2  at  a  special  elec- 
tion. The  first  city  officers  were  elected  at  a  second  special  election  on 
March  13,  1858,  and  were  as  follows:  Mayor,  Samuel  C.  Pomeroy ;  treas- 
urer, E.  B.  Grimes;  register,  John  F.  Stein;  marshal,  Milton  R.  Benton; 
attorney,  A.  E.  Mayhew;  engineer,  W.  O.  Gould;  assessor,  H.  L.  Davis; 
physician,  J.  W.  Hereford ;  board  of  appraisers,  Messrs.  Peterfish,  Ros- 
well  and  Gaylord ;  councilmen,  William  P.  Chiles,  O.  F.  Short,  Luther 
C.  Challis,  Cornelius  A.  Logan,  S.  T.  Walter,  James  A.  Headley  and 
Charles  Holbert. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  there  were  three  militia  companies 
organized  in  Atchison,  whose  members  enlisted  in  the  Kansas  regiments. 
They  were  known  as  Companies  A,  C  and  "At,  All  Hazards."  Early 
in  Sept.,  1861,  a  home  guard  was  organized  in  the  town  to  protect  it  in 
case  of  invasion  from  Missouri,  and  on  the  15th  of  the  month  another 
company  was  raised,  which  was  subsequently  mustered  into  a  state  regi- 
ment. In  1863  the  city  of  Atchison  raised  $4,000  to  assist  the  soldiers 
from  the  count)-  and  after  the  sack  of  Lawrence  a  like  sum  was  sub- 
scribed to  assist  the  stricken  people  of  that  city.  Citizens  of  the  town 
also  joined  the  vigilance  committees  that  so  materially  aided  the  civil 
authorities  in  suppressing  raiding  and  the  lawless  bands  of  thieves  that 
infested  the  border  counties. 

Atchison  was  one  of  the  first  cities  in  Kansas  to  be  connected  by 
telegraph  with  the  east.  In  1859  the  St.  Louis  &  Missouri  Valley  Tele- 
graph company  extended  its  line  from  Leavenworth  to  Atchison.  In 
191 1,  the  following  railroads  all  ran  into  the  city:  Burlington  &  Mis- 
souri River,  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe,  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pa- 
cific, Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph,  Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph  &  Council  P>lufFs, 
and  the  Missouri  Pacific. 

The  first  postoffice  in  Atchison  was  established  April  10.  1855,  with 
Robert  .S.  Kcllcy  as  postmaster.  It  was  optiu-d  in  a  small  I>uil(ling  in 
the  block  later  occupied  by  the  Otis  house.  In  July,  1883,  the  free-de- 
livery system  was  inaugurated  and  today  Atchison  has  one  of  the  best 
equipped,  modern  postal  services  in  the  state.  The  first  schools  in  the 
town  were  private.  One  of  the  first  was  opened  in  1857  by  Lizzie  Bay. 
The  first  school  district  was  established  in  Oct.,  1838,  and  a  month  later, 
the  Atchison  free  high  school  was  opened  at  the  corner  of  Atchison  and 
Commercial  streets.     Since  thai   time  progress  in  the  esl.Tlilishment  and 


KANSAS    HISTORY  III 

maintenance  of  schools  in  the  city  has  been  uniform  and  today  Atchi- 
son has  a  well  regulated  system  of  public  schools.  Besides  the  jniblic 
schools  there  are  a  number  of  private  educational  institutions. 

The  first  religious  services  in  Atchison  were  held  by  James  Shaw,  a 
Methodist  minister,  who  visited  the  city  in  May,  1857,  and  delivered  the 
first  sermon  at  ^.  C.  Pomeroy's  ofifice.  (See  history  of  churches  under 
denominational  name.) 

Soon  after  the  war,  when  industrial  life  became  normal,  manufac- 
tories began  to  spring  up  in  Atchison.  Elevators  and  mills  were  erected 
in  the  late  '60s  and  early  '70s;  a  flax  mill  was  built;  the  Atchison  Foun- 
dry and  Machine  Works,  one  of  the  most  important  commercial  enter- 
pries,  was  started ;  also  many  wood  working  factories,  and  carriage  and 
wagon  works.  Since  that  time  her  progress  as  an  industrial  center  has 
been  steady.  Civic  improvements  have  been  of  paramount  interest  to 
the  citizens  of  Atchison,  and  today  there  are  many  miles  of  paved 
streets,  an  excellent  waterworks  system,  sewer,  telephone,  electric  light- 
ing and  electric  railway  systems.  Natural  gas,  piped  from  the  southern 
part  of  the  state,  is  utilized  for  lighting,  heating  and  manufacturing  pur- 
poses. The  city  has  gained  a  reputation  for  its  fine  flour  mills,  car-re- 
pair shops,  foundries,  wooden  ware,  and  furniture  factories.  It  is  also  a 
large  jobbing  center  for  groceries,  hardware  and  drugs.  In  igri  At- 
chison had  a  population  of  16,429,  making  it  the  fifth  city  in  the  state. 

Atchison  County,  one  of  the  northeastern  counties  of  the  state,  was 
created  by  the  first  territorial  legislature  in  1855,  with  the  following 
boundaries,  "Beginning  at  the  southeast  corner  of  the  county  of  Doni- 
phan;  thence  west  twenty-five  (25)  miles;  thence  south  sixteen  (16) 
miles;  thence  east  to  the  Mississippi  (Missouri)  river;  thence  up  said 
river  to  the  place  of  beginning."  The  county  was  named  in  honor  of 
David  R.  Atchison,  United  States  senator  from  Missouri,  and  the  town 
:>f  Atchison  was  made  the  county  seat.  In  1868,  the  boundaries  of  the 
county  were  redefined  as  follows :  "Commencing  at  the  southeast  corner 
of  Doniphan  county;  thence  with  the  southern  boundary  of  Doniphan 
count}^  to  the  township  line  between  townships  4  and  5  south ;  thence 
west  with  the  said  township  line  between  townships  4  and  5  south,  to 
the  range  line  between  ranges  16  and  17  east;  thence  south  with  said 
range  line,  to  the  southwest  corner  of  section  19,  of  township  7  south, 
of  range  17  east ;  thence  east  with  the  section  lines  to  the  intersection 
with  the  west  boundary  line  of  the  State  of  Missouri;  thence  north  with 
said  boundary  line  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  to  the  place  of  beginning." 

Atchison  county  is  in  the  second  tier  of  counties  south  of  the  Nebraska 
state  line  and  has  an  area  of  423  square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Brown  and  Doniphan  counties,  on  the  east  by  Doniphan  coun- 
ty and  the  Missouri  river,  which  divides  it  from  the  State  of  Missouri, 
on  the  south  by  Leavenworth  and  Jeflferson  counties  and  on  the  west 
by  Jackson  county.  It  is  divided  into  the  following  townships :  Benton, 
Center,  Grasshopper,  Kapioma,  Lancaster,  Mount  Pleasant,  Shannon 
and  Walnut.  The  surface  of  the  county  is  gently  undulating  prairie, 
except  along  the  Missouri  river  where  it  breaks  into  prominent  bluffs. 


112  CYCLOPEDIA   OF 

The  average  width  of  the  valleys  is  from  a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  a  mile 
and  a  half  and  these  constitute  about  one-eighth  of  the  area.  Timber 
is  found  along  all  the  streams,  the  principal  varieties  being  black  wal- 
nut, burr-oak,  black  and  white  oak,  hickory,  red  and  white  elm  and 
honey-locust.  Besides  the  Missouri  river,  which  forms  the  eastern 
boundary,  there  is  the  Delaware  river,  which  flows  across  the  southwest 
corner.  Stranger  creek  in  the  center  of  the  county,  and  Independence 
creek  which  forms  a  part  of  the  northeastern  boundary.  A  mineral 
spring,  said  to  have  medicinal  properties,  is  at  Arrington  in  the  south- 
west. Limestone  and  sandstone  are  plentiful ;  a  rich  vein  of  coal,  aver- 
aging 3  feet  or  more  in  thickness,  has  been  found  just  outside  the  cor- 
porate limits  of  Atchison ;  and  there  an  abundance  of  clay  for  making 
vitrified  brick. 

The  territorj'  now  embraced  within  the  limits  of  the  county  originally 
formed  a  part  of  the  Kickapoo  reserve,  established  by  the  treaty  of  1833, 
with  the  exception  of  the  southwest  corner  which  was  a  part  of  the  Dela- 
ware reserve  and  outlet,  established  by  the  treaty  of  183 1.  These  lands 
were  ceded,  under  certain  conditions,  to  the  general  government  in  1854 
and  opened  to  settlement. 

The  first  white  men  to  visit  the  county  now  embraced  within  the 
boundaries  of  Atchison  county  were  French  traders,  who  passed  up  the 
Missouri  river  during  the  first  quarter  of  the  eighteenth  century. 
French  trade  was  well  established  upon  the  Missouri  river  by  1764  and 
the  eastern  part  of  Atchison  county  known  to  the  traders.  Lewis  and 
Clark  passed  along  the  eastern  boundary  on  their  expedition  in  1804 
and  spent  some  time  in  exploring  the  banks  of  the  Missouri  river.  In 
1818  the  first  military  post  established  by  the  United  States  government 
in  what  is  now  Kansas  was  built  on  the  Isle  au  Vache  (q.  v.),  or  Cow 
island.    It  was  known  as  Cantonment  Martin. 

In  1833,  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  established  a  mission  among 
the  Kickapoos,  located  in  what  is  now  the  northwestern  corner  of  the 
county  near  Kennekuk.  The  first  white  man  to  locate  permanently  and 
erect  a  home  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  Frenchman  named  Pensoneau, 
who  married  a  Kickapoo  Indian  and  settled  on  the  banks  of  Stranger 
creek  in  1839. 

As  soon  as  it  was  definitely  known  that  Kansas  Territory  would  be 
opened  to  settlement,  the  pro-slaverj^  party  in  Missouri  began  to  lay 
plans  by  which  the  county  would  be  settled  by  men  of  tlieir  political 
faith.  Some  of  the  first  settlers  were  a  party  from  latan.  Mo.,  who  took 
claims  in  the  vicinity  of  Oak  Mills  in  June,  1854,  but  the  actual  settlers 
and  the  real  founders  of  the  county  and  city  of  Atchison  did  not  enter 
the  territory  until  the  next  month.  (See  Atchison.)  Some  of  the  set- 
lers  of  Atchison  county  in  1854  were  James  T.  Darnall,  Thomas  Dun- 
can, Robert  Kelly.  B.  F.  Wilson.  Henry  Cliiic  and  Archibald  Flliott. 
The  county  was  surveyed  into  townships  in  1855,  and  into  sections  in 
fall  of  that  year.  One  of  the  earliest,  and  practically  the  only  free-state 
settlement  in  Atchison  county,  was  started  in  Center  township  in  Oct., 


KANSAS    HISTORY  113 

1854,  by  Caleb  May.  The  town  of  Pardee  was  laid  out  in  the  spring 
of  1857  and  named  in  honor  of  Pardee  Butler,  a  minister  of  the  Chris- 
tian church  and  one  of  the  ardent  free-state  advocates.  Monrovia  was 
laid  out  in  1856  and  Lancaster  in  1857. 

About  five  miles  west  of  Atchison  the  old  military  road  ran  north 
and  south  across  the  county  and  there  the  citizens  of  Atchison  sold 
land  to  the  Mormon  emigrant  agents.  For  years  quite  a  setLlcmciit  uf 
them  was  to  be  found  there,  although  they  rarely  remained  long.  The 
roads  west  through  the  county  became  deeply  worn  into  ruts  by  the 
thousands  who  passed  over  them.  The  overland  stage  route  to  Cali- 
fornia ran  west  through  Atchison  county  into  Franklin  county ;  the  But- 
terfield  overland  dispatch  to  Denver  started  from  Atchison,  as  did  also 
the  parallel  roads  to  the  gold  fields.  Thousands  passed  along  these  well 
known  highways,  but  there  were  few  settlers  in  Atchison  county  from 
any  state  except  Missouri.  In  fact  they  so  predominated  that  the  peo- 
ple who  advocated  free-state  principles  did  not  dare  let  it  be  known. 
The  first  open  trouble  between  a  free-state  man  and  the  pro-slavery 
men  in  Atchison  county  occurred  in  1855,  when  J.  W.  B.  Kelley,  a  free- 
soiler  in  politics,  made  offensive  remarks  about  slavery,  and  particularly 
about  a  female  slave  who  was  supposed  to  have  committed  suicide. 
Her  owner  in  consequence  inflicted  bodily  chastisement  upon  Kelley. 
A  large  number  of  the  citizens  of  the  town  adopted  resolutions  order- 
ing Kelle}',  under  penalty  of  further  punishment,  to  leave  the  town. 
They  also  ordered  all  emissaries  of  the  abolition  societies  to  leave  or 
their  reward  would  be  "the  hemp."  It  was  resolved  to  "purge"  the 
county  of  all  free-state  people.  All  persons  who  refused  to  sign  the 
resolutions  were  to  be  regarded  and  treated  as  abolitionists.  (See  But- 
ler, Pardee.) 

The  bold  attitude  of  the  free-state  settlers  of  Lawrence  increased 
the  fire  of  political  feeling  among  the  pro-slavery  men  of  Atchison  and 
added  to  their  martial  ardor.  In  the  Wakarusa  War  (q.  v.)  an  Atchison 
company  took  a  promient  part  in  the  siege.  Other  companies  were  in 
the  battle  of  Hickor}'  Point. 

The  pro-slaver)'  leaders  of  Atchison,  who  dominated  the  politics 
of  the  county,  had  so  terrorized  the  other  settlers  that  up  to  the  sum- 
mer of  1857  the  free-state  men  in  the  county  had  formed  no  organiza- 
tion. Meetings  had  been  held  outside  of  Atchison,  however,  and  dur- 
ing the  summer  a  society  was  formed  at  Monrovia  with  F.  G.  Adams 
as  chairman.  About  the  same  time  the  Atchison  Town  company  dis- 
posed of  a  large  part  of  its  property  interests  to  the  New  England  Aid 
company,  and  the  Squatter  Sovereign,  the  first  newspaper  in  the  coun- 
ty, originally  a  strong  pro-slavery  organ,  was  turned  over  to  S.  C. 
Pomeroy,  who,  with  F.  G.  Adams  and  Robert  McBratney,  turned  it 
into  the  Champion,  a  free-state  sheet. 

As  the  town  company  had  made  such  a  compromise  in  politics  for 
the  sake  of  business,  Mr.  Adams  thought  that  the  free-state  men  could 
go  still  further,  and  advertised  that  Gen.  James  H.  Lane  would  speak 
(1-8) 


114  CVCLOPEDIA    OF 

in  Atchison  on  Oct.  19.  A  number  of  reliable  free-state  men  came  up 
from  Leavenworth  to  see  fair  play,  as  the  opposition  had  declared  that 
Lane  should  not  speak.  Mr.  Adams  was  assaulted  in  the  morning  and 
feeling  ran  so  high  with  both  parties  parading  the  streets  armed,  that 
it  was  decided  to  postpone  the  meeting.  Lane  was  turned  back  before 
entering  the  city  and  thus  further  trouble  was  avoided. 

Atchison  county  was  the  first  county  in  Kansas  to  secure  railroad 
connections.  The  St.  Joseph  &  Atchison  road  was  completed  to  Atchi- 
son in  Feb..  i860.  This  was  most  important  for  the  county  and  city, 
as  it  removed  from  Leavenworth  much  of  the  trade  that  had  formerly 
gone  there,  and  secured  the  shipment  of  all  the  government  freight  to 
the  western  military  posts.  It  also  removed  the  starting  point  of  the 
overland  mail  to  Atchison  from  St.  Joseph.  At  the  present  time  the 
county's  shipping  facilities  are  provided  by  two  lines  of  the  Missouri 
Pacific,  one  entering  on  the  western  border,  the  other  on  the  northern, 
converging  at  Atkinson:  a  branch  line  (if  the  Chicago.  Hurlingtiin  & 
Quincy,  which  enters  the  county  in  the  northeast  and  terminates  at 
Atchison ;  a  line  of  the  Atchison.  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe,  has  its  terminus 
at  Atchison,  with  a  branch  from  Hawthorn  to  Kansas  City.  The  Chi- 
cago, Rock  Island  &  Pacific,  Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  and  Kansas  City, 
St.  Joseph  &  Council  Bluffs  railroads  cross  the  Missouri  river  from 
Missouri  to  .Atchison  and  connect  that  city  with  the  east  and  the 
Leavenworth,  Kansas  &  Western  railroad  crosses  the  southeast  corner. 

The  county  commissioners  of  Atchison  county  were  elected  by  the 
territorial  legislature,  and  Gov.  Woodson  signed  their  commissions  on 
Aug.  31,  1855.  They  met  and  organized  on  Sept.  17  at  the  house  of 
O.  B.  Dickerson  in  .Atchison,  the  members  present  being  William  J. 
Young,  James  M.  Givens  and  James  A.  Headley,  prol)ate  judge.  Wil- 
liam McVay  h;ul  been  appointed  sheriff  previous  to  this  meeting,  at 
which  time  the  following  officers  were  appointed  by  the  board:  Ira 
Morris,  clerk  and  recorder;  Samuel  Walters,  assessor;  Sannicl  Dick- 
son, treasurer.  The  county  was  divided  into  three  townshijis :  Grass- 
hopper, Mount  Pleasant  and  Shannon.  The  ne.xt  day  Eli  C.  Mason 
was  appointed  sheriff  in  place  of  McVay,  who  resigned,  .ind  I  )ndley 
McVay  was  chosen  coroner.  Voting  precincts  were  established  for 
each  township  in  prc])arati<)n  for  the  election  of  a  delegate  to  Congress, 
which  was  set  for  the  first  Monday  of  October.  The  town  company 
of  Atchison  had  offered  to  donate  "Block  10"  for  the  location  of  the 
county  court-house.  The  offer  was  accepted  and  in  (  )clol)tr  the  com- 
missioners ordered  that  this  block  be  made  the  site  of  a  l)rick  building 
at  least  40  feet  square.  Fift\  lots  were  sold  on  May  i,  1856,  the  pro- 
ceeds to  be  used  to  help  in  the  expense  of  the  building.  Tlierc  was 
some  question  as  to  the  jicrmanent  location  of  the  county  scat,  and 
this  was  not  settled  until  the  election  held  on  the  first  Monday  in 
Oct.,  1858,  when  Atchison  received  the  majority  of  votes.  Work  was 
then  pushed' rapidly  along  and  the  court-house  was  comiileted  in  1859. 
The  county  jail,  adjoining  it.  was  completed  about  the  same  time.     As 


KANSAS    JIISTORY  II5 

the  offices  in  the  old  court-house  grew  too  crowded  with  the  increasing 
business,  a  fine  new  court-house  was  erected  in  the  winter  of  1896-97. 
No  bonds  were  issued,  the  funds  to  pay  for  it  being  secured  by  three 
annual  direct  tax  levies.  In  1869  the  county  purchased  a  poor  farm 
4  miles  south  of  the  city  of  Atchison,  and  erected  an  $8,000  building. 
This  farm  has  been  self-supporting. 

When  the  call  came  for  volunteers  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war, 
no  men  were  more  patriotic  than  those  of  Atchison  county,  which  was 
represented  in  the  First,  Seventh,  Eighth,  Tenth,  Thirteenth  and 
First  (colored)  Kansas  regiments ;  the  First  Nebraska  and  the  Thir- 
teenth Missouri ;  and  also  in  the  Ninth,  Fifteenth  and  Sixteenth  Kan- 
sas regiments.  Being  on  the  border,  Atchison  county  was  liable  to 
raids  from  the  Confederate  army  and  guerrilla  bands  from  across  the 
border,  which  necessitated  the  raising  of  companies  of  home  guards. 
During  the  year  1863  the  depredations  of  lawless  bands  became  so 
annoying  that  vigilance  committees  were  formed,  the  members  taking 
an  oath  to  support  the  Union  and  to  assist  in  suppressing  rebellion. 
They  became  an  effective  auxiliary  to  the  civil  authorities  in  punish- 
ing violators  of  the  law. 

Atchison,  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county  on  the  Missouri 
river,  is  the  seat  of  justice  as  well  as  the  largest  and  most  important 
town  in  the  county.  It  is  a  shipping  and  jobbing  point  for  a  large  and 
rich  agricultural  territory. 

According  to  the  LT.  S.  census  for  1910  the  papulation  of  Atchison 
county  was  28,107.  The  value  of  farm  products  that  year,  including 
live  stock,  was  $2,723,570.  The  five  principal  crops,  in  the  order  of 
their  value,  were:  corn,  $1,112,386;  oats,  $236,552;  hay.  $216,282;  wheat, 
$170,850,  and  the  value  of  live  stock  slaughtered  or  sold  for  slaughter 
was  $600,709. 

Atchison,  David  R.,  jurist  and  United  States  senator,  was  born  in 
Fayette  county,  Ky.,  Aug.  11,  1807.  His  father  was  an  industrious 
farmer  of  influence  in  the  neighborhood.  At  an  early  age  David  was  put 
in  a  grammar  school,  but  left  it  to  enter  Transylvania  University,  where 
he  graduated.  In  1828  he  began  to  study  law  at  the  Lexington  Law 
School,  where  he  remained  two  years.  He  then  went  to  Clay  county, 
at  that  time  the  extreme  border  of  Missouri.  He  quickly  adapted  him- 
self to  the  life  and  society  of  the  frontier;  took  part  in  politics,  and  soon 
became  a  prominent  figure  in  the  life  of  the  country.  In  1834  he  was 
elected  to  the  state  house  of  representatives  of  Missouri  and  in  1838 
was  reelected.  During  this  session  he  was  chosen  major-general  of  the 
state  militia  to  operate  against  the  Indians,  but  never  saw  any  active 
service.  In  1840  he  was  defeated  as  a  candidate  for  the  state  legisla- 
ture, and  in  1841,  was  elected  to  the  bench  of  the  Platte  judicial  circuit. 
Two  years  later  he  was  chosen  by  Gov.  Reynolds  to  fill  the  vacancy  in 
the  United  States  senate,  occasioned  by  the  death  of  Dr.  Lewis  Lvnn ; 
was  elected  in  1844  to  the  position  by  the  state  legislature,  and  reelected 
in  1849.    -"^t  the  time  of  the  death  of  William  R.  King,  the  vice-president 


I  1 6  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

elect,  Mr.  Atchison,  being  president  of  the  senate,  became  ex-officio  vice- 
president  of  the  United  States.  ^Vhen  the  question  of  the  organization 
of  the  Nebraska  Territory  came  before  the  senate,  Mr.  Atchison  opposed 
it,  but  at  the  next  session  favored  it,  and  though  the  vahdity  of  the 
Missouri  Compromise  had  not  then  been  questioned,  he  proposed,  re- 
gardless of  restrictions,  to  introduce  slavery  into  the  territory.  In  the 
summer  of  1853,  he  announced  himself  in  favor  of  the  repeal  of  the  Alis- 
souri  Compromise  and  the  following  winter  was  a  warm  supporter  of 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill.  He  aspired  to  the  presidency  and  for  some 
time  his  name  appeared  in  the  border  papers  as  a  candidate.  He  ran 
for  the  United  States  senate  in  1855  but  was  defeated.  The  following 
year  he  spent  the  most  of  his  time  in  Kansas  leading  the  Platte  County 
Rifle  company,  but  after  the  defeat  of  slavery  in  Kansas  he  retired  to  his 
farm.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  war  he  entered  the  Confederate 
service,  but  soon  retired  because  of  dissatisfaction  with  the  manage- 
ment.   After  the  war  he  li\'ed  in  retirement  until  his  death,  Jan.  26,  18S6. 

Atchison  Institute,  a  private  school  at  Atchison,  was  founded  in 
1870  with  Mrs.  H.  E.  Monroe  as  the  first  principal.  Cutler's  History  of 
Kansas  says  it  was  established  as  a  cooperative  enterprise  of  the  instruc- 
tors. The  Kansas  Monthly  for  June,  1879,  says:  "The  Institute  is  lo- 
cated on  Kansas  avenue  between  Third  and  Fourth  streets.  The  build- 
ings are  of  stone,  one  25  by  50  feet,  and  the  other  20  by  30  feet,  both 
three  stories  high.  It  has  five  well  appointed  recitation  rooms  and  six- 
teen rooms  for  the  accommodation  of  boarders  from  abroad.  DiuMng 
the  past  si.\  months  200  students  have  been  enrolled,  with  an  average 
attendance  in  the  various  departments  of  144." 

The  property  of  the  school  was  at  that  time  valued  at  $25,000.  Since 
then  many  important  additions  have  been  made  and  the  Institute  is 
still  one  of  the  well  known  private  educational  institutions  of  the  state. 

Athol,  a  thriving  little  town  of  Smith  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Chi- 
cago, Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R..  in  Lane  township.  8  miles  west  of 
Smith  Center,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  liank.  a  grain  elevator,  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes,  some  good  general  stores  and 
is  a  shipping  point  of  considerable  importance.  'i"he  ])opiilation  in  iQio 
was  350. 

Atlanta,  an  incor])oratcd  town  of  Cowley  county,  is  situated  in 
Omnia  tovvnshij)  on  the  line  of  the  St.  Louis  iS:  San  Francisco  R.  R., 
about  20  miles  nortlieast  of  Winficid,  tJie  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a 
money  order  postoffice  with  three  rural  delivery  routes,  telegraph  and 
express  offices,  telephone  connection  with  the  surrounding  region,  some 
well  ai)i)()intcd  retail  stores,  and  is  the  shii)iiing  and  supply  point  for 
a  large  agricultural  district  in  the  northern  part  of  the  co\inty.  The 
pf)pulation  in  loio  was  330. 

Attachments. — The  |)iaiutilT  in  a  civil  action  for  llu-  recovery  of  money 
or  in  a  suit  for  alimony  may.  at  or  after  the  commencement  thereof, 
have  an  attachment  against  the  property  of  the  defendant:  ist— When 
the  defendant   or  one  of  several  defendants  is  a  foreign  corpor;ition,  or 


KANSAS    HISTORY  II7 

a  non-resident  of  this  state;  but  no  order  of  attachment  sliall  be  issued 
for  any  claim  other  than  a  debt  or  demand  arising  u])on  contract,  judg- 
ment or  decree,  unless  the  cause  of  action  arose  wholly  within  the 
limits  of  this  state,  which  fact  must  be  established  on  the  trial.  2nd — 
\\'hcn  the  defendant  or  one  of  several  defendants  has  absconded  with 
intention  to  defraud  his  creditors.  3d- — When  the  defendant  lias  left 
the  county  of  his  residence  to  avoid  process.  4th — When  he  conceals 
himself  for  that  purpose.  5th — -When  he  is  about  to  remove  his  prop- 
erty or  a  part  thereof  out  of  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court  to  defraud 
creditors.  6th — When  he  is  about  to  convert  his  property  or  a  part 
thereof  into  money  for  that  purpose.  7th — When  he  has  property  or 
rights  in  action  which  he  conceals.  8th — In  case  he  has  assigned,  re- 
moved or  disposed  of,  or  is  about  to  dispose  of,  his  property  or  a  part 
thereof  to  defraud  creditors.  9th — In  case  he  fraudulently  contracted 
the  debt  or  incurred  the  liability  or  obligation  for  which  the  suit  is 
about  to  be  or  has  been  brought.  loth — Where  the  damages  for  which 
the  action  is  brought  are  for  injuries  arising  from  the  commission  of 
some  felony  or  misdemeanor  or  the  seduction  of  anj^  female,  nth — 
When  the  debtor  has  failed  to  pay  the  price  or  value  of  any  article  or 
thing  delivered,  which  by  contract  he  was  bound  to  pay  upon  delivery. 

The  order  of  attachment  shall  not  be  issued  by  the  clerk  until  an 
imdertaking  on  the  part  of  the  plaintifif  has  been  executed  by  one 
or  more  sufficient  sureties,  approved  by  the  clerk  and  filed  in  his  office, 
in  a  sum  not  exceeding  double  the  amount  of  the  plaintiff's  claim, 
to  the  effect  that  the  plaintiff  shall  pay  to  the  defendant  all  damages 
which  he  may  sustain  by  reason  of  the  attachment,  if  the  order  be 
wrongfully  obtained:  but  no  undertaking  shall  be  required  where  the 
party  or  parties  defendant  are  all  non-residents  of  the  state  or  a  foreign 
corporation. 

An  order  of  attachment  shall  be  issued  by  the  clerk  of  the  court  in 
which  the  action  is  brought  in  any  case  mentioned  when  there  is  filed 
in  his  office  an  affidavit  of  the  plaintiff,  his  agent  or  attorney,  show- 
ing: 1st — The  value  of  the  plaintiff's  claim.  2nd — That  it  is  just. 
3d — The  amount  which  the  affiant  believes  the  plaintiff  ought  to  re- 
cover.    4th — The  existence  of  some  one  of  the  grounds  enumerated. 

If  the  defendant  or  other  person  on  his  behalf,  at  any  time  before 
judgment,  cause  an  undertaking  to  be  executed  to  the  plaintiff  by 
one  or  more  sureties  resident  in  the  county,  to  be  approved  by  the  court, 
in  double  the  amount  of  the  plaintiff's  claim  as  stated  in  his  affidavit, 
to  the  effect  that  the  defendant  shall  perform  the  judgment  of  the  court, 
the  attachment  in  such  action  shall  be  discharged  and  restitution  made 
of  any  property  taken  under  it  or  the  proceeds  thereof.  Such  under- 
taking shall  also  discharge  the  liability  of  a  garnishee  in  such  action 
for  any  property  of  the  defendant  in  his  hands. 

Attica,  one  of  the  principal  incorporated  towns  of  Harper  county, 
is  in  Ruella  township,  and  is  the  eastern  terminus  of  a  division  of  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  that  runs  west  to  Medicine  Lodge. 


I  I.S  rVCLOPEDIA    OF 

Being  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  fine  agricultural  district,  about  12 
miles  northwest  of  Anthony,  Attica  is  an  important  commercial  center 
and  shipping  point.  It  has  a  bank,  a  grain  elevator,  a  weekly  news- 
paper (the  Independent),  an  international  money  order  postoffice  from 
which  emanate  two  rural  delivery  routes,  telegraph,  telephone  and  ex- 
press accommodations,  good  schools,  and  churches  of  several  of  the 
leading  denominations.  Attica  is  one  of  the  few  towns  that  more  than 
doubled  its  population  in  the  decade  between  1900  and  igio.  In  the 
former  year  the  population  Avas  311  and  in  the  latter  it  was  737,  a 
growth  that  speaks  well  for  the  location  of  the  town  and  the  enterpris- 
ing spirit  of  its  inhabitants. 

Atwater,  a  rural  post-hamlet  of  Meade  county,  is  located  on  a  little 
tributary  of  Crooked  creek,  about  13  miles  south  of  Meade,  the  county 
seat  and  most  convenient  railroad  station. 

Atwood,  the  county  seat  of  Rawlins  count}-,  is  an  incorporated  city 
of  the  third  class,  with  a  population  of  680  in  1910,  a  gain  of  194  during 
the  ])receding  ten  years.  It  was  laid  out  in  April,  1870,  by  T.  A.  An- 
drews and  J.  M.  Matheny  in  section  4,  town  3,  range  33,  but  this  prov- 
ing to  be  school  land,  the  town  was  moved  the  following  spring  to  its 
present  site  on  Beaver  creek  in  Atwood  township,  near  the  center  of 
the  county.  After  a  contest  (see  Rawlins  County)  Atwood  was  made 
the  permanent  county  seat  in  July,  1881.  It  has  two  banks,  three  week- 
ly newspapers,  several  good  mercantile  establishments,  graded  jniblic 
schools  and  a  high  school,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  an  international 
money  order  postoffice  with  two  free  rural  delivery  routes,  telephone 
connection  with  the  surrounding  towns,  a  hotel,  and  some  small  manu- 
facturing enterprises.  Atwood  is  located  on  the  division  of  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  R.  R.  that  runs  from  Orleans,  Neb.,  to  St.  Francis, 
Kan.,  and  is  an  important  shipping  point.  The  leading  religious  denom- 
inations are  the  Baptists.  Christians,  Catholics.  Congregationalists, 
Dunkards  and  Methodists,  all  of  whom  liave  neat  houses  of  worship.  A 
daily  stage  line  nms  from  Atwood  to  Colby,  the  county  seat  of  l^homas 
county,  about  30  miles  to  the  south. 

Aubrey,  Francois  X.,  a  noted  scoul  and  guide,  was  a  French  Ca- 
nadian of  wliose  early  life  and  antecedents  little  is  known.  During  the 
days  of  the  Santa  Fe  trade  he  was  a  familiar  figure  along  the  old  trail, 
and  was  the  first  man  to  take  a  loaded  train  from  the  Missouri  river 
to  Santa  Fe  in  the  winter  season.  In  184Q  or  1850  he  discovered  a  new 
route  to  .^anta  Fe  by  crossing  the  .'\rkansas  river  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Big  Sandy,  not  far  from  Big  Timbers,  and  following  the  di\idc  be- 
tween tlie  Raton  and  Cimarron  rivers.  This  route  had  an  advantage 
over  the  old  ones,  as  the  longest  distance  between  watering  places  was 
but  30  miles,  while  on  the  old  trail  via  the  Cimarron  river  the  distance 
in  some  cases  was  fin  miles.  For  a  wager  of  .$5,000,  Aubrey  on  one  occa- 
sion rode  from  Santa  Fe  to  Weslport,  Mo.,  a  distance  of  775  miles,  in 
5  days  ;iti('  13  hnurs.  lie  secured  relavs  of  horses  fnini  pass'ii!>  trains 
and  won  the  wager,  but  was  almost  exhausted  when  he  reached  West- 


KANSAS    IllSTOKV  I  I9 

port  and  slcjU  for  twenty  hours.  Gen.  Sherman  mentions  this  ride  in 
his  Memoirs,  and  compliments  the  bravery  and  endurance  of  the  scout. 
Aubrey  met  his  death  at  Santa  Fe  in  1856  at  the  hands  of  Maj.  R.  C. 
Weightman,  who  afterward  won  distinction  as  an  artillery  officer  in  the 
Confederate  army.  Weightman  and  Aubrey  met  in  a  saloon  and  were 
in  the  act  of  taking  a  drink  together,  when  the  latter  accused  Weightman 
of  publishing  a  He  on  him,  Weightman  having  formerly  conducted  a 
newspaper.  Without  replying  to  the  charge,  Weightman  dashed  his 
glass  of  liquor  in  the  face  of  Aubrey,  who  immediately  attempted  to 
draw  his  revolver,  jjut  before  he  could  do  so  his  antagonist  stabbed  him 
to  the  heart. 

Aubrey's  name  is  sometimes  given  as  "Felix  X.  Aubrey,"  and  some 
writers  spelled  the  last  name  "Aubry."  In  1853  a  steamboat  built  for 
the  Missouri  river  trade  was  named  the  "Felix  X.  Aubrey"  after  this 
daring  and  adventurous  character. 

Auburn,  a  money  order  postoffice  of  Shawnee  county,  is  in  the  town- 
ship of  the  same  name,  about  15  miles  southwest  of  Topeka  and  8  miles 
west  of  Wakarusa,  which  is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  It  is  a  trading 
center  for  that  section  of  the  county,  has  Baptist,  Methodist  and  Presby- 
terian churches,  telephone  connection  with  Topeka  and  other  adjacent 
points,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  ^2..  Two  rural  free  de- 
livery routes  start  from  the  Auburn  office  and  supply  daily  mail  to  the 
farmers  of  the  vicinity. 

Augusta,  an  incorporated  eity  of  Butler  county,  is  located  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Walnut  and  Whitewater  rivers,  13  miles  south  of 
Eldorado,  the  county  seat.  The  first  attempt  to  establish  a  town  here 
was  in  1857,  when  a  party  of  explorers  from  Lawrence  laid  out  a  town 
and  named  it  Augusta.  The  following  year  a  party  from  Topeka  jumped 
the  claim  of  the  former  founders  and  laid  out  the  town  of  "Fontanella," 
and  another  account  states  that  the  town  of  "Orizonia"  was  also  laid 
out  at  the  junction  of  the  rivers  in  1858.  The  lands  then  belonged  to 
the  Indians,  who  raided  the  town  and  drove  oflf  the  settlers  in  the  spring 
of  1859.  For  several  years  the  site  then  lay  vacant,  but  near  the  close 
of  the  Civil  war  Hagan  &  Morrill  opened  a  trading  post  there.  After 
the  treaty  with  the  Osages  in  1868  Shamleffer  &  James  bought  the  old 
claim  for  .$40  and  established  a  trading  house,  and  it  is  said  that  the 
town  was  named  Augusta  for  Mrs.  James.  A  school  house  was  built  in 
1870  and  the  same  year  a  postoffice  was  established  with  C.  N.  James  as 
postmaster.  In  1871  Augusta  was  incorporated  as  a  town,  with  W.  A. 
Shannon  as  chairman  of  the  first  board  of  trustees.  On  May  8,  1880, 
the  first  train  on  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.  reached  Augusta, 
and  the  next  year  the  Atchison.  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  completed  its  line 
to  the  town,  which  from  that  time  experienced  a  steady  and  substantial 
growth.  The  Missouri  Pacific  has  since  entered  the  city,  so  that  the 
Augusta  of  the  present  day  has  railroad  lines  radiating  in  five  different 
directions.  This  makes  it  an  available  shipping  and  distributing  point, 
and  being  situated  in  a  fine  agricultural  region,  large  quantities  of  grain. 


I20  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

live  stock,  etc.,  are  annually  exported.  Extensive  stone  quarries  in  the 
vicinity  also  furnish  a  great  deal  of  material  for  shipment.  The  city  has 
two  banks,  one  daily  and  two  weekly  newspapers,  some  fine  mercantile 
houses,  a  good  public  school  s_ystem,  telegraph,  telephone  and  express 
facilities,  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  four  rural  free 
delivery  routes  emanating  from  it,  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of 
1.235. 

Aulne,  a  money  order  postoffice  of  Marion  county,  is  in  Wilson  town- 
shi]),  atid  is  a  station  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  6 
miles  south  of  Marion,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  good  local  trade,  does 
considerable  shipping,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  150. 

Aurora,  an  incorporated  town  of  Cloud  county,  is  located  in  the  town- 
ship of  the  same  name,  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  that 
runs  from  Strong  City  to  Superior,  Neb.,  12  miles  southeast  of  Con- 
cordia, the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  Catholic  church,  some  good 
stores,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes,  telephone  con- 
nection, telegraph  and  express  offices,  good  schools,  and  in  1910  reported 
a  population  of  269. 

Austin,  a  station  on  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  R.  R.,  in  Neosho 
count}-,  is  located  in  Canville  township,  11  miles  northwest  of  Erie,  the 
county  seat,  and  4  miles  from  Chanute  from  wlience  it  receives  mail 
daily  by  rural  delivery. 

Australian  Ballot. —  fSee  Election  Laws.) 

Avery,  a  rural  hamlet  of  Reno  county,  is  situated  on  Peace  creek,  about 
20  miles  northwest  of  Hutchinson,  the  county  seat.  The  inhabitants 
receive  mail  by  rural  free  delivery  from  Sterling,  Rice  count}-,  which  is 
the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Avoca,  a  hamlet  of  Jackson  county,  is  located  near  the  west  line  of  the 
county,  1 1  miles  southwest  of  Holton,  the  county  seat.  It  receives  its 
mail  from  Soldier. 

Axtell,  an  incorporated  town  of  Marshall  county,  is  located  in  Murray 
township,  25  miles  east  of  Marysviile,  the  county  seat,  at  the  junction 
of  the  Missouri  Pacific  and  the  St.  Joseph  &  Grand  Island  railroads.  It 
has  banking  facilities,  a  weekly  newspaper,  a  money  order  postoffice  with 
three  rural  routes,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  had  748  inhabitants 
•in  1910.  The  community  was  settled  in  the  '60s  and  the  town  was  laid 
out  in  1872  by  the  St.  Joseph  Town  conipan}.  The  postoffice  was  estab- 
lished the  same  year.  The  first  store  was  kept  by  a  man  known  as 
"Shoestring"  Dickinson. 

B 

Bachelder,  a  Idwu  in  Geary  county.     (See  Milford.) 

Bacon,  a  small  hamlet  of  Lincoln  county,  is  located  in  the  Spillman 
creek  valley,  about  20  miles  northwest  of  Lincoln,  the  county  seat.  The 
people  there  receive  mail  by  rural  free  delivery  from  Ccdron.  Sylvan 
Grove  on  the  I'nion  Pacific  is  the  nearest  railmad  st;ition. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  121 

Badger,  a  village  of  Cherokee  county,  is  a  station  on  the  St.  Louis  & 
San  Francisco  R.  R.  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county,  with  a  population 
of  '^o  in  lyio,  and  receives  mail  1)\-  rural  free  dclivcrv  from  Smitlilield, 
Mo. 

Bailey,  Edgar  H.  S.,  chemist,  was  born  at  Middlefield,  Cx)nn.,  Sept. 
17,  1848.  In  1873  he  received  the  degree  of  Ph.  B.  from  Yale  I'niver- 
sity,  and  for  the  year  following  was  an  instructor  in  chemistry  in  that 
institution.  He  then  became  an  instructor  in  the  Lehigh  University  at 
South  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  where  he  remained  until  1883,  visiting  Strass- 
burg,  however,  in  1881  as  a  student  along  special  lines.  Prof.  Bailey 
was  apj)ointed  chemist  to  the  Kansas  State  Board  of  Agriculture  in  1885. 
In  1895  he  visited  Leipzig,  and  in  1899  became  chemist  to  the  Kansas 
State  I'oard  of  Health.  The  next  year  he  was  made  director  of  the  chem- 
ical laboratory  in  the  LTniversity  of  Kansas,  which  position  he  still  occu- 
pies. Prof.  Bailey  assisted  in  and  contributed  to  the  reports  of  the  Kan- 
sas geological  survey;  in  connection  with  H.  P.  Cady  is  the  author  of  a 
laboratory  Guide  to  Qualitative  Analysis ;  was  councilor  of  the  society 
of  Sigma  Xi  in  1908;  is  a  member  of  various  scientific  societies,  and 
honorary  member  of  the  American  Institute  of  Homeopathy,  and  a  con- 
tributor to  scientific  and  chemical  journals.  On  July  13,  1876,  he  marrie'd 
Miss  Aravesta  Trumbauer,  of  Bethlehem,  Pa. 

Bailey,  Willis  J.,  governor  of  the  State  of  Kansas  from  1903  to  1905, 
was  born  in  Carroll  coimty,  111.,  Oct.  12,  1854.  He  was  educated  in  the 
common  schools,  the  Mount  Carroll  high  school,  and  graduated  at  the 
L'niversity  of  Illinois  as  a  member  of  the  class  of  1879.  In  1904  his  Alma 
Mater  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  In  1879,  soon  after 
completing  his  college  course,  he  accompanied  his  father  to  Nemaha 
county,  Kan.,  where  they  engaged  in  farming  and  stock  raising,  and 
founded  the  town  of  Baileyville.  Upon  reaching  his  majority.  Gov. 
Bailey  cast  his  lot  with  the  Republican  party,  and  since  that  time  he  has 
been  an  active  and  consistent  advocate  of  the  principles  espoused  by  that 
organization.  In  1888  he  was  elected  to  represent  his  county  in  the  state 
legislature ;  was  reelected  in  1890 ;  was  president  of  the  Republican 
State  League  in  1S03:  was  the  Republican  candidate  for  Congress  in  the 
First  district  in  1896,  and  in  June,  1898,  was  nominated  by  the  state 
convention  at  Hutchinson  as  the  candidate  for  Congressman  at  large, 
defeating  Richard  W.  Blue.  After  serving  in  the  Fifty-sixth  Congress 
he  retired  to  his  farm,  but  in  1902  was  nominated  by  his  party  for 
governor.  At  the  election  in  November  he  defeated  W.  H.  Craddock, 
the  Democratic  candidate  by  a  substantial  majority,  and  began  his  term 
as  governor  in  Jan.,  1903.  At  the  close  of  his  term  as  gover\ior  he  re- 
moved to  Atchison,  and  since  1907  has  been  vice-president  and  manager 
of  the  Exchange  National  bank  of  that  city.  Shortly  after  his  retire- 
ment from  the  office  of  governor  he  was  prominently  mentioned  as  a 
candidate  for  United  States  senator,  and  in  1908  a  large  number  of  Re- 
publicans of  the  state  urged  his  nomination  for  governor.  Mr.  Bailey 
has  ahvavs  been  interested  in  behalf  of  the  farmers  of  the  countr\-,  and 


122  CYCLOrEDIA    OF 

from  1895  to  1899  he  was  a  member  of  tlie  Kansas  State  Board  of  Agri- 
culture. 

Bailey's  Administration. — In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the 
state  constitutiiju.  Gov.  Bailey  was  inaugurated  on  the  second  Monday 
in  Jan.,  1903,  which  was  the  12th  day  of  the  month.  The  next  day  the 
legislature  met  in  regular  session,  with  Lieut.-Gov.  David  J.  Hanna  as 
president  of  the  senate  and  J.  T.  Pringle  as  speaker  of  the  house.  .As 
soon  as  the  two  branches  of  the  general  assembly  were  organized  the 
governor  submitted  his  message,  which  did  not  differ  materially  from 
the  messages  of  his  predecessors.  In  his  introduction  he  congratulated 
the  people  of  the  state  on  their  progress  and  present  condition  by  say- 
ing': 

"The  business  and  commercial  interests  of  Kansas  have  never  been 
upon  a  stronger  or  more  substantial  ^asis  than  now.  No  state  in  the 
Union  has  absorbed  more  of  the  general  prosperity  that  has  come  to  the 
whole  country  during  the  past  six  years  than  has  Kansas.  New  life, 
new  hope  and  new  energy  have  come  to  our  people  as  the  result  of  these 
conditions,  and  the  increase  in  value  of  nearly  all  real  and  personal 
propert}'  has  largely  enhanced  the  wealth  and  commercial  importance 
of  the  state.  .  .  .  The  official  statistics  indicate  that,  in  the  decade 
just  closed,  the  increase  in  value  of  farm  products  has  been  ncarh-  24 
per  cent.,  and  of  live  stock  more  than  53  per  cent.,  or,  for  all  combined, 
31.6  per  cent." 

Then,  referring  to  the  bank  commissioners'  report,  he  gave  the  num- 
ber of  state  banks  as  477,  a  gain  of  89  in  the  last  two  years.  The  capital 
of  these  banks  amounted  to  $7,751,000,  a  gain  of  $1,138,000;  their  sur- 
plus of  $1,769,701  showed  a  gain  of  $419,491 ;  the  deposits  amounted  to 
$40,135,176,  a  gain  of  $8,508,841  :  and  their  loans  had  increased  during 
the  two  years  from  ,$21,812,835  to  $32,885,046. 

Notwithstanding  the  general  prosperity  of  the  state,  he  counseled 
economy  in  the  matter  of  approju-iations.  "1  call  your  attention,"  said 
he,  "to  the  lavish  waste  of  the  public  money  in  the  ijrinting  of  useless 
and  unnecessary  ])ublic  documents.  The  law.  in  many  instances,  pro- 
vides for  the  ])ublishing  of  rc])orts  and  documents  far  beyond  any  de- 
mand or  necessit}",  and,  as  a  resnit.  the  store  rooms  of  the  capitol  build- 
ing are  rapidly  filling  up  with  this  mailer  that  is  worse  than  useless.  I 
am  sure  a  careful  inspection  of  this  accunuilated  material  will  convince 
any  legislator  of  the  necessity  of  reform  along  this  line." 

On  the  snl)ject  of  Congressional  apportidnnuni  he  said:  "Kansas  has 
eight  meml)ers  in  the  national  Congress  aiul  the  stale  is  divided  into 
seven  Congressional  districts,  necessitating  the  eleclinn  nf  iine  number 
at  large.  I  recommend  the  redistricting  of  the  state  and  the  formation 
of  eight  Congressional  districts,  as  contemplated  by  law.  The  Congress- 
man at  large,  while  he  has  the  same  rights  upon  llie  lliuir  .■ind  in  the 
committee  room  as  tiie  member  who  has  a  district,  is  practically  denied 
Other  ])rer(igatives  of  a  member.  Each  Congressional  district  is  entitled 
to  certain  recognition,  certain  patronage.     Kansas  i)raclR;illy  loses  one- 


KANSAS    inSTOKV  12T, 

eighth  of  what  she  is  entitled  to  under  the  present  apportionment.  The 
fact  that  a  district  has  60,000  or  70,000  more  population  that  it  is  en- 
titled to  does  not  entitle  the  people  of  the  district  to  any  more  recogni- 
tion than  they  would  have  if  they  had  the  number  contemplated  by  law. 
I  earnestly  hope  that  this  legislature  will  reapjjortion  the  state  and  fol- 
low the  example  set  by  other  states." 

The  governor  then  reviewed  the  condition  of  the  state  inslilutions  and 
the  work  of  the  railroad  and  tax  commissioners.  He  recommended  the 
passage  of  a  law  authorizing  the  appointment  of  a  state  architect ;  an  ap- 
propriation to  maintain  the  office  of  state  accountant  as  contemplated  by 
the  law  of  1895  >  '^hs  establishment  of  a  state  fish  hatchery  "with  the  view 
of  propagating  such  fish  as  are  adapted  to  the  streams  of  Kansas,"  and 
called  attention  to  the  fact  that  other  states,  where  conditions  were  no 
more  favorable  than  in  Kansas,  had  made  fish  hatcheries  profitable  un- 
dertakings. He  also  recommended  a  revision  of  the  insurance  laws, 
because  in  the  enactment  of  new  laws  on  this  subject  there  had  been  a 
lack  of  positive  corrections  and  repealing  acts,  hence,  "as  a  result,  the 
insurance  department  is  in  possession  of  a  compilation  of  laws  in  which 
there  are  contraditions  and  inconsistencies." 

He  announced  the  completion  of  the  capitol  building,  so  that  "no 
further  expenditure  is  now  needed,  save  for  its  proper  maintenance;" 
expressed  the  ho])c  that  the  State  of  Kansas  would  "coo])erate  with  the 
national  government  in  all  efforts  toward  improvement,  and  liberallv  aid 
all  movements  tending  to  the  developing  of  the  National  Guard :"  and 
called  attention  to  the  report  of  the  commissioner  of  labor,  especially 
the  recommendation  that  a  law  be  enacted  prohibiting  the  employment 
of  children  under  the  age  of  fourteen  years  in  shops  and  factories.  In 
his  conclusion  he  again  called  attention  to  the  necessity  of  using  judg- 
ment and  discrimination  in  the  expenditure  of  the  public  funds,  as  fol- 
lows ; 

"The  natural  pride  every  citizen  has  in  his  state  suggests  at  once  that 
the  institutions  of  the  state  should  be  maintained  upon  a  plane  com- 
mensurate with  the  dignity  and  growth  of  the  state.  This  is  commend- 
able; but  there  is  another  interest  that  should  be  sacred  to  every  one 
charged  with  responsibility,  and  that  is  the  duty  we  owe  to  the  burden- 
bearers,  the  people  who  pay  the  taxes.  The  people  will  justif}'  a  gener- 
ous support  of  all  the  great  interests  of  our  state,  but  they  will  condemn 
any  profligate  waste  of  the  public  money." 

Most  of  the  governor's  recommendations  were  observed  b}'  the  legis- 
lature, though  three  bills  in  which  he  was  especially  interested  failed 
to  become  laws.  They  were  the  acts  redistricting  the  state  for  repre- 
sentatives in  Congress,  establishing  state  depositories,  and  the  child 
labor  law.  The'  principal  acts  passed  at  this  session  were  those  estab- 
lishing the  indeterminate  sentence  system ;  increasing  the  salarv  of  the 
superintendent  of  public  instruction  ;  providing  for  tuition  fees  at  the 
state  educational  institutions ;  continuing  the  bounty  on  sugar  beets ; 
placing  suburban   electric   railways   under   the   control    of  the  board   of 


124  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

railroad  commissioners :  appropriating  $100,000  for  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase exposition;  curtaiHng  the  number  of  state  reports  to  be  issued  by 
the  state  printer ;  reestablishing  the  office  of  state  accountant ;  reorgan- 
izing the  National  Guard  to  conform  to  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Con- 
gress known  as  the  "Dick  bill;"  requiring  the  State  of  Oklahoma  to  re- 
lieve Kansas  of  caring  for  her  prisoners  after  two  years ;  making  the 
state  free  employment  bureau  a  permanent  institution,  and  providing  for 
the  establishment  of  a  state  fish  hatchery. 

Two  constitutional  amendments  were  submitted  to  the  people,  to  be 
voted  upon  at  the  general  election  of  1904.  One  related  to  the  veto  power 
of  the  governor,  as  defined  by  section  14.  article  2,  and  the  other  made 
the  state  printer  an  elective  office. 

On  Jan.  20  the  legislature  adopted  a  resolution  requesting  the  sena- 
tors and  representatives  from  ICansas  in  the  national  Congress  "to  use 
their  best  endeavors  and  influence  toward  securing  for  our  state  the 
honor  of  having  named  for  her  one  of  the  new  first-class  battle  ships 
either  already  provided  for  or  to  be  provided  for  in  the  near  future." 
(See  Battle-ship  Kansas.) 

A  joint  session  of  the  two  houses  was  held  on  Jan.  28  for  the  election 
of  a  United  States  senator.  Chester  I.  Long  was  elected  over  William 
A.  Harris  by  a  vote  of  123  to  35.  Mr.  Long  was  present  and  made  a  short 
address,  after  which  he  was  presented  with  his  certificate  of  election  for 
the  term  beginning  on  March  4,  1903. 

Heavy  floods  in  the  spring  of  1903  did  great  damage  in  various  parts 
of  the  state,  the  greatest  losses  being  at  Topeka,  Lawrence  and  Kansas 
City.  To  relieve  the  flood  situation  in  the  Kaw  valley  Gov.  Bailey  issued 
a  proclamation  on  June  17,  calling  the  legislature  to  meet  in  special  ses- 
sion on  the  24th.  In  his  message  at  the  opening  of  the  special  session, 
Gov.  Bailey  said : 

"The  floods  which  have  recently  swept  over  a  portion  of  our  fair  state 
have  created  conditions  unusual  and  e.Ktraordinary.  The  valley  of 
the  Kaw  and  its  tributaries,  which  but  a  short  time  ago  gave  promise  of 
rich  harvests,  have  been  devastated  by  the  angry  waters,  villages  and 
cities  have  been  inundated,  homes  have  been  obliterated,  and  the  prop- 
erty loss  to  the  citizens  of  our  state  is  so  vast  that  at  this  time  its  amount 
is  but  a  conjecture.  I'ridges  that  spanned  our  rivers  that  are  nhsnlutcly 
necessary  for  the  everj'-day  transaction  of  business  have,  in  ni.iuy  cases, 
been  swept  away  and  others  made  impassable,  making  necessary  the  ex- 
penditure of  large  amounts  of  money  licfore  the  avenues  of  commerce 
can  again  be  opened.  Especially  is  this  true  of  Wyandotte  county,  where 
the  immense  business  between  Kansas  City,  Kan.,  and  Kansas  Cilw  Mo., 
is  suspended  until  the  river  can  again  be  bridged.  While  the  conditions 
are  the  most  acute  in  Wyandotte  county,  yet  the  same  situation  obtains 
in  several  of  the  other  counties.  In  some  of  the  counties,  those  charged 
with  the  responsiI)ility  of  repairing  the  great  losses  find  themselves 
helpless  under  the  law  to  meet  these  unusual  and  extraordinary  condi- 
tions, and  it  is  for  the  ])urpose  of  giving  such  enabling  legislation  as  is 


KANSAS    IIISTOR-i'  I25 

necessary  to  meet  these  exigencies,  caused  by  tlie  recent  floods,  that  I 
have  exercised  the  power  vested  in  me  by  the  constitution  of  our  state 
to  convene  the  leg^ishiture  in  extra  session." 

Immediately  after  the  reading  of  the  governor's  message  a  concurrent 
resolution  was  adopted,  to  the  efifect  that  the  introduction  of  bills  should 
cease  at  lo  o'clock  a.  m.  on  the  25th;  that  all  messages  between  the 
house  and  senate  should  be  discontinued  at  noon  of  the  same  day,  and 
that  the  final  adjournment  should  be  made  at  3  o'clock  p.  m.  The  time 
was  found  to  be  too  short,  however,  for  the  consideration  of  the  various 
measures  proposed,  and  the  final  adjournment  was  not  taken  until  2 
o'clock  p.  m.  on  the  26th.  Even  then  the  legislature  broke  all  previous 
records  for  the  amount  of  business  transacted.  In  the  senate  30  bills 
were  introduced,  and  in  the  house  59.  Of  these  89  bills  55  became  laws. 
The  most  important  acts  were  those  authorizing  counties  to  issue  bonds 
to  repair  the  damages  done  by  the  flood ;  permitting  county  commis- 
sioners to  issue  warrants  for  similar  purposes ;  repealing  the  act  of 
March  2,  1903,  limiting  the  bonded  indebtedness  of  cities  of  the  first 
class  having  a  population  of  50,000  or  more,  and  allowing  cities  to  issue 
bonds  and  warrants  to  replace  bridges,  etc. 

Attempts  to  make  direct  appropriations  for  the  relief  of  the  flood  suf- 
ferers were  defeated,  but  Gov.  Bailey  called  for  contributions  and  in 
this  way  raised  a  fund  of  some  $33,000,  over  half  of  which,  or  $17,500, 
went  to  Wyandotte  county,  where  there  were  5,000  needy  families. 
Douglas  county  reported  225  destitute  families  and  received  nearly 
$4,000 ;  Leavenworth  county  received  a  little  over  $2,000  for  the  relief 
of  115  families,  and  the  balance  of  the  fund  was  distributed  in  the  coun- 
ties along  the  Kansas  river  from  Marshall  to  Wyandotte. 

The  second  year  of'  Gov.  Bailey's  administration  witnessed  the  be- 
ginning of  an  incident  that  for  a  time  agitated  the  state  from  center  to 
circumference.  On  Jan.  23,  1904,  Joseph  R.  Burton,  United  States  sena- 
tor from  Kansas,- was  indicted  by  a  Federal  grand  jury  at  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
on  the  charge  of  having  accepted  $2,500  from  the  Rialto  Grain  and  Se- 
curities company  (a  "get-rich-quick"  concern),  of  that  city,  to  use  his 
influence  with  the  postoffice  department  to  prevent  the  issuance  of  a 
fraud  order  against  the  company,  denying  it  the  use  of  the  mails.  Bur- 
ton was  tried  before  Judge  Adams  of  the  United  States  district  court  at 
St.  Louis  in  March,  found  guilty  and  sentenced  to  pay  a  fine  of  $2,500 
and  serve  six  months  in  the  jail  at  fronton.  Mo.  Burton's  defense  was 
that  he  was  acting  within  his  rights,  and  that  the  money  received  from 
the  company  was  nothing  more  than  he  was  entitled  to  as  attorney's 
fees.  He  appealed  the  case  to  the  LTnited  States  supreme  court,  which  in 
Jan.,  1905,  reversed  the  decision  of  the  district  court,  on  the  grounds 
that  the  money  was  paid  to  Burton  in  Washington,  and  remanded  the 
case  for  a  new  trial.  The  second  trial  was  before  Judge  Van  Devanter 
of  the  United  States  circuit  court  at  St.  Louis  in  Nov.,  1905,  and  re- 
sulted in  the  same  sentence  as  that  imposed  by  Judge  .Adams'  court. 
A  second  appeal  to  the  supreme  court  followed,  and  this  time  the  de- 


126  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

cision  of  the  lower  court  was  sustained.     On  June  4,  1906,  ^Ir.  Burton 
resigned  his  seat  in  the  Senate. 

In  the  spring  of  1904  the  cities  of  Wichita,  Hutchinson,  Emporia, 
ColYeyville,  Winfield,  Ottawa,  and  all  the  towns  in  the  Kansas  river  val- 
ley, again  suffered  losses  by  floods,  though  the  damages  were  not  as 
heavy  as  those  of  the  previous  year. 

On  June  4.  1900,  a  charter  was  granted  to  the  I-Cansas  Exposition  As- 
sociation of  Topeka,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $50,000,  which  was  organ- 
ized for  the  purpose  of  holding  a  semi-centennial  celebration  of  the 
organization  of  Kansas  as  a  territory  in  1904.  The  records  do  not  show 
what  became  of  the  association,  but  a  three  days'  celebration  was  held, 
beginning  on  Monday,  May  30,  1904,  which  was  also  Memorial  day.  On 
the  first  day  of  the  celebration  there  was  a  great  civic  and  military 
parade,  in  which  Gov.  Bailey  and  his  staff  participated,  and  an  address 
by  William  H.  Taft,  secretary  of  war  in  President  Roosevelt's  cabinet. 
The  second  day  was  "Pioneer  Day,"  and  was  devoted  to  the  relation  of 
experiences  by  old  residents  who  had  lived  in  Kansas  in  "the  days  that 
tried  men's  souls."  Wednesday  was  "Women's  day."  the  principal  feat- 
ure of  which  was  a  beautiful  flower  parade. 

Sept.  30.  1904,  was  "Kansas  Day"  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  exposi- 
tion at  St.  Louis.  On  the  12th  Gov.  Bailey  issued  a  proclamation  an- 
nouncing that  "The  management  has  set  apart  the  week  beginning  on 
Sept.  26  as  "Kansas  Week'  at  tlie  World's  Fair,  and  Sept.  30  has  been 
designated  as  "Kansas  Day,'  and  it  is  the  most  earnest  desire  of  the  chief 
executive  and  the  Kansas  commission  that  as  many  loyal  citizens  of  our 
state  as  possible  arrange  to  attend  the  fair  at  that  time,  and  by  their 
presence  and  influence  honor  the  day  and  the  occasion." 

It  was  estimated  that  15,000  Kansans  were  in  attendance  on  the  30th 
and  nearly  every  one  wore  a  sunflower,  which  had  but  a  short  time  be- 
fore been  declared  the  state  flower  by  the  legislature.  Gov.  Bailey  de- 
livered an  address,  descriptive  of  the  resources  and  progress  of  Kansas, 
and  llie  Kansas  building  was  thronged  from  morning  till  night  with  in- 
terested sight-seers.      (See  Louisiana   Purchase   Exposition.) 

'I"lu-  ])(ilitical  campaign  of  1904  was  opened  by  the  Republican  jiarty, 
which  licld  a  stale  convention  at  Wichita  on  March  9.  Edward  Hoch 
was  nominated  for  governor  by  acclamation  ;  all  the  state  officers  elected 
in  1902  were  rennniinaled  ;  E.  W.  Cunningham,  W.  Ti.  Smith  and  Clark 
A.  Smith  were  nominated  for  associate  justices  of  the  supreme  court; 
George  W.  Wheatley,  J.  W.  Kobison  and  A.  1).  Wnikcr  fi>r  r.iilroad  com- 
missioners, and  Charles  F.  .Scott  for  Congressman  at  l.irge.  Tlie  plat- 
form paid  a  tribute  Id  the  late  Marcus  .\.  llanna.  United  Stales  senator 
from  Ohio  and  chairman  ni'  the  Republican  iiatinii.il  ciunniittce;  de- 
clared in  favor  of  a  primary  election  law;  urged  thi'  nappi  ntioiimcnt 
of  the  state  into  eight  Congressional  districts;  favdrcil  ,l  public  deposi- 
tory system  for  tlie  slate  funds,  the  "good  roads  movement,"  artd  civil 
service  reform  in  the  stale  inslilulions.  Delegates  to  the  national  con- 
vention were  al.so  selected. 


KANSAS    IIISTOKY  I27 

A  Democratic  slate  convculion  iiicl  at  Wichita  on  April  7,  selected 
delegates  to  the  national  convention,  adopted  resolutions  reaffirming  the 
national  platforms  of  1896  and  1900,  expressed  an  appreciation  of  W.  J. 
Bryan,  the  presidential  candidate  in  those  two  campaigns,  and  indorsed 
the  work  of  William  R.  Mearst  "in  the  interests  of  his  party,"  and  com- 
mended his  example  "to  good  Democrats  everywhere."  No  nomina- 
tions for  state  officers  were  made  at  this  convention. 

On  April  12  a  Pojmlist  convention  assembled  at  Tojieka,  and  after 
a  stormy  session  named  89  delegates  to  the  national  convention.  Wil- 
liam H.  Hearst  was  recommended  to  the  Democratic  party  as  the  choice 
of  the  Populists  for  president,  but  the  fusionists  controlled  the  conven- 
tion and  prevented  any  nominations  from  being  made. 

The  Prohibition  state  convention  was  held  at  Emporia  on  May  11. 
James  Kerr  was  nominated  for  governor:  S.  F.  Gould,  for  lieutenant- 
governor;  T.  D.  Talmage,  for  secretary  of  state;  C.  A.  Smith,  for  audi- 
tor; C.  A.  Fog"lc,  for  treasurer;  J.  M.  Martin,  for  attorney-general;  J.  J. 
Plarnley,  for  superintendent  of  public  instruction  ;  M.  V.  B.  Bennett,  for 
associate  justice  (only  one  nominated)  ;  I^.  B.  Dubbs,  J.  N.  Woods  and 

A.  C.  Kennedy,  for  railroad  commissioners;  Jesse  Evans,  for  superin- 
tendent of  insurance ;  and  Duncan  McFarland,  for  Congressman  at 
large. 

The  Populist  convention  in  April  adjourned  to  Aug.  3,  when  a  joint 
convention  of  Democrats  and  the  Populists  who  favored  fusion  met  at 
Topeka  and  nominated  a  state  ticket,  which  was  as  follows:  Governor, 
David  M.  Dale;  lieutenant-governor,  M.  A.  Householder;  secretary  of 
state,  John  H.  Curran  ;  auditor,  W.  H.  McDonald;  treasurer,  Thomas  M. 
Dolan  ;  attorney-general,  W.  W.  Wells  ;  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion, Martin  R.  Howard;  associate  justice,  John  T.  Little;  superin- 
tendent of  insurance,  John  Stowell ;  railroad  commissioners,  F.  H.  Chase 
and  \\'illiam  M.  Ferguson ;  Congressman  at  large,  Frank  Brady.  Of 
these  candidates.  Dale,  Curran,  Dolan,  Howard  and  Ferguson  were 
Democrats,  the  others  Populists.     Some  time  after  the  convention   M. 

B.  Nicholson  and  S.  H.  Allen  were  added  to  the  ticket  as  candidates  for 
the  office  of  associate  justice,  but  the  third  place  for  railroad  commis- 
sioner was  never  filled.  The  platform  adopted  indorsed  Parker  and 
Davis  as  the  candidates  of  the  Democratic  party  for  president  and  vice- 
president  and  the  platform  adopted  by  the  national  convention  held  at 
St.  Louis  on  July  8 ;  favored  state  legislation  protecting  labor  as  well  as 
capital ;  the  redistricting  of  the  state  so  as  to  provide  for  eight  Con- 
gressional districts;  home  rule  in  counties  and  cities;  revision  of  the  tax 
laws;  and  pledged  the  candidates  nominated  to  secure  the  passage  of  a 
law  that  would  make  it  impossible  for  the  state  treasurer  to  use  the  pul^- 
lic  funds  for  speculation. 

The  Socialists  again  presented  a  ticket.  In-vvit :  Governor.  (Iranville 
Lowther ;  lieutenant-governor,  A.  Roessler ;  secretarv  of  state,  A.  S. 
McAllister;  auditor,  George  D.  Brewer;  treasurer,  J.  E.' Taylor ;  attor- 
ney-general, F.  L.  McDermott ;  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  C. 


128  CYCLOrEDIA    OF 

W.  Baker;  superintendent  of  insurance,  W.  J.  McMillan;  associate  jus- 
tices, G.  C.  Clemens.  S.  A.  Smith  and  R.  A.  Ross ;  railroad  commis- 
sioners, \V.  D.  Street,  J.  D.  Haskell  and  Frank  Baldwin ;  Congressman 
at  large,  Christopher  Bishir. 

At  the  election  on  Nov.  8  the  Republican  presidential  electors  carried 
the  state  by  a  plurality  of  126,781,  and  the  entire  Republican  state  ticket 
was  elected,  the  vote  for  governor  being  as  follows:  Hoch,  186,731; 
Dale.  116,991;  Kerr,  6,584;  Lowther,  12,101.  The  two  constitutional 
amendments  were  ratified  by  substantial  majorities. 

Toward  the  close  of  Gov.  Bailey's  administration  the  governor  filed 
bills  with  the  auditor  for  groceries,  to  be  paid  out  of  the  $2,000  appro- 
priated for  the  maintenance  of  the  governor's  residence.  The  state 
treasurer  declined  to  pay  the  bills,  claiming  that  such  payment  out  of 
the  maintenance  fund  was  equivalent  to  an  increase  in  compensation, 
which  was  prohibited  by  the  constitution.  Gov.  Bailey,  in  order  to  have 
the  question  properly  settled,  instituted  mandamus  proceedings  in  the 
supreme  court  of  the  state  to  compel  the  treasurer  to  pay  the  bills.  The 
case  was  still  pending  when  the  governor  retired  from  office.  Subse- 
quently the  court  sustained  the  treasurer.  That  there  was  no  evidence 
of  wrong  intent  on  the  part  of  Gov.  Bailey,  he  sent  the  attorney-general 
a  draft  for  $1,200.  without  the  formality  of  a  suit,  to  replace  the  money 
he  had  expended  for  groceries.  In  the  letter  accompanying  the  draft 
the  governor  said : 

"I  am  prompted  to  pay  this  amount  into  the  state  treasury  on  account 
of  the  position  taken  by  yourself  and  certain  newspapers  that  the  state 
has  a  just  claim  against  me  under  the  decision  of  the  supreme  ccntrl.  I 
have  lived  in  Kansas  twenty-six  years,  which  period  covers  my  active 
business  life,  and  no  just  claim  against  me  has  ever  been  presented  and 
stamped  'not  paid  for  want  of  funds.'  .  .  .  There  is  always  a  very 
wide  difference  of  opinion  among  my  friends  as  to  whether  I  should 
pay  this  pretended  claim ;  but  I  feel  that  in  paying  this  money  into  the 
state  treasury  I  can  wrong  no  one  but  myself,  and  that  I  can  better 
afTord  to  suffer  this  wrong  tliat  I  can  to  rest  under  the  imputation  that 
I  have  misappro]5riated  one  dol];ir  of  the  funds  entrusted  lo  my  care  as 
governor  of  Kansas." 

Baileyville,  a  village  of  Nemaha  county,  is  located  on  the  .'^t.  Josciih  & 
Grand  Island  and  the  Missouri  Pacific  raih'oads,  6  miles  west  of  Seneca, 
the  county  seat.  It  has  banking  facilities,  express  and  telegraph  offices 
and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes.  The  population  in 
1910  was  230.  The  town  was  founded  by  N.  Bailey  in  iSSo.  A  postoffice 
with  G.  M.  Rasp  as  postmaster  was  established.  .\  large  h.iy  press  and 
sheds  were  erected  by  S.  H.  Rice  I't  Co.  of  St.  Joseph,  who  also  started  a 
store  for  tjie  licnefit  of  their  employees  and  others  who  settled  in  the 
neigliborhood. 

Baker,  a  village  of  Brown  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific 
K.  R.  8  miles  south  of  Hiawatha,  the  county  seal.  It  has  a  money  order 
postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  express  and  telcgrajih  offices,  telephone 


KANSAS    HISTORY  1 29 

connection,  does  some  shipping,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of 
112. 

Baker,  James,  scout  and  frontiersman,  usually  referred  to  as  "Jim" 
Baker,  was  a  native  of  Illinois.  At  the  age  of  18  years  he  was  on  the 
Great  Plains  as  an  employee  of  the  American  Fur  company,  and  it  is 
said  that  he  was  never  again  east  of  the  Missouri  river.  Next  to  Kit 
Carson,  he  was  Gen.  Fremont's  most  trusted  scout  and  guide.  As  a 
trapper  he  was  exceedingly  skillful,  and  in  one  season  took  over  $9,000 
worth  of  furs.  After  that  he  retired  to  the  mountains,  where  he  ]jassed 
the  remainder  of  his  life.  He  married  a  Snake  Indian  woman  and  lived 
much  of  his  time  with  that  tribe,  though  in  his  earlier  years  he  made  his 
headquarters  at  Bent's  fort  on  the  Arkansas  river.  Gen.  Marcy,  who 
knew  Baker  well,  says  he  was  "a  generous,  noble-hearted  specimen  of 
the  trapper  type,  who  would  peril  his  life  for  a  friend  at  any  time,  or 
divide  his  last  morsel  of  food." 

Baker,  Lucien,  lawyer  and  United  States  senator,  was  born  in  Fulton 
county,  Ohio,  in  1845,  of  English  and  Dutch  ancestry.  His  parents 
were  old-time  Methodists  and  his  father,  who  was  a  lawyer  by  profes- 
sion, insisted  that  his  three  sons  study  law,  which  they  did.  When 
Lucien  was  a  child  his  parents  moved  to  Lenawee  county,  Mich.,  where 
he  was  reared.  At  the  age  of  18  jears  he  entered  Adrian  College, 
Adrian,  Mich.,  but  did  not  complete  the  course,  leaving  when  a  junior. 
Later  that  college  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  LL.  B.  After  leav- 
ing college  be  became  a  student  in  the  law  office  of  Andrew  Howell,  of 
Adrian,  and  in  Sept.,  1868,  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  During  the  winter 
of  1868-69  he  attended  the  law  department  of  the  LTniversity  of  Mich- 
igan and  upon  finishing  his  legal  training  there  located  at  Leavenworth, 
Kan.,  and  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  partnership  with  Lewis 
Burns.  In  1872  he  was  elected  city  attorney  at  Leavenworth  and  dur- 
ing the  time  he  held  that  office  he  gained  a  reputation  as  a  lawyer  of 
signal  ability.  Two  years  later  he  resigned  and  for  two  years  devoted 
his  entire  time  to  his  profession.  In  1892  he  entered  politics  as  a  candi- 
date for  state  senator  from  the  Leavenworth  district  and  though  he  was 
a  Republican  and  the  district  Democratic  he  was  elected  by  a  large  ma- 
jority. He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  legislative  fight  of  1893.  I" 
Jan.,  1895,  he  was  elected  to  the  I'nited  States  senate  for  a  term  of  six 
years.  Upon  retiring  from  the  senate  in  1901  Mr.  Baker  practiced  law 
in  Leavenworth  with  his  son,  under  the  firm  name  of  Baker  &  Baker. 
He  was  in  an  enfeebled  condition  for  some  time  as  the  result  of  a  bullet 
wound  received  in  1881,  in  the  famous  Thurston-Anthony  feud.  When 
Thurston  shot  at  D.  R.  Anthonj-  the  bullet  went  wild  and  struck  Baker. 
He  died  on  June  22,  1907,  at  Leavenworth.  In  1874  Mr.  Baker  married 
Mary  Higginbotham  of  Leavenworth  and  they  had  two  children :  Burt, 
his  father's  partner,  and  Mary,  who  married  Capt.  Lowndes,  a  surgeon 
of  the  United  States  navy. 

Baker  University. — In  the  fall  of  1856,  the  Kansas  and  Nebraska  an- 
nual conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  held  its  first  session 


130 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF 


in  a  tent  at  Lawrence.  The  interest  of  the  Methodists  in  education  is 
manifest  in  the  report  of  the  committee  on  education,  a  paragraph  of 
which  reads :  "Your  committee  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  Kansas  and 
Nebraska  conference  should  avail  itself  through  its  members,  of  the 
earliest  opportunities  to  secure  favorable  sites  for  seminaries  of  learning 
or  universities  under  our  own  inuuediate  management  and  control,  and 
to  take  such  preliminary  measures  as  may  be  necessary  to  secure  titles 
to  the  same  and  to  secure  the  passage  of  such  legislative  acts  as  may 
be  necessary  to  constitute  boards  of  trustees,  who  may  hold  such  prop- 
erty, real  estate,  personal  or  mixed,  for  the  use  and  benefits  of  such  semi- 
nari^es  or  universities ;  and  to  secure  grants  of  land  and  other  property 
to  aid  in  linildiui;"  and  endmving  such  institutions  of  learning  within  our 
bounds.  " 

In  March,  1857,  an  educational  convention  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
church  was  held  at  Palmyra,  15  miles  south  of  Lawrence  on  the  Santa 
Fe  trail.  .\t  this  meeting  a  school  was  located  at  Palmyra,  and  the 
name  ISaker  L'niversity  was  chosen  in  honor  of  Bishop  Osman  C  Baker, 
who  presided  over  the  first  session  of  the  Kansas  and  Nebraska  annual 
conference.  At  this  time  the  Kansas  Educational  .\ssociation  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  church  was  organized,  and  on  Feb.  3,  1858,  obtained 


I.Iim.MJY.    H.'^KKR  UNMVI3RSITY. 


a  ('h.-irlcr  I'nim  the  tcrritiu-iid  legisl;iUn\'  with  the  |)ri\ili'gc  nf  lucaliug 
an  educational  institulion  at  or  near  the  town  of  I'almyra,  since  called 
P)aldwin.  On  i-"eb.  12,  1858,  the  institution  was  chartered  under  the 
nanu-  |)Iaiinefl  (  iSaker  l'niversity).  .\  stcnu-  building  for  the  nni\crsity 
was  conunenccd  at  once  and  was  ready  fm'  1  K(n]i;nicy  the  lollnwin),; 
autumn.      ihis  building  is  now  known  as  tlu'  nld   castle:  it   passed  out 


KANSAS    JIISTOUV  I3I 

of  the  hands  of  the  university  but  has  been  repurchased  and  will  be 
preserved  as  a  memorial  of  early  days. 

School  opened  in  Nov.,  1858,  with  Prof.  R.  Cunningham  as  principal, 
until  the  arrival  of  the  first  president,  Rev.  Werter  R.  Davis,  in  1859. 
The  first  meeting  of  the  board  of  trustees  was  held  at  Omaha  in  .April, 
1859,  the  conference  having  met  there.  The  Methodist  church  by  its 
representatives  passed  the  following  resolution:  "Resolved  that  this 
conference  pledge  its  best  efforts  to  build  up  and  sustain  Baker  L"ni- 
versity  as  the  one  great  university  in  Kansas." 

The  drought  of  i860  and  the  Civil  war  retarded  the  progress  of.  but 
did  not  annihilate  the  school.  The  first  catalogue  was  published  for  the 
year  1862-63.  In  1863-64  the  increase  in  enrollment  created  a  demand 
for  a  new  building,  and  an  agent  went  east  to  collect  funds.  The  result 
of  his  efforts  was  the  beginning  of  a  cut  stone  building,  60  by  80  feet  and 
four  stories  high,  which  was  not   finished  until   1870. 

In  1866  the  first  class  of  three  members  was  graduated.  During  the 
period  from  1858  to  1870,  the  college  had  the  following  presidents:  Rev. 
Werter  R.  Davis,  1858-62;  Rev.  George  W.  Paddock  (nominal);  Rev. 
Leonard  L.  Hartman  (acting),  1862-64;  Rev.  Leonard  L.  Ilartman, 
1864-65;  Rev.  John  W.  Locke,  1865  to  March.  1866;  John  W.  Horner, 
March,  1866,  to  Aug.,  1867;  Elial  J.  Rice,  Aug.,  1867,  to  Dec,  1868;  Rev. 
Werter  R.  Davis,  Dec,  1868,  to  March,  1869;  Rev.  John  A.  Simpson, 
March,  1869,  to  Dec,  1869;  Rev.  Werter  R.  Davis,  Dec,  1869,  to  March, 
1870;  Rev.  Patterson  McNutt,  March,  1870,  to  June,  1871.  The  growth 
of  the  institution  during  these  years  had  been  fitful  and  precarious,  but 
continuous.  A  library  of  2,000  volumes,  a  scientific  collection,  and 
enough  apparatus  to  conduct  the  school  had  been  accumulated. 

In  1873  the  Kansas  conference  appointed  educational  commissioners 
to  investigate  the  financial  and  legal  status  of  the  university.  Reports 
of  its  involved  conditions  agitated  the  question  of  its  removal.  The 
report  of  the  commissioners  helped  to  restore  confidence,  and  the  con- 
ference pledged  itself  anew  to  support  the  school  and  pay  all  indebted- 
ness, regardless  of  legal  flaws  in  the  claims.  In  the  next  few  years  con- 
ference endowment  funds  were  started,  and  subscriptions  solicited  but 
the  poverty  of  the  state  made  the  debts  decrease  slowly.  Frequent 
changes  were  made  in  the  president's  offfce.  Rev.  Robert  L.  Hartford 
served  from  1871-1873;  Rev.  S.  S.  Weatherby  (acting),  1873-1874;  Rev. 
Joseph  Dennison,  1874-1879;  Rev.  William  LI.  Sweet,  1879-1886;  Rev. 
Hillary  A.  Gobin,  1886-1890. 

The  decade  from  1880  to  1890  witnessed  a  change  for  the  better  in  the 
struggle  for  prosperous  growth.  The  catalogue  of  1880-81  stated  that 
in  the  literary  department  alone  the  average  attendance  throughout  the 
year  had  been  more  than  double  that  of  any  year  for  the  past  twelve 
years.  In  1885,  Centenary  Hall,  a  stone  and  brick  building  62  by  82  feet 
and  two  stories  above  the  basement,  was  completed.  In  1890  William  A. 
Quayle  became  president  of  Baker.  With  the  beginning  of  the  school 
year  1889  proper  and  continuous  work  on  endowment  was  commenced. 


132  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Up  to  that  time  little  had  been  done  toward  creating  a  permanent  fund, 
but  from  that  year  to  191 1  the  university  has  systematically  solicited  and 
received  gifts  until  it  has  an  endowment  fund  of  $400,000.  Mr.  Quayle 
resigned  in  1894  and  was  succeeded  by  Lemuel  H.  Murlin. 

^^'ith  the  betterment  of  financial  conditions  the  size  and  quality  of  the 
curriculum  increased.  Almost  at  the  beginning  two  courses  of  stud}» 
were  given — classical  and  scientific.  These  have  developed  into  eight 
schools,  including  the  summer  school  which  is  held  each  year  during  the 
months  of  June  and  July. 

The  government  of  the  institution  is  vested  in  a  board  of  trustees, 
elected  by  the  Kansas  and  South  Kansas  conferences  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  church.  The  university  issues  three  publications.  The  Baker 
University  Bulletin,  "The  Baker  Orange,"  and  The  Raker  University 
News-Letter. 

Baker  I'niversity  stands  seventh  in  rank  among  the  fifty  or  more 
Methodist  colleges  of  America.  The  campus  contains  about  20  acres  in 
the  heart  of  Baldwin.  The  buildings  number  six  and  the  corps  of  in- 
structors 40.  The  university  has  seven  departments,  the  college  of  lib- 
eral arts  has  378  students;  the  normal  school  35;  the  academy  152;  the 
school  of  art  13;  the  school  of  oratory  99:  the  school  of  business  55: 
making  a  total  of  732. 

Baker,  William,  lawyer  and  member  of  Congress,  was  born  in  Wash- 
ington county.  Pa..  April  29,  1831.  Ilis  youth  was  spent  on  a  farm  and 
he  received  the  schooling  common  to  the  country  boy  of  that  period. 
He  wished  a  more  liberal  education,  however,  to  secure  which  he  entered 
W'ayncsbm-g  College,  where  he  graduated  in  1856.  For  some  years  he 
followed  teaching  as  a  profession,  at  the  same  time  reading  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  Mr.  Baker  decided  to  go  wesi  and  located  at 
Lincoln,  Kan.,  where  he  lot^k  an  ;icli\c  jiarl  in  ])nlitics.  In  icSni  ho  was 
nominated  and  elected  to  Congress  by  the  People's  party  and  reelected 
to  fill  the  same  office  in  1892  and  again  in  1894.  After  retiring  from 
Congress  lie  devoted  his  time  to  farming  and  stock  raising. 

Bala,  a  hamlet  near  the  west  line  of  Riley  county,  is  located  on  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  in  Bala  township,  29  miles  notlli- 
wcst  of  Manhattan,  the  county  seat.  It  is  supjilied  with  telegraph  and 
express  offices  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route.  The 
population  in  1910  was  roo.  It  received  its  name  from  a  town  in  Xorth 
Wales.  A.  D.  Pheljis,  the  first  settler  in  the  neighborhood,  came  in 
i8r,2. 

Baldwin,  one  of  the  oldest  settlements  and  the  second  largest  city  in 
Douglas  county,  is  sitn;i1ed  in  the  southeastern  portion  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  K.  I\.  ahrml  15  miles  from  Lawrence.  I'lio  (irsl  set- 
tlement near  the  present  town  site,  was  made  in  1854,  by  Robert  and 
ixichard  Pierson.  In  June,  1854,  a  town  site  consisting  of  320  ;icres,  was 
platted  by  the  Palmyra  Town  conipany,  which  was  com])nsed  of  the 
foIh)wing  men  :  James  Blood,  jjresident :  Robert  Pierson,  the  I'ariikLiw 
brothers,  J.   B.  .\bbott,  Capt.- Saunders,  .\masa  Sonic,   I,.    I",  .ind    I  >.   I". 


KANSAS    IIISTORV  1 33 

Creen,  Ur.  A.  'P.  Stilt  and  D.  I<"ry.  Tlicy  named  the  town  I'almvra.  and 
the  first  building  was  soon  erected  and  used  for  a  dwelling.  W.  West- 
fall  built  a  second  cabin  and  opened  a  store.  The  town  company  ei^ected 
a  J>uilding  known  as  the  old  barracks,  which  was  also  used  as  a  store.  A 
hotel  was  also  built  by  the  company  and  used  for  that  purpose  and  a 
store  under  I  lie  name  of  the  Santa  Fe  ITouse.  Dr.  Simmons  and  Dr. 
Pierson  were  the  first  physicians,  as  they  opened  offices  in  Palmyra  in 
1855,  «^t  which  time  the  town  had  several  stores,  a  good  hotel  for  that 
period,  a  nuniljcr  of  houses  and  seemed  on  the  highway  to  prosperity. 
The  postoffice  was  established  in  1856,  with  N.  Blood  as  postmaster. 
Religious  services  were  held  by  the  Methodist  church  in  1855,  and  late 
in  the  year  an  organization  was  perfected. 

In  1858,  the  town  company  purchased  a  section  of  land  adjoining  Pal- 
myra on  the  north  and  donated  it  to  the  Kansas  Educational  Association 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  on  the  condition  that  they  locate  an 
institution  of  learning  known  as  Baker  Universit}^  on  the  site.  The  sec- 
tion of  land  was  surveyed  into  lots  and  sold,  the  proceeds  being  used  to 
erect  the  college  building.  fSee  Baker  University.)  As  the  work  on 
the  university  building  progressed  and  the  institution  became  an  as- 
sured thing,  houses  were  erected  in  its  vicinity,  and  the  new  town  site 
was  named  Baldwin,  in  honor  of  John  Baldwin,  of  Berea,  Ohio.  Busi- 
ness houses  were  erected  and  one  by  one  the  business  enterprises  of 
Palmyra  moved  to  Baldwin.  John  Baldwin  erected  a  saw  and  grist  mill, 
an  important  concern  in  those  days,  and  inaugurated  other  commercial 
enterprises,  which  proved  the  death  blows  to  the  old  tov^m,  which  has 
become  one  of  the  "deserted  villages'"  of  Kansas.  The  Baldwin  of  today 
is  a  city  of  beautiful  homes,  churches,  excellent  retail  stores  of  all  kinds, 
a  fine  public  school,  water  and  lighting  systems,  money  order  postoffice, 
telegraph,  express  and  telephone  facilities,  and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the 
educational  centers  of  the  state.    In  1910  it  had  a  population  of  1,265. 

Ball,  a  rural  postoffice  of  Gove  county,  is  about  10  miles  east  of  Gove, 
the  county  seat,  and  3  miles  north  of  Plackberry.  Ouinter  on  the  Union 
Pacific  is  the  most  convenient  railroad  station. 

Ballard's  Falls,  a  little  hamlet  of  Washington  county,  is  on  the  Little 
Blue  river,  about  12  miles  east  of  Washington,  the  county  seat,  and  5 
miles  north  of  Barnes,  from  which  place  mail  is  received  by  rural  free 
delivery. 

Bancroft,  a  village  of  Nemaha  county,  is  located  in  Wetmore  town- 
ship on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  19  miles  southeast  of  Seneca,  the 
county  seat.  It  has  banking  facilities,  express  and  telegraph  offices  and 
a  postoffice  with  one  rural  route.     The  population  in  1910  was  125. 

Bank  Commissioner. — Prior  to  1891  no  attempt  had  been  made  in 
Kansas  for  state  regulation  of  the  business  of  banking,  and  as  a  result  a 
number  of  institutions  that  were  organized  as  real  estate  and  loan  com- 
panies, as  well  as  individuals  and  firms,  whose  principal  business  was 
entirely  foreign  to  legitimate  banking,  were  engaged  in  receiving  de- 
posits.    Many  of  these  concerns  had  not  only  their  entire  capital,  but 


134  CYCLOrEDIA    Ol- 

also  much  of  the  deposits  invested  in  unprofitable  and  unsalable  real 
estate.  Under  these  conditions  the  necessity  for  a  uniform  banking  law 
became  imperative  and  in  1891  the  legislature  passed  a  law,  "providing 
for  the  organization  and  regulation  of  banks."  A  bank  commissioner 
was  also  provided  for  by  the  act,  section  21  of  which  reads  as  follows: 
"The  governor  shall  appoint,  by  and  with  the  advise  and  consent  of  the 
senate,  a  bank  commissioner  for  the  State  of  Kansas,  whose  term  of 
office  shall  be  four  years."  A  deputy  bank  commissioner  was  also  pro- 
vided for,  but  any  officer,  employee,  owner,  stockholder  or  person  inter- 
ested in  a  bank,  was  made  ineligible  ft)r  the  office  of  bank  commissioner 
or  deputy.  The  commissioner  and  the  deputy  are  required  to  furnish 
bonds  for  the  sums  of  $20,000  and  $10,000  respectively.  Every  bank 
doing  business  in  the  state,  except  national  banks,  must  be  visited  by  the 
commissioner  or  his  deputy  at  least  once  a  year,  or  oftener  if  necessary, 
for  an  investigation  into  the  financial  standing  of  the  institution. 

By  the  provisions  of  the  law,  the  commissioner  and  his  deputy  are 
empowered  to  investigate  all  persons  connected  with  banks  when  mak- 
ing an  investigation,  and  report  the  same  in  writing.  ^\  graduated  fee 
was  to  be  charged  for  these  examinations  ranging  from  $5  for  banks  of 
$5,000  capital  stock  to  $20  for  banks  of  $50,000  capital  stock  and  over. 
It  was  also  provided  that  the  bank  commissioner  could  call  on  all  banks, 
except  national  banks,  at  any  time  for  a  report  of  their  condition,  and 
four  such  reports  were  to  be  made  each  year.  When  a  bank  became  in- 
solvent, it  was  the  duty  of  the  bank  commissioner  to  take  charge  of  it 
until  a  receiver  was  appointed.  By  the  law  creating  the  office  of  com- 
missioner he  was  required  in  each  even  numbered  year,  to  report  to  the 
governor  the  "names  of  owners  or  principal  officer,  the  paid-up  capital 
of  each,  the  number  of  Ijanks  in  the  state,  the  name  and  location  of  each 
and  the  number  and  date  of  examinations  and  reports  of  and  by  each." 
As  fixed  b_v  this  act,  the  bank  commissioner  received  a  salary  of  $2,500 
and  his  deputy  a  salary  of  $1,200  and  all  traveling  expenses  incurred  in 
the  performance  of  their  duties. 

Charles  F.  Johnson  was  the  first  bank  commissioner.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  John  W.  Breidenthal,  who  made  a  special  report  upon  the 
l)anks  of  Kansas  on  Dec.  19,  1893,  which  showed  the  condition  of  all 
national,  state  and  private  banks  doing  business  in  the  state. 

A  second  banking  law  was  passed  in  1897  by  which  banks  were  re- 
c|uircd  to  secure  a  charter  of  incorporation  from  the  state  and  when  a 
banking  institution  had  complied  with  all  the  requirements  of  the  law, 
a  certificate  is  issued  by  the  bank  commissioner  authorizing  the  bank 
to  transact  business.  Each  bank  in  the  state,  by  this  law,  is  required  to 
make  four  reports  annually  to  the  commissioner,  or  oflener  if  he  calls 
for  them,  and  the  commissioner  is  given  power  to  enforce  the  banking 
law.  r>v  this  law  two  deputies,  a  clerk  and  stenographer  were  jirovidcd 
tn  assist  in  the  work  done  by  the  commissioner,  since  which  time  the 
force  has  been  increased  according  to  the  amount  of  work  to  be  done. 
At  an  early  date  the  bank  commissioner  advocated  a  state  bank  guaran- 


KANSAS    IIISTORV  135 

tee  law  and  it  is  due  to  tlie  elTorts  of  the  commissioner  that  this  excel- 
lent law  was  ])laced  upon  the  statute  books  of  Kansas.     fSee  Banking.) 

Bankers'  Association. — The  Kansas  I '.ankers'  Association  was  organ- 
ized on  l'"el).  22,  1887,  at  Topcka,  with  Co  members.  The  pur])ose  of  the 
organization  is  set  forth  in  the  preamble  of  the  constitution  a  summary 
of  which  is  as  follows:  To  promote  the  general  interest  of  the  common- 
wealth of  Kansas ;  the  usefulness  of  the  banks  and  the  financial  institu- 
tions of  the  state ;  the  cultivation  of  acquaintanceship  among  the  bank- 
ers ;  and  through  the  medium  of  periodical  conventions  to  bring  about 
■the  fitll  and  free  discussion  of  questions  pertaining  to  the  financial  and 
commercial  interests  of  the  country;  to  consider  matters  of  legislation 
of  interest  to  both  state  and  national  banks  and  to  preserve  and  dis- 
seminate information  of  interest  to  its  members  and  to  the  general  pub- 
lic. Following  out  the  lines  thus  laid  down  in  the  constitution,  the  as- 
sociation has  held  annual  conventions  in  various  cities  of  Kansas.  From 
the  original  membership  of  60  it  has  grown  to  be  an  organization  having 
a  membership  on  May  i,  191 1,  of  between  900  and  1,000. 

The  proceedings  of  the  association  have  been  published  each  year, 
and  their  contents  constitute  a  valuable  contribution  to  the  financial 
literature  of  the  country,  as  the  papers  presented  at  the  conventions 
have  been  prepared  by  the  ablest  financiers  of  the  state.  Another  feat- 
ure which  has  made  the  association  of  great  value  to  the  state  has  been 
its  zeal  in  safeguarding  legislation.  As  students  of  financial  questions, 
the  counsels  of  the  bankers  of  Kansas,  through  the  association,  have  been 
of  great  value  in  framing  legislation  and  assisting  in  the  deliberations  of 
the  legislature  upon  the  same.  As  a  result,  much  that  is  valuable  in  the 
body  of  commercial  laws  of  Kansas,  has  either  originated  with  the  asso- 
ciation or  is  due  to  the  support  given  it  by  the  bankers.  The  third  feat- 
ure, and  one  fully  as  important  as  the  others,  is  that  which  has  for  its 
object  the  apprehension  and  conviction  of  criminals.  By  a  system  of 
rewards,  and  other  means,  professional  criminals  have  been  overtaken 
in  their  career  of  crime,  sentenced  and  imprisoned.  Througli  warning 
notices  by  circular,  telephone  or  telegraph,  banks  are  advised  of  the 
operations  of  crooks  and  swindlers ;  descriptions  are  given  of  the  per- 
son or  criminal,  if  known,  and  of  his  methods  of  operating.  A  vast 
amount  of  correspondence  is  carried  on  by  the  association  in  search  of 
the  whereabouts  of  criminals  in  order  to  prevent  bank  robberies. 

The  association  has  established  within  itself  an  insurance  depart- 
ment, which  has  a  twofold  object :  First,  to  supply  the  banks  of  the 
state  high  class  burglary  insurance,  fidelity  and  depository  bonds ;  sec- 
ond, the  association  acting  as  agent  for  responsible  insurance  companies 
should  itself  earn  the  commissions  usually  paid  to  state  agencies  and 
thus  create  a  fund  out  of  such  commission  earnings  to  be  used  for  the 
association.  The  association  now  has  an  aggregate  value  of  about  $10,- 
000,000  of  business  which  it  has  placed  for  the  banks  of  Kansas  and  on 
which  commissions  are  earned  sufficient  to  discharge  about. one-half  of 
the  entire  expense  of  operating  the  association,  including  the  rewards 
and  expenses  incident  to  the  apprehension  and  conviction  of  criminals. 


136  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

The  permanent  offices  of  the  association  are  maintained  at  Topeka.  In 
Feb.,  1911,  the  association  began  the  publication  of  a  periodical  known 
as  The  Kansas  Banker,  which  has  for  its  object  the  exploiting  of  distinct 
association  enterprises  and  keeping  all  bankers  in  touch  with  its  in- 
terests. 

The  membership  consists  of  both  state  and  national  banks,  about  an 
equal  number  of  state  and  national  bankers  having  presided  over  the 
twenty-four  annual  conventions  which  the  association  has  held  since  its 
organization,  these  having  been  chosen  alternately  from  the  northern 
and  southern  portions  of  the  state. 

In  government  the  association  is  democratic,  all  authority  being  \-ested 
in  the  entire  membership  seated  in  convention.  This  body  has  created 
an  executive  council  which  meets  regularly  at  stated  times  and  convenes 
in  special  session  when  occasion  requires,  administering  the  affairs  of 
the  association  between  conventions.  This  council  consists  of  the  presi- 
dent, vice-president,  all  ex-presidents  of  the  association  and  the  chair- 
men of  the  groups.  This  retaining  of  the  ex-presidents  as  permanent 
members  of  the  council  preserves  for  the  association  the  wisdom  and  ex- 
perience of  its  most  able  men. 

Banking. — The  modern  system  of  banking  had  its  origin  in  Venice 
about  the  close  of  the  12th  century,  though  it  was  not  until  400  years 
later  that  the  "Banco  di  Rialto"  was  authorized  by  the  acts  of  the  Vene- 
tian senate  in  1584  and  1587.  Toward  the  close  of  the  17th  century  the 
Bank  of  England  was  founded  and  from  that  time  the  custom  of  using 
banks  as  places  of  deposit  for  money  and  valuables,  or  for  ihe  purpose 
of  facilitating  exchanges,  spread  rapidly  over  the  civilized  countries  of 
the  globe.  On  May  26,  1781,  the  Continental  Congress  passed  an  act 
authorizing  the  Bank  of  North  America.  By  the  provisions  of  this  act 
Robert  Morris  was  given  the  power  to  establish  a  bank  with  a  capital 
of  $400,000,  but  before  it  was  placed  in  good  working  order  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  I'nitcd  States  became  a  reality  and  conditions  were  so 
changed  that  the  l)ank  was  never  made  a  permanent  institution. 

In  the  formation  of  the  Federal  government,  it  was  Alexander  Ham- 
ilton's idea  that  there  should  be  a  national  bank  of  issue,  and  in  har- 
mony with  this  idea  the  first  Bank  of  the  United  States  was  incorporated 
in  171;!  with  an  authorized  capital  of  .f  10,000,000.  its  charter  expired 
in  181 1,  and  the  financial  condition  of  the  country  in  consequence  of 
the  war  of  1812  led  to  the  chartering  of  the  second  United  States  banl< 
in  .April,  1816,  with  a  capital  of  $35,000,000.  It  soon  foimd  rivals  in  the 
state  banks,  and  for  the  next  40  years  the  banking  system  of  this  coun- 
try was  a  motley  patchwork  of  national,  state  and  prixate  institutions. 
Each  state  has  its  own  banking  laws — some  lax  and  some  stringent ; 
counterfeiting  was  easy,  and  bank  failures  were  common  occurrences. 

[n  1838  what  is  known  as  the  "free  banking  system"  was  inaugurated 
in  New  York.  It  allowed  anj-  association  of  persons  to  issue  notes  on 
state  bonds,  or  other  public  securities.  This  system  spread  to  other 
states  and   continued   in   ripcration   luilil   the  Civil   war.     It   was  during 


KANSAS    JIISTORV  1.37 

the  free  banking  period  that  the  "Wild  Cat"  banks  sprang  up  like  mush- 
rooms all  over  the  country. 

Early  in  the  Civil  war,  in  order  to  create  a  market  for  bonds  issued 
by  the  United  States  government,  Salmon  P.  Chase,  President  Lincoln's 
secretary  of  the  treasury,  devised  the  plan  of  giving  special  privileges 
to  banks  organized  under  a  Federal  charter.  This  led  to  the  act  of  Con- 
gress, approved  Feb.  25,  1863,  authorizing  national  banks,  which  act  was 
the  beginning  of  the  present  national  banking  system.  However,  the 
state  banks  still  held  their  own,  and  the  national  banks  did  not  make 
much  headway  until  after  the  passage  of  the  act  providing  for  a  ten  per 
cent,  tax  on  state  bank  notes  in  circulation  after  July  i,  1866,  which 
practically  put  an  end  to  state  banks  of  issue. 

The  first  bank  in  Kansas  was  a  private  concern  started  by  C.  B.  Bailey 
at  the  corner  of  Second  and  Delaware  streets  in  the  city  of  Leavenworth 
in  1856.  It  did  not  live  long  and  was  succeeded  by  Isett,  Brewster  & 
Co.,  who  came  from  Des  Moines.  This  firm  was  in  turn  succeeded  by 
Scott,  Kerr  &  Co.  in  1859.  These  were  all  private  banks,  operating 
without  a  charter  from  the  territorial  authorities,  or  without  sanction 
of  law. 

No  banking  laws  were  passed  by  the  first  territorial  legislature,  but 
by  the  act  of  Feb.  19,  1857,  the  Kansas  Valley  bank  was  incorporated 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $800,000.  William  H.  Russell,  A.  J.  Isaacs,  Wil- 
liam F.  Dyer,  James  M.  Lyle  and  F.  J.  Marshall  were  designated  to 
open  books  for  stock  subscriptions  within  six  months  and  keep  open  for 
30  days  unless  the  full  amount  of  stock  should  sooner  be  subscribed.  If 
within  the  30  days  500  shares  of  $100  each  were  taken,  the  stockholders 
were  authorized  to  organize  the  bank,  which  was  to  be  governed  by  a 
president  and  seven  directors,  elected  for  one  year.  But  the  bank  was 
not  to  issue  paper  money  until  at  least  50  per  cent,  of  the  stock  sub- 
scribed should  be  paid  in,  in  specie,  and  bills  or  notes  issued  should 
never  exceed  200  per  cent,  above  the  amount  of  capital  stock  actually 
paid  in — that  is,  for  every  $3  in  paper  the  bank  should  hold  $1  in  gold  or 
silver.  Five  branches  were  to  be  established — at  Atchison,  Doniphan, 
Lecompton,  Fort  Scott  and  Shawnee  in  Johnson  county.  Five  commis- 
sioners were  to  be  appointed  annually  by  the  legislature  to  examine  into 
the  conditions  of  the  bank  and  the  several  branches,  as  well  as  any  other 
banks  that  might  be  established  in  the  territory.  If  at  any  time  the 
bank  should  fail  to  redeem  its  notes,  any  judge  in  the  territorv,  upon 
proper  complaint,  might  issue  an  injunction  to  restrain  the  bank  from 
transacting  any  further  business. 

Under  date  of  July  14,  1857.  J.  C.  Walker  wrote  to  Gov.  \\'alker,  in- 
closing a  "transcript  of  the  record  of  the  Kansas  Valley  Bank  branch 
at  Atchison,"  showing  that  50  per  cent,  of  the  capital  stock  assigned  to 
that  branch  had  been  paid  in,  and  that  the  bank  was  ready  to  issue  paper 
money  whenever  the  governor  was  satisfied  that  the  projectors  of  the 
bank  had  complied  with  the  provisions  of  the  law.  The  governor  ap- 
pointed L.  S.  Boling  to  make  the  examination,  and  upon  his  report  Gov. 


138  CYCLOPEDIA    Ol" 

Denver  issued  a  proclamation  on  Feb.  18,  1858,  authorizing  the  Atchi- 
son branch  to  begin  business  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  its  charter. 
When  the  act  of  incorporation  of  the  Kansas  Valley  Bank  was  repealed 
on  Feb.  3,  1858,  the  Atchison  branch,  with  S.  C.  Pomeroy  as  president, 
was  exempted  from  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  repeal.  In  Jan.,  i86i, 
the  name  of  the  institution  was  changed  to  the  "Bank  of  the  State  of 
Kansas,"  William  H.  Russell,  president,  and  it  continued  under  that 
name  until  1866.  when  it  retired  from  business,  being  succeeded  by 
Hetherington's  Exchange  Bank  (now  the  Exchange  National),  which 
was  organized  in  1859.     It  became  a  national  bank  on  Aug.  i,  1882. 

Three  banks  were  incorporated  by  the  act  of  Feb.  11,  1858,  viz:  the 
Lawrence  Bank,  the  Bank  of  Leavenworth,  and  the  Bank  of  Wyandott. 
The  incorporators  of  the  Lawrence  bank  were  Robert  Morrow,  S.  W. 
Eldridge,  S.  B.  Prentiss,  James  Blood  and  H.  Shanklin.  Those  of  the 
Bank  of  Leavenworth  were  Henry  J.  Adams,  John  Kerr,  Samuel  Harsh, 
Henry  Foote  and  I.  W.  Morris.  The  Wyandott  bank  incorporators  were 
William  Y.  Roberts,  J.  M.  Winchell,  Thomas  B.  Eldridge,  J.  S.  Emery 
and  James  D.  Chestnut.  The  authorized  capital  of  each  bank  was  $100.- 
000.  which  was  to  be  divided  into  shares  of  $100  each,  and  the  affairs  of 
each  bank  were  to  be  managed  by  a  board  of  eight  directors.  Section 
12  of  the  act  provided  that,  "Whenever  the  directors  of  either  bank  shall 
deposit  with  the  comptroller  an  amount  of  the  state  bonds  of  any  inter- 
est paying  state  in  the  Union,  or  of  the  United  States,  equal  in  value  to 
$25,000,  at  the  current  rates  of  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange,  and  shall 
satisfy  said  officer  that  they  have  on  hand  $2,500  in  specie,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  redeeming  notes  of  the  bank,  then  the  comptroller  shall  counter- 
sign $25,000  of  said  circulating  notes  and  return  them  to  the  president 
for  use;  and  it  shall  then  be  lawful  for  said  bank  to  use  said  notes  as 
currency,"  etc. 

On  Feb.  7,  1859,  the  legislature  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  estab- 
lishment of  savings  banks,  and  under  its  provisions  James  Blood,  B.  W. 
Woodward,  S.  B.  Prentiss,  C.  W.  Babcock,  George  Ford,  C.  II.  Brans- 
comb,  George  W.  Deitzler  and  others  organized  the  Lawrence  Savings 
Bank. 

Hut  before  any  of  liie  banks  organized  under  llic  territorial  laws — 
except,  possibly,  the  one  at  Atchison — could  ])lace  themselves  upon  a 
firm  financial  footing,  Kansas  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  stale, 
and  while  this  fact  did  not  alter  the  legal  standing  of  the  banking  insti- 
tutions authorized  during  the  territorial  regime,  it  did  alter  materially 
the  conditions  tmder  which  other  banks  could  be  established.  The 
Wyandotte  constitution  contained  a  provision  that  no  bank  should  he 
established  except  under  a  general  banking  law,  and  that  no  banking 
law  sliould  be  in  force  until  after  it  had  lieen  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the 
electors  of  the  state  at  some  general  election  and  approved  by  n  major- 
ity of  the  votes  cast  at  such  election.  The  first  slate  legislature,  which 
met  in  March,  1861,  passed  a  general  banking  law  providing  that, 

"Whenever  any  person  or  association  of  persons,  formed  for  the  |)\ir- 


KANSAS    IllSTOUV  1 39 

pose  of  l^aiikin^'  under  the  provisions  of  tliis  act,  shall  duly  assign  or 
transfer,  in  trust,  to  the  auditor  of  this  state,  any  portion  of  the  public 
stock  issued,  or  to  be  issued,  by  the  United  States,  or  the  stocks  of  the 
State  of  Kansas,  said  stocks  to  be  valued  at  a  rate  to  be  estimated  and 
governed  by  the  average  rate  at  which  such  stocks  are  sold  in  the  city 
of  New  York,  at  the  time  when  such  stocks  may  be  left  on  deposit  with 
the  auditor  of  state,  such  person  or  association  of  persons  shall  be  en- 
titled to  receive  from  the  auditor  an  amount  of  circulating  notes  of  dif- 
ferent denominations,  registered  and  countersigned,  equal  to  and  not 
exceeding  the  amount  of  public  stocks  assigned  and  transferred  as 
aforesaid,"  etc. 

The  law  further  provided  that  before  receiving  such  notes  the  stock- 
holders should  give  to  the  auditor  a  "good  and  sufficient  bond,  to  be 
ap])roved  by  him,  to  the  amount  of  one-fourth  of  the  notes  that  said 
bank  shall  receive,"  and  they  were  also  required  to  file  with  the  auditor 
a  certificate,  duly  attested  by  the  president  and  cashier  of  the  proposed 
bank,  that  ten  per  cent,  of  the  capital  stock  of  the  bank  has  been  paid 
in  specie  and  on  deposit,  to  remain  in  the  vaults  of  the  bank  as  an  addi- 
tional security  to  indemnify  the  holders  of  the  bank's  notes  against  loss 
in  case  of  the  depreciation  of  the  securities  deposited  with  the  auditor 
to  secure  the  circulation  of  the  bank. 

No  bank  could  be  organized  with  a  capital  stock  less  than  $25,000, 
which  might  be  increased,  and  every  bank  was  required  to  publish  an- 
nual statements  showing  its  condition.  In  the  event  a  bank  should  fail 
to  redeem  its  notes  on  demand,  they  might  protested,  and  if  not  paid  in 
twenty  days  the  auditor  of  state  was  authorized  to  give  notice  that  the}- 
would  be  paid  out  of  the  trust  funds.  Note  holders  were  given  the  power 
to  recover  damages  from  the  bank.  This  law  was  submitted  to  the  peo- 
ple of  the  state  at  the  election  on  Nov.  5,  1861,  and  was  ratified  by  a 
vote  of  4,655  to  2,807.  Before  it  could  be  fairly  tested  Congress  passed 
the  national  banking  law,  and  the  banks  of  Kansas  were  confined  to  in- 
stitutions of  discount  and  deposit. 

Boyle,  in  his  "Financial  Histo,r}'  of  Kansas,"  divides  the  banking  his- 
tory of  the  state  into  three  periods.  The  first,  which  he  styles  the  "un- 
regulated," was  from  1861  to  1891 ;  the  second,  or  period  of  "loose  super- 
vision," was  from  1891  to  1897,  and  since  the  latter  date  there  has  been 
a  period  of  "state  supervision."  It  was  in  the  first  period  that  the  ques- 
tion of  the  state's  right  to  authorize  banks  of  discount  and  deposit  was 
carried  to  the  supreme  court.  At  the  July  term  in  1878,  Judge  Brewer, 
afterward  associate  justice  of  the  United  States  supreme  court,  handed 
down  an  opinion  in  the  case  of  Pape  vs  the  Capital  Bank  of  Topeka 
(20th  Kan.  p.  440),  in  which  he  held  that  the  constitutional  provision 
applies  only  to  banks  of  issue,  and  does  not  prohibit  the  legislature  from 
creating  banks  of  discount  and  deposit.  Said  he :  "All  banks,  that  is,  all 
banks  within  the  scope  of  the  article,  are  required  to  keep  offices  and 
officers  for  the  issue  and  redemption  of  their  circulation.  But  a  bank 
of  deposit  purely  has  no  circulation.     It  is  not  a  bank,  therefore,  within 


140  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

the  scope  of  the  article."     All  the  other  justices  of  the  supreme  court 
concurred  in  this  opinion. 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  Boyle  classifies  the  banks  dtu^ing  the 
first  30  years  of  statehood  as  "unregulated,"  some  very  stringent  laws 
relating  to  banking  were  passed  in  that  time.  The  act  of  March  12,  1879, 
made  it  "unlawful  for  any  president,  director,  manager,  cashier  or  other 
officer  of  any  banking  institution,  to  assent  to  the  reception  of  deposits 
or  the  creation  of  debts  by  such  banking  institution,  after  he  shall  have 
had  knowledge  of  the  fact  that  it  is  insolvent  or  in  failing  circum- 
stances." 

The  act  also  made  it  the  duty  of  every  officer,  director,  agent  or  man- 
ager of  anj'  banking  institution  to  examine  into  the  affairs  of  the  same 
and,  if  possible,  know  its  condition.  Another  act  of  the  same  date  pro- 
vided that  any  officer  of  a  bank  receiving  deposits  or  assenting  to  the 
creation  of  debts,  when  such  bank  should  be  in  an  insolvent  condition, 
should  be  deemed  guilty  of  larceny  and  "punished  in  the  same  manner 
and  to  the  same  extent  as  is  provided  by  law  for  stealing  the  same 
amoimt  of  money  deposited,  or  other  valuable  thing,  if  loss  occur  by 
reason  of  such  deposit." 

Although  laws  of  this  character  were  enacted  at  various  times,  it ' 
seems  there  was  no  general  banking  law  in  force.  Gov.  Humphrey,  in 
his  message  to  the  legislature  of  1889,  said:  "We  have  no  law  regulat- 
ing the  important  subject  of  banks  and  banking.  Banks  of  discount  and 
deposit  are  referred  to,  as  banks  of  issue  are  forbidden  by  the  consti- 
tution, except  by  a  vote  of  the  people.  Kven  the  general  corporation 
law  does  not  include  banking  as  one  of  the  many  purposes  for  which  cor- 
porations may  be  formed,  and  the  only  provision  on  the  subject  is  arti- 
cle 16,  chapter  23,  General  Statutes,  being  an  act  of  six  sections  for  the 
organization  and  incorporation  of  savings  associations.  The  right  to 
incorporate  banks  under  this  act  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  a  gen- 
eral banking  business  has  been  questioned,  and  even  the  constitutional- 
ity of  the  act  assailed  in  case  of  Pape  vs.  Capitol  Bank,  20  K.  440. 

"Notwithstanding  this,  hundreds  of  banks  over  the  state  have  liecn 
thus  organized  and  incorporated,  not  as  savings  banks,  in  fact,  but  to 
carry  on  a  general  business.  ...  In  justice  to  those  who  desire  to  form 
banking  corporations,  there  should  -be  some  adequate  provision  of  law 
for  that  purpose;  and  in  justice  to  them,  as  well  as  to  the  business  pnljlic, 
there  should  be  an  act  regulating  the  subject  of  banks  and  banking  gen- 
erally, with  some  power  of  examination,  insi)ection  and  supervision, 
wiiich  might  he  lodged  witli  a  bank  cummissinner,  or  willi  the  |)rescnt 
suj)erintcndent  of  insurance." 

Nothing  was  (\i>ul-  at  tJiat  session,  l)ut  in  iXiji  the  legislature  i)assed 
a  general  banking  law  which  may  be  said  to  mark  tlie  renaissance  of 
Kansas  lianking.  One  of  the  principal  provisions  of  this  act  was  the 
creation  of  the  office  of  bank  commissioner  ((|.  v.).  Six  years  later  the 
law  of  1891  was  supplanted  by  one  much  mure  elaborate  and  compre- 
hensive.    It  was  an  act  of  65  sections,  the  ])rincipal  picixisions  of  winch 


KANSAS    HISTORY  I4I 

were  as  follows :  Five  or  more  persons  were  given  power  to  form  a 
corporation  to  conduct  a  banking  business ;  no  two  banks  in  the  state 
should  be  permitted  to  operate  imder  the  same  name;  the  building 
owned  by  the  bank  as  a  place  of  business  should  not  equal  in  value  more 
than  one-third  of  the  capital  stock;  banks  organized  j)rior  to  the  pas- 
sage of  the  act  should  conform  to  its  provisions;  stockholders  were  to 
be  liable  for  a  sum  ccpial  to  the  par  value  of  their  holdings;  receiving 
deposits  when  a  bank  was  in  an  insolvent  condition  rendered  the  officers 
subject  to  a  fine  of  not  exceeding  $5,000  or  imprisonment  in  the  peni- 
tentiary from  one  to  five  years,  or  both ;  no  bank  was  to  be  permitted 
to  do  business  without  authority,  and  the  bank  commissioner  was  to 
take  charge  of  insolvent  banks. 

This  act  was  amended  by  the  acts  of  1901  and  1903.  The  former 
placed  trust  companies  under  the  banking  laws  of  the  state,  especially 
the  provisions  relating  to  the  impairment  of  capital  and  insolvency,  and 
the  latter  ]M-o\-ided  that  no  bank  should  be  estatblishcd  with  a  capital 
of  less  than  $10,000.  The  act  of  1903  also  provided  that  every  officer  of 
an  incorporated  bank  should  hold  at  least  $500  in  stock  of  the  institu- 
tion, which  stock  should  not  be  sold  or  transferred  while  holding  such 
office. 

Doubtless  the  most  radical  and  far-reaching  law  on  the  subject  of 
banking  ever  passed  by  the  Kansas  legislature  was  the  act  of  March  6, 
1909,  "providing  for  the  security  of  depositors  in  the  incorporated  banks 
of  the  state,  creating  the  bank  depositors'  guaranty  fund  of  the  State 
of  Kansas,  and  providing-  regulations  therefor,  and  penalties  for  the  vio- 
lation thereof." 

The  principal  features  of  the  law  were :  i — Any  incorporated  state 
bank  with  a  paid-up  surplus  equal  to  one-tenth  of  its  capital  might  par- 
ticipate in  the  benefits  of  the  guaranty  fund,  and  the  bank  commissioner 
was  authorized  to  issue  a  certificate  to  that  effect.  2 — Before  such  cer- 
tificate should  be  issued  the  bank  was  required  to  deposit  with  the  state 
treasurer,  for  each  $100,000  of  deposits,  or  fraction  thereof,  $300  in  bonds 
of  the  United  States,  the  State  of  Kansas,  or  some  minor  political  di- 
vision of  the  state,  and  in  addition  pay  a  sum  equal  to  one-twentieth  of 
one  per  cent,  of  the  average  deposits,  etc.  3 — When  any  bank  should 
be  found  to  be  insolvent  the  bank  commissioner  to  take  charge,  issue  to 
the  depositors  a  certificate  bearing  interest  at  the  rate  of  six  per  cent, 
per  annum,  and  if  the  bank's  assets  should  prove  insufficient  to  pay  the 
depositors,  then  the  certificates  should  be  redeemed  from  the  guaranty 
fund.  6 — National  banks  by  reorganizing  might  become  guaranty 
banks.  7 — Any  bank  guaranteed  under  the  provisions  of  the  act,  that 
should  receive  deposits  continuously  for  six  months  in  excess  of  ten 
times  its  capital  and  surplus,  should  be  deemed  guilty  of  violating  the 
law  and  forfeit  it  guaranty  rights  and  privileges. 

Soon  after  the  passage  of  the  law  opposition  on  the  part  of  the  na- 
tional banks  of  the  state  developed,  because  it  was  feared  that  the  guar- 
anty of  deposits   in    the   state  banks   would   give   those   institutions   an 


142  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

undue  advantage.  Gov.  Stubbs,  Bank  Commissioner  Dolley,  and  Attor- 
ney-General Jackson  went  to  Washington  to  confer  with  the  United 
States  attorney-general,  and  some  national  banks  went  also  to  present 
their  side  of  the  case.  Attorney-General  Wickersham  upheld  the  law, 
and  when  it  became  apparent  that  it  was  the  intention  of  the  opponents 
of  the  law  to  bring  an  action  in  the  Federal  court,  the  state  forestalled 
the  movement  early  in  Aug.,  1909,  by  instituting  proceedings  to  enjoin 
certain  persons  and  bankers  from  interfering  in  any  way  with  the  en- 
forcement of  the  law.  At  the  same  time  the  attorney-general  asked  the 
supreme  court  for  a  writ  of  mandamus  to  make  it  necessary  for  the 
bank  commissioner  and  the  state  treasurer  to  carry  out  the  provisions 
of  the  law.  The  question,  however,  was  finall)-  carried  to  the  supreme 
court  of  the  United  States,  which  upheld  the  law,  and  the  state  banks 
of  Kansas  were  thus  placed  upon  a  basis  of  security  surpassed  by  no 
state  in  the  Union. 

As  a  rule,  the  banks  of  Kansas  have  been  conducted  along  conserva- 
tive lines,  and  failures  have  been  neither  nimierous  nor  of  serious  con- 
sequence. The  state  officials  have  not  been  remiss  in  the  discharge  of 
their  duties,  and  even  before  the  passage  of  the  guarant}^  law  did  all  in 
their  power  to  safeguard  the  interests  of  the  depositors.  Since  the  pas- 
sage of  that  law  confidence  in  the  state  banks  lias  l)een  strengthened,  but 
the  officials  have  not  diminished  their  efforts  to  place  the  l)anking  insti- 
tutions upon  a  still  higher  financial  level.  An  instance  of  this  is  seen  in 
the  decision  of  Attorney-General  Jackson  ip  June,  1910,  in  the  case  of 
the  Citizens  &  Farmers'  State  bank  of  Arkansas  City.  This  bank  was 
closed  in  Nov.,  1908,  by  the  bank  commissioner,  on  account  of  an  in- 
debtedness of  $75,000  owed  to  it  by  the  Wells  Produce  company  of  that 
city.  The  produce  company  failed  soon  after,  and  the  receiver  of  the 
bank  discovered  that  instead  of  $75,000,  its  indebtedness  to  the  bank 
was  about  $100,000.  When  the  question  of  the  liability  of  the  directors 
to  the  depositors  was  submitted  to  the  attorney-general  he  held  that 
the  officers  and  directors  of  the  bank  were  liable  to  the  depositors  for 
their  losses,  aggregating  some  $400,000.     Said  Mr.  Jackson: 

"It  is  a  general  rule  of  law  that  ignorance  of  any  fact  in  the  bank's 
affairs,  which  it  is  the  duty  of  the  directors  to  know,  can  never  be  set 
up  by  them  in  defense  of  any  of  their  official  acts.  The  directors  can- 
not escape  liability  by  pleading  ignejrance  of  the  facts  which  they  agreed 
with  the  bank,  by  accepting  their  officers,  to  ascertain.  They  must  be 
held  to  know  all  facts  which  ordinary  diligence  in  the  examination  of 
the  affairs  of  the  banks  would  have  disclosed." 

Concerning  this  decision  of  Mr.  Jackson  the  Topcka  (apii.il  of  Jiuu- 
25,  1910,  said:  "This  rule,  laid  down  by  the  attorney-general,  no  doubt 
will  make  a  whole  lot  of  bank  directors  wake  uj).  lleretofoie  tlic  posi- 
tion of  bank  director  has  been  generally  looked  ujion  as  an  honorary 
one,  but  bank  directors  will  now  realize  that  the  ])osition  has  consider- 
able responsibility  and  liability  attached  to  it." 

Some  idea  of  the  growtii  of  the  banking  business  in    Kansas  may  be 


KANSAS    HISTORY  143 

gained  by  a  cumparisou  of  the  bank  cumniissioners'  cnniparative  state- 
ments for  Sept.  I,  1900,  and  Aug.  15,  1910.  On  the  former  date  there 
were  388  state  banks  reporting,  with  loans  and  discounts  amounting  to 
$21,812,835.56;  capital  stock,  $6,613,000;  surplus  and  undivided  profits, 
$1,839,663.14;  deposits,  $26,899,875.45.  On  Aug.  15,  1910,  there  were 
860  banks  reporting  loans  and  discounts  of  $80,757,016.35  ;  capital  stock, 
$16,779,300;  surplus  and  undivided  profits,  $7,041,291.29;  deposits,  '^77,- 

733,500.33- 

According  to  the  Bankers'  Directory  of  Jan.  1,  1911,  there  were  in 
the  state  at  that  time  200  national  banks  with  an  aggregate  capital  stock 
of  $11,109,000;  a  surplus  of  $6,221,050,  and  deposits  of  $76,571,300. 

Banner,  a  rural  money  order  postofifice  of  Trego  county,  is  located 
about  15  miles  southwest  of  Wakeeney,  the  county  seat,  and  10  miles 
south  of  Collyer,  which  is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  It  is  connected 
with  the  surrounding  towns  by  telephone  and  is  a  trading  point  for  that 
section  of  the  county. 

Bannock,  a  little  village  of  Edwards  count}-,  is  situated  on  Rattlesnake 
creek  in  Lincoln  township,  about  25  miles  southeast  of  Kinsley,  the  coun- 
ty seat,  and  12  miles  south  of  Belpre,  the  most  convenient  railroad  sta- 
tion. Bannock  was  formerly  a  postoffice,  but  after  the  introduction  of 
the  rural  free  delivery  system  the  office  was  discontinued  and  the  people 
now  receive  their  mail  through  the  office  at  Haviland,  I-Ciowa  county. 
The  population  in  1910  was  reported  as  30. 

Bantam,  a  rural  postoffice  of  Ellis  county  with  a  semi-weekly  mail, 
is  located  about  12  miles  northwest  of  Hays,  the  county  seat,  which  is 
the  most  convenient  railroad  station. 

Baptist  Church. — The  name  Baptists  was  given  to  members  of  con- 
gregations who  had  withdrawn  from  the  dominant  churches  of  England 
and  restored  what  they  believed  to  be  apostolic  precept  and  example  of 
immersion.  This  name  was  first  applied  in  England  about  1644,  and 
!he  people  forming  the  organizations  maintained  that  immersion  upon 
confession  of  faith  was  necessary  "for  valid  baptism,  rejecting  infant  bap- 
tism as  incompatible  with  regenerate  membership.  Other  religious 
bodies  had  practiced  immersion  without  such  teaching. 

From  the  first  there  were  two  branches  of  the  English  Baptists ;  those 
who  followed  the  teaching  of  Calvin  and  those  who  adopted  the  the- 
ology of  Arminius.  The  Arminian,  or  General  Baptists,  formed  first 
under  the  leadership  of  John  Smith,  who  established  the  first  General 
Baptist  church  in  .London  in  161 1.  The  Calvinistic  or  Particular  Bap- 
tists originated  from  a  congregation  of  Separatists  established  in  Lon- 
don about  1616.  One  of  the  first  principles  of  the  Baptist  organizations 
was  that  the  church  as  a  spiritual  body  should  be  entirely  separated 
from  the  state  and  that  spiritual  liberty  be  extended  to  all — Catholic, 
Jew  and  Protestant. 

The  first  Baptist  church  in  America  was  established  at  Providence, 
R.  I.,  by  Roger  Williams.  He  was  a  minister  of  the  Church  of  England, 
but  soon  after  leaving  the  University  of  Cambridge  adopted  separatist 


144  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

principles.  He  sailed  for  America  in  1630  hoping  to  find  entire  religious 
liberty  in  the  new  world.  Landing  at  Boston,  Mass.,  he  was  invited  to 
preach  in  the  established  church,  but  refused  as  it  was  unseparated. 
After  some  time  he  finally  located  with  the  separatists  of  Plymouth  col- 
ony. Because  of  his  teachings,  Williams  became  a  disturbing  element, 
and  he  was  condemned  to  banishment  and  deportation  to  England  in 
1635.  He  managed  to  escape  and  made  his  way  through  the  wilderness 
in  midwinter  to  the  Narragansett  Indians  of  whom  he  bought  land,  upon 
which  he  founded  the  colony  of  Providence  on  the  principle  of  entire 
civil  and  religious  liberty.  He  advocated  the  most  complete  separation 
of  church  and  state  at  a  time  when  such  ideas  were  aj^most  inconceivable. 

In  1639,  a  small  band  of  only  twelve  believers  originated  baptism  and 
the  first  Baptist  chiuxh.  About  1640,  a  Baptist  church  was  formed  at 
Newport,  and  in  1655  a  church  of  this  belief  was  established  at  Boston 
and  maintained  in  spite  of  opposition.  A  colony  of  Welsh  Baptists  came 
to  America  in  1665,  and  after  some  difficulty  located  at  Rehoboth,  Mass., 
in  1667.     By  1750  there  were  eight  Baptist  churches  in  New  England. 

The  Baptists  began  to  locate  in  the  Jerseys  and  Peimsylvania  after 
1682,  and  as  there  was  tolerance  of  religion  a  large  number  of  Quakers 
and  Baptists  emigrated  from  England  to  these  localities.  In  1686  sev- 
eral Baptist  families  from  Wales  located  on  the  Pemepek  river,  where 
and  a  year  later  a  company  organized  a  church.  The  same  year  a  church 
was  organized  at  Middletown,  N.  J.,  and  by  1770,  twelve  such  churches 
existed.  Services  were  held  in  Philadelphia  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Pemepek  church  from  1687,  but  the  first  church  was  not  organized  until 
i6g8.  The  Philadelphia  association  was  organized  in  1707,  and  the 
New  York  colony  churches  sought  admission  to  it  as  did  the  churches 
of  Virginia  and  the  Carolinas.  Gradually  the  church  became  firmly 
established  in  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania, 
New  York,  North  and  South  Carolina  and  Connecticut,  and  a  few  con- 
gregations were  organized  in  Virginia.  During  the  Revolutionary  war 
the  progress  of  the  church  was  not  materially  checked  and  it  is  esti- 
mated that  in  1792  there  were  1,200  organizations  with  a  membership 
of  100,000. 

The  great  westward  migration  after  tlir  Ro\iilutii)n  was  an  opportu- 
nity quicklj'  improved  by  the  Baptists.  Missionary  preachers  were  sent 
into  the  new  western  country  and  Baptist  societies  formed  in  the  fringe 
of  civilization.  In  1845  differences  arose  over  the  question  of  slavery 
and  the  churches  of  the  slave  states  formed  the  South  Baptist  conven- 
tion, while  the  northern  churches  organized  the  American  Baptist 
Union.  .\t  different  times  branches  have  separated  from  the  two  orig- 
inal Baj)list  organizations,  or  new  congregations  have  been  formed  until 
today  tlie  church  includes  the  following  bodies:  Northern  Piaiitist  Con- 
vention, Southern  Bajitist  Con\cnti(in,  National  Baptist  Convention 
(Colored),  Ccneral  .Six  Princijilc  I'aptists,  .Seven-day  Baptists,  Free 
Baptists,  General  Baptists,  Separate  Baptists,  United  Baptists,  Duck 
River  and  Kindred  Associations  nf  Baptists  (T.aiilisl  Church  of  Christ'), 


KANSAS    HISTORY  145 

Primitive  Baptists,  Colored  Primitive  Baptists  in  America,  Two-Seed- 
in-the-Spirit  Predestinarian  Baptists,  Freewill  Baptists  (Bullockites), 
and  United  American  Freewill  Baptists  (Colored). 

The  Baptist  church  was  one  of  the  first  religious  organizations  to 
begin  work  in  Kansas,  for  as  early  as  1831,  Baptist  missionaries  were 
sent  among  the  Indians.  In  July  of  that  year  Dr.  Johnston  Lykins  came 
to  the  Indian  Territory,  "and  at  his  own  expense  bought  a  small  tract 
of  land  contiguous  to  the  Shawnees,"  who  were  at  that  time  located  on 
the  Neosho  river.  The  next  year,  1832,  he  was  authorized  by  the  Baptist 
board  to  erect  mission  buildings,  and  1833,  Lewis  Cass,  secretary  of  war, 
authorized  him  to  visit  various  tribes  west  of  the  Mississippi  river  and 
report  upon  favorable  sites  for  missionary  establishments.  In  1835  he 
was  ordained,  and  given  special  charge  of  the  Shawnees  and  Delawares. 
In  June,  1837,  the  Ottawa  Baptist  mission  was  established  about  five 
miles  northeast  from  the  present  site  of  the  town  of  Ottawa,  Franklin 
county,  by  Jotham  Meeker  and  his  wife,  who  had  been  missionaries  to 
the  Shawnees.  In  1842,  a  large  mission  house  was  erected  and  a  school 
established  for  the  Indian  children.  The  first  missionary  to  the  Potta- 
watomie Indians,  in  the  territory  now  included  in  the  State  of  Kansas, 
was  the  Baptist  missionary,  Robert  Simerwell.  In  1837,  as  soon  as  this 
tribe  located  at  their  new  reservation  on  the  Osage  river,  Mr.  Simerwell 
and  his  wife  located  among  them  and  when  the  Pottawatomies  removed 
to  their  reservation  on  the  Kansas  river,  the  Baptist  mission  was  estab- 
lished in  what  is  now  Mission  township,  Shawnee  county.  This  became 
one  of  the  largest  and  most  prosperous  missions  in  the  territory.  In 
1840  another  Baptist  mission  was  established  among  the  Miamis  on 
Wea  creek  by  David  Lykins.  Nearly  all  of  the  missions  were  maintained 
until  the  territory  was  thrown  open  to  white  settlement  and  the  Indians 
were  transferred  to  the  Indian  Territory. 

When  the  Territory  of  Kansas  was  organized  and  thrown  open  to 
white  settlers  in  1854,  most  of  the  first  immigrants  were  men  who  had 
belonged  to  churches  in  the  east,  and  one  of  the  first  things  they  did 
upon  establishing  their  homes  was  to  organize  churches  where  there 
were  people  enough  to  form  congregations.  Being  among  the  first  as 
missionaries,  the  Baptists  were  among  the  first  to  form  permanent  or- 
ganizations. Less  than  a  year  after  the  first  settlers  located  in  the 
town  of  Lawrence,  the  Baptist  church  was  organized  there  by  William 
W.  Hall.  The  services  were  held  in  private  residences  and  halls  until 
1870,  when  a  church  building  was  erected.  The  Baptists  were  among 
the  pioneer  religious  organizations  to  become  established  in  Nemaha 
county  and  probably  the  first  sermon  preached  in  the  county  was  by 
Elder  Thomas  Newton,  who  came  from  Illinois  in  1854.  He  ministered 
at  Central  City  and  later  at  Seneca.  The  first  church  society  was  or- 
ganized at  Central  City  on  Aug.  i,  1857,  and  the  first  pastor  was  T.  R. 
iVewton.  A  small  church  was  soon  erected,  which  was  used  as  a  school 
house  during  the  week.  The  first  religious  services  held  by  the  Baptists 
in  Doniphan  was  in  1853.  A  church  was  erected  within  a  short  time 
(I-io) 


146  CYCLOl'EDIA    OF 

and  Mr.  Anderson  became  the  first  minister.  As  early  as  1856,  John 
Williams,  a  Baptist  preacher,  held  outdoor  services  at  Trading  P'ost, 
Linn  county,  where  a  church  was  organized  at  an  early  date.  In  Shaw- 
nee county  a  church  was  organized  at  Topeka  on  March  i,  1857.  R.  M. 
Fish  of  Urburn  preached  until  C.  C.  Hutchinson  came  as  a  permanent 
pastor  on  June  18,  1859.  The  first  Baptist  church  in  Osage  county  was 
organized  on  Aug.  6,  1857.  During  the  first  year  the  church  was  served 
occasionally  by  R.  C.  Bryant  and  J.  B.  Taylor,  but  no  church  building 
was  erected  until  1869.  In  Atchison  a  Baptist  church  was  organized  on 
Aug.  I,  1858,  and  the  first  minister  called  was  a  Mr.  Anderson.  A  Bap- 
tist organization  was  formed  at  Manhattan,  Riley  county,  on  Aug.  14, 
1858,  and  it  was  incorporated  on  Nov.  13,  i860,  with  M.  L.  Wisner  as 
the  first  pastor.  In  the  fall  of  1858,  the  Tabernacle  Baptist  church  was 
organized  at  Leavenworth  by  a  Mr.  Kermot.  The  First  Baptist  church 
was  organized  in  i860,  and  in  1864  the  two  were  merged  to  form  the 
Baptist  church  for  which  a  building  was  erected  in  the  early  '60s.  In 
Oct.,  1859,  a  Baptist  congregation  of  seven  members,  one  of  the  pioneer 
religious  organizations  in  Lyon  county,  was  organized  at  Emporia  by 
R.  C.  Bryant.  The  Baptists  were  the  first  to  effect  a  church  organiza- 
tion in  Clay  county  at  the  Huntress'  cabin,  and  the  Clay  Center  cliurch 
was  organized  in  Aug.,  1868,  with  twelve  members.  The  first  Baptist 
church  in  Miami  county  was  started  there  on  Feb.  25,  i860,  by  Elder  A. 
H.  Dean,  with  twenty  members  and  became  the  leading  church  of  Paola, 
a  building  being  erected  five  years  later-.  H.  S.  Tibbits  organizei!  the 
Baptist  congregation  at  Hiawatha  on  Aug.  18,  i860,  with  fifteen  mem- 
bers, and  it  soon  began  to  be  one  of  the  leading  religious  organizations 
of  the  locality.  The  work  of  the  Baptist  church  was  started  in  Franklin 
county  by  the  Indian  mission  in  1837  '^'-'t  the  first  church  was  organized 
in  1864  at  Ottawa.  This  church  adopted  the  New  Hampshire  Confes- 
sion of  faith  and  held  meetings  in  a  building  until  a  church  was  erected 
the  following  year.  Religious  services  were  held  at  Fort  Scott,  Boui'- 
bon  county,  while  it  was  a  military  post,  but  the  Baptists  did  not  efTect 
an  organization  there  until  Feb.  18,  1866.  In  1868  a  church  was  organ- 
ized at  Salina  by  J.  R.  Downer  with  fifteen  members  and  a  church  erected 
within  a  short  time.  An  organization  was  perfected  in  Neosho  county 
in  1869  with  seven  members  by  Elder  A.  C.  Bateman,  who  was  cho-cn- 
pastor.  Services  were  held  at  the  Erie  school  house  until  a  church  was 
erected  in  1871.  Cherokee  count}'  was  not  opened  to  white  settlement 
until  1870,  when  a  Baptist  church  was  organized  at  Columbus  with 
twelve  members  on  March  20,  by  Elder  A.  C.  Bateman  and  tlic  first  jias- 
tor  was  a  Mr.  Maver.  According  to  the  census  of  1873,  there  were  286 
church  organizations  in  the  state,  with  36  church  edifices  and  a  mem- 
bership of  12,197.  ^y  ^^7^  t'lc  prganizations  had  increased  to  334  with 
69  churches  and  16,083  members,  and  by  1890  there  were  358  organiza- 
tions, 263  churches  and  32.6S9  members.  In  1006,  the  Baptist  church 
ranked  third  in  Kansas  in  number  of  members  of  all  denominations  both 
Protestant  and  Catholic,  having  46,299  members. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  147 

Bar  Association,  State. — On  Jan.  9,  1883,  a  number  of  the  leading 
lawyers  of  Kansas  met  in  Topeka  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  a 
state  bar  association.  After  the  appointment  of  committees  to  formulate 
a  plan  for  the  permanent  organization,  an  adjournment  was  taken  until 
10  a.  m.  the  next  day,  when  the  association  was  formed  with  46  char- 
ter members  and  the  following  officers:  Albert  H.  Horton,  president; 
N.  T.  Stephens,  vice-president;  W.  H.  Rossington,  secretary;  D.  M. 
Valentine,  treasurer.  The  objects  and  aims  of  the  association,  as  given 
in  the  constitution,  are  "the  elevation  of  the  standard  of  professional 
learning  and  integrity,  so  as  to  inspire  the  greatest  degree  of  respect 
for  the  efforts  and  influence  of  the  bar  in  the  administration  of  justice, 
and  also  to  cultivate  fraternal  relations  among  its  members." 

To  be  eligible  for  membership  one  must  have  been  admitted  to  prac- 
tice in  the  Kansas  supreme  court,  and  also  have  been  engaged  in  regu- 
lar practice  for  one  year  next  preceding  his  application  for  member- 
ship. In  the  beginning  the  constitution  provided  that  the  annual  meet- 
ing should  be  held  on  the  second  Tuesday  in  January  at  the  capitol, 
and  that  the  executive  council  or  committee  might  call  special  meet- 
ings at  any  time,  giving  the  members  thirty  days'  notice  of  such  meet- 
ings. Subsequently  the  constitution  was  amended  so  that  the  annual 
meeting  is  held  in  January,  upon  such  date  as  may  be  decided  upon 
by  the  previous  meeting  or  by  the  executive  council.  For  a  time  two 
meetings  a  year  were  held. 

The  by-laws  provide  that  all  addresses  delivered  and  papers  read 
before  the  association  shall  be  deposited  with  the  secretary ;  that  the 
president's  annual  address,  the  reports  of  committees  and  proceedings 
of  the  annual  meeting  shall  be  printed,  but  no  other  address  shall  be 
printed  except  by  order  of  the  executive  council.  The  papers  read 
before  the  association  at  the  annua!  meetings  have  covered  a  wide 
range  of  subjects  relating  to  the  history,  ethics  and  philosophy  of  law. 
Among  these  subjects  may  be  mentioned:  The  Evolution  of  Law; 
l^niformity  of  State  Laws ;  Politics  and  the  Judiciary ;  Municipal  Gov- 
ernment;  Combinations  in  Restraint  of  Trade:  The  Lawyer  and  His 
Relation  to  Society ;  Legal  Education  ;  Dramatic  Art  in  the  Jury  Trial. 

At  the  annual  meeting  on  Jan.  11-12,  191 1,  at  Topeka,  the  retiring 
president,  C.  A.  Smart,  of  Ottawa,  took  for  the  subject  of  his  annual 
address  "The  Establishment  of  Ju.stice."  The  principal  address  at  that 
meeting  was  delivered  by  Burr  W.  Jones,  of  Madison,  Wis.,  whose  sub- 
ject was  "The  Mai-Administration  of  Justice."  Papers  were  read  by 
A.  O.  Andrew,  of  Gardner;  A.  E.  Crane,  of  Holton  ;  C.  E.  Branine.  of 
Hutchinson;  J.  T.  Botts,  of  Coidwater;  A.  M.  Harvey,  of  Topeka,  and 
W.  A.  McKeever.  professor  of  philosophy  in  the  Kansas  State  Agri- 
cultural College.  Eighteen  new  members  were  admitted  and  the  as- 
sociation joined  in  the  enjoyment  of  the  customary  annual  banquet. 

The  presidents  of  the  association,  from  the  time  of  organization  to 
191 1,  were  as  follows:  A.  H.  Horton,  1883  to  1896;  S.  O.  Thacher, 
1887;  W.  A.  Johnston,  1888;  John  Guthrie,  1889:  Robert  Crozier.  1890; 


148  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

D.  M.  Valentine,  1891;  T.  F.  Garver,  1892;  James  Humphrey,  1893; 
J.  D.  Milliken,  1894;  H.  L.  Alden,  1895;  David  Martin,  1896;  William 
Thompson,  1897;  S.  H.  Allen,  1898;  C.  C.  Coleman,  1899;  Samuel 
Kimble,  1900;  Silas  Porter,  1901  ;  B.  F.  Milton,  1902;  J.  G.  Slonecker, 
1903;  W.  R.  Smith,  1904;  Charles  W.  Smith,  1905;  L.  H.  Perkins,  1906; 
W.  P.  Dillard,  1907;  J.  B.  Larimer,  1908:  J.  \V.  Green,  1909;  C.  A. 
Smart,   1910. 

At  the  annual  meeting  in  191 1  the  following  officers  were  elected: 
President,  W.  E.  Hutchinson,  Garden  City ;  vice-president.  J.  D.  Mc- 
Farland,  Topeka ;  secretary,  D.  A.  Valentine,  Topeka ;  treasurer,  J.  G. 
Slonecker,  Topeka;  executive  council,  R.  A.  Burch,  B.  W.  Scandrett,  J. 
J.  Jones,  J.  D.  Houston  and  H.  A.  Russell ;  delegates  to  the  American 
Bar  Association,  A.  W.  Dana,  Topeka;  J.  \Y.  Orr,  Atchison,  and  Samuel 
Kimble,  Manhattan. 

Barber  County,  one  of  the  southern  tier,  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Pratt  county,  east  by  Kingman  and  Harper  counties,  south  by  the 
State  of  Oklahoma  and  west  by  Kiowa  county.  It  was  organized  in 
1873,  from  territory  that  was  originally  embraced  in  Washington  coun- 
ty. The  coimty  was  named  for  Thomas  W.  Barber,  who  was  killed 
near  Lawrence  on  Dec.  6,  1855.  It  was  intended  when  the  county  was 
organized  that  it  should  bear  the  name  "Barber,"  but  in  some  man- 
ner the  spelling  was  changed  to  "Barbour"  and  stood  that  way  until 
1883,  when  the  legislature  passed  an  act  changing  the  name  to  "Bar- 
ber," its  present  form,  according  to  original  intention.  Its  area  is  1,134 
square  miles  and,  according  to  the  Kansas  Agricultural  reports  of  1908, 
it  then  ranked  73d  in  population. 

In  the  winter  of  1871-2  the  first  white  settler,  a  man  named  Griffin, 
located  a  ranch  on  a  branch  of  the  ATedicine  Lodge  river,  about  a  mile 
from  the  present  site  of  Sun  City,  in  the  nortiiwest  part  of  the  county. 
The  following  spring  E.  H.  Mosley,  and  twn  men  named  Lock\yood 
and  Leonard,  located  on  the  Medicine  Lodge  river  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  the  county  near  the  present  town  of  Kiowa.  Mosley  brought 
with  him  goods  for  Indian  trade  and  spent  his  time  hunting  buffalo 
and  buying  hides  for  the  eastern  market,  while  the  other  men  broke 
some  of  the  prairie  and  engaged  in  farming.  This  displeased  the  In- 
dians, who  opposed  white  settlement  in  this  section,  and  they  raided 
the  homes  of  the  pioneer  farmers.  In  the  fight  that  ensued  Mosley 
was  killed,  but  the  other  two  men  saved  thcinsclvcs  l>y  remaining  be- 
hind a  stockade.  The  Indians  left  after  killing  most  of  the  stock.  In 
C)ct.,  1872,  ]'"li  Smith  joined  this  settlement,  and  a  store  was  openea 
there  by  a  man  named  Ilegwer  in  the  spring  of  1873.  Derick  l^pde- 
gruff  settled  on  land  near  the  lucscnt  site  of  Medicine  Lodge  in  Dec, 
1872,  and  Salmon  P.  Tultle  drove  a  herd  of  cattle  near  this  claim  about 
the  same  time.  During  the  year  claims  were  taken  up  in  the  vicinity 
by  William  Walters,  W.  E.  Hutchinson,  Jake  Ryan,  A.  !,.  nunoan, 
David  Iiubl)ard  and  John  Beebe,  while  Samuel  Larsh  ,nul  a  man 
named  Wyncoop  took  up  claims  on  Cedar  creek  3  miles  frnni  the  Ip- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  149 

dcgraff  ranch.  Lake  City,  un  Ihc  upper  Medicine  Lodge,  was  settled 
by  Reuben  Lake  about  the  same  time.  During  the  spring  and  summer 
of  1873  a  number  of  people  came  and  the  northern  part  of  the  county 
liecanie  settled.  Raljih  Duncan  was  the  first  white  child  born  in  the 
county,  in  the  spring  of  1873,  and  the  first  wedding  took  place  in  July, 
1874,  when  Charles  Tabor  married  a  Miss  Moore.    • 

The  first  record  of  the  county  commissioners  is  dated  July  7,  1873. 
The  board  consisted  of  S.  H.  Ulmer,  L.  H.  Bowlus  and  J.  C.  I'Cilpatrick. 
On  Sept.  I  the  board  made  a  contract  with  C.  C.  liemis  for  a  court- 
house to  cost  $25,000,  and  the  clerk  was  directed  to  issue  warrants  for 
that  amount,  but  the  building  was  never  erected.  On  Sept.  2,  1873, 
W.  E.  Hutchinson  was  appointed  immigration  agent,  and  warrants  to 
the  amount  of  $1,000  were  drawn  in  his  favor.  On  Oct.  6  G.  W.  Crane 
received  the  appointment  as  advertising  agent  and  was  given  $5,000  or 
as  much  of  that  amount  as  was  needed  to  advertise  the  advantages  of 
the  county.  The  first  regular  election  of  county  officers  took  place 
in  Nov.,  1873.  The  vote  of  the  Medicine  Lodge  district  was  thrown 
out  for  some  reason,  and  the  officers  chosen  by  the  remainder  of  the 
count}'  were:  M.  D.  Hauk,  clerk;  Jacob  Horn,  treasurer;  D.  E.  Shel- 
don, probate  judge;  Reuben  Lake,  sheriff;  S.  B.  Douglas,  superintend- 
ent of  public  instruction;  C.  H.  Douglas,  clerk  of  the  district  court;  M. 
S.  Cobb,  register  of  deeds,  and  M.  W.  Sutton,  county  attorney.  The 
county  was  divided  on  Nov.  7,  1873,  into  three  districts  for  the  election 
of  commissioners,  and  on  Feb.  11,  1874,  a  special  election  was  held  to 
determine  the  question  of  issuing  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $40,000  for 
the  erection  of  a  court-house.  The  result  of  the  election  was  a  ma- 
jority of  41  votes  against  the  issue,  but  under  a  law  of  March  7,  1874, 
the  county  commissioners  issued  the  bonds. 

Indian  depredations  continued  through  the  spring  of  1874  and  Cut- 
ler's History  of  Kansas  (p.  1,521)  says:  "It  was  in  the  summer  of  1874 
that  the  so-called  Indian  raid  occurred — when  a  band  of  Indians,  led 
by  a  number  of  white  men,  it  is  alleged,  came  into  this  county  and 
murdered  several  citizens  up  the  Medicine  river."  For  protection  the 
citizens  built  stockades,  one  of  which  was  erected  near  the  center  of 
the  present  city  of  Medicine  Lodge.  It  was  made  of  cedar  posts  set 
upright  in  the  ground.  Another  stockade  was  built  12  miles  up  the  river 
at  Sun  City,  and  for  further  protection  a  company  of  militia  was  formed 
to  fight  the  Indians. 

Barber  county  had  but  one  contest  for  the  location  of  the  county 
seat — that  of  Feb.  27,  1876 — which  can  hardly  be  called  a  contest,  as 
Medicine  Lodge  received  more  votes  than  all  the  competing  towns. 
The  first  school  district  of  the  county,  which  included  Medicine  Lodge, 
was  organized  in  the  spring  of  1873,  and  the  school  building  erected 
that  year  was  used  until  1882.  Early  religious  services  in  the  county 
were  held  by  traveling  Methodist  preachers,  but  no  regular  organiza- 
tion was  afifected  until  1878.  The  first  newspaper  was  the  Barber 
County  Mail,  which  was  started  on  May   20,   1879,  by  M.  J.   Cochran. 


150  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

It  was  sold  the  next  year  to  J.  W.  McNeal  and  E.  W.  Iliff,  who  at 
once  changed  the  name  and  started  the  Cresset.  The  first  large  body 
of  cattle  held  in  the  county  was  a  herd  of  Texas  cattle  brought  by 
Solomon  Tuttle  in  the  fall  of  1872,  which  wintered  along  the  Medicine 
river.  The  first  graded  cattle  were  brought  into  the  county  in  the  spring 
of  1873  by  William  Carl,  who  held  them  on  the  river  about  12  miles 
above  Medicine  Lodge. 

The  early  railroad  history  of  the  county  consists  of  one  experiment. 
On  Aug.  27,  1873,  a  special  election  was  held  to  decide  the  question 
of  subscribing  $100,000  to  the  stock  of  the  Nebraska  &  Southwestern 
railroad,  and  issuing  bonds  in  a  like  amount  in  payment  therefor.  The 
measure  was  carried,  the  bonds  were  issued,  and  though  the  railroad 
was  never  built  they  became  a  valid  lien  against  the  county.  At  the 
present  time  the  county  has  over  90  miles  of  main  track  road  within 
its  bounds.  A  line  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  crosses  the 
extreme  northeast  corner;  another  branch  of  the  same  system  enters 
the  county  on  the  east  and  crosses  to  Medicine  Lodge,  thence  north- 
west into  Pratt  county ;  still  another  line  of  the  same  system  crosses 
the  southeast  corner  and  runs  into  Oklahoma,  with  a  branch  north  from 
Kiowa  to  Medicine  Lodge. 

The  eastern  part  of  the  county  is  undulating  and  in  some  places 
nearly  level,  while  the  western  portion  is  hilly,  breaking  into  bluffs 
along  the  streams.  In  the  east  the  river  bottoms  vary  from  one  and 
a  half  to  two  miles  in  width,  but  in  the  yvestern  part  are  narrower  and 
deeper.  The  timber  belts  are  usually  about  a  half  mile  wide  along 
the  water  courses,  the  native  trees  being  walnut,  elm,  cottonwood, 
hackberry,  ash,  mulberry,  cedar  and  willow.  The  county  is  a  good 
agricultural  country  and  stock  raising  is  an  important  industry.  Win- 
ter wheat,  corn  and  Kafir  corn  arc  the  staple  ijroducts.  while  there 
are  more  than  50,000  bearing  fruit  trees  on  the  farms  of  the  county. 
P.arber  county  is  exceptionally  well  watered.  All  the  streams  have  a 
general  southeast  course.  Medicine  Lodge  river,  the  largest  stream, 
flows  diagonally  across  the  county  from  northwest  to  southeast.  Lit- 
tle and  Big  Mule,  Big  Sandy  and  Salt  Fork  creeks  in  the  south,  and 
Elm  creek  in  the  north  are  also  important  streams.  Springs  are  abun- 
dant throughout  the  county,  while  good  well  water  is  reached  at  from 
10  to  12  feet  on  the  lowlands.  Soft  red  sandstone  is  abundant  along 
the  streams  and  an  excellent  quality  of  brick  clay  is  found  in  scx'cral 
localities,  the  best  being  near  Medicine  Lodge.  Gypsum  is  found  in  the 
central  part  of  the  county  and  sliipped  to  different  points. 

The  county  is  divided  into  tin-  following  townships:  Aetna,  Cedar, 
neerheafl.  Eagle,  Elm  Mills,  Elvvood,  Ilazclton.  Kiowa.  Lake  City,  Mc- 
.\dnr).  Medicine  Lodge,  Mingona.  Moore,  Nippawala,  Sharon,  Sun  City, 
Turkey  Creek  and  Valley.  According  to  the  I'.  S.  census  of  igio  the 
population  of  tlic  county  was  Q,Qi6,  a  gain  of  3,322  over  iQoo.  and  the 
Kansas  agricultural  report  for  the  same  year  gives  the  value  of  farm 
products  as  .$1,564,471,  wheat  leading,  with  .1  value  of  $675,094;  corn 
second,  with  a  value  of  .$441,720. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  I5I 

Barber,  Thomas  W.,  one  of  the  free-state  martyrs  in  Kansas,  was 
a  native  of  Pennsylvania  and  a  son  of  Thomas  and  Mary  (Oliver) 
Barber.  In  the  early  '30s  he  located  at  Richmond,  Ind.,  where  he  was 
engaged  for  some  time  in  operating  a  woolen  mill.  Soon  after  the 
passage  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill,  he  removed  to  Kansas  and  set- 
tled on  a  claim  some  7  miles  southwest  of  Lawrence.  Being  a  sober, 
honest  and  industrious  citizen,  he  made  friends  among  his  neighbors. 
Early  in  Dec,  1855,  when  the  pro-slavery  forces  were  threatening  Law- 
rence, Mr.  Barber  decided  to  go  to  the  assistance  of  the  town.  He 
had  no  family  except  a  wife,  who  seems  to  have  had  a  premonition  of 
impending  danger  and  begged  him  to  remain  at  home,  but  he  laughed 
at  her  fears  and  set  out  on  horseback  for  Lawrence.  On  the  morning 
of  Dec.  6,  in  company  with  his  brother  Robert  and  Thomas  M.  Pierson, 
he  started  for  his  home,  unarmed,  promising  to  return  as  soon  as  he 
had  arranged  matters  at  home  so  as  to  permit  his  absence.  When  about 
4  miles  from  Lawrence,  on  the  California  road,  they  saw  a  party  of 
14  horsemen  approaching,  two  of  whom  rode  on  in  advance  of  the 
others  for  the  purpose  of  holding  a  parley  with  Barber  and  his  com- 
panions. These  two  men  were  George  W.  Clark,  agent  of  the  Pot- 
tawatomie Indians,  and  a  merchant  of  Weston,  Mo.,  by  the  name  of 
Burns.  They  tried  to  induce  the  Barbers  and  Pierson  to  join  them, 
and  meeting  with  a  positive'  refusal,  one  of  them  drew  his  revolver  and 
fired  twice,  mortally  wounding  Thomas  W.  Barber.  He  concealed  the 
fact  that  he  was  shot  until  they  had  ridden  about  a  hundred  yards, 
when  he  informed  his  brother,  who  at  first  thought  such  a  thing  im- 
possible, but  a  few  minutes  later  the  wounded  man  was  seen  to  reel 
in  his  saddle.  His  associates  eased  him  to  the  ground,  where  a  little 
later  he  breathed  his  last.  The  poet,  Whittier,  wrote  a  poem  on  "The 
Burial  of  Barber,"  beginning: 

"You  in  suiTering,  they  in  crime 
Wait  the  just  reward  of  time. 

Wait  the  vengeance  that  is  due; 
Not  in  vain  a  heart  shall  break. 
Not  a  tear  for  freedom's  sake 

Falls  unheeded ;  God  is  true." 

Barclay,  a  village  of  Osage  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  11  miles  southwest  of  Lyndon,  the  county 
seat.  It  is  supplied  with  express  and  telegraph  offices  and  a  money 
order  postofifice  with  one  rural  route.     The  population  in  1910  was  100. 

Barnard,  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  Lincoln  county,  is  the  terminus 
of  a  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  which  con- 
nects with  one  of  the  main  lines  of  that  system  at  Manchester.  It  is 
located  in  Scott  township,  near  the  northern  boundarv  of  the  county, 
about  12  miles  from  Lincoln,  the  county  seat.  Barnard  was  first  set- 
tled in  1888;  was  incorporated  in   1904,  and  in  iQio  reported  a  popula- 


152  CYCLOl'EDIA    OF 

tion  of  425.  It  has  two  banks,  a  weekly  newspaper — the  Bee — some 
good  retail  mercantile  houses,  churches  of  the  leading  Protestant  de- 
nominations, telegraph  and  express  offices,  a  money  order  postoffice 
with  one  rural  delivery  route,  and  being  located  in  the  rich  Salt  creek 
valley  is  an  important  shipping  point  for  agricultural  products.  It  is 
connected  by  telephone  with  the  surrounding  country  and  with  the 
county  seat. 

Barnes,  an  incorporated  town  of  Washington  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  13  miles  southeast  of  Washington,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice  with  three  rural  routes,  express 
and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  connection,  a  bank,  a  weekly  newspaper 
— the  Barnes  Chief — Methodist,  Lutheran  and  Christian  churches,  good 
schools,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  454.  It  is  the  principal 
trading  and  shipping  point  for  Barnes  township,  in  which  it  is  situated. 

Barnesville,  a  hamlet  of  Bourbon  county,  is  situated  on  the  Little 
Osage  river,  about  13  miles  north  of  Fort  Scott,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  rural  free  delivery  from  Fulton  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of 
52.     Fulton  is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Barr,  Elizabeth  N.,  one  of  the  younger  school  of  Kansas  authors,  was 
born  in  a  dugout — a  fact  of  which  she  is  rather  proud— in  Lincoln 
county,  Kan.,  in  1884.  When  she  was  two  A^ears  of  age  her  parents  re- 
moved to  Huron  county,  Mich.,  where  she  attended  the  common  schools 
and  in  1902  graduated  in  the  Badaxe  high  school.  Then  after  a  sojourn 
in  Florida  she  went  to  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  where  she  was  for  a  time 
employed  on  the  advertising  force  of  the  Kansas  City  Journal.  In 
1905  she  went  to  Topeka  with  a  total  capital  of  $11  and  entered  Wash- 
burn College,  determined  to  work  her  way  through  that  institution. 
With  an  energy  rarely  equaled  in  her  sex  she  succeeded,  and  in  1908 
graduated  in  the  liberal  arts  course.  Her  first  published  work  was  a 
collection  of  poems  written  while  she  was  a  student  in  college  and 
entitled  "Washburn  Ballads."  Miss  Barr  is  also  the  author  of  several 
short  county  histories  of  various  counties  in  Kansas,  and  she  was  for 
some  time  the  editor  and  publisher  of  the  Club  Member  and  Current 
Topics,  a  paper  devoted  to  the  cause  of  woman  suffrage. 

Barrett,  a  hamlet  of  Marshall  county,  is  located  on  the  Missouri 
Pacific  R.  R.  and  on  the  Vermillion  river  in  Vermillion  township,  20 
miles  southeast  of  Marysville,  the  county  seat,  and  3  miles  from  Frank- 
fort.    It  has  a  money  order  ])osloffice,  and  a  population  in   igio  of  75. 

Barrett  is  one  of  the  oldest  settled  points  in  Marshall  county.  The 
first  white  resident  outside  of  the  French  tratlcrs  was  G.  II.  1  loUcnherg, 
afterward  the  founder  of  Hollenberg,  Washington  county,  who  located 
in  this  vicinity  in  1834  and  opened  a  store  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  emigrants  to  California.  In  1855  a  colony  of  60  people  from  Cadiz, 
Ohio,  selected  a  tract  in  the  Vermillion  valley  for  a  settlement.  Among 
those  who  came  was  A.  G.  Barrett,  who  in  1868  laid  off  the  town  of 
Barrett  and  gave  the  railroad  company  40  acres  of  land  in  considera- 
tion of  their  building  a  depot  and  side  track.  The  postoffice  Jind  been 
established  since  1857. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  15,5 

Barry,  an  inland  hamlet  in  the  extreme  northeast  corner  of  Green- 
wood county,  is  located  5  miles  from  Dunaway,  the  nearest  railroad 
Station,  and  30  miles  from  Eureka,  the  county  seat.  It  obtains  its  mail 
by  rural  delivery  from  Gridley,  Coffey  county. 

Bartlett,  an  incorporated  town  of  Labette  county,  is  located  on  the 
Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  in  Uackberry  townslii]).  14  miles  southwest  nf 
Oswego.  It  has  banking  facilities,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and 
a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route.  The  population  in  1910 
was  249.  The  town  was  named  for  its  promoter,  Robert  A.  Bartlett. 
Jerome  Callahan  was  the  pioneer  merchant,  and  B.  F.  Cox  built  the  first 
dwelling. 

Barton  County,  nearly  in  the  geographical  center  of  the  state,  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Russell  county,  east  by  Ellsworth  and  Rice, 
south  by  Stafford  and  Pawnee,  and  west  by  Pawnee  and  Rush  coun- 
ties. It  is  exactly  30  miles  square  and  contains  900  square  miles.  The 
county  was  created  by  an  act  of  1867,  and  was  named  in  honor  of 
Clara  Barton,  the  founder  of  the  American  Red  Cross  association.  The 
southern  half  of  Barton  county  lies  in  territory  that  was  erected  as 
Washington  county  by  the  act  of  1855,  while  the  northern  portion  in- 
cludes part  of  the  unorganized  territor}-  attached  to  the  counties  l\'ing 
east  of  it.  It  is  supposed  that  the  first  white  men  who  saw  this  part 
of  Kansas  were  the  Spaniards  under  Coronado  (q.  v.).  The  first  Ameri- 
can to  visit  Barton  county  was  Lieut.  Zebulon  Pike,  who  led  an  ex- 
ploring expedition  to  the  Rocky  mountains  in  1806.  On  Oct.  13  of  that 
year,  Pike  reached  the  most  northerly  bend  of  the  Arkansas  river,  about 
6  miles  east  of  the  present  site  of  Great  Bend,  where  he  encamped  for 
several  days.  (See  Pike's  Expedition.)  The  McKnight  party,  with  a 
train  of  pack  mules,  followed  the  trail  along  the  Arkansas  in  1812.  and 
in  1820  Maj.  Long's  expedition  passed  along  practically  the  same  course. 
This  early  route  later  became  the  historic  "Santa  Fe  Trail." 

As  far  as  can  be  learned,  the  earliest  settler  in  Barton  county  was 
a  man  named  Peacock,  who  located  his  ranch  on  Walnut  creek  about 
3  miles  east  of  the  big  bend  of  the  Arkansas.  His  residence  was  an 
adobe  hut,  and  in  the  fall  of  the  year  i860,  he  and  five  other  men  were 
killed  by  Kiowa  Indians,  who  drove  off  the  stock  and  committed  other 
depredations. 

In  1868  the  Indians  created  considerable  trouble  by  attacking  ranch- 
men and  wagon  trains,  running  oft'  cattle,  and  in  some  cases  killing 
settlers  and  travelers.  In  October  they  attacked  a  provision  train  near 
Ellinwood,  and  in  his  report  of  the  affair  Gen.  Hazen  stated  that 
"about  100  Indians  attacked  the  fort  at  daylight,  and  were  driven  off; 
then  they  attacked  a  provision  train ;  killed  one  of  the  teamsters,  and 
secured  the  mules  from  four  wagons ;  then  attacked  a  ranch  8  miles 
below  and  drove  off  the  stock." 

The  first  cemetery  in  the  county  was  the  old  grave  yeard  laid  out 
about  300  yards  northeast  of  Fort  Zarah  (q.  v.),  in  which  the  graves 
made  at  the  time  of  the  occupation  of  the  fort  by  troops  may  still  be 


154  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

seen.  In  some  cases  they  were  marked  by  stones,  but  are  nearly  all 
overgrown  with  buffalo  grass. 

The  United  States  census  of  1870  found  two  people  who  declared 
themselves  residents  of  Barton  county.  They  were  John  Reinecke  and 
Henrj-  Schultz,  natives  of  Hanover,  Germany,  who  came  from  Illinois 
in  March,  and  after  searching  for  land  near  the  present  site  of  Ellin- 
wood  got  the  Ellsworth  surveyor  to  accompany  them  to  Walnut  creek, 
where  they  selected  a  location,  and  had  it  surveyed.  The  settlement 
they  established  was  about  6  miles  northwest  of  the  present  city  of 
Great  Bend.  Others  who  came  to  the  county  in  1870  were  W.  C.  Gib- 
son, Gideon  F.  Mecklem,  William  Jous,  Antone  Wilke,  George  Berry 
and  Mike  Stanton,  who  settled  along  the  Walnut  in  what  are  now 
Buffalo  and  Walnut  townships.  Most  of  the  pioneer  homes  were  rude 
dugouts  and  sod  houses.  The  first  log  house  was  built  late  in  the  year 
1870  by  Mr.  Mecklem,  and  was  provided  with  loopholes  and  small 
windows  as  a  means  of  defense  against  the  Indians.  The  principal 
occupation  of  the  early  settlers  was  killing  buffalo.  They  used  the  flesh 
and  tongues  for  food,  in  some  cases  selling  the  meat  at  the  nearest 
settlements,  while  the  hides  were  tanned  and  sent  to  the  markets  in 
the  east.  A  few  tried  farming,  but  were  unsuccessful,  as  the  buffalo 
tramped  out  the  crops  and  wallowed  in  the  soft  plowed  ground.  The 
first  settlements  in  Great  Bend  township  were  made  by  E.  J.  Dodge, 
who  made  a  homestead  entry  on  Jan.  23,  1871,  and  D.  N.  Heizer,  who 
entered  land  in  May  of  the  same  year.  'Some  of  the  other  settlers  of 
that  year  were  John  Cook,  W.  H.  Odell,  Thomas  Morris,  George  Moses 
and  Wallace  Dodge. 

For  about  five  years  after  its  creation  Barton  county  was  attached 
to  Ellsworth  for  judicial  and  revenue  purposes,  but  in  1871,  it  had  the 
required  number  of  voters  and  population  to  entitle  it  to  a  separate 
organization.  Accordingly,  a  petition  was  presented  to  the  governor 
asking  that  the  county  be  organized,  and  on  May  16,  1872,  Gov.  Har- 
vey issued  a  proclamation  for  the  organization  of  the  county  and  de- 
clared Great  Bend  the  temporary  county  seat.  The  oflScers  appomted 
by  him  at  that  time  were  Thomas  Morris,  John  H.  Hubbard  and  George 
M.  Berry  commissioners,  and  William  H.  Odell,  clerk.  The  board 
held  its  first  meeting  at  Great  Bend  on  May  23,  1872.  At  this  meet- 
ing the  commisisoners  divided  Barton  county  into  three  civil  town- 
ships, Lakin,  Great  Bend  and  Buffalo,  and  declared  each  township  to 
be  a  commissioner  district.  An  election  for  township  officers,  and  to 
decide  upon  the  location  of  the  county  seat,  was  ordered  for  July  i. 
The  election  was  held  and  resulted  in  the  selection  of  M.  H.  Halsey, 
John  Cook  and  L.  H.  Lusk,  commissioners;  William  H.  Odell,  clerk; 
Thomas  I,.  Morris,  register  of  deeds:  I.  1'..  I  inward,  clerk  of  tlie  dis- 
trict court;  E.  L.  Morphy,  treasurer;  D.  N.  Ilcizer,  probate  judge;  J. 
B.  Howard,  county  attorney ;  A.  C.  Moses,  superintendent  of  ]>ublic 
schools;  John  Favrow,  surveyor;  George  W.  Moses,  sheriff,  and  D.  B. 
Baker,  coroner.  Upon  the  question  of  a  permanent  location  of  the 
county  seat.  Great  i'leiid  received   144  voles,  Elliinvood  J2  and  Zarali  33. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  1 55 

Soon  after  Barton  county  was  organized  some  difficulty  arose  be- 
tween the  authorities  of  Ellsworth  and  Barton  counties  with  regard 
to  the  payment  of  taxes.  Some  of  the  settlers  had  already  been  placed 
on  the  tax  rolls  by  the  assessor  of  Ellsworth  county  before  Barton 
was  organized,  and  had  paid  their  taxes  to  the  Ellsworth  county  treas- 
urer. For  a  time  the  Ellsworth  county  officers  refused  to  pay  over  to 
Barton  county  the  taxes  thus  collected,  but  matters  were  finally  amica- 
bly adjusted. 

The  settlement  of  Barton  county  was  both  rapid  and  steady.  A  num- 
ber of  Germans  located  around  Ellinwood,  where  a  store  was  opened 
in  1874  by  F.  A.  Steckel,  who  also  started  a  grist  mill.  The  following 
year  the  first  brewery  in  the  county,  and  the  first  in  this  part  of  the 
state,  was  erected  at  Ellinwood.  About  this  time  a  number  of  Rus- 
sians entered  land  about  7  miles  west  of  Great  Bend.  One  of  the  points 
of  great  interest  in  the  county  is  Pawnee  Rock  (q.  v.)  in  the  southwest 
corner.  In  early  days  of  travel  along  the  Santa  Fe  it  was  a  noted  land 
mark. 

The  first  school  in  the  county  was  a  private  one  established  in  1872 
by  James  R.  Bickerdyke.  In  December  of  that  year  bonds  were  voted 
for  the  first  school  house.  A  number  of  the  early  settlers  were  Catho- 
lics, who  erected  the  first  church  building  in  the  county  in  Lakin  town- 
ship in  the  fall  of  1877.  The  second  church  was  built  by  the  Methodists 
the  following  winter.  Prior  to  this  time  services  were  held  by  travel- 
ing preachers.  The  first  postoffice  was  established  at  Zarah  in  1871, 
with  Titus  J.  Buckbee  as  postmaster.  The  first  record  of  marriage  is 
that  of  Jonathan  F.  Tilton  and  Addie  Eastey  in  Nov.,  1872.  Judge  W. 
R.  Brown  presided  at  the  first  term  of  court  in  April,  1873.  George  A. 
Housher,  whose  birth  occurred  on  Oct.  2,  1871,  was  the  first  white 
child  born  in  the  county. 

On  Oct.  8,  1872,  a  special  election  was  held  to  vote  on  the  question 
of  issuing  $25,000  of  county  bonds  for  the  erection  of  a  court-house 
and  jail.  The  proposition  was  carried,  and  on  March  26,  1873,  the  bids 
were  opened.  The  contract  was  awarded  and  the  building,  located  in 
the  county  square  at  Great  Bend,  was  completed  and  accepted  that 
year.  G.  L.  Brinkman  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature  on  Nov.  5, 
1872,  and  was  the  first  person  to  represent  Barton  county  in  the  general 
assembly  of  the  state.  In  1874  the  limits  of  Barton  county  were  en- 
larged by  the  addition  of  a  part  of  Stafford  county.  This  territory  was 
held  until  1879,  when  the  matter,  after  being  fought  through  the  courts, 
was  decided  against  Barton  county,  for  the  reason  that  Stafford,  by  the 
act  of  division,  was  reduced  to  an  area  less  than  that  required  by  the 
state  constitution.  The  original  bounds  of  Barton  were  therefore  re- 
stored. 

The  county  is  divided  into  the  following  townships:  Albion,  Beaver, 
Buffalo,  Cheyenne,  Clarence,  Cleveland,  Comanche,  Eureka,  Fairview, 
Grant,  Great  Bend,  Homestead,  Independent,  Lakin,  Liberty,  Logan, 
Pawnee  Rock,  South  Bend,  Union,  Walnut  and  Wheatland. 


15f>  lYCI.DIliDIA    OF 

The  southern  part  of  the  county  is  level,  the  northern  portion  higher 
and  somewhat  broken.  The  valleys  of  the  Arkansas  river  and  Walnut 
creek  are  from  2  to  7  miles  in  width,  with  a  sand}'  loam  soil,  which 
is  very  fertile  and  productive.  Narrow  belts  of  timber,  principally  Cot- 
tonwood, elm,  ash,  box-elder,  hackberry,  willow  and  walnut,  are  found 
along  the  streams,  and  many  artificial  groves  have  been  set  out.  Bar- 
ton county  is  one  of  the  "banner"  wheat  counties  of  Kansas,  but  corn, 
Kafir  corn  and  oats  are  exleiisi\ely  raised.  Limestone  of  a  good  (.|ual- 
ity  is  found  in  the  northern  portion,  and  sandstone  in  the  southern 
half  of  the  count}'.  Clay  is  found  in  the  north,  and'  a  vein  from  13  to 
18  feet  thick  lies  about  3  or  4  miles  north  of  Great  Bend.  A  rich  bed 
of  rock  salt  has  been  discovered  about  3  miles  northeast  of  Great  Bend 
and  has  been  drilled  100  feet. 

The  Arkansas  river  is  the  principal  stream.  Its  course  through  the 
county  is  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  or  great  bend,  from  which  the 
town  of  Great  Bend  takes  its  name.  There  are  several  tributary  streams, 
Walnut  and  Little  Walnut  creeks  being  the  most  important.  The  main 
line  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  railroad  follows  the  course  of 
the  Arkansas  river,  passing  through  Ellinwood  and  Great  Bend,  while  a 
branch  of  the  same  system  runs  east  from  Ellinwood  into  Rice  county. 
A  second  branch  runs  northwest  from  Great  Bend  into  Rush  county. 
The  main  line  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  railroad  traverses  the  county  al- 
most directly  east  and  west  through  the  center  and  has  a  branch  south 
from  Hoisington  to  Great  Bend.  There  are  about  95  miles  of  main 
track  road  within  the  limits  of  the  count}-,  furnishing  ample  shipping 
facilities  to  the  central  and  southern  parts. 

The  U.  S.  census  for  1910  reported  the  population  of  Barton  county 
as  being  17,876,  which  showed  a  gain  of  4,092  during  the  preceding  de- 
cade. According  to  the  report  of  the  Kansas  State  Board  of  Agriculture 
for  the  same  year,  the  value  of  all  farm  products  was  $4,203,193.  The 
principal  crop  was  wheal,  tlic  value  of  which  was  $2,897,283.  and  the 
corn  crop  was  valued  at  $739,400.  During  the  year  1910  live  stock  of  the 
value  of  $244,159  was  sold. 

Basehor,  a  village  of  Leavenworth  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific  R.  R.  about  10  miles  south  of  Leavenworth  city,  and  2 
miles  from  the  Wyandotte  county  line.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money  order 
postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  telephone 
connections,  and  is  a  trading  and  shipping  |)oint  for  that  section  of  the 
count}-.     The  population   in   1910  was  225. 

Basil,  one  of  the  minor  villages  of  Kingman  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Hutchinson  &  Blackwell  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe  R.  U.  12  miles  south  of  Kingman,  the  county  seat,  with  which  it  is 
connected  by  tclejihonc.  It  is  a  trading  and  shipping  (loint  for  that 
portion  of  the  county  anrl  in   1910  had  a  jiopulation  of  72. 

Bassett,  a  small  village  of  Allen  county,  is  situated  about  2  miles 
soulii  of  Inla,  the  county  scat,  with  which  place  it  is  connected  by  elec- 
tric railway.     In   K^io  it   reported  ,'i  population  of  40. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  157 

Bassettville,  a  little  village  of  Decatur  county,  is  located  on  Sappa 
creek  in  the  township  of  the  same  name,  about  15  miles  southwest  of 
Oberlin,  the  county  seat,  from  which  place  the  people  receive  mail  by 
rural  free  delivery. 

Bateham,  a  little  hamlet  of  Republican  township,  Clay  county,  is 
near  the  southern  boundary,  about  13  miles  almost  due  south  of  Clay 
Center,  the  county  seat.  Wakefield  is  the  nearest  railroad  station,  from 
which  the  inhabitants  of  Bateham  receive  mail  by  rural  free  delivery. 

Battle  Flags. — The  regimental  and  battle  flags  carried  by  Kansas 
troops  in  the  various  wars  in  which  they  have  participated  were  turned 
over  to  the  adjutant-general  of  the  state  when  the  regiments  returned 
home.  In  1866  the  legislature  made  an  appropriation  of  $150  for  the 
painting  of  inscriptions  on  these  flags,  and  many  of  them  bear  the 
names  of  the  more  important  battles  and  skirmishes  in  which  the  com- 
mands were  engaged.  Many  of  these  Civil  war  emblems  were  worn 
to  ribbons,  and  to  preserve  them  a  resolution  was  adopted  by  the  legis- 
lature of  1867,  making  an  appropriation  of  $150  for  a  suitable  case  in 
which  they  were  to  be  placed.  The  case  was  built,  the  flags  crowded 
in,  and  for  nearly  forty  years  reposed  in  those  cramped  quarters.  In 
1905  public  sentiment  was  aroused  and  the  following  act  passed  the 
legislature : 

"Whereas,  The  battle-flags  of  the  state  of  Kansas,  some  sixty  in 
number,  have  been  for  forty  years  without  proper  care,  subject  to 
moth  and  dust,  and  inaccessible  to  the  public;  therefore,  be  in  enacted 
by  the  legislature  of  the  State  of  Kansas: 

"Section  i.  That  the  sum  of  $1,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be 
necessary,  is  hereby  appropriated,  to  be  expended  upon  proper  vouchers 
by  the  executive  council,  in  providing  steel  cases,  with  plate  glass  fronts 
and  backs,  as  near  air  tight  as  practicable,  in  which  to  preserve  and 
expose  to  the  public  the  various  regimental  and  other  battle-flags  car- 
ried by  Kansas  troops ;  and  that  the  same  be  added  to  the  museum  of 
the  State  Historical  Society. 

"Section  2.  The  adjutant-general  is  hereby  required  to  furnish  a 
designation  for  each  flag,  giving  number  of  regiment,  names  of  battles, 
and  location  of  service,  and  that  each  flag  be  so  labeled. 

"Section  3.  This  act  shall  take  efl:'ect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after 
its  publication  in  the  statute  book." 

With  the  above  appropriation  a  handsome  steel  case  was  provided 
in  which  the  flags  have  since  been  on  exhibition. 

During  the  Civil  war  a  number  of  Kansas  regiments  were  presented 
with  flags  by  patriotic  women  in  the  localities  in  which  the  regiments 
were  raised,  notably  Company  I,  First  Kansas,  which  received  a  flag 
from  the  ladies  of  the  Leavenworth  Turner's  Society;  the  Second 
Kansas,  which  received  a  flag  from  the  ladies  of  Junction  City,  and  Com- 
pany M,  Ninth  Kansas,  which  was  also  presented  with  a  stand  of 
colors.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Spanish-American  war  (q.  v.)  the 
Woman's  Relief  Corps  of  Topeka,  presented  a  stand  of  colors  to  each 


158  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

of  the  three  Kansas  regiments.  The  state  also  furnished  blue  silk  ban- 
ners to  these  organizations.  On  the  return  of  the  Twentieth  Kansas 
Col.  Wilder  S.  Metcalf,  in  returning  the  flags  to  the  state,  said :  "My 
regiment  and  myself  are  gratified  for  this  enthusiastic  welcome.  .  .  . 
The  stand  of  colors  which  I  have  here  was  furnished  us  on  this  spot 
eighteen  months  ago.  We  carried  them  to  the  Philippine  Islands  and 
took  good  care  of  them.  They  were  placed  on  the  firing  line  on  Feb. 
4,  and  remained  there  until  we  were  ordered  home.  \\'hile  the  regi- 
ment was  in  the  trenches  they  were  stuck  in  the  ground  right  with  us. 
They  have  been  torn  by  bullets  and  brambles,  but  what  is  left  of  them 
we  desire  to  return  to  the  state." 

On  behalf  of  the  state  Gov.  W.  E.  Stanley  said :  "As  the  representa- 
tive of  the  state  it  affords  me  pleasure  to  receive  these  flags  from  the 
hands  of  the  Twentieth  Kansas.  One  is  the  old  star  spangled  banner, 
the  symbol  of  the  nation's  greatness.  For  more  than>  a  century  it  has 
inspired  in  the  people  the  loftiest  sentiments  and  across  land  and  sea, 
from  Bunker  Hill  to  Caloocan,  it  has  been  the  glorious  emblem  of 
liberty.  The  other,  a  torn  and  tattered  battle  flag,  its  scars  and  tatters, 
voiceless  lips  which  tell  of  the  devotion  and  valor  of  the  I-Cansas  sol- 
diers. A  generation  ago,  the  young  men  of  other  years  came  home  as 
you  are  coming  home,  from  struggle  and  victory,  and  they  brought 
their  battle  flags  and  placed  them  in  the  archives  of  the  state.  They 
are  now  covered  with  the  dust  of  a  life's  span,  which  in  Uie  light  of 
the  devotion  of  the  men  who  carried  them  in  battle  has  the  gleam  of 
gold.  Today  "we  will  place  the  battle  flag  of  the  men  who  are  putting 
life's  harness  on  with  the  battle  flags  of  the  men  who  are  putting  life's 
harness  off,  and  will  keep  them  as  the  state's  treasures,  that  in  the 
years  to  come  thej'  will  teach  lessons  of  the  highest  patriotism.  The 
whole  state  welcomes  your  return  to  civil  life,  the  people  will  follow 
you  with  prayers  and  devotion." 

Battleship  Kansas. — Toward  the  close  of  the  nincloenth  century,  when 
an  agitation  in  favor  of  a  larger  and  more  powerful  navy  was  started, 
the  navy  department  adopted  the  custom  of  naming  the  new  battle- 
ships after  the  states.  One  of  the  early  vessels  to  be  thus  named  was 
the  ill-fated  Maine,  which  was  blown  up  in  the  harbor  of  Havana,  the 
incident  being  one  of  the  ])!inci]>a!  causes  of  the  declaration  of  w:\r 
against  Spain  in  the  spring  of  1898. 

The  Fifty-seventh  Congress  made  appropriations  for  the  construc- 
tion of  several  new  battleships,  and  on  Jan.  20,  1903,  the  Kansas  legis- 
lature jjassed  a  resolution  re(|uesting  the  members  of  Congress  from 
the  state  to  use  their  influence  to  have  one  of  the  new  ships  named 
the  "Kansas."  An  order  to  that  effect  was  issued,  and  work  on  the 
vessel  was  commenced  at  Camden,  N.  J.,  the  following  November.  The 
keel  was  laid  early  in  1904,  and  on  Aug.  12,  1903,  Gov.  Iloch,  accom- 
panied by  his  staff  and  a  number  of  prominent  Kansans,  visited  Cam- 
den to  l)e  present  at  the  ceremony  of  launching.  On  such  occasions 
it  is  usually  the  custom  to  break  a  bottle  of  champagne  or  other  wine 


KANSAS    HISTORY 


159 


against  the  prow  of  the  vessel  as  it  starts  from  the  ways,  but  as  Kan- 
sas was  known  to  be  a  prohibition  state,  it  was  decided  to  dispense 
with  the  wine  and  use  water  instead.  The  day  was  warm  and  sultry 
and  the  governor's  staff,  in  full  uniform,  suffered  from  the  heat  during 
several  vexatious  delays,  but  at  12:40  p.  m.  the  great  marine  monster 
began  slowly  to  move  down  the  incline  to  her  watery  home.  Miss 
Anna  Hoch,  the  governor's  daughter,  who  acted  as  sponsor,  stood  upon 
a  platform  with  a  bottle  of  water  from  the  John  Brown  spring  in  Linn 
county,  Kan.,  and  at  the  signal  she  smashed  the  bottle  against  the  ship's 
prow,  repeating  the  customary  formula,  "I  christen  thee  Kansas";  but 
her  voice  was  lost  in  the  cheering  that  greeted  the  great  ship  as  it 
glided  down  the  ways. 


gg*^ 

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BATTLESHIP   KANSAS. 


The  Kansas  is  450  feet  long  at  the  load  water  line,  the  greatest 
breadth  is  76  feet  10  inches,  and  the  mean  draught  is  24  feet  6  inches. 
Her  displacement  is  16,000  tons,  and  her  engines  have  a  total  horse 
power  of  19,545,  giving  her  a  speed  of  18  knots  an  hour.  The  coal 
bunkers  have  a  capacity  of  2,200  tons,  though  900  tons  constitute  the 
normal  supply.  Altogether  she  carries  3,992  tons  of  armor,  the  sides 
being  protected  by  plates  9  inches  in  thickness,  the  turrets  by  12-inch 
armor,  and  the  barbette  by  lo-inch.  Her  main  battery  consists  of  24 
guns,  four  of  which  are  of  12-inch  caliber;  eight  are  8-inch,  and  twelve 
are  7-inch,  all  breech-loading  rifles.  The  secondary  battery  includes 
twenty  3-inch  rapid  fire  guns;  twelve  3-pounder  semi-automatic;  two 
i-pounder  automatic;  two  3-inch  field  guns,  and  two  30-caliber  au- 
tomatic. When  manned  by  a  full  complement  her  force  would  con- 
sist of  41  officers  and  815  men.  The  total  cost  of  the  Ivansas  was  $7,- 
565,620,  being  exceeded  in  this  respect  at  the  time  of  her  completion 
only  by  the  Connecticut,  which  cost  $7,911,175. 

Two  gifts  were  made  by  the  Slate  of  Ivansas  to  the  battleship  bear- 
ing her  name.     The  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  gave  a  fine 


l6o  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Stand  of  colors,  and  the  legislature  of  1905  appropriated  $5,000  for  the 
purchase  of  a  silver  service,  of  special  design.  Competitive  bids  and 
designs  were  submitted,  the  contract  being  finally  awarded  to  Edward 
Vail  of  Wichita,  Kan.  The  silver  service  consisted  of  35  pieces,  bear- 
ing appropriate  designs  of  Kansas  scenes  and  sunflowers.  It  was  pre- 
sented to  the  ship  at  the  League  Island  navy  yard,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
June  17,  1907,  by  Gov.  Hoch,  whose  speech  of  presentation  was  re- 
sponded to  by  Capt.  Charles  E.  Vreeland,  commander  of  the  vessel, 
who  claimed  the  State  of  Kansas  as  his  home.  After  the  presentation 
the  huge  silver  punch  bowl  was  filled  with  lemonade  for  the  refresh- 
ment of  the  assembled  guests. 

The  Kansas  went  into  commission  on  June  18,  1907,  under  com- 
mand of  Capt.  Vreeland,  and  was  one  of  the  four  first  class  battleships 
that  went  on  the  Pacific  cruise  the  following  December.  Capt.  Vree- 
land was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  rear-admiral,  and  the  Kansas  was 
placed  under  the  command  of  Capt.  Charles  J.  Badger.  On  Dec.  i, 
1910,  the  ship  was  in  the  second  division  of  the  Atlantic  fleet,  composed 
of  the  Kansas,  the  Louisiana,  the  New  Hampshire  and  the  South  Caro- 
lina. 

Bavaria,  a  village  of  Saline  county,  is  located  on  the  main  line  of  the 
Union  Pacific  R.  R.  9  miles  west  of  Salina,  the  county  seat.  It  has 
express  and  telegraph  offices,  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one 
rural  route.  The  population  in  1910  was  no.  The  place  was  originally 
settled  in  1865  by  Ernst  Hohneck,  who  later  deserted  it.  In  1877  E.  F. 
Drake  laid  off  the  town  of  Bavaria. 

Baxter  Springs,  an  incorporated  city  of  Cherokee  county,  is  located 
a  short  distance  west  of  Spring  river,  at  the  junction  of  two  divisions 
of  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.,  11  miles  southeast  of  Colum- 
bus, the  county  seat,  and  not  far  from  the  southern  boundary  of  the 
state.  The  first  settler  was  a  man  named  Baxter,  who  located  there 
about  the  year  1858,  when  the  land  was  known  as  the  "Government 
Strip."  During  the  war  of  1861-65,  Baxter  Springs  was  on  the  direct 
route  from  Fort  Scott  to  Fort  Smith,  and  lying,  as  it  does,  close  to  the 
Missouri  line,  it  was  also  subject  to  an  attack  from  some  of  the  guerrilla 
bands  that  infested  the  region.  A  military  post  was  established  there 
in  May,  1863,  and  garrisoned  by  the  First  Kansas  colored  infantry  and 
a  battery  commanded  by  Lieut.  Knowles.  In  June  the  garrison  was 
withdrawn  and  the  post  remained  unoccupied  until  i\ug.  17,  when  Col. 
Blair  ordered  Capt.  John  Crites'  company  of  the  Third  Wisconsin 
cavalry  to  reoccupy  it.  A  little  later  Crites  was  reinforced  by  a  detach- 
ment of  the  Second  Kansas  colored  infantry  under  command  of  Lieut. 
R.  E.  Cook,  and  early  in  Octoljer  further  reinforcenienls  were  added 
under  Lieut.  James  B.  Pond  of  the  Third  Wisconsin  cavalry,  who  took 
with  him  a  12-pound  howitzer.  On  Oct.  4  Gen.  Blunt  left  Fort  Scott 
for  I'-ort  Smith,  with  an  escort  of  100  men  of  llic  Third  Wisconsin  and 
Fourteenth  Kansas  cavalry,  tJu-  band  .uul  .1  wagon  ir.iin,  and  about 
noon  of  tlic  6th   reached  a  point  near    I'ond's  canii'  :i(    Haxtor  Springs. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  l6l 

Here  he  saw  a  body  of  mounted  men  advance  from  the  timber  on 
Spring  river  and  as  they  wore  Federal  uniforms  he  thought  they  were 
Pond's  men  out  on  drill  or  to  give  him  a  reception.  Capt.  Tough, 
Blunt's  chief  of  scouts,  rode  forward,  but  soon  returned  with  the  in- 
formation that  the  men  were  rebels,  and  that  a  fight  was  then  going  on 
at  Pond's  camp. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  men  seen  by  Blunt  were  some  of  Quantrill's 
guerrillas,  commanded  by  Ouantrill  in  person.  Seeing  that  they  were 
recognized,  the  guerrillas  advanced  on  the  escort,  fired  a  volley,  and 
then  charged.  The  Union  troops  were  outnumbered  more  than  five  to 
one  and  fled  at  the  first  fire.  Blunt  succeeded  in  rallying  15  of  his 
men,  and  with  this  meager  force  held  the  enemy  at  bay,  until  noticing 
a  gap  in  the  line  he  made  a  dash  through  it  and  escaped.  I-fis  adjutant- 
general,  Maj.  Curtis,  attempted  to  cut  his  way  through  another  gap, 
but  was  killed.  Britton,  in  his  "Civil  War  on  the  Border,"  says :  "In 
many  instances  where  the  soldiers  were  closely  pursued,  they  were  told 
that  if  they  would  surrender  they  would  be  treated  as  prisoners  of 
war-;  but  in  every  case  the  moment  they  surrendered  and  were  dis- 
armed. Ihey  were  shot  down,  sometimes  even  with  their  own  arms  in 
the  hands  of  the  bandits." 

A  short  time  before  this  unhappy  affair,  which  is  known  as  the  Bax- 
ter Springs  massacre,  Pond's  camp  had  been  attacked  by  the  guerrillas 
while  60  of  his  picked  men  were  absent  on  a  foraging  expedition.  Lieut. 
Pond  managed  to  work  the  howitzer  by  himself,  and  the  fact  that  the 
catnp  was  supplied  with  artillery  doubtless  deterred  Quantrill  from 
charging  and  capturing  the  entire  force  then  in  the  garrison. 

In  1865,  after  the  war  was  over,  two  men  named  Armstrong  and 
Davis  built  a  house  on  the  site  of  Baxter  Springs,  and  the  next  yeai 
a  town  was  laid  out  on  80  acres  by  Capt.  M.  Mann  and  J.  J.  Barnes. 
Soon  after  this  A.  F.  Powell  opened  a  store,  and  when  Baxter  Springs 
became  the  outlet  for  the  Texas  cattle  trade,  the  town  took  on  all  the 
appearances  of  prosperity.  But  the  cattle  trade  brought  to  the  place 
a  number  of  notorious  characters,  and  Baxter  Springs  quickly  won  the 
distinction  of  being  a  "wide  open"  town.  The  late  Eugene  F.  Ware, 
in  one  of  the  Kansas  Plistorical  Collections,  says  "it  was  the  toughest 
town  on  earth."  In  Nov.,  1867,  it  was  made  the  county  seat  of  Chero- 
kee county,  but  the  following  summer,  while  the  Cherokee  Neutral 
Lands  were  in  dispute,  James  F.  Joy,  who  had  purchased  the  lands,  and 
Congressman  Grinnell  of  Iowa  visited  Baxter  Springs,  and  the  citizens 
at  a  meeting  adopted  resolutions  declaring  they  were  satisfied  with 
the  plan  proposed  by  Joy  in  dealing  with  the  settlers  on  the  lands. 
This  offended  many  citizens  of  the  county,  and  at  an  election  the  fol- 
lowing February  (1869)  a  majority  of  the  people  voted  to  remove  the 
seat  of  justice  to  Columbus.  In  the  meantime  Baxter  Springs  had 
voted  bonds  for  something  like  $200,000  to  aid  railroad  companies,  etc., 
and  this  led  a  number  of  the  citizens  to  leave  the  place.  Added  to  this, 
the  outlet  of  the  cattle  trade  was  removed  farther  west  and  the  boom 
(I-ii) 


1 62  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

was  over.  For  several  years  Baxter  Springs  made  but  little  progress, 
but  in  Sept.,  1873,  '"'^h  lead  deposits  were  discovered  in  the  vicinity 
and  again  the  town  began  to  grow,  this  time  in  a  permanent  and  sub- 
stantial manner. 

The  Baxter  Springs  of  the  present  day  has  an  electric  lighting  plant, 
waterworks,  two  banks,  two  weekly  newspapers,  an  international  money 
order  postoffice  from  which  five  rural  routes  emanate,  flour  mills,  hotels, 
planing  mills,  a  telephone  exchange,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  a 
large  retail  trade,  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  1,598. 

In  1885  Congress  appropriated  $5,000  for  a  national  cemetery  about 
a  mile  west  of  the  town,  where  the  victims  of  the  massacre  of  1863  are 
buried. 

Bayard,  one  of  the  minor  villages  of  Allen  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  R.  R.  in  the  northeast  part  of  the  coun- 
ty, some  15  miles  from  lola,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order 
postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  an  express  office,  some  mercantile  in- 
terests, and  is  a  shipping  point  for  the  surrounding  agricultural  dis- 
trict.    The  population  in  1910  was  reported  as  50. 

Bayneville,  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  in  Ohio  township, 
Sedgwick  county,  is  12  miles  southwest  of  Wichita.  It  has  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  some 
retail  trade,  and  is  a  shipping  point  of  some  importance. 

Bazaar,  a  village  of  Chase  county,  is  the  southern  terminus  of  a 
branch  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  that  runs  to  Strong 
City.  It  is  10  miles  south  of  Cottonwood  Falls,  the  county  seat,  has 
a  money  order  postoffice,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  some  retail 
stores,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  75. 

Bazine,  a  village  of  Ness  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  11  miles  east  of  Ness  City,  the  county  seat.  It  has 
a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  an  express  office,  tele- 
phone connection,  and  is  a  trading  and  shipping  point  for  the  neigh- 
borhood.    The  population  in   1910  was  125. 

Eagle,  a  village  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Miami  county,  is  on 
the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  R.  R.  about  15  miles  southwest  of  Paola, 
the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph  and  ex- 
press offices  and  a  good  local  retail  trade.  In  J910  the  population, 
according  to  the  U.  S.  census,  was  180. 

Beale's  Expedition. — Fdward  F.  Beale  was  born  at  Washington,  D. 
C,  Feb.  4,  1822.  At  an  early  age  he  entered  the  United  States  navy 
and  saw  his  first  active  service  with  Commodore  Stockton  on  the  Pa- 
cific coast  during  the  Mexican  war.  At  Ihe  close  of  the  war  he  re- 
signed his  commission  in  the  navy  and  was  made  superintendent  of 
Indian  afl^airs  in  California  and  New  Mexico.  In  1853  he  led  an  ex- 
pedition to  explore  the  central  route  to  the  Pacific  coast.  Leaving 
Westport,  Mo.,  in  May  of  that  year,  with  12  riflemen,  he  went  first 
to  Council  Grove.  From  there  he  passed  up  the  Arkansas  river  to  the 
mouth   of   the   Huerfano,  about  20  miles   east   of   the   present   city   of 


KANSAS    HISTORY  163 

Pueblo,  Col.,  thence  to  the  San  Luis  valley,  and  from  there  to  the 
coast.  A  full  report  of  the  expedition  was  written  by  Gwynn  II.  Heap, 
one  of  the  party,  and  published  in  1854. 

Beardsley,  a  money  order  post-village  of  Rawlins  county,  with  a 
population  of  50  in  1910,  is  a  station  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  R.  R.  10  miles  west  of  Atwood,  the  county  seat.  It  is  a  supply 
point  for  the  neighborhood  and  does  some  shipping  of  grain  and  live 
stock. 

Beattie,  a  village  of  Marshall  county,  is  located  in  Guittard  town- 
ship, 15  miles  east  of  Marysville,  the  county  seat,  on  a  branch  of  the 
Vermillion  river  and  on  the  St.  Joseph  &  Grand  Island  R.  R.  It  has 
banking  facilities,  a  newspaper,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  churches 
and  schools,  and  a  money  order  postofifice  with  two  rural  mail  routes. 
The  population  in  1910  was  500.  The  neighborhood  about  Beattie  was 
settled  prior  to  1865  by  Hugh  Hamilton.  H.  G.  Smith,  Eli  Goldsberry, 
E.  Cain,  J.  Trotten!  G.  Thorne,  James  Fitzgerald  and  P.  Jones.  The 
town  was  laid  out  in  1870  by  the  North  Kansas  Land  and  Town  com- 
pany of  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  on  land  owned  by  James  Fitzgerald  and  John 
Watkins.  The  original  town  site  consisted  of  160  acres,  and  the  town 
was  named  Beattie  in  honor  of  Hon.  A.  Beattie,  then  mayor  of  St. 
Joseph,  Mo.  The  postoffice  was  established  in  1871,  and  the  first  store 
was  built  by  L.  Brunswick  in  1872. 

Beaumont,  a  village  of  Butler  county,  is  situated  in  Glencoe  town- 
ship, about  20  miles  southeast  of  Eldorado,  the  county  seat.  It  is  a 
station  on  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.,  has  a  money  order 
postoffice,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  telephone  connection,  and  is 
a  shipping  and  supply  point  for  a  rich  agricultural  district  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  Butler  and  the  southwest  coVner  of  Greenwood  counties. 
The  population  in  1910  was  200. 

Beaver,  a  hamlet  of  Sheridan  county,  is  located  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  the  valley  of  the  Saline  river,  and  receives  mail  by  rural  de- 
livery from  Ouinter,  which  is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Beaver  Creek. — There  are  four  streams  in  Kansas  that  bear  this 
name.  The  first  flows  in  a  southeasterly  direction  through  Clark  coun- 
ty and  empties  into  the  Arkansas  river ;  the  second  rises  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Barton  county  and  flows  north  to  the  Smoky  Hill  river; 
the  third  flows  south  across  the  western  part  of  Smith  county  and 
empties  into  the  Solomon  river  near  the  town  of  Gaylord ;  and  the 
fourth  and  largest  is  composed  of  two  forks,  one  of  which  rises  in 
Sherman  and  the  other  in  Cheyenne  county.  They  unite  near  the  town 
of  Atwood,  Rawlins  county,  from  which  point  the  main  stream  follows 
a  northeasterly  course  and  empties  into  the  Republican  river  at  Or- 
leans, Neb.  This  last  named  Beaver  creek  was  so  named  by  James 
R.  Mead's  exploring  party  in  1859  on  account  of  the  large  number  of 
beaver  dams  along  its  course. 

During  the  Indian  troubles  in  the  summer  of  1867,  the  Eighteenth 
Kansas  left  Fort  Hays  on  Aug.  20  for  the  headwaters  of  the  Solomon 


164  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

and  Republican  rivers.  On  the  evening  of  the  21st  Capt.  Jenness  of 
Company  C  was  sent  out  with  a  detachment  to  ascertain  the  cause  of 
a  light  seen  at  some  distance  across  the  prairie.  lie. found  the  remains 
of  an  old  Indian  camp  fire,  but  in  attempting  to  return  to  the  main 
body  he  became  confused  in  the  darkness,  and  finally  decided  to 
bivouac  on  the  open  prairie.  Early  the  next  morning  he  reached  the 
river,  about  8  miles  below  the  camp.  According  to  a  published  ac- 
count liy  Capt.  jenness,  the  command  was  then  some  85  r.iil.'s  n;r. ;'; 
west  of  Fort  Hays.  Upon  reaching  the  river  he  pushed  on  toward 
the  main  body,  but  after  going  about  3  miles  his  detachment  was  at- 
tacked by  a  large  body  of  Indians.  Forming  a  hollow  square,  he  man- 
aged to  hold  the  savages  at  bay.  His  men  were  armed  with  Spencer 
repeating  carbines  and  each  man  carried  200  rounds  of  ammunition,  so 
they  were  well  equipped  in  this  respect  for  a  heroic  defense.  After  a 
short  skirmish  Capt.  Jenness  again  began  to  move  up  the  river  toward 
the  camp,  but  after  going  half  a  mile  saw  more  Indians.  He  then 
returned  to  the  river  and  threw  up  a  breastwork  of  driftwood  and 
loose  stones,  behind  which  his  little  band  fought  valiantly  for  three 
hours.  All  the  horses  except  4  were  either  killed  or  wounded :  2  of  the 
men  were  mortally  and  12  seriously  wounded,  and  the  detachment  with- 
drew to  a  ravine,  where  they  found  water  and  remained  under  co\cr 
of  the  willows  and  banks  of  the  ravine  until  dark.  The  Indians  then 
drew  off  and  Jenness  and  his  men,  under  the  guidance  of  a  scout,  fol- 
lowed a  buffalo  path  for  5  or  6  miles  until  they  came  to  the  river.  The 
Indians  renewed  the  attack  the  next  morning,  hut  the  main  command 
came  I1'  Tiimcvs'  rcsciic,  Tliis  ;ilTair  i'^  known  .-i--  llir  Ii:i1tlr  nf  r.i':i\(-r 
creek. 

In  Jenncs.'-  narrative  the  exact  kication  oi  the  aclmn  is  ui.it  given. 
Some  years  after  the  event,  James  A.  Hadley,  a  corporal  of  Company 
A,  published  an  account  of  the  engagment  in  the  Farm  and  Home 
Sentinel  of  Indianapolis,  Ind.  The  localities  mentioned  by  Corporal 
Hadley  were  given  by  A.  J.  Pliley,  the  famous  scout,  who  locates  the 
scene  nn  Prairie  Dog  creek  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Pliillips  county. 

Beaverview,  a  post-village  of  Rawlins  county,  is  located  on  P.eaver 
creek,  about  18  miles  southwest  of  Atwood,  the  county  seat,  and  12 
miles  southeast  of  McDonald,  which  is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Beckwourth,  James,  hunter,  trapper  and  scout,  was  a  mulatto  (^f  great 
physical  strength  who  came  west  with  den.  .'\shlcy  in  1825  and  won 
considerable  reputation  as  a  trader  and  Indian  fighter,  finally  becoming 
cliief  of  the  Crow  tribe.  Parkman  says  he  was  "bloody  and  treacherous, 
without  honor  or  honest},"  but  the  Rent  brothers  and  Kit  Carson,  who 
knew  him  better  than  Parkman,  say  he  was  one  of  the  most  honest 
of  Indian  traders.  In  the  days  nf  the  argonauts  he  lived  in  California. 
where  he  wrote  his  autobiography,  whicli  was  published  about  1855. 
During  the  Mexican  war  lie  carried  messages  for  Gen.  Kearnc\.  riding 
alnne  thrnngh  the  hostile  Indian  country  from  Rent's  fort  on  the  .Arkan- 
sas to  Fort   I.ea\iMnvortli.     Vur  awhile  he  was  associated  with  the  celc- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  165 

brated  Jim  Uridger  in  piloting  trains  across  the  ])lains.  He  trapped 
and  traded  along  the  Arkansas  river,  and  in  no  small  degree  contributed 
toward  bringing  the  present  State  of  Kansas  under  the  dominion  of 
the  white  race. 

Beebe,  George  M.,  the  last  secretary  and  acting  governor  of  Kansas 
Territory,  was  born  at  New  Vernon,  N.  Y.,  Oct.  28,  1836.  lie  received 
an  academic  education,  and  in  1857  graduated  at  the  Albany  Law 
School.  In  the  spring  of  1859  l''^  came  to  Kansas,  located  in  Doniphan 
county,  and  in  November  of  that  year  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
council  in  tlie  territorial  legislature.  He  was  therefore  a  member  of 
the  legislature  which  met  at  Lecompton  on  Jan.  2,  i860,  and  which 
passed  the  bill  abolishing  slavery  in  Kansas.  On  May  i,  i860,  he  was 
appointed  territorial  secretary,  to  succeed  Hugh  S.  Walsh,  and  en- 
tered upon  his  duties  on  Juh'  i.  When  Gov.  Medary  resigned  on  Dec. 
17,  i860,  Mr.  Beebe  became  acting  governor  and  continued  to  act  in 
that  capacity  until  the  state  government  was  inaugrated  on  Feb.  9, 
1861,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Gov.  Robinson.  In  1863  Mr.  Beebe 
removed  to  Nevada,  where  he  was  appointed  collector  of  internal 
revenue,  but  declined.  He  then  went  back  to  New  York  and  became 
the  editor  of  the  Republican  Watchman,  published  at  Monticello.  In 
1874  he  was  elected  to  Congress  as  a  Democrat,  and  was  reelected  in 
1876.  The  Kansas  State  Historical  Society  has  made  several  efforts 
to  get  into  correspondence  with  Mr.  Beebe,  but  for  some  reason  he  has 
persistentl}-   declined   to   answer  the  letters. 

Beebe's  Administration. — The  story  of  Gov.  Beebe's  administration 
is  soon  told.  When  Gov.  Medary  went  to  Ohio  on  Sept.  11,  i860,  Mr. 
Beebe  became  acting  governor  and  served  as  such  until  Nov.  25,  when 
the  governor  returned.  The  records  do  not  show  that  much  of  a  strat- 
ling  or  unusual  nature  occurred  during  this  period.  For  some  time  there 
had  been  trouble  between  the  free-state  and  pro-slavery  settlers  in 
Linn  and  Bourbon  counties,  and  about  the  middle  of  November,  fear- 
ing another  outbreak  of  hostilities,  ]Mr.  Beebe  ordered  Adjt.-Gen.  Strick- 
ler,  on  the  19th,  "to  take  immediate  steps  to  ascertain  what  force  of 
infantry,  if  any,  either  of  the  militia  of  the  territory  or  of  volunteer 
companies,  can  be  put  into  service,  if  necessary,  within  one  week  from 
the  date  hereof." 

On  the  same  day  he  wrote  to  Gen.  Harney,  at  St.  Louis,  asking  that 
the  200  infantry  at  Fort  Leavenworth  be  placed  subject  to  the  order 
of  the  governor  of  the  territor3\  After  the  return  of  Gov.  Medary, 
Mr.  Beebe  wrote  to  President  Buchanan,  under  date  of  Nov.  26,  giving 
an  account  of  the  recent  disturbance  in  Bourbon  county.  "These  men," 
said  he,  "under  the  lead  of  a  notorious  offender,  one  James  Montgom- 
er)',  assisted  by  a  desperate  character  named  Jennison.  .  . 
threatened  to  break  up  a  special  term  of  the  L'nited  States  district 
court  called  to  meet  at  Fort  Scott  on  the  19th  inst.  for  the  trial  of  cer- 
tain of  their  number,  charged  with  offenses  against  the  United  States. 
and  kill  Presiding  Justice  Williams,  the  marshal  and  his  deputies,  and 
all  interposing  resistance,  and  destroy  the  town  of  Fort  Scott." 


l66  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Upon  learning  of  these  threats,  Mr.  Beebe,  accompanied  by  Adjt.- 
Gen.  Strickler,  had  visited  Fort  Scott  and  found  that  Judge  Williams 
had  abandoned  the  idea  of  trying  to  hold  the  special  term  of  court. 
In  his  letter  to  the  president  Beebe  states  that  he  met  Montgomery 
and  Jennison,  who  finally  agreed  to  disband  their  men,  but  a  few  days 
later  they  were  at  their  old  tricks.  He  suggested  that  the  governor 
issue  a  proclamation  declaring  martial  law  in  that  part  of  the  territory, 
and  that  a  force  of  at  least  300  dragoons  should  be  sent  there  to  main- 
tain order. 

When  Gov.  Medary  resigned  on  Dec.  17.  i860,  Mr.  Beebe  again  be- 
came acting  governor.  On  the  21st  he  wrote  to  the  president:  "The 
legislative  assembly  of  this  territory  convenes  on  the  7th  prox.  If  it 
is  the  purpose  of  your  excellency  to  appoint  a  successor. to  Gov.  Medary, 
I  would  respectfully  request  that  you  cause  me  to  be  so  advised,  as 
in  such  event  I  do  not  desire  to  occupy  any  time  in  preparing,  in  an 
executive  capacity,  for  the  coming  legislature." 

The  Wyandotte  constitution,  in  defining  the  boundaries  of  the  pro- 
posed State  of  Kansas,  had  cut  off  all  that  portion  of  the  territory 
lying  west  of  the  102nd  meridian  of  longitude.  The  country  west  of 
that  meridian  was  known  as  the  "Pike's  Peak  region,"  and  Mr.  Beebe 
requested  the  president  that,  in  the  event  of  the  admission  of  Kansas 
and  the  establishment  of  a  new  territory  farther  west,  to  appoint  him 
to  the  same  position  in  that  territory  he  then  held  in  Kansas. 

The  legislature  met  at  Lecompton  on  Jan.  7,  1861.  W.  W.  Upde- 
graff  was  for  a  third  time  chosen  president  of  the  council,  and  John 
W.  Scott  was  elected  speaker  of  the  house.  On  the  8th  both  houses 
voted  to  adjourn  to  Lawrence,  where  they  met  on  the  next  day.  As 
no  successor  to  Gov.  Medary  had  been  appointed,  it  devolved  upon  Mr. 
Beebe  to  submit  a  message  to  the  assembly,  which  he  did  on  the  loth. 
His  message  is  interesting,  in  that  it  presents  some  figures  relating 
to  the  property  values  and  financial  condition  of  the  territory.  He  re- 
ported the  territorial  indebtedness  as  being  $96,143.58.  while  the  re- 
sources from  taxes  due  and  unpaid  amounted  to  about  $104,000,  though 
he  expressed  the  opinion  that  not  more  than  $30,000  of  this  could  be 
collected  "without  some  special  and  direct  action  taken  for  the  ex- 
press purpose."  The  value  of  the  taxable  property  of  the  territory  he 
estimated  at  $28,000,000. 

Mr.  Beebe  pointed  out,  in  a  rather  laconic  manner,  the  folly  of  in- 
corporating so  many  tpwn  companies.  He  stated  that  in  38  counties 
there  were  135,328  town  lots,  or  more  than  two  for  each  inhabitant, 
and  significantly  asks:  "May  not  a  reasonable  apprehension  be  en- 
tertained, unless  something  be  soon  done  to  stop  this  mania  for  town 
speculation,  that  there  will,  ere  long,  be  no  lands  left  for  farms  in  the 
territory?" 

Mr.  Beebe  recommended  a  revision  of  the  election  laws,  especially 
the  registry  provisions;  the  repeal  of  the  law  abolishing  slavery  in 
the  tcrritnry:  some  thorough  system  of  organizing  counties  and  town- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  I67 

ships;  and  the  repeal  of  the  law  regulating  the  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors,  or  the  enactment  of  a  law  of  that  character  that  would  be  in- 
telligible. 

After  dwelling  at  length  upon  the  discord  between  the  North  and 
South  on  the  question  of  slavery,  he  closed  his  message  by  saying: 
"But  if  nothing  can  be  done — if  this  worst  must  come — having  been 
made  the  wand  with  which  the  magicians  of  Evil  have  aroused  the 
elements,  it  may  not  be  expected  Kansas  can  stand  an  idle  watcher  of 
the  storm.  Intimately  identified  as  her  interests  are  with  the  per- 
petuity, progress  and  prosperity  of  that  Union  of  States  into  which 
she  has  hoped  soon  to  enter  and  take  her  equal  place — while  she  could 
not  witness  a  dissolution  with  feelings  other  than  of  deepest  anguish 
— if  God,  in  His  wrath,  shall  tolerate  the  worst  portent  of  this  tempest 
of  passion,  now  so  fiercely  raging,  Kansas  ought,  and  I  trust  will^ 
declining  identification  with  either  branch  of  a  contending  family, 
tendering  to  each  alike  the  olive  ofl:'ering — establish,  under  a  constitu- 
tion of  her  own  creation,  a  government  to  be  separate  and  independent 
among  the  nations." 

This  was  the  last  session  of  the  territorial  legislature.  Few  impor- 
tant laws  were  passed,  the  most  noteworthy  being  the  acts  fixing  the 
number  of  employees  of  each  house  of  the  legislature  and  their  salaries, 
and  declaring  illegal  the  bonds  issued  in  payment  of  claims  for  losses 
sustained  during  the  border  war.  The  acts  of  this  legislature  were 
afterward  declared  valid  by  the  state  courts.  (See  Robinson's  Admin- 
istration.) On  Feb.  2,  1861,  the  assembly  adjourned,  and  just  a  week 
later  the  state  government  was  inaugurated. 

Beecher  Rifle  Church. — On  May  31,  1857,  the  settlers  in  and  about 
the  village  of  Wabaunsee,  the  most  of  whom  were  members  of  the  New 
Haven  colony,  held  a  meeting  for  the  ultimate  purpose  of  forming  a 
church  organization.  At  this  meeting  resolutions  were  adopted  recog- 
nizing the  expediency  of  organizing  a  Congregational  church.  Com- 
mittees were  appointed  to  attend  to  the  preliminary  matters  and  to 
obtain  the  names  of  those  willing  to  unite  in  organizing  a  church,  such 
organization  to  take  place  on  the  last  Sunday  in  June.  On  June  21 
it  was  resolved  to  set  apart  Saturday,  June  27,  as  "a  day  of  fasting 
and  prayer,"  and  that  seven  persons,  then  present,  havmg  letters  from 
other  churches,  should  constitute  the  nucleus  of  the  proposed  church. 
On  the  day  ajjpointed  the  brethren  and  sisters  gathered  in  a  ravine 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Wabaunsee  townsite,  where  they  were  undis- 
turbed by  the  noise  and  clatter  of  the  village,  and  devoted  all  this  day 
and  the  forenoon  of  the  following  one  to  the  organization  of  a  church 
which,  as  stipulated  beforehand,  was  to  be  Congregational  in  form, 
as  unsectarian  as  possible,  and  was  to  be  known  as  "The  First  Church 
of  Christ  in  Wabaunsee."  A  council  of  neighboring  churches  had  been 
called  to  recognize  the  new  church,  but  the  Manhattan  church  was 
the  only  one  to  respond.  It  was  therefore  deemed  expedient  to  organ- 
ize a  council,  which  was  done,  and  Rev.  S.  Y.  Lum,  who  preached  the 


l68  CYCLOPEDIA    (IK 

first  sermon  in  Kansas,  in  1854,  delivered  the  one  on  this  occasion,  and 
Rev.  C.  E.  Blood,  of  ^lanhattan.  gave  the  fellowship  of  the  churches, 
and  the  Wabaunsee  church  was  launched. 

.As  long  as  Beecher  lived  he  took  an  active  interest  in  the  Wabaunsee 
colony,  and  it  was  the  custom  of  the  colonists  at  each  annual  meeting  of 
the  church  to  read  his  letter  which  accompanied  the  ritles,  "Let  these 
arms  hang  above  your  doors  as  the  old  Revoltitionary  muskets  do  in 
many  New  England  homes.  May  your  children  in  another  generation 
look  upon  them  with  pride  and  say  'Our  fathers'  courage  saved  this  fair 
land  from  slavery  and  blood.'  Ever}-  mornings'  breeze  shall  catch  the 
blessings  of  our  prayers  and  roll  them  westward  to  your  prairie  homes. 
Maj-  your  sons  be  large-hearted  as  the  heavens  above  your  heads ;  may 
your  daughters  fill  the  land  as  the  flowers  do  the  prairies,  only  sweeter 
and  fairer  than  they.  Yoti  will  not  need  to  use  arms  when  it  is  known 
that  you  have  them.  It  is  the  essence  of  slavery  to  be  arrogant  before 
the  weak  and  cowardly  before  the  strong." 

Rev.  Harvey  Jones  was  the  first  pastor  of  this  cluircli  organization 
and  served  for  nearl}-  three  years,  holding  the  early  meetings  in  a  tent. 
.A^  temporary  church  was  shortly  after  erected  and  plans  discussed  for 
a  suitable  stone  building  of  sufficient  capacity  for  the  needs  of  the  com- 
munity. After  your  years  of  effort  the  present  building  was  dedicated 
on  May  24,  1862,  the  General  Association  of  Kansas  Congregational 
churches  meeting  with  the  church  at  this  time,  and  taking  a  recess  to 
dedicate  the  new  church.  During  the  early  days  of  the  church  it  re- 
ceived support  from  various  church  societies,  but  in  less  than  ten  years 
from  its  organization  it  became  self-supporting.  In  i860  it  reported  the 
largest  membership  of  any  church  in  Kansas,  having  one  more  than  the 
Lawrence  and  eleven  more  than  the  Topeka  churches.  On  June  29,  1897. 
the  fortieth  anniversary  of  the  church  was  fittingly  observed,  and  on 
June  27  and  28,  1907,  the  fiftieth  anniversary  was  made  the  occasion  of 
a  great  celebration,  during  wiiich  an  elaborate  program  was  carried  out 
Hundreds  of  visitors  were  in  attendance  and  the  semi-centennial  of  tliis 
famous  pioneer  church  was  made  a  memorable  one. 

Beecher  Rifle  Company. — Early  in  the  fall  of  1S53,  two  residents  of 
New  Ilaven,  Conn.,  a  Mr.  Russell  and  a  Mr.  English,  commenced  enlist- 
ing a  parly  of  northern  men  to  go  to  Kansas  to  settle  and  help  make  it 
a  free  state.  Winter  set  in  before  the  company  could  be  organized  and 
the  project  was  abandoned  until  the  following  spring.  On  Feb.  7,  1856, 
Charles  B.  Lines,  of  New  Haven,  announced  at  a  public  meeting  that 
he  was  making  preparations  for  carrying  out  the  ])roposed  plan.  The 
next  day  men  began  enlisting  and  in  less  than  a  week  85  names  were 
subscribed,  which  was  increased  to  90  by  March  7.  Mr.  Lines  was 
made  president  of  the  colony  for  the  first  year.  A  few  days  i>efore  start- 
ing inr  Kansas  a  meeting  fif  the  colonists  and  other  New  Haven  citizens 
was  held  in  the  .North  cinnch,  where  Rev.  Henry  Ward  Beeclier  de- 
livered a  stirring  address.  At  the  conclusion  of  this  address  Mr.  Twines, 
as  president  of  the  new  colony  gave  a  short  talk,  explaining  the  origin, 


KANSAS   iirsToin-  169 

aim  and  purpose  uf  the  company,  and  reminding  the  audience  Uiat  no 
provision  had  yet  been  made  for  furnishing  the  colonists  with  weapons, 
and  explaining  why  there  was  a  necessity  for  calling  upon  the  public 
to  arm  them.  Prof.  Benjamin  Silliman,  president  of  Yale  College,  was 
the  first  one  to  respond  to  the  appeal,  heading  a  subscription  list  for  one 
Sharp's  rifle.  Similar  subscriptions  then  came  fast.  Rev.  Mr.  Button, 
pastor  of  the  church  in  which  the  meeting  was  being  held,  then  made 
a  statement  that  Deacon  Harvey  Ilale  of  his  church  was  a  member  of 
the  proposed  colony,  and  as  his  pastor  he  desired  to  present  him  a  pjible 
and  a  Sharp's  rifle.  Beecher  then  made  another  ringing  talk,  pledging 
25  rifles  from  his  congregation  if  a  like  number  was  raised  in  New 
Haven.  The  meeting  closed  with  27  rifles  assured  to  the  colony.  On 
the  evening  of  March  31  a  farewell  meeting  to  the  colonists  was  held,  in 
which  a  letter  from  Mr.  Beecher  to  Mr.  Lines  was  read,  in  which  Beecher 
presented  a  number  of  Bibles  in  the  name  of  one  of  his  parishioners  and 
25  Sharp's  rifles  in  behalf  of  several  others.  At  the  close  of  the  meet- 
ing the  members  of  the  colony  were  escorted  to  the  boat  by  the  Elm 
City  Guards  and  the  Croton  Engine  Co.  No.  i. 

A  cooperative  organization  was  formed  while  on  the  way  west,  and 
on  their  arrival  at  St.  Louis  such  garden  and  other  tools  as  were  needed 
were  secured  and  brought  with  them  on  the  steamboat  Clara  to  Kansas 
City,  where  John  J.  Walter,  E.  Dwight  Street,  T.  C.  P.  Hyde,  Amos  A. 
Cottrell  and  Walter  Webb  were  chosen  to  push  on  ahead  in  search  for 
a  suitable  location.  The  remainder  of  the  colonists,  having  secured 
wagons  and  ox  teams,  pushed  on,  reaching  Lawrence  the  second  day. 
where  they  remained  for  two  or  three  days,  being  rejoined  while  here 
by  those  who  had  been  seeking  a  location.  The  site  of  Wabaunsee  being 
reported  favorably  to  the  colonists,  the  selection  was  ratified  and  on 
April  28,  1856,  the  colony  reached  its  destination.  Of  the  original  num- 
ber who  started^  from  New  Haven,  twenty  never  reached  Kansas  at  all, 
and  a  number  of  others  who  did  come,  from  some  reason  or  nther,  left 
shortly  after  coming.  Forty-one  of  the  original  number  stuck  it  out 
and  formed  the  nucleus  of  the  rifle  company  that  was  soon  formed  under 
the  name  of  the  "Prairie  Guards."  William  Mitchell  was  chosen  captain 
of  the  company,  which  embraced  the  members  of  the  colony,  who  were 
supplied  with  Sharp's  rifles,  and  some  of  the  surrounding  settlers,  the 
organization  numbering  about  60  men.  This  rifle  company  saw  active 
service  in  Kansas  shortly  after  coming  to  the  territory,  volunteering  to 
assist  in  the  defense  of  Lawrence  from  an  attack  of  border  rufifians  from 
Missouri.  A  few  of  the' original  colonists  are  living  in  igii.  but  the 
good  they  accomplished  will  live'  after  them. 

Beecher's  Island. —  (.See  Arickaree,  Battle  of.l 

Beeler,  one  of  the  minor  villages  of  Ness  county,  is  located  in  Eden 
township  and  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  17 
miles  west  of  Ness  City,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  post- 
oflice,  an  express  office,  telephone  connection,  Protestant  churches,  a 
school,  and  is  a  trading  and  shipping  point  for  the  western  part  of  the 
countv.    The  population  in  1910  was  75. 


I  JO  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Bellaire,  a  thriving  little  town  of  Smith  county,  is  located  in  Blaine 
township  and  is  a  station  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R. 
6  miles  east  of  Smith  Center,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes,  telephone  connection,  telegraph 
and  express  offices,  Methodist  Episcopal  and  Methodist  Protestant 
churches,  a  good  retail  trade,  and  in  1910  reported  a  poulation  of  200. 

Bellefont,  a  village  of  Wheatland  township.  Ford  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  2,2  miles  east  of  Dodge  City, 
the  count)^  seat.  The  population  was  40  in  1910.  It  has  a  money  order 
postoffice  with  one  rural  delivery  route,  and  is  a  shipping  and  supply 
point  for  that  section  of  the  county. 

Belle  Plaine,  an  incorporated  city  of  the  third  class  in  Sumner  county, 
is  located  on  the  Ninnescah  river  at  the  junction  of  the  Missouri  Pacific 
and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  railroads,  12  miles  northeast  of 
Wellington,  the  county  seat.  The  population  in  igio  was  849,  a  gain 
of  298  during  the  preceding  ten  years.  Belle  Plaine  has  two  banks,  a 
weekly  newspaper  (the  News),  good  public  schools,  flour  and  planing 
mills,  churches  of  the  leading  Protestant  denominations,  an  opera  house, 
telegraph  and  express  offices,  a  telephone  exchange,  and  is  an  important 
shipping  point  and  trading  center.  From  its  international  money  order 
postoffice  three  rural  delivery  routes  supply  mail  to  the  surrounding 
country. 

Belleville,  the  county  seat  of  Republic  county,  is  located  a  little  east 
of  the  center  of  the  county  and  is  an  important  railroad  center  and 
shipping  point,  having  three  lines  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific 
system  and  one  line  of  the  Union  Pacific  system.  The  population  in 
1910  was  2,224.  All  business  activities  and  professions  are  represented 
in  the  business  directory.  There  are  banks,  flour  mills,  grain  elevators, 
creameries,  mercantile  houses  and  newspapers.  It  has  good  graded  and 
high  schools,  all  denominations  of  churches,  telegraph  and  express 
offices,  and  an  international  money  order  postoffice  from  which  cminate 
five  rural  routes.  The  county  buildings  include  a  $25,000  court-house 
and  an  $11,000  jail. 

Belleville  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  gently  rolling  upland  in  the 
midst  of  a  rich  and  prosperous  farming  coimtry.  The  main  articles  of 
export  are  grain,  live-stock  and  creamery  products.  The  town  was  es- 
tablished on  .Sept.  25,  1869,  with  the  following  charter  members  of  the 
company,  James  E.  VanNatta,  A.  B.  Tutlon,  W.  A.  Means,,  }.  H.  Print, 
T.  C.  Reily.  W.  II.  H.  Reily,  W.  A.  Dugger,  John  McFarlanc!  John  Har- 
ris, G.  II.  Jackson  and  N.  T.  VanNatta.  A  "town  house"  was  built  by 
the  company  on  the  northwest  quarter  of  section  2,  town  3  south,  range 
3  west,  in  which  a  general  store  was  kept.  The  upper  floor  was  used 
as  a  public  hall.  The  place  was  named  Belleville  after  Arabelle  Tutton. 
the  wife  of  A.  R.  Tutton.  It  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third 
class  in  1878,  and  the  first  election,  held  on  Jan.  26  of  that  year,  resulted 
as  follows:  Mayor,  W.  H.  Woodward;  police  judge,  William  Ilaskett; 
councilmcn,    Chauncy    Perry,    Edwin    Knowles,    Daniel    Millor.    Ed.    E. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  I? I 

Chapman  and  F.  N.  Munger.  The  officers  appointed  were,  city  marshal, 
Willis  C.  Allen;  city  attorney,  A.  E.  Taylor;  city  clerk,  Charles  H. 
Smith;  city  treasurer,  Columbus  Taylor;  street  commissioner,  W.  C. 
Allen. 

By  1873  Belleville  had  become  quite  an  important  business  center. 
The  main  stage  thoroughfare  from  Hanover,  Mo.,  connecting  with  St. 
Joseph,  Mo.,  and  Denver,  Col.,  and  with  the  Central  branch  from  Water- 
ville,  passed  through  Belleville,  and  stages  ran  daily.  A  number  of  sub- 
stantial business  structures  had  been  built  and  the  improvements  in- 
cluded city  waterworks.  As  early  as  1888  the  enterprising  citizens  of  the 
town  convinced  the  state  authorities  that  Belleville  was  of  sufficient 
size  to  be  a  city  of  the  second  class  and  it  was  made  such.  For  many 
years  this  little  city  was  a  gateway  to  the  homestead  country,  to  the 
settlement  of  which  it  owes  much  of  its  present  growth  and  prosperity. 

Belmont,  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  in  Kingman  county, 
is  located  12  miles  southeast  of  Kingman,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a 
money  order  ppstoffice,  an  express  office,  a  public  school,  some  retail 
trade  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  150. 

Beloit,  the  county  seat  and  largest  town  of  Mitchell  county,  is  located 
northeast  of  the  center  of  the  county,  on  the  Solomon  river  and  at  the 
junction  of  the  Union  Pacific  and  Missouri  Pacific  railroads.  It  has  an 
altitude  of  1,38'!  feet  and  is  162  miles  from  Topeka.  It  has  an  electric 
light  plant,  water  works,  public  library,  an  opera  house,  two  daily  and 
three  weekly  newspapers,  3  banks,  and  all  lines  of  business  activit}^  The 
state  industrial  school  for  girls  is  located  here.  Beloit  is  supplied  with 
telegraph  and  express  offices  and  an  international  money  order  post- 
office  with  8  rural  routes.    The  population  in  1910  was  3,082. 

The  first  settlement  here  was  made  by  A.  A.  Bell  in  1868,  with  the 
idea  of  improving  the  water  power.  It  was  first  called  Willow  Springs. 
The  next  year  T.  F.  Hersey  purchased  the  mill  site  from  Mr.  Bell,  put 
up  a  saw  mill  in  1870  and  a  grist  mill  the  next  season.  A  school  build- 
ing was  erected  in  1871  and  Rev.  O.  N.  Fletcher,  the  preacher  of  Ash- 
ville,  took  charge  of  the  school  which  was  the  first  in  the  county.  In 
1870  Beloit  was  made  the  county  seat  and  has  remained  so  ever  since. 
The  plat  of  the  site  was  made  in  1872.  The  promoters  were  T.  F.  Her- 
sey, A.  A.  Bell,  George  Campbell,  Alexander  Campbell,  C.  H.  Morrill, 
Edward  Valentine,  W.  C.  Ingram  and  Daniel  Kepler.  In  July  of  that 
year  it  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third  class  and  in  1879  Gov. 
St.  John  proclaimed  it  a  city  of  the  second  class.  At  the  first  city  elec- 
tion the  following  officers  were  chosen :  T.  F.  Hersey,  mayor ;  W.  C.  In- 
gram, M.  R.  Mudge,  H.  H.  Lyon,  Joseph  Baughman  and  J.  R.  Vaughn, 
councilmen.  The  town  was  growing  very  rapidly  at  this  time.  As  each 
building  went  up  and  became  ready  for  occupany  a  dance  was  held  in 
it  first,  then  a  religious  meeting,  after  which  it  was  turned  over  to  the 
owner  for  his  use.  The  postoffice  was  established  in  1870. with  A.  A. 
Bell  as  postmaster.  The  first  newspaper  was  the  Mirror,  established 
in  1871  bv  A.  B.  Cornell.  The  first  bank  was  opened  in  1873  by  F.  H. 
Hart. 


1/2  CVl'LOl  EDIA   GF 

Belpre,  an  incorporated  citj-  of  the  third  class  in  Edwards  county,  is 
situated  in  the  township  of  the  same  name,  and  is  a  station  on  the  Atchi- 
son, Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  17  miles  east  of  Kinsley,  the  'count)-  seat. 
It  has  a  bank,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the- Bulletin),  a  good  retail  trade,  a 
monev  order  postofific'e  that  is  authorized  to  issue  international  orders, 
telegraph  and  express  offices,  telephone  connection  with  the  adjacent 
towns  and  cities,  and  does  considerable  shipping.  P.elpre  was  incor- 
porated in  igo6  and  in  1910  the  population  was  485. 

Belvidere,  a  village  of  Glick  township,  Kiowa  count}-,  is  located  at 
the  junction  of  two  divisions  of  the  Atchison.  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  rail- 
way system,  about  18  miles  southeast  of  Greensburg,  the  county  seat. 
It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  telephone 
connection  with  the  surroimding  country,  and  in  1910  had  a  poi-)ulalion 
of  30.     Its  railroad  facilities  make  it  an  important  shipping  point, 

Belvoir,  one  of  the  old  settlements  of  Kansas,  is  located  in  Douglas 
county  about  13  miles  southwest  of  Lawrence,  in  the  valley  of  the 
Wakarusa  river.  The  town  site  was  laid  otit  on  the  old  Santa  Fe  trail 
(q.  V.)  in  1855.  and  the  following  year  the  Catholic  church  was  estab- 
lished. Several  houses  were  built  and  a  tavern  was  erected  for  the 
accommodation  of  travelers  going  west.  On  account  of  the  proximity 
of  Belvoir  to  Twin  Moimd,  no  postoffice  was  established  until  1868.  The 
village  has  rural  free  delivery  from  Richland,  the  nearest  railroad  town, 
and  in  iqio  had  a  population  of  30. 

Belvue,  a  village  of  Pottawatomie  county,  is  located  in  Belvue  town- 
ship on  the  main  line  of  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.,  25  miles  southeast  of 
Westmoreland,  the  comity  seat.  It  has  banking  facilities  and  all  the 
main  lines  of  business  activity,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural 
routes,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  the  population  in  1910  was 
200.  The  town  was  laid  otit  in  1871  by  A.  J,  Raker  and  Malcolm 
Gregory. 

Beman,  a  little  hamlet  on  one  of  the  tributaries  of  the  Neosho  river 
in  the  northeast  corner  of  Morris  county,  is  about  13  miles  from  Council 
Grove,  from  which  place  the  inhabitants  receive  mail  by  rural  free  de- 
livery,    .\lta  Vista  is  the  most  convenient  railroad  station, 

Bendena,  one  of  the  villages  of  Doni]ihan  county,  is  located  in  Wolf 
River  township,  on  the  Chicago.  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R,  R,.  7  miles 
south  of  Troy,  the  coimty  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  express  and  telegraph 
offices,  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route.  The  popula- 
tion in  1910  was  150,  This  town  was  established  in  t886  and  for  a  time, 
called  .Albers  in  honor  of  John  Albers.  a  pioneer  of  the  neighborhood. 
When  the  postoffice  was  established  (he  name  was  changed  to  Rcndcna, 
In  1861  Miss  Strode  taught  one  of  the  early  schools  of  the  county  on  the 
site  of  the  town.  The  only  fiuMiiturc  in  the  room  was  rude  benches 
fasiciief!  10  the  wall. 

Bender  Family. — About  the  close  of  the  year  1870  a  f.-nnily  of  llnl- 
iandcrs,  or  Germans,  consisting  of  foin'  persons — father,  moilicr.  son, 
and  danglitcr — moved  into  Osage  township,  Labette  county.  The  father 
was   William    Bender,  and   the  son  and  d;iughlcr  were  John  and   Kate, 


KANSAS    IIISTOK'i-  1/3 

They  erected  a  small  frame  house,  which  was  divided  into  two  parts 
by  Studding,  on  which  hung  an  old  wagon-sheet  for  a  partition.  In  the 
front  part  they  had  a  few  articles  for  sale,  such  as  tobacco,  crackers,  sar- 
dines, candies,  powder  and  shot,  and  just  outside  the  door  was  a  plain 
sign,  "Groceries."  In  the  front  room  were  also  two  beds.  The  family 
pretended  to  furnish  lunch  and  entertainment  for  travelers.  Little  was 
known  of  them  generally,  and  they  repelled  rather  than  invited  com- 
munication with  their  neighbors.  Kate  traveled  over  the  country  some- 
what, giving  spiritualistic  lectures  and  like  entertainments,  but  created 
very  little  stir  or  comment.  The  two  young  people  occasionally  went 
to  church  and  singing  school,  and  the  men  frequently  attended  ]nil:)lic 
meetings  in  the  township.  The  place  was  on  the  road,  as  then  traveled, 
from  Osage  Mission  to  Independence. 

During  1871  and  1872,  several  parties  traveled  the  road,  making  in- 
quiries for  persons  who  were  missing,  and  who  had  last  been  heard  of 
at  Fort  Scott  or  Independence.  A  public  meeting  was  held  at  Harmony 
Grove  schoolhouse  to  discuss  the  herd  law,  about  March  10,  1873,  when 
the  matter  of  so  many  people  being  missing  and  the  fact  that  suspicion 
rested  upon  the  people  of  Osage  township  were  discussed.  It  was  de- 
cided that  a  vigorous  search  should  be  made  under  the  sanction  of  a 
search-warrant.  Both  of  the  male  Benders  were  present,  but  when  oth- 
ers expressed  a  willingness  to  have  their  premises  searched  the  father 
and  son  remained  silent.  About  ten  days  before  this  meeting  Dr  ^A'il- 
liam  York  had   left   his  home   in  Onion   creek,   Montgomery   C' 1  •  i 

search  of  a  man  and  child  by  the  name  of  Loucher,  who  had  left  Inde- 
pendence for  Iowa  during  the  previous  winter  and  had  never  thereafter 
been  heard  of  by  their  friends.  Dr.  York  reached  Fort  Scott  and  started 
to  return  about  March  8,  but  never  reached  home.  In  the  early  part  of 
April,  Col.  A.  M.  York,  with  some  50  citizens  from  Montgomery  county, 
started  from  Independence  to  make  a  thorough  search  for  his  brother. 
They  went  as  far  as  Fort  Scott,  but  could  get  no  clue  to  the  missing 
man.  On  their  return  they  visited  the  Bender  place  and  tried  to  induce 
Kate,  who  professed  to  be  a  clairvoyant,  to  make  an  effort  to  help  dis- 
cover the  doctor.  But  Kate  was  able  to  elude  their  efiforts  without 
throwing  any  suspicion  on  herself.  That  night  the  Bender  family  left 
the  place  and  went  to  Thayer,  where  they  purchased  tickets  to  Hum- 
boldt and  took  the  north-bound  train  at  5  o'clock  on  the  following  morn- 
ing. A  day  or  two  thereafter  their  team  was  found  hitched  a  short  dis- 
tance from  Thayer,  apparently  nearly  starved. 

It  was  about  May  i  that  a  man  passing  the  Bender  place  noticed  the 
stock  wandering  around  as  though  wanting  care.  On  going  to  the  stable 
he  found  the  team  gone,  and  a  calf  dead  in  a  pen,  evidently  having 
starved  to  death.  He  then  went  to  the  house,  but  found  no  one  there. 
He  notified  the  township  trustee,  who,  with  other  parties,  went  to  the 
premises  and  broke  into  the  house,  where  they  found  nearly  everything 
in  usual  order,  little  if  anything  aside  from  clothing  and  bed-clothing 
having  been  taken.     A   sickening  stench   almost  drove  them   from  the 


1/4  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

house.  A  trap-door  in  the  back  room  was  raised,  and  it  was  discovered 
that  in  a  hole  beneath  was  clotted  blood  which  produced  the  stench.  The 
iiouse  was  removed  from  where  it  stood,  but  nothing  further  was  found 
under  it.  In  a  garden  near  by  a  depression  was  noticed,  and  upon  dig- 
ging therein  the  body  of  Dr.  York  was  found  buried,  head  downward, 
his  feet  being  scarcely  covered.  His  skull  was  crushed  and  his  throat 
was  cut  from  ear  to  ear.  On  further  search  seven  more  bodies  were 
found,  all  of  whom,  except  one,  were  afterward  identified  by  their  friends. 
They  were  Mr.  Loucher  and  his  little  daughter,  seven  or  eight  years  ola, 
buried  in  one  hole;  William  Boyle,  and  three  men  named  McCratty, 
Brown,  and  McKenzie.  The  other  body  was  never  identified,  and  it  is 
altogether  probable  that  other  parties  were  murdered  and  their  bodies 
never  found. 

It  seems  that  in  the  back  room  of  the  house,  almost  up  against  the 
partition  studding,  a  hole  just  large  enough  to  let  a  man  through  had 
been  cut  in  the  f^oor,  the  door  to  which  raised  with  a  leather  strap. 
Under  this  an  excavation  had  been  made  in  the  ground,  leaving  a  hole 
some  6  or  7  feet  in  diameter  and  about  the  same  in  depth.  It  is  sup- 
posed that  when  a  victim  was  killed  in  the  daytime  he  was  thrown  into 
this  hole  until  night,  when  he  would  be  taken  out  and  buried.  From 
the  victims  the  Benders  seem  to  have  procured,  so  far  as  could  be  ascer- 
tained, about  $4,6oo  in  money,  two  teams  of  horses  and  wagons,  a  pony 
and  a  saddle.  The  Benders  made  good  their  escape  and  were  never  ap- 
prehended, although  detectives  thought  they  were  able  to  trace  their 
wanderings  through  Texas  and  New  Mexico.  Parties  supposed  to  be 
the  Benders  were  apprehended  in  many  parts  of  the  country  and  several 
were  brought  to  Labette  county  for  identification,  but  they  proved  to 
have  little  if  any  resemblance  to  the  persons  sought.  Two  women,  sup- 
posed to  be  Mrs.  Bender  and  Kate,  were  arrested  in  Michigan  in  1890, 
and  brought  to  Labette  county  on  requisition,  but  on  habeas  corpus  pro- 
ceedings they  were  released,  the  court  being  satisfied  that  they  were  not 
the  Benders,  and  these  horrible  crimes  remain  unavenged. 

Benedict,  an  incorporated  town  of  Wilson  county,  is  located  on  the 
Verdigris  river  in  Guilford  township,  8  miles  northeast  of  Fredonia,  the 
county  seat,  and  at  the  junction  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  and 
the  Missouri  Pacific  railroads.  It  has  a  bank,  telegraph  and  express  of- 
fices, and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route.  The  population 
in  1910  was  215.  The  town  was  surveyed  about  the  tirrie  the  Missouri  Pa- 
cific and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  railroads  were  built  through 
this  county.  Substantial  iron  bridges  were  built  over  the  Verdigris  at 
this  point  in  1887,  and  a  $4,000  school  house  was  erected.  The  Wilson 
county  old  settlers  society  was  organized  at  Benedict  in  1807.  The  town 
was  piped  for  gas  in  1898. 

Bennington,  one  of  the  incorporated  (owns  of  Ottawa  county,  is  lo- 
cated on  the  L^nion  Pacific  R.  R.  and  on  the  .Solomon  river,  in  Benning- 
ton township,  9  miles  southeast  of  Minneapolis,  the  comity  scat.  It  has 
two  banks,  an  opera  house,  two  grain  elevators,  flour  mil!  and  a  weekly 


KANSAS    HISTORY  175 

newspaper,  as  well  as  all  the  main  lines  of  business.  There  are  tele- 
graph and  express  offices,  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural 
routes.  The  population  in  1910  was  386.  The  community  was  settled 
in  1870  and  a  store  opened  in  1873  by  George  Parker.  When  the  rail- 
road was  built  in  1878  the  town  was  laid  out.  The  promoters  were  Dan- 
iel Struble  and  C.  Nelson.  An  iron  bridge  was  built  over  the  Solomon 
at  a  cost  of  $4,500;  Markley  Bros,  put  up  a  flour  and  saw  mill  run  by 
water  power  at  a  cost  of  $20,000,  and  in  1880  a  $2,000  school  house  was 
built. 

Benson,  Alfred  W.,  lawyer  and  United  States  senator,  was  born  in 
Chautauqua  county,  N.  Y.,  July  15,  1843,  ^  son  of  Peleg  and  Hannah 
(Washburn)  Benson.  He  received  an  academic  education  at  James- 
town and  Randolph  in  his  native  state,  and  in  1862  enlisted  as  a  private 
in  the  One  Hundred  and  Fifty-fourth  New  York  regiment ;  was  severely 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war 
was  mustered  out  with  the  rank  of  major.  In  1866  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  and  in  1869  removed  to  Kansas,  locating  at 
Ottawa.  On  May  10,  1870,  he  married  Miss  Unettie  L.  Townsend  of 
Manchester,  Vt.  Mr.  Benson  served  for  four  years  as  a  member  of  the 
Kansas  state  senate;  was  district  judge  from  1885  to  1897,  and  on  June 
II,  1906,  was  appointed  United  States  senator  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused 
by  the  resignation  of  Joseph  R.  Burton.  On  Aug.  i,  1907,  Gov.  Hoch 
appointed  Mr.  Benson  one  of  the  associate  justices  of  the  Kansas  su- 
preme court  to  complete  the  unexpired  term  of  Adrian  L.  Greene,  de- 
ceased, and  upon  retiring  from  the  supreme  bench  he  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  law. 

Bentley,  a  town  of  Sedgwick  county,  is  located  near  the  Arkansas 
river  in  Eagle  township,  and  is  a  station  on  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Fran- 
cisco R.  R.,  about  20  miles  northwest  of  Wichita.  It  has  a  bank,  a 
weekly  newspaper  (the  News),  a  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph  and 
express  service,  telephone  connection,  and  is  the  principal  trading  and 
shipping  point  for  that  section  of  the  county.  The  population  in  1910 
was  200. 

Benton,  a  town  of  Benton  township,  Butler  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  14  miles  southwest  of  Eldorado,  the  county 
seat,  and  not  far  from  the  Sedg^vick  county  line.  It  was  settled  in  1884. 
incorporated  in  1908,  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  240.  Benton  has 
a  bank,  a  money  order  postofifice  with  two  rural  delivery  routes,  express 
and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  connections,  a  number  of  well  appointed 
mercantile  establishments,  Methodist,  Christian  and  Presbyterian 
churches,  good  public  schools,  and  is  a  shipping  point  of  considerable 
importance. 

Bent's  Fort. —  (See  Fort  Lyon.) 

Berlin,  a  hamlet  of  Bourbon  count}',  is  located  15  miles  northwest  of 
Fort  Scott,  the  county  seat.  It  has  rural  free  delivery  from  LTniontown 
and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  15.  Devon,  on  the  Missouri  Pacific,  is 
the  nearest  railroad  station. 


176  CVCLOrEDIA    OF 

Bern,  a  village  of  Nemaha  county,  is  located  in  Washington  township 
on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.,  14  miles  northeast  of 
Seneca.  It  has  a  bank,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Gazette),  express  and 
telegraph  offices  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route.  The 
population  in  1910  was  375. 

Bernal,  a  money  order  postoffice  of  Reno  county,  is  situated  in  I^in- 
coln  township,  and  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  7  miles 
south  of  Hutchinson.  The  railroad  name  is  Elmer  Station.  Bernal  has 
telephone  connection  with  the  adjacent  towns,  is  a  trading  point  for  the 
people  of  that  part  of  the  county,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  40. 

Berryton,  a  little  village  of  Shawnee  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific  R.  R.,  9  miles  southeast  of  the  city  of  Topeka.  It  has  a 
money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  delivery  route,  and  is  a  trading 
center  for  the  neighborhood  in  which  it  is  located.  The  population  in 
1910  was  75. 

Berwick,  a  little  station  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R. 
in  Xcniaha  county,  is  located  18  miles  northeast  of  Seneca,  the  county 
seat,  and  3  miles  from  Sabetha.  It  has  telegraph  and  express  offices 
and  a  money  order  postoffice.     The  population  in   1910  was  31. 

Bethany  College,  located  at  Lindsborg,  Kan.,  was  founded  in  1881, 
and  is  carried  on  under  the  auspices  of  the  Swedish  Lutheran  church. 
The  purpose  of  the  founders  was  to  establish  a  school,  "imparting  higher 
education  founded  on  the  principles  of  Evangelical  Christianity."  Rev. 
Car]  A.  Swensson,  who  had  been  elected  pastor  of  the  Bethany  Lutheran 
church  of  Lindsborg  in  1878,  was  active  in  organizing  the  school  or 
academy  and  became  its  first  president. 

The  first  building  of  the  school  contained  recitation  rooms  and  a 
dormitory  for  men,  while  a  separate  dormitory  was  provided  for  the 
female  students.  School  opened  on  Oct.  15,  1881,  witli  T.  .'\.  l^dden  as 
teacher,  and  about  30  students  enrolled.  The  following  year  the  Smoky 
Valley  district  of  the  Kansas  conference  of  the  Augustana  synod  took 
charge  of  the  institution ;  a  board  of  directors  was  appointed,  and  soon 
afterward  the  college  was  incorporated  under  a  state  charter. 

In  1883  a  large  dormitory  was  erected  for  male  students  and  two 
years  later  a  main  building  was  erected  to  furnish  class  rooms,  a  chapel 
museum,  librar)'  and  science  departments.  The  institution  passed  into 
ihc  hands  of  the  Kansas  conference  in  the  spring  of  1885,  and  the  name 
was  changed  to  Bethany  College  and  Normal  Institute.  From  thai  lime 
its  progress  was  botji  rapid  and  satisfactory.  'I'he  school  l)egan  to  out- 
grow its  quarters,  new  buildings  were  needed,  and  with  this  end  in  view 
the  name  was  changed  to  Bethany  College  in  Dec.  i88fi.  The  charter 
also  was  changed  so  that  ihe  college  was  invested  with  power  to  convey 
academic  degrees. 

The  conservatory  of  music  was  begun  in  1882,  and  the  school  of  busi- 
ness in  1884.  In  the  fall  of  1886  the  model  scliool  was  added,  and  in 
1900  the  school  of  fine  arts,  but  this  was  later  combined  with  the  school 
nf  music,  and   today   the  college   has  tiic  following  doparlmcnts:     Pre- 


KANSAS    HISTORY 


177 


paratory,  normal,  commercial,  collegiate,  a  model  school,  art  depart- 
ment and  a  conservatory  that  has  gained  a  wide  reputation  throughout 
the  state. 


LIBRARY  AND  MAIN   BUILDING,   BETHANY   COLLEGE. 


Bethany  has  a  fine  main  building  equipped  with  every  convenience 
for  recitation  rooms  and  laboratories,  a  women's  dormitorv  accommodat- 
ing 92  students,  a  dormitory  for  men,  an  art  hall,  the  Swedish  pavilion 
of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  exposition,  which  was  donated,  an  auditorium 
with  a  seating  capacity  of  3,000  and  a  $5,000  pipe  organ,  a  gymnasium 
and  the  Carnegie  library.  The  student  body  consists  mostly  of  the 
Lutheran  youth  of  the  state  and  the  college  has  an  annual  enrollment  of 
several  hundred.  In  1910,  Ernst  F.  Pihlbrand  was  president  of  the  col- 
lege and  C.  F.  Carlbert,  vice-president. 

One  of  the  first  steps  taken  by  the  school  after  its  organization  was 
the  formation  of  a  chorus  and  orchestra  to  sing  the  Messiah,  the  pro- 
ceeds to  go  toward  the  support  of  the  school.  Since  that  time  the 
oratorio  has  been  sung  twenty-five  times  at  Lindsborg  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  musical  department,  and  during  Holy  Week  people  come 
from  many  parts  of  the  state  to  hear  this  chorus  as  there  is  no  other 
like  it  in  the  country. 

Bethel,  a  post  hamlet  in  the  central  portion  of  Wyandotte  county,  is 
situated  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  about  10  miles  west  of'  Kansas 
City,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  which  is  the  cen- 
(L12) 


178  ■  CYCLOPEDIA    Ol'' 

ter  of  two  rural  free  delivery  routes,  telegraph  and  express  facilities,  and 
in  1910  had  a  population  of  25. 

Bethel  College. — As  early  as  1882  a  Mennonite  seminar}-  was  estab- 
lished at  Halstead,  Harvey  county.  When  the  Kansas  conference  of 
the  Mennonite  church  met  in  1887  the  city  of  Newton  came  forward  with 
an  offer  of  financial  aid  if  the  conference  would  undertake  to  establish 
a  college  at  that  place.  The  result  was  the  organization  by  the  confer- 
ence of  the  Bethel  College  corporation,  which  was  to  have  full  charge 
of  the  establishment  and  control  of  the  institution.  Bethel  College  was 
opened  to  students  on  Sept.  20,  1893.  The  biennial  report  of  the  state 
superintendent  of  public  instruction  for  1893-94  gave  the  vakie  of  the 
property  belonging  to  the  college  as  $114,100,  of  which  $45,000  was 
represented  by  buildings,  and  $68,000  as  a  permanent  endowment.  Since 
then  the  institution  has  kept  pace  with  other  schools  of  its  character. 
.Six  departments  are  presented  to  students,  viz :  Collegiate,  Academic, 
Music,  Fine  Arts,  Elocution  and  Commercial.  Probably  no  school  in 
the  state  offers  better  opportunities  for  the  study  of  the  German 
language. 

Beulah,  a  village  of  Sheridan  township,  Crawford  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.  5  miles  south  of  Girard,  the 
county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postofifice,  express  and  telegraph  ser- 
vice, a  good  local  trade,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  100. 

Beverly,  an  incorporated  town  of  Lincoln  county,  is  situated  in  Colo- 
rado township  and  is  a  station  on  the  Salina  &  Plainville  division  of 
the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  11  miles  east  of  Lincoln,  the  county  seat.  Bev- 
erly was  settled  in  1886,  incorporated  in  1904,  and  in  1910  reported  a 
population  of  335.  It  has  two  banks,  two  creameries,  a  number  of  well 
stocked  general  stores,  a  good  public  school,  a  money  order  ])ostof]fice 
with  one  rural  route,  telegraph  and  express  service,  telephone  connec- 
tion with  the  surrounding  towns,  and  does  considerable  shipping. 

Bickerdyke,  Mary  Ann,  familiarly  known  as  "Mother  Bickerdyke." 
arni\'  nurse  and  philanllirnpist,  was  born  near  Mt.  Vernon,  Ohio,  July 
19,  1817.  Her  father,  Hiram  Bell,  was  a  descendant  of  the  Pilgrims,  and 
her  mother  of  one  of  the  first  families  of  New  York.  Her  childhood  was 
spent  upon  a  farm,  where  pure  air  and  plenty  of  out  door  exercise  de- 
veloped her  into  a  woman  strong  in  both  mind  and  body.  She  entered 
Oberlin  College,  but  was  com|)elled  by  illness  to  leave  just  before  grad- 
uating. Her  first  experience  as  a  nurse  was  in  the  Cincinnati  hospital 
during  the  cholera  epidemic  of  1837,  and  liking  the  work  she  continued 
in  it  for  several  years.  On  April  27,  1847,  she  became  the  wife  of  Robert 
Bickerdyke,  in  1856  they  removed  to  Galesburg.  111.,  where  her  husband 
died  about  two  years  later,  leaving  her  with  two  sons  (James  R.  and 
Hiram)  to  support.  Again  she  took  to  nursing,  and  it  seems  that  she 
also  practiced  medicine,  for  the  Galesburg  directory  for  1861  gives  her 
occujjation  as  pliysician. 

When  the  Civil  war  broke  out  she  was  one  of  the  leaders  among  the 
Galesburg  women  in  providing  necessities  for  the  soldiers  at  the  front. 


KANSAS    JllSTORY  1/9 

Later,  when  a  physician -in  .the  Twenty-second  llHnois  infantry  wrote 
liome  of  the  illness  and  lack  of  suitable  care  among  the  soldiers,  Mother 
Bickerdyke's  friends  offered  to  care  for  her  children  if  she  would  volun- 
teer to  go  to  the  front  as  a  nurse.  With  $500  worth  of  hospital  supplies 
she  reported  for  duty  at  the  regimental  hospital  at  Cairo,  111.  After  the 
actions  at  Belmont,  Fort  Donelson  and  Shiloh  she  was  in  the  field  hos- 
pitals; followed  the  army  in  the  Corinth  and  Atlanta  campaigns;  fre- 
quentl_y  went  over  battle  fields  at  night,  with  lantern  and  simple  rem- 
edies, searching  for  any  wounded  that  might  have  been  overlooked.  Gen. 
McCook  said  she  was  "worth  more  to  the  Union  army  than  many  of  us 
generals,"  and  she  was  a  great  favorite  with  Gens.  Sherman  and  Logan. 
In  March,  1866,  she  was  relieved  from  duty  and  returned  to  her  home 
in  Galesburg. 

Her  work  in  behalf  of  the  soldiers  was  not  ended,  however.  Thou- 
sands of  men  discharged  from  the  army  thronged  the  cities  in  search  of 
employment.  Mother  Bickerdyke  visited  Kansas,  where  she  found  the 
conditions  favorable  for  many  of  these  men  to  obtain  homes.  She  next 
appealed  to  wealthy  friends  for  aid  in  carrying  out  her  project.  Jona- 
than Burr,  a  wealthy  banker,  gave  her  $10,000,  and  C.  B.  Hammond,  the 
president  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Ouincy  railroad,  promised  free 
transportation  for  soldiers  and  their  familes  for  two  years.  Gen.  Sher- 
man, then  in  command  at  Fort  Riley,  allowed  her  the  free  use  of  govern- 
ment teams  to  transport  the  veterans  and  their  goods  to  their  home- 
steads, and  between  1866  and  1868  over  300  families  were  settled  in 
Kansas  through  her  efforts.  She  also  decided  to  make  this  state  her 
home  and  settled  at  Salina,  wliere  she  opened  a  hotel,  popularly  known 
as  the  Bickerdyke  House. 

After  the  Indian  raids  of  1868  she  was  active  in  behalf  of  the  settlers,; 
and  it  was  due  to  her  efiforts  that  the  war  department  issued  rations  for 
500  people  for  ten  months.  She  was  also  influential  in  securing  the  ap- 
propriations from  the  state  for  the  purchase  of  seed  grain  for  the  settlers 
who  had  sufifered  from  drought.  In  1874,  after  spending  four  years  in 
New  York,  she  returned  to  Kansas  to  make  her  home  with  her  sons  on 
a  ranch  near  Great  Bend.  That  year  and  the  next  she  made  several 
visits  to  Illinois  to  solicit  aid  for  the  grasshopper  suiTerers.  Her  inces- 
sant labors  undermined  her  health,  and  she  spent  two  years  in  California. 
After  her  health  was  restored  she  secured  employment  in  the  United 
States  mint  at  San  Francisco. 

Mother  Bickerdyke  was  instrumental  in  securing  pensions  for  more 
than  300  army  nurses,  her  own  being  the  mere  pittance  of  $25  a  month, 
and  it  was  not  granted  until  years  after  the  close  of  the  war.  She  was 
deeply  interested  in  the  work  of  the  Woman's  Relief  Corps ;  belonged 
to  the  Order  of  the  Eastern  Star;  and  was  an  honorary  member  of  the 
Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennesee,  Mother  Bickerdyke  died  at 
Bunker  Hill,  Ellsworth  county,  Nov.  8,  1901,  but  was  buried  at  Gales- 
burg, 111.,  beside  her  husband. 

Big  Blue  River,  one  of  the  principal   water-courses  of  northeastern 


l80  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Kansas,  is  composed  of  two  branches.  The  north  fork  rises  in  Hamilton 
county,  Neb.,  and  the  south  fork  in  Adams  county  of  the  same  state. 
They  unite  near  the  town  of  Crete,  whence  the  main  stream  follows  a 
southerly  course,  flowing  through  the  western  part  of  Marshall  county, 
Kan.,  forming  the  boundary  between  the  counties  of  Riley  and  Pottawa- 
tomie, and  emptying  its  waters  into  the  Republican  river  at  Manhattan. 

There  is  also  a  Big  Blue  river  in  Missouri,  where  a  battle  occurred  on 
Oct.  22,  1864,  in  which  a  number  of  Kansas  troops  were  engaged.  The 
engagement  was  an  incident  of  the  Price  raid.  On  the  21st  Gen.  Curtis, 
commanding  the  Union  troops,  was  forced  back  from  the  Little  Blue 
through  Independence  and  took  a  position  on  the  west  side  of  the  Big 
Blue,  where  he  threw  up  fortifications  and  felled  the  trees  in  front  of 
his  works  to  form  an  abatis.  The  next  morning  he  disposed  his  troops 
so  that  the  right  wing  was  composed  of  the  First  brigade  (Col.  Jenni- 
son),  the  second  brigade  (Col.  M(^onlight),  the  Fourth  brigade  (Col. 
Ford),  and  a  brigade  of  Kansas  militia  commanded  by  Gen.  M.  S.  Grant. 
With  the  right  wing  was  McLain's  Colorado  battery.  The  left  wing 
consisted  of  the  Third  brigade  (Col.  Blair),  and  was  made  up  of  the 
Fourth,  Fifth,  Sixth  and  Tenth  Kansas  militia  cavalry,  Capt.  Eve's 
Bourbon  county  battalion,  a  detachment  of  the  Fourteenth  Kansas  cav- 
alry, Knowles'  section  of  the  Second  Kansas  battery  and  Dodge's  Ninth 
Wisconsin  battery. 

Early  on  the  morning  of  the  22nd  Gen.  Blunt  sent  Col.  Ford  with  six 
companies  of  the  Second  Colorado  cavalry  to  skirmish  with  the  enemy 
on  the  Independence  road  and  feel  his  position.  Ford  engaged  the 
enemy  and  forced  the  Confederates  under  Gen.  Shelby  to  withdraw 
to  Byram's  ford  5  or  6  miles  farther  south.  Col.  Jcnnison  was 
sent  to  hold  the  ford  and  later  was  reinforced,  but  Shelby  forced  Jenni- 
son's  position  and  then  Hanked  the  Union  line.  Blunt  and  Deitzler  began 
falling  back  to  Kansas  City,  which  gave  Shelby  the  opportunity  to  sever 
the  line,  cutting  off  the  Kansas  militia  under  Gen.  Grant,  which  was 
engaged  in  guarding  the  fords  near  Hickman's  mills.  l''.\  en  with  this 
it  looked  for  a  time  as  if  the  Confederates  were  defeated,  but  Shelby  re- 
ceived reinforcements  and  charged  the  Federal  line.  In  this  charge  and 
the  pursuit  which  followed,  the  Kansas  militia  under  Col.  George  W. 
Veale  were  the  chief  sufferers,  losing  36  killed,  43  wounded  and  100 
captured.  Grant  managed  to  extricate  himself  from  his  perilous  posi- 
tion and  fell  back  to  Olathe ;  Col.  Moonlight  withdrew  to  the  Shawnee 
mission,  and  that  night  the  remainder  of  the  Union  army  lay  between 
Westport  and  Kansas  City. 

Bigelow,  a  village  of  Marshall  county,  is  located  on  the  Missouri 
Pacific  R.  R.,  20  miles  southeast  of  Marysville  and  6  miles  east  of  Irving. 
It  has  banking  facilities,  express  and  telegraph  offices  and  a  postoffice 
with  one  rural  route.  It  was  laid  out  in  1881,  the  immediate  occasion 
for  making  it  a  shipping  point  being  the  limestone  (juarrios  recently 
opened  in  the  vicinity.    The  population  in  1910  was  200. 

Big  Springs,  one  of  the  oldest  settlements  in  Douglas  ctunity,  is  lo- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  l8l 

cated  in  the  luirthwestern  part  of  tlic  county  4  miles  southwest  of  Le- 
compton,  from  which  it  has  rural  free  delivery.  The  settlement  was 
named  from  the  springs  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  A  number  of  men 
took  up  claims  near  the  present  village  in  the  fall  of  1854  and  the  fol- 
lowing year  a  postoffice  was  established  with  John  Chamberlain  as  post- 
master. In  July,  1853,  religious  services  were  held  by  a  United  Brethren 
minister  and  within  a  short  time  an  organization  of  that  denomination 
was  perfected.  A  store  was  opened  during  the  summer  and  several 
dwellings  were  erected.  On  Sept.  5,  ]S33,  a  meeting  of  great  political 
significance  took  place  at  this  little  village — the  Big  Springs  conven- 
tion (q.  v.).  Not  having  a  railroad  the  village  has  never  grown  and  now 
consists  of  three  churches,  several  dwellings,  a  blacksmith  and  wagon 
shop.     In  1910  it  had  a  population  of  40. 

Big  Springs  Convention. — The  political  condition  of  the  people  of  Kan- 
sas was  freel)^  discussed  during  the  summer  of  1855,  and  several  mass 
meetings  were  held  to  consider  calling  a  convention  to  form  a  state  gov- 
ernment. At  the  time  the  political  elements  of  Kansas  were  varied, 
each  working  to  serve  its  own  interests  and  the  thoughtful  leaders  of  the 
free-state  party  saw  that  something  must  be  done  to  harmonize  them. 
A  movement  for  armed  resistance,  which  has  secretly  been  gathering 
force,  was  revealed  at  the  Lawrence  4th  of  July  celebration  in  1855. 
The  situation  was  one  of  peril,  not  only  to  the  political  parties  in  con- 
troversy, but  also  to  the  communities  of  the  territory.  Among  many 
of  the  anti-slavery  party  a  spirit  of  dissent  was  growing  against  an  or- 
ganized movement  proposing  armed  resistance  to  the  territorial  govern- 
ment, and  this  sentiment  led  to  the  Big  Springs  convention. 

The  cause  of  complaint  at  this  time  was  the  character  of  the  terri- 
torial organization,  and  justification  of  resistance  to  it  was  based  upon 
the  illegality  of  the  legislature.  To  avert  the  revolt  of  those  members 
of  the  free-state  party  who  were  alienated  by  the  demonstrations  of 
July  4  and  the  action  of  the  convention  held  July  11,  the  leaders  of  this 
disaffected  branch  of  the  party  were  asked  to  assemble  for  consultation 
at  the  office  of  the  Free  State  in  Lawrence  on  July  17.  Among  these 
men  were  W.  Y.  Roberts  and  his  brother,  Judge  Roberts  of  Big  Springs; 
Judge  Wakefield  and  J.  D.  Barnes  of  the  California  road ;  William  Jessee 
of  Bloomington,  one  of  the  ousted  members  of  the  legislature;  Judge 
Smith  and  other  prominent  free-state  men.  As  the  office  was  too 
small  to  accomodate  the  party,  it  was  proposed  to  adjourn  to  the  river 
bank  at  the  foot  of  New  Hampshire  street,  where  a  set  of  timbers  had 
been  erected  for  a  warehouse  imder  the  shade  of  a  tree.  People  they 
met  on  the  way  were  asked  to  the  conference,  so  that  by  the  addition  of 
John  and  Joseph  Speer,  editors  of  the  Tribune,  S.  N.  Wood,  E.  D.  Ladd 
and  G.  W.  Dietzler  there  were  20  men,  one  of  the  most  prominent  being 
Col.  James  H.  Lane,  who  had  just  returned  from  the  session  of  the 
bogus  legislature.  The  spirit  of  revolt  attested  in  nearly  every  com- 
munity against  the  political  action  enunciated  at  Lawrence  was  con- 
sidered, and  after  due-  deliberation  the  assemblage  concluded  that  the 


I82  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

only  way  to  relieve  the  hazardous  situatiorl  was  by  a  convention  in 
which  every  community  should  be  fairJ}-  represented  and  free  from  all 
local  influences.  Big  Springs  was  chosen  for  the  location  as  its  situa- 
tion was  ideal.  Judge  Roberts,  who  was  one  of  the  proprietors,  offered 
the  hospitalitj-  of  the  town,  which  consisted  of  a  rude  hotel  and  several 
cabins.  This  village  was  located  about  4  miles  from  Lecompton  and  2 
miles  south  of  the  Kansas  river  on  the  Santa  Fe  road,  in  the  northwest 
corner  of  Douglas  county.  Sept.  5  was  chosen  for  the  date  of  the  con- 
vention and  five  delegates  were  apportioned  to  each  of  the  26  representa- 
tive districts.  Calls  were  printed  and  distributed  in  every  precinct  in 
the  territory. 

The  movement  met  with  opposition  from  five  of  the  first  councilors — 
Deitzler.  Ladd.  S.  N.  Wood  and  the  Speer  brothers — who  feared  that 
such  action  would  tend  to  divide  rather  than  to  unite  the  free-state  fac- 
tions, and  thus  lead  to  defeat.  In  accordance  with  the  resolutions  passed 
at  Lawrence  on  July  11,  a  convention  with  representatives  from  nearly 
every  district  in  the  territory  assembled  at  Lawrence  on  Aug.  14.  Its 
members  also  were  opposed  to  the  idea  of  the  Big  Springs  convention, 
but  when  the  statement  of  the  situation  upon  which  it  was  based  had 
been  explained,  the  call  exhibited  and  the  assurance  given  that  while  the 
cooperation  of  the  assemblage  was  sought,  the  Big  Springs  convention 
would  be  held  regardless  of  its  assent,  the  free-state  convention  issued  a 
call  duplicating  the  first,  but  dated  Aug.  14.  This  has  led  tn  the  con- 
clusion by  many  historians  that  the  only  call  issued  was  by  this  assem- 
blage.- 

After  the  conflicting  elements  had  in  a  measure  been  harmonized  the 
next  step  was  the  election  of  delegates.  The  activity  of  the  radical  wing 
of  the  free-state  men  somewhat  complicated  the  situation,  but  by  the 
assistance  of  Lane  a  well  balanced  ticket  was  chosen  for  the  Lawrence 
district,  consisting  of  15  of  the  best  men  representing  the  various  free- 
state  elements,  each  of  which  had  a  fair  representation.  Eight  of  these 
men  were  from  the  town  and  seven  from  the  country.  The  convention, 
which  organized  the  free-slate  party,  assembled  at  Rig  Springs  at  the 
appointed  time — Sept.  5,  1855.  On  the  evening  of  the  4th  men  from 
every  direction  began  to  gather.  They  came  on  horseback,  in  covered 
wagons  or  other  conveyances,  many  with  tents  and  camp  outfit,  but 
these  were  unnecessary  as  the  inhabitants  pressed  upon  the  delegates  the 
hospitality  of  their  cabins.  Roberts  had  redeemed  his  jiromise  for  a 
shaded  platform  with  ample  seats,  and  abundant  provisions,  including 
free  meal  tickets,  had  been  made  for  the  entertainment  of  the  delegates. 
It  is  estimated  that  there  were  over  100  delegates  present,  representing 
every  district  and  settlement  in  the  territory. 

The  convention  was  called  to  order  at  n  o'clock  and  ti-niimrarily  or- 
ganized by  calling  W.  Y.  Roberts  to  the  chair  and  appointing  D.  Dodge, 
secretary.  A  committee  on  credentials  was  appointed  with  instructions 
to  report  immediately.  A  second  committee  was  ap])ointc<l  to  report 
permanent   officers  nnd   rcpdrlcd   the  following  list:     President,  G.   W. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  183 

Smith  ;  vice-presidents,  John  Fee,  J.  A.  Wakefield,  James  Salsburg,  Dr. 
A.  Hunting;  secretaries,  R.  G.  Elliott,  D.  Dodge  and  A.  G.  Adams.  The 
committee  on  credentials  reported  lOO  delegates.  The  usual  committees 
were  then  appointed,  each  consisting  of  13  members,  representing  the 
several  council  districts.  The  most  important  committees  were  those  on 
platform,  state  organization  and  resolutions,  with  Lane,  Elliott  and 
Emery,  respectively  as  their  chairmen.  The  duties  of  these  cummiltees 
were  as  follows :  To  report  upon  a  platform  for  the  consideration  of 
the  convention ;  to  take  into  consideration  the  propriety  of  a  state  or- 
ganization ;  to  consider  the  duty  of  the  people  as  regards  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  late  legislature ;  to  devise  action  on  the  coming  con- 
gressional election ;  miscellaneous  business. 

Col.  James  H.  Lane,  chairman  of  the  committee  on  platform,  presented 
the  report  which  was  adopted.  The  substance  of  it  was  as  follows: 
To  proffer  an  organization  into  which  men  of  all  political  parties  might 
enter  without  sacrifice  of  their  political  creeds  ;  opposition  and  resistance 
to  all  non-resident  voters  at  the  polls ;  that  all  interests  required  Kansas 
to  be  a  free  state ;  that  all  energies  of  the  party  were  to  be  used  to  ex- 
clude the  institution  of  slavery  and  secure  for  Kansas  the  constitution 
of  a  free  state  ;  that  stringent  laws  be  passed,  excluding  all  negroes,  bond 
or  free,  from  the  territory,  but  that  such  measures  would  not  be  regarded 
as  a  test  of  party  orthodoxy ;  that  the  charge  of  abolition  imputed  to  the 
free-state  party  was  without  truthful  foundation  ;  attempts  to  encroach 
upon  the  constitutional  rights  of  people  of  any  state  would  be  discounte- 
nanced ;  that  there  would  be  no  interference  with  their  slaves,  conceding 
to  the  citizens  of  other  states  the  right  to  regulate  their  own  institu- 
tions;  "and  to  hold  and  recover  their  slaves,  without  any  molestation  or 
obstruction  from  the  people  of  Kansas." 

This  report  called  forth  much  warm  discussion  as  many  were  in  favor 
of  a  more  radical  platform  and  were  particularly  opposed  to  the  clauses 
alluding  to  slavery  and  abolitionists,  but  the  majority  of  the  members 
argued  that  such  a  conservative  platform  would  be  more  likely  to  com- 
mend itself  to  Congress  and  the  inhabitants  of  Kansas  than  a  radical 
one  and  thus  enable  them  to  accomplish  the  main  object,  exclusion  of 
slaves  from  the  territory.  The  committee  on  the  late  legislature  made 
a  report  in  which  the  Missouri-Kansas  legislature  was  repudiated  as  a 
"foreign  body,  representing  only  the  lawless  invaders  who  elected 
them ;"  that  the  "hypocritical  mocker}'  of  a  republican  form  of  govern- 
ment into  which  this  infamous  despotism  has  been  converted."  be  dis- 
avowed and  disowned ;  that  the  constitutional  bill  of  rights  had  been 
violated  by  the  expulsion  of  members  entitled  to  seats  in  the  legislature, 
by  the  refusal  to  allow  the  people  to  select  their  own  officers,  by  leaving 
to  the  people  no  elections  but  those  prescribed  by  Congress,  and  there- 
fore beyond  their  power  to  abrogate,  and  by  compelling  the  people  "to 
take  an  oath  to  support  a  law  of  the  United  States,  invidiously  pointed 
out,  by  stifling  the  freedom  of  speech  and  the  press,  thus  usurping  the 
power  forbidden  to  Congress,  libeled  the  Declaration  of  Independence ; 


184  CYCLOl'EDIA    OF 

and  brought  disgrace  upon  our  Republican  institutions  at  home  and 
abroad ;"  that  no  allegiance  was  due  the  spurious  legislature  and  that  its 
laws  were  invalid,  and  that  resistance  to  the  laws  would  be  made  by 
every  peaceful  means. 

A  resolution  was  offered  impeaching  the  supreme  court.  Col.  Lane  ob- 
jected to  this  and  moved  that  it  be  stricken  out,  but  his  motion  was  not 
sustained.  Another  resolution  recommended  the  organization  and  dis- 
cipline of  volunteer  companies  throughout  the  territory.  The  committee 
on  state  organization  reported  that  its  members  deemed  the  movement 
was  "untimely  and  inexpedient,"  and  caused  the  first  really  discordant 
note  in  the  convention.  Stirring  speeches  were  made  upon  the  adoption 
or  rejection  of  the  report,  but  the  -men  in  favor  of  the  formation  of  a 
state  government  argued  and  pleaded  until  their  point  was  gained.  The 
report  was  rejected  and  in  its  place  a  resolution  offered  by  Mr.  Hutchin- 
son was  adopted:  "That  this  convention,  in  view  of  its  repudiation  of 
the  acts  of  the  so-called  Kansas  legislative  assembly,  respond  most 
heartih-  to  the  call  made  by  the  people's  convention  of  the  15th  ult.,  for 
a  delegate  convention  of  the  people  of  Kansas  Territory,  to  be  held  at 
Topeka  on  the  19th  inst.,  to  consider  the  propriety  of  the  formation  of 
a  state  constitution,  and  such  other  matters  as  ma}-  legitimately  come 
before  it." 

By  the  report  of  the  committee  on  Congressional  delegate,  the  time 
for  holding  the  election  was  changed  from  the  date  set  by  the  legisla- 
ture to  Oct.  9,  and  it  was  resolved  that  the  rules  and  regulations  pre- 
scribed for  the  March  election  should  govern  the  election  except  the  re- 
turns, which,  by  the  "people's  proclamation"  subsequently  issued,  were 
to  be  made  to  the  "Executive  Committee  of  Kansas  Territory,"  for  Gov. 
Shannon  would  not  of  course  appoint  judges  of  returns  for  such  an  elec- 
tion. The  date  of  the  election  was  changed  to  the  second  Tuesday  in 
October  (the  9th)  in  order  to  avoid  recognizing  the  right  of  the  late 
legislature  to  call  an  election,  and  to  avoid  the  oath  to  support  the  slave 
code. 

In  the  report  of  the  committee  on  miscellaneous  business,  ex-Gov. 
Rccder  was  defended  from  the  charges  made  against  him  as  the  cause 
of  his  removal.  But  probably  the  most  important  act  of  the  conven- 
tion was  the  nomination  for  a  delegate  to  Congress.  The  nomination 
of  the  free-state  delegate  was  made  in  a  short,  forcible  speech  by  Martin 
F.  Conway,  who  proposed  the  name  of  Andrew  II.  Reeder  and  there  was 
no  opposing  candidate.  This  action  meant  the  vindication  of  Reeder 
and  sliovvcd  the  intention  to  fight  the  powers  that  had  usurped  the  ter- 
ritorial government  and  removed  him  fnnn  office,  lie  was  numinatcd 
by  acclamation. 

A  committee  of  three,  consisting  of  S.  C.  Pomeroy,  Col.  J.  II.  l.anc 
and  G.  ^^^  Brown,  were  appointed  to  wait  ii])on  Gov.  Shannon  and  pre- 
sent him  with  a  copy  of  the  proceedings  of  the  convention.  The  Big 
Springs  convention  gave  hope  and  courage  t"  the  free-state  people 
throiiglinut    the    territory.      John    Spccr,    who   had    Iutii    opposed    to   it 


KANSAS    HISTORY  185 

from  the  first  said,  "The  Big  Springs  convention  became  noted  through- 
out the  Union.  It  was  the  first  consolidated  mass  of  the  freemen  of 
Kansas  in  resistance  to  the  oppressions  attempted  by  the  usurping  legis- 
lature, and  was  as  intelligent,  earnest  and  heroic  a  body  of  men  as  ever 
assembled  to  resist  the  tyranny  of  George  III.  The  people  came  from 
all  portions  of  the  territory.  No  hamlet  or  agricultural  community  was 
unrepresented.  Men  started  before  daylight  from  dangerous  pro-slav- 
ery places,  like  Kickapoo,  Delaware,  Lecompton  and  elsewhere,  to  avoid 
assassination." 

As  soon  as  news  of  the  work  of  the  convention  had  spread,  free-state 
meetings  were  held  at  nearly  every  town  and  settlement  where  people 
could  assemble,  resolutions  indorsing  the  Big  Springs  platform  were 
passed,  and  delegates  chosen  for  the  Topeka  constitutional  convention. 

Big  Timbers. — Some  distance  above  old  Fort  Atkinson  on  the  Arkan- 
sas river,  and  about  27  miles  from  Bent's  fort,  was  a  locality  known  as 
"Big  Timbers."  Indians  at  various  times  have  here  met  with  the  repre- 
sentatives of  the  United  States,  for  the  purpose  of  negotiating  treaties. 
The  locality  has  always  been  a  favorite  winter  camping  place  for  the 
Indians,  as  an  abundance  of  bufifalo,  antelope,  deer  and  elk  feed,  wood 
and  water  were  always  at  hand  for  their  use.  It  was  the  intention  of 
the  United  States  to  establish  here  a  military  post  and  postoffice,  but 
this  was  never  done,  owing  to  an  unwillingness  to  disturb  the  Indians. 
Lieut.  Abert  mentions  reaching  Big  Timbers  on  Jan.  21,  1847.  I^i  Nov., 
1849,  Thomas  Fitzpatrick,  the  celebrated  Indian  agent,  passed  by  the 
place  en  route  to  Fort  Laramie,  stopping  long  enough  to  hold  some 
conversations  with  portions  of  various  tribes  of  Indians  found  camping 
here,  regarding  a  proposed  treaty.  On  his  return  the  following  year  he 
found  there  a  party  of  Indian  traders  and  a  portion  of  nearly  all  the 
Indian  tribes  of  that  country  assembled  for  the  purpose  of  meeting  him 
again  in  order  to  ascertain  at  what  time  and  place  the  representatives 
of  their  Great  Father  wished  to  meet  them  in  council,  and  for  what 
purpose.  He  remained  there  nearly  a  month.  The  assembly  was  com- 
posed of  Sioux,  Cheyennes,  Arapahoes.  Kiowas  and  Apaclies,  all  of 
which  tribes  at  that  time  were  very  formidable  and  among  the  most 
warlike  on  the  continent.  Big  Timbers  had  been  the  location  of  some 
trading  house  as  Fitzgerald  makes  mention  of  the  ruins  of  one. 

Billings  County  was  originally  created  as  Norton,  but  on  March  6, 
1873,  an  act  of  the  state  legislature  changed  the  name  to  Billings  in 
honor  of  N.  H.  Billings,  of  Norton  Center,  representative  from  the  looth 
district.  The  change  was  in  the  nature  of  a  jest  and  at  the  next  session 
of  the  legislature  on  Feb.  25,  1874,  the  name  was  changed  back  to 
Norton.     (See  Norton  County.) 

Biological  Survey. — Biology,  "The  Science  of  Life,"  treats  of  organic 
bodies  and  includes  botan_y,  zoology,  physiology,  embryology,  etc.  A 
biological  survey  of  a  state,  therefore,  is  an  inquiry  into  the  character 
of  the  animal  and  plant  life  within  its  borders.  In  Kansas  no  official 
survey  of  this  nature  has  ever  been  made,  but  early  in  the  '80s  Prof.  F. 


l86  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

W.  Cragin  undertook  a  biological  survey  under  the  direction  of  the 
trustees  of  Washburn  College,  with  which  he  was  at  that  time  con- 
nected. His  first  report  to  the  trustees  was  made  on  Aug.  i8,  1884.  and 
related  to  fishes,  lichens,  algje,  mosses,  etc.  On  Jan.  15,  1885,  he  made 
a  second  report,  continuing  the  subjects  formerly  treated,  with  some 
.notes  on  mammals,  particularly  the  panther  or  cougar,  ferret,  mink. 
Mexican  badger,  buffalo,  several  species  of  bats,  field  mice,  etc.,  giving 
some  account  of  their  characteristics,  habits  and  haunts.  This  second 
report  also  dealt  with  fresh  water  bivalves  and  moUusca,  land  shells, 
mosses  and  fungi. 

By  this  time  Prof.  Cragin's  work  had  attracted  considerable  attention 
in  scientific  circles,  but  unfortunately  the  means  were  not  available  for 
giving  his  reports  a  wide  circulation.  A  third  report  on  March  20,  1885, 
gave  many  interesting  facts  concerning  Kansas  mammals,  fresh  water 
bivalves,  reptiles  and  batrachians,  with  a  second  series  of  notes  on  Ivan- 
sas  fishes  and  "The  faunal  relations  of  Kansas."  On  Oct.  18,  1885,  Prof. 
Cragin  filed  with  the  trustees  a  fourth  report  in  which  was  continued 
the  discussion  of  mosses  and  fresh  water  mollusca,  with  extensive  notes 
concerning  Kansas  spiders.  Prof.  Cragin  continued  his  work  in  this  di- 
rection until  he  severed  his  connection  with  Washburn  College,  and  the 
results  of  his  labors,  published  in  the  college  bulletins,  contain  a  great 
deal  of  useful  and  valuable  information  regarding  the  fauna  and  flora 
of  Kansas.  A  later  biological  survey  is  now  being  conducted  by  the 
faculty  of  the  state  university. 

Bird  City,  a  village  of  Cheyenne  county,  is  located  in  the  township 
of  the  same  name  and  is  a  station  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
R.  R.  16  miles  east  of  St.  Francis,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a 
money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  delivery  routes,  telegraph  and 
express  offices,  Adventist  and  Methodist  Episcopal  churches,  telephone 
connection  with  the  adjacent  towns,  a  good  local  trade,  and  is  a  ship- 
ping point  of  some  imi)ortance.     The  population  was  190  in   1910. 

Birds  of  Kansas. — Probably  the  first  attempt  to  make  a  scientific 
classification  of  Kansas  birds  was  in  1871,  when  the  Kansas  Educational 
Journal  published  a  catalogue  prepared  by  Prof.  Francis  H.  Snow  of  the 
University  of  Kansas,  which  catalogue  was  "based  upon  the  personal 
observations  of  the  author  during  a  residence  of  six  years  in  Kansas." 

Prof.  Snow's  list  contained  the  names  of  239  birds,  including  20  mem- 
bers of  the  vulture  species,  9  varieties  of  owls,  25  varieties  of  geese, 
ducks  and  swans,  34  kinds  of  finches  and  sparrows,  4  kinds  of  crows,  11 
varieties  of  flycatchers,  12  of  blackbirds,  22  of  snipes.  17  nf  warblers, 
and  8  of  woodpeckers.  Other  species  mentioned  in  his  catalogue  were 
the  cranes,  herons,  plovers,  swallows,  thrushes,  shrikes,  grouse  and 
mocking  birds.  He  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  Carolina  parrot  was 
once  numerous  in  the  woods  of  eastern  Kansas,  and  stated  that  it  was 
still  I0  he  found  in  sparsely  settled  districts.  Prof.  Snow  observed  that 
during  their  migrations  the  pelican  and  cormorant  were  sometimes 
found  in  Kansas,  as  were  the  gulls  and  terns,  the  loon,  the  horned  grebe 


KANSAS    HISTORY  1 87 

and  the  Carolina  grebe,  the  last  named  sometimes  making  its  nest  and 
hatching  its  young  in  the  state.  A  large  number  of  specimens  were 
gathered  by  Prof.  Snow  and  mounted  for  the  university  museum. 

■  In  1872  Prof.  J.  A.  Allen  of  the  museum  of  comparative  zoology  at 
Cambridge,  Mass.,  published  a  report  of  an  "Ornithological  Reconnois- 
sance"  made  in  May,  1871,  by  himself  and  Prof.  S.  F.  Baird  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  in  the  vicinity  of  Leavenworth  and  Topeka.  This 
report  added  to  the  list  of  Prof.  Snow  some  40  additional  species  of  birds, 
including  the  kite,  merlin,  whippoorwill,  night-hawk,  several  wrens,  the 
long-spur,  the  black-headed  grosbeak,  etc. 

A  short  time  before  his  death  in  1891  Nathaniel  S.  Goss  (q.  v.)  pub- 
lished a  "History  of  the  Birds  of  Kansas,"  a  volume  of  nearly  700  pages 
in  which  529  birds  were  illustrated.  The  large  collection  of  birds  which 
Mr.  Goss  spent  several  years  in  gathering  together  and  mounting  is 
now  in  the  state  capitol  at  Topeka.  Vernon  Kellogg  has  also  written 
a  work  on  the  "Birds  of  Kansas." 

Birkville,  a  little  hamlet  of  Norton  county,  is  situated  in  the  eastern 
part,  10  miles  southeast  of  Norton,  the  county  seat,  from  which  place 
the  inhabitants  receive  mail  by  rural  free  delivery.  Calvert  on  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Birley,  a  hamlet  of  Chase  county,  with  a  population  of  32  in  1910, 
is  located  about  10  miles  southwest  of  Cottonwood  Falls,  from  which 
place  mail  is  received  by  the  inhabitants  by  rural  free  delivery.  Bazaar 
is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Birmingham,  a  hamlet  of  Jackson  county,  is  located  on  the  Missouri 
Pacific  R.  R.  4  miles  .southeast  of  Holton,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a 
general  store,  a  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph  and  express  offices, 
and  a  population  in  1910  of  50. 

Bismarck  Grove,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  natural  parks  in  Kansas, 
is  situated  on  the  north  side  of  the  Kansas  river  at  Lawrence,  and  for 
•many  years  it  was  a  favorite  place  for  holding  gatherings  of  all  kinds. 
Among  the  historic  meetings  that  have  been  held  there  were  the  Quarter 
Centennial  celebration  of  the  organization  of  Kansas  Territory  in  1879 
and  the  Old  Settlers'  meeting  in  Sept.,  1884.  When  the  Western  Na- 
tional Fair  Association  was  organized  and  incorporated  in  1879,  Bis- 
marck Grove  was  selected  as  the  place  for  holding  the  annual  fair,  and 
for  several  years  the  exhibits  of  the  association  were  given  in  the  grove, 
which  had  been  fitted  up  for  a  fair  ground.  In  later  years  the  park  has 
fallen  into  disuse  to  some  extent,  though  much  of  its  natural  beauty  still 
remains. 

Bison,  a  village  of  Lone  Star  township.  Rush  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  6  miles  east  of  La  Crosse,  the  countv  seat. 
It  has  a  bank,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Bison  Bee"),  telegraph  and  ex- 
press offices,  a  telephone  company,  some  good  general  stores,  and  its 
money  order  postoffice  has  two  rural  delivery  routes  which  supply  the 
adjacent  agricultural  districts  with  daily  mail.  The  population  in  iQio 
was  375. 


1 88  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Black  Jack,  Battle  of. — Late  in  J\lay,  1856,  Capt.  H.  C.  Pate,  in  com- 
mand of  a  company  of  Shannon's  Sharp-shooters,  started  for  Osawa- 
tomie  for  the  purpose  of  capturing  John  Brown.  Near  that  place  he 
found  two  of  Brown's  sons — John  and  Jason,  the  former  a  member  of 
the  legislature — working  on  their  farms,  arrested  them  and  put  them 
in  irons,  but  the  elder  Brown  was  in  hiding.  A  few  other  free-state 
men  were  arrested  and  some  cabins  burned.  Soon  after  this  Capt.  Wood 
arrived  with  a  company  of  dragoons  and  the  prisoners  were  turned  over 
to  him,  and  on  May  31  both  companies  moved  together  toward  the  Santa 
Fe  road,  Wood  going  on  to  Lecompton  with  his  prisoners.  On  the 
march  the  two  Browns  were  treated  with  great  severity,  and  this,  with 
the  stories  of  murder  told  on  his  father,  caused  John's  mind  to  give  way, 
and  at  times  he  was  violently  insane. 

Pate's  company  continued  to  the  Santa  Fe  road  near  Hickory  Point, 
and  made  camp  on  the  head  of  a  small  branch  called  Black  Jack,  5  miles 
southeast  of  Palmyra,  at  the  head  of  a  ravine  on  the  edge  of  the  prairie 
a  little  north  of  the  Santa  Fe  road.  Phillips  in  his  Conquest  of  Kansas 
says.  "The  bottom  of  the  ravine  at  Black  Jack,  besides  the  growing  tim- 
ber, liad  some  deep  water-drains  or  ruts,  round  which  was  a  thicket ; 
there  were  several  bogs  on  the  spot  where  the  camp  was."  That  night 
Pate's  company  occupied  the  town  of  Palmyra  and  took  several  pris- 
oners. In  the  morning  the}^  plundered  the  place,  and  in  the  afternoon 
six  of  his  men  attempted  the  same  thing  at  Prairie  City.  •  Being  Sun- 
day, most  of  the  people  were  at  church,  hut  as  they  attended  services 
armed  the  men  rushed  out  when  a  watchman  gave  the  alarm  and  two 
of  the  men  were  captured. 

As  soon  as  he  heard  of  the  capture  of  his  sons  John  Brown  determined 
to  rescue  them  and  watched  for  the  enemy's  camp  with  the  design  of 
attacking  it  and  releasing  the  prisoners.  He  hunted  through  the  woods 
of  the  Marias  des  Cygnes  and  Ottawa  creeks.  On  Saturday  night,  Capt. 
Shore,  a  free-state  man  who  commanded  the  Prairie  City  compan\-,  had 
been  out  assisting  Brown  in  reconnoitering  for  the  enemy.  On  Sunday 
night  Shore  and  his  men  accompanied  by  Capt.  Brown  continued  the 
search  for  tiie  camp,  lint  were  unsuccessful.  They  had  returned  to 
Prairie  City  wiien  two  scouts  l^rought  the  news  of  Pate's  camp  on  the 
Black  Jack,  some  5  miles  away.  Brown  had  been  accompanied  from 
Oswatomie  by  about  12  men,  including  three  of  his  sons.  Immediately 
upon  learning  of  the  whererd)outs  of  Pale,  lirown  and  Shure,  with  about 
20  men,  moved  toward  tlie  Black  Jack.  On  arriving  within  a  mile  of 
the  camp,  they  dismounted,  left  the  horses  in  charge  of  two  men  and 
despatched  two  messengers  for  liclp — one  to  Palmyra  and  another  to 
Capt.  Abbott's  company  some  8  miles  distant  on  the  Wakarusa.  The 
remainder  of  the  party  divided,  each  captain  commanding  his  own  men 
and  marched  toward  the  enemy.  There  were  about  50  men  under  Pate's 
cciinmand.  'ilicy  Iiad  formed  a  kind  of  1)rcastwork  by  ])lacing  four 
wagons  in  ;i  line  several  rods  out  on  the  jirairie  from  tlie  edge  of  the 
ravine,  and   had  pitched  a  linl   luhind   ihc  w.-isjdns.     This  was  the  con- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  iSQ 

dition  of  the  camp  at  about  6  o'clock,  when  the  alarm  was  given  that 
the  free-state  men  were  coming.  Pate  drew  up  his  men  behind  the 
temporary  breastworks.  His  jjosition  was  a  strong  one,  as  it  afforded 
shelter  for  his  men,  and  except  by  coming  up  the  ravine  from  the  direc- 
tion of  Hickory  Point,  had  to  be  approached  over  an  open  prairie.  When 
they  ascertained  the  enemy's  position.  Brown  directed  Shore  to  go  the 
left  and  get  into  the  ravine  below  them,  while  Brown  was  to  go  into 
the  upper  part  of  the  ravine,  the  bottom  of  which  was  covered  with 
long  grass.  Owing  to  a  bend  in  the  ravine,  this  division  of  the  forces 
would  bring  the  enemy  in  range  of  both  forces  and  under  a  cross-fire. 
Shore,  however,  approached  the  enemy  over  the  open  prairie  and  poured 
a  volley  on  the  pro-slavery  men  from  the  front,  while  Brown,  who  had 
placed  his  men  in  the  tall  grass  within  the  outer  banks  of  the  ravine, 
opened  fire  upon  their  left  flank.  After  the  firing  had  lasted  about  five 
minutes  Pate  retreated  from  the  wagon  to  the  ravine,  where  he  found 
shelter.  This  left  Shore  exposed  to  the  fire  of  the  concealed  enemy  and 
he  was  forced  to  retreat  up  the  slope  until  out  of  range.  Shore  and  a 
few  of  his  men  joined  Brown  in  the  ravine,  where  they  continued  firing 
from  the  long  grass.  The  firing  had  little  effect  as  the  free-state  party 
had  only  four  guns  of  long  range  and  there  were  only  thvee  or  four 
Sharpe's  rifles  in  both  companies. 

The  prisoners  held  by  Pate  had  been  stationed  in  the  tent  with  a 
guard  and  when  the  firing  began  they  lay  flat  on  the  ground  so  that 
the  bullets  whistled  over  their  heads.  After  the  battle  had  waged  some 
time  one  of  the  enemy  rushed  into  the  tent  with  the  intention  of  shoot- 
ing them  but  Dr.  Graham,  at  whom  he  aimed,  sprang  up,  received  only 
a  slight  flesh  wound  and  rushed  off  to  the  men  on  the  hill.  The  firing 
lasted  for  about  three  hours,  during  which  time  2  free-state  and  3  pro- 
slavery  men  were  wounded.  The  latter  knew  that  Shore  and  Brown 
would  soon  receive  reinforcements  and  one  by  one  they  gradually 
slipped  down  the  ravine  until  out  of  range,  secured  horses  and  rode 
away.  Pate's  ammunition  running  low,  he  finally  sent  a  young  man  and 
a  prisoner  to  Brown's  camp  under  a  flag  of  truce,  but  as  Brown  would 
not  talk  with  anyone  but  the  commander  of  the  force,  Pate  came  out. 
After  some  parleying,  in  which  Pate  claimed  he  was  acting  as  an  officer 
under  the  United  States  marshal.  Brown  declared  he  would  consider 
nothing  but  unconditional  surrender.  As  most  of  Pate's  men  had  de- 
serted him,  he  yielded  and  thus  21  men,  besides  the  prisoners,  provisions, 
horses,  mules  and  other  camp  equipage,  as  well  as  a  quantity  of  the 
plunder  taken  from  Palmyra,  were  turned  over  to  Brown.  Soon  after 
the  surrender,  the  free-state  forces  were  augmented  by  Capt.  Abbott 
and  about  50  men  from  the  Wakarusa  and  later  in  the  day  by  others. 
The  wounded  were  taken  to  Prairie  City  and  cared  for  and  Capt.  Brown 
moved  with  his  prisoners  to  the  thick  woods  of  Middle  Ottawa  creek 
back  of  Prairie  City  where  he  intrenched  himself. 

Black  Jack  Point. —  (See  Lone  Jack.) 

Black  Kettle. — The  Indian  name  of  this  Chevenne  chief  was  '"JMo-ke- 


I  go  ,  CYCLOPEBIA    OF 

la-ve-to,"  and  for  many  years  he  was  one  of  the  powerful  factors  to  be 
reckoned  with  in  determining  the  tribal  policy,  in  the  negotiation  of 
treaties,  etc.  His  step-daughter  became  the  wife  of  George  Bent,  one  of 
the  noted  family  of  trappers  and  fur  traders.  Black  Kettle  was  engaged 
in  several  predatory  expeditions  against  the  white  settlers  on  the  frontier, 
and  was  connected  with  the  Indian  uprising  in  1868.  This  proved  to  be 
his  last  raid.  With  about  40  ragged,  dirty  and  unkempt  braves,  he  came 
into  the  post  at  Fort  Hays  claiming  that  his  band  was  composed  of  "good 
Indians,"  but  sorely  in  need  of  food.  After  the  usual  pow  wow  he 
was  given  a  supply  of  provisions,  and  immediate!}'  he  and  his  followers 
began  running  oflf  stock,  burning  dwellings,  killing  and  capturing  the 
settlers  in  Russell  and  Lincoln  counties.  When  pursuit  and  retribution 
became  imminent  he  moved  rapidly  westward  with  his  plunder,  finally 
taking  refuge  in  his  village  on  the  Washita  river.  This  village  was 
attacked  by  the  United  States  soldiers  commanded  b}'  Gen.  George  A. 
Custer  on  Nov.  29,  1868.  Like  a  whirlwind  Custer  and  his  troopers  rode 
through  the  village,  firing  right  and  left,  and  Black  Kettle  and  most  of 
his  warriors  were  killed  before  they  had  time  to  arm  themselves  for 
defense. 

Black  Laws. — What  are  known  as  the  "Black  Laws"  in  Kansas  his- 
tory were  passed  by  the  first  territorial  legislature  in  1855.  Holloway 
(p.  403)  says  the  author  of  these  laws  were  Joseph  C.  Anderson,  after- 
ward the  prosecuting  attorney  that  conducted  the  cases  against  the 
free-state  men  belonging  to  Maj.  Harvey's  command  who  were  captured 
near  Hickory  Point  in  Sept.,  1856.  The  objects  of  these  laws  were  to 
encourage  the  introduction  of  slavery  into  the  Territory  of  Kansas,  and 
to  provide  severe  penalties  for  the  persons  who  interfered  with  slave 
property.  Every  one  inciting  an  insurrection  or  rebellion  of  slaves  in 
the  territory,  furnishing  arms  to  slaves  or  committing  "any  overt 
act  in  furtherance  of  such  rebellion  or  insurrection,"  or  advising  by 
speech,  written  or  printed  matter  slaves  to  rebel,  or  who  would  bring 
into  the  territory  for  circulation  any  book,  pamphlet  or  circular  for  the 
purpose  of  inciting  insurrection  should  suffer  the  death  penalty.  Per- 
sons enticing  slaves  away  from  their  masters,  or  who  aided  in  any  way 
in  jjcrsuading  slaves  to  leave  their  owners  were  subject  to  imprisonment 
for  ten  years.  Advising  a  slave  to  escape  or  harboring  a  runaway 
slave  subjected  the  offender  to  imprisonment  for  five  years,  and  there 
were  some  lighter  penalties  for  minor  offenses,  but  the  above  include 
the  principal  features  of  the  so-called  "Black  Laws."  Persons  opposed 
to  slavery  were  disqualified  from  acting  as  jurors  in  the  trial  of  tiiose 
cJiarged  with  the  violation  of  the  laws. 

Black  Vermillion  River,  a  stream  of  nnrlhcaslern  Kansas,  also  called 
liu-  Black  river,  consists  of  two  forks.  The  north  fork  rises  in  Marshall 
county,  near  the  northeast  cfirncr,  and  tlows  south  ;  the  south  fork 
rises  in  the  southern  part  of  Nemaha  county  and  Hows  northwest,  the 
two  forming  a  junction  near  tiic  little  village  of  Vlicts.  From  this 
point  the  main  stream  follows  a  southwesterly  course  luilil  it  empties 
into  the  i'ig  P>Iue  river  near  the  southern  boimdary  of  Marshall  county. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  I9I 

Black  Wolf,  a  village  of  Ellsvvuilh  county,  is  located  on  the  Smoky 
Hill  river  in  the  township  of  the  same  name,  and  is  a  station  on  the 
Union  Pacific  R.  R.  7  miles  west  of  Ellsworth,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  a  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph  and  express  ofifices,  telephone 
connections,  a  grain  elevator,  a  good  local  trade,  and  in  igio  reported 
a  population  of  100. 

Blackmar,  Frank  Wilson,  educator,  author  and  lecturer,  was  born  at 
Springfield,  Erie  county,  Pa.,  Nov.  3,  1854,  a  son  of  John  S.  and  Rebecca 
(Mershon)  Blackmar,  the  former  of  Scotch  and  the  latter  of  Huguenot 
ancestry.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools,  the  state  normal  school 
at  Edinboro,  and  in  1881  received  the  degree  of  A.  B.  from  the  University 
of  the  Pacific  at  San  Jose,  Cal.  He  was  then  professor  of  mathematics 
in  that  institution  until  1886,  when  he  became  a  graduate  student  in 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  where  he  was  an  instructor  in  history  in 
1887-88,  and  a  fellow  in  history  and  politics  in  1888-89.  In  the  last 
named  year  he  received  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  and  left  Johns  Hopkins 
to  become  professor  of  history  and  sociology  in  the  University  of 
Kansas.  After  occupying  that  chair  for  ten  years,  he  was  made  pro- 
fessor of  sociology  and  economics  in  the  same  institution,  which  position 
he  still  holds.  When  the  graduate  school  of  the  University  of  Kansas 
was  organized  in  1896  Prof.  Blackmar  was  elected  dean,  and  is  still 
occupying  that  office.  He  is  the  author  of  a  number  of  works  bearing 
upon  the  subjects  in  which  he  has  so  long  been  an  instructor,  the  prin- 
cipal ones  being  as  follows:  "Spanish  Colonization  of  the  Southwest," 
1890;  "Spanish  Institutions  in  the  Southwest,"  1891  ;  "The  Story  of 
Human  Progress,"  1896;  "History  of  Higher  Education  in  Kansas," 
1900;  "Life  of  Charles  Robinson,"  1900;  "Elements  of  Sociology;  Eco- 
nomics for  Colleges ;  Economics  for  High  Schools,"  1907.  Besides 
these  he  has  contributed  to  reviews  and  written  a  number  of  pamphlets 
on  historical,  sociological  and  economic  topics.  In  1885,  at  San  Jose, 
Cal.,  Prof.  Blackmar  married  Miss  Mary  S.  Bowman,  who  died  on  March 
4,  1892,  and  on  July  25,  1900,  he  married  Miss  Kate  Nicholson  of 
Lawrence,  Kan. 

Blaine,  a  village  of  Pottawatomie  county,  is  located  in  Clear  Creek 
township  at  the  junction  of  the  Leavenworth,  Kansas  &  Western  branch 
of  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  and  a  branch  of  the  Kansas  Southern  &  Gulf, 
the  latter  connecting  it  with  Westmoreland,  the  county  seat,  9  miles 
south.  All  the  main  lines  of  business  are  represented,  including  banking 
facilities.  There  is  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  three 
rural  routes.  The  town  was  laid  out  in  1879  and  was  at  that  time  called 
Butler  with  Blaine  as  the  name  of  the  postoffice. 

Blair,  a  post-hamlet  of  Doniphan  county,  is  located  in  Washington 
township,  on  the  St.  Joseph  &  Grand  Island  railroad,  4  miles  from 
Wathena  and  about  7  east  of  Troy,  the  county  seat.  The  population  in 
1910  was  50. 

Blakeman,  a  village  of  Logan  township,  Rawlins  county,  is  the  first 
station   west  of  Atwood  on  the   Chicago,   Burlington   &   Ouincy  R.   R. 


192 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF 


It  has  a  money  order  postoflice,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  is 
a  shipping  and  supph-  point  for  the  neighborhood.  The  population 
was  100  in  1910. 

Bland,  a  small  hamlet  of  Reno  county,  is  located  about  12  miles  east 
of  Hutchinson,  the  county  seat,  in  the  Kisiwa  creek  valley,  and  some 
4  miles  west  of  Burrton,  which  is  the  most  con\enient  railroad  station, 
and  from  which  place  the  inhabitants  of  Bland  receive  mail  by  rural 
free  delivery. 

Blind,  State  School  for. —  The  state  school  for  the  blind,  or  blind 
asylum,  as  it  is  frequenth'  called,  had  its  origin  in  an  act  approved  by 
Gov.  Carney  on  Feb.  27,  1864.  By  this  act  Henry  McBride  of  John- 
son county.  Fielding  Johnson  and  Byron  Judd  of  Wyandotte  county, 
were  appointed  commissioners  to  select  a  location  for  the  institution 
at  some  point  in  \\'yandotte  county.  The}'  were  also  authorized  to 
accept  as  a  donation  a  tract  of  land  of  not  less  than  10  acres  for  a  site. 
The  city  of  \\'vandotte  (now  Kansas  Cit}^  Kan.)  agreed  to  donate  9.6 
acres  in  what  was  then  known  as  Oakland  park.     Although  this  was 


.sT.vTi':  .'^(•iiiiiii,  I'lii;  'riii;  r.i.i.xi). 


slightly  less  than  the  amount  of  land  specified  in  the  act,  the  site  was 
ai)proved,  and  in  1866  a  small  appropriation  was  made  by  the  legis- 
lature to  pay  the  expenses  of  the  commissioners.  In  1867  the  legislature 
appropriated  $10,000  for  the  erection  of  buildings  by  a  commission  to 
be  ajipointed  by  the  govcrnr)r.  'J'lie  first  buildings  were  compiclcd  on 
Oct.  I,  1867,  and  on  tlic  7th  tJic  school  ojn-ncd  uilii  nine  pupils  in  at- 
tendance. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  193 

The  first  trustees  were  F.  B.  Baker,  Frederick  Speck  and  William 
Larimer.  They  made  a  report  on  Dec.  lo,  1867,  showing  the  cost  of 
the  buildings,  etc.,  and  the  legislature  of  1868  appropriated  a  little  over 
.$11,600  for  additional  buildings  and  maintenance.  The  first  annual 
report  of  the  board  bears  the  date  of  Nov.  30,  1868,  when  the  first  fiscal 
year  of  the  institution  was  closed. 

As  in  all  schools  for  the  education  of  the  blind,  the  fundamental  idea 
has  been  to  make  the  pupils  self-supporting  and,  as  far  as  their  infirmity 
will  permit,  useful  citizens.  In  the  selection  of  teachers  the  only  con- 
sideration with  the  board  of  control  is  fitness  for  the  position.  Conse- 
quently the  staff  of  instructors  is  composed  of  persons  whose  capabilities 
are  equal  to  those  found  in  the  best  blind  schools  in  the  country.  The 
pupils  are  given  the  best  of  care  and  medical  attention,  and  since  the 
school  was  opened  about  700  pupils  have  been  enrolled.  The  regular 
school  course  is  divided  into  eight  grades  and  a  four-years'  high  school 
course,  the  whole  corresponding  to  the  course  of  study  in  the  public 
schools  of  the  state.  Text-books  in  raised  type,  so  they  may  be  read  by 
touch,  are  furnished  by  the  United  States  government,  and  there  is  a 
well  selected  library  to  which  new  books  are  added  annually.  On  the 
backs  of  these  books  the  titles  are  printed  in  what  is  known  as  "New 
York  point,"  so  that  the  pupils  may  be  able  to  find  any  book  without 
assistance. 

In  addition  to  the  regular  literary  course,  the  boys  are  taught  piano 
tuning,  broom  making,  hammock  weaving,  etc.,  and  the  girls  are  taught 
hand  and  machine  sewing,  crocheting,  basket  work,  darning  and  patch- 
ing— all  occupations  which  fit  them  to  become  self-sustaining  to  a  large 
degree.  Music  is  also  taught,  and  all  the  pupils  belong  to  either  the 
junior  or  senior  .chorus.  One  of  the  interesting  features  of  the  school 
is  the  "fire  drill,"  and  it  is  surprising  to  see  how  quickly  these  sightless 
children  can  vacate  a  building,  without  confusion,  when  the  gong  is 
sounded. 

In  1910  the  property  of  the  school  was  valued  at  $156,000  and  there 
were  then  94  pupils  in  attendance.  The  superintendents  of  the  school 
since  its  organization  have  been  as  follows:  W.  H.  Sawyer,  1867-69; 
W.  W.  UpdegrafT,  1869-71;  John  D.  Parker,  1871-74;  George  H.  Miller, 
1874-89;  Allen  Buckner,  1889-91;  Lapier  Williams,  1891-93;  W.  G. 
Todd,  1893-95;  George  H.  Miller,  1895-97;  W.  H.  Toothaker,  1897-99; 
Lapier  Williams,  1899-1906;  ,W-  B.  Hall,  1906 . 

Blizzards. — The  Encyclopedia  Americana  defines  a  blizzard  as  a  pe- 
culiarly fierce  and  cold  wind,  accompanied  by  a  very  fine,  blinding  snow 
which  suffocates  as  well  as  freezes  men  and  animals  exposed  to  it.  The 
origin  of  the  word  is  dubious.  It  came  into  general  use  in  American 
newspapers  during  the  bitterh'  cold  winter  of  1880-81,  although  some 
papers  claim  its  use  as  early  as  the  '70s.  Such  a  storm  comes  up  and 
takes  the  traveler  without  premonition.  The  sky  becomes  darkened 
and  the  snow  is  driven  by  a  terrible  wind  which  comes  with  a  deafening 
roar. 

a-13) 


194  cv(L()i'i:i)i.\  (IF 

Before  the  days  of  fences  or  well  beaten  roads  the  lilizzard  often 
swept  across  the  prairies  of  the  great  west.  Tra\-elers  starting  from 
home,  with  a  clear  sky  overhead,  were  occasionally  overtaken  bv  these 
storms.  In  a  sparsely  settled  country,  with  no  fenced  farms  or  other 
means  of  finding  one's  wa}',  all  landmarks  were  soon  oblfterated  by  a 
storm  of  this  kind,  and  it  is  a  wonder  that  more  people  were  not  lost. 
Cattle  with  no  means  of  protection  were  frequently  found  frozen  stand- 
ing in  their  tracks  in  the  great  drifts,  and  would  be  left  standing  as  the 
snow  melted  in  the  spring. 

Another  writer  has  said  :  "A  blizzard  is  defined  as  a  lierce  storm  of 
bitter,  frosty  wind,  with  fine.  l)listering  snow.'"  Xo  definition,  however, 
save  that  of  actual  experience  can  portray  its  terrible  reality.  Fre- 
quently the  temperature  will  dru])  from  74°  above  zero  to  20°  below 
zero  in  24  hours,  and  during  this  lime  the  wind  will  blow  a  gale.  a.\)- 
parently  from  the  four  points  of  the  compass.  The  air  will  be  so  filled 
with  the  fine,  blistering  snow  and  sand  that  one  cannot  see  ten  feel 
in  advance.  Turn  either  way  and  it  is  always  in  front.  The  air  is  full 
of  subdued  noises,  like  the  wail  of  lost  spirits;  so  all-al5sorbing  in  its 
intensity  is  this  wailing,  moaning,  continunus  noise.  Ihat  one's  voice 
canni)t  be  heard  twn  yards  awa_\'.  The  early  jiioneers  were  of  necessity 
nomadic,  and  were  in  no  wax-  ])re])are(l  for  these  sudden  changes  and 
hundreds  have  lost  their  lives  in  blizzards  when  the  temiierature  was  not 
zero,  it  being  a  physical  impossibililx-  tn  breathe,  the  air  being  so  full 
of  fine,  blistering  snow  and  sand. 

While  there  was  mcjre  or  less  loss  nf  life  during  the  early  settlement 
of  Kansas  from  these  causes,  the  blizzard  of  Dec..  1885,  and  Jan..  1886, 
was  probably  the  most  destructive  to  life  and  property  of  any  storm  that 
ever  swept  over  the  state.  This  storm  was  general  from  the  mountains 
to  the  Missouri  river.  It  started  in  the  latter  jjart  of  Dec.  1883.  and  an 
unbroken  blanket  of  snow  extended  from  \\'illiams,  X.  ?ilex..  to  Kansas 
City.  Railroad  traffic  on  the  ])lains  was  practically  sus])ende(l.  The 
weather  moderating,  railroad  traffic  was  resumed,  when  another  storm. 
more  serious  than  the  first,  again  tied  up  traffic,  this  time  completely. 
Temperature  during  the  month  of  January  ranged  from  12  below  zero 
at  .\tchison  to  25"  below  at  Junction  City,  and  18"  below  at  Dodge  City. 
.A  44-mile  wind  a  part  of  the  time  hel|)ed  make  things  lively  .it  the  last 
named  place.  All  over  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state  the  ijrecijiita- 
tion  was  chiefly  sleet,  which  left  the  grouiwl  covered  with  ice.  A  iiig  cut 
on  the  Union  i'acific  luar  Salina  was  completely  coxered  with  snow, 
and  it  rccpiired  the  combined  elforts  of  all  section  men  on  the  road  be- 
tween Lawrence  and  lirookville  for  nearly  i()  hours  with  ])icks  and 
shovels  to  o])en  it  foi-  traffic.  This  cut  w;is  aboiu  20  feet  (lee|)  and  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  long,  and  elexen  locomotives  were  en)plo\ed  in  "buck- 
ing" the  snow,  but  they  all  became  stalled  and  had  to  be  dug  out.  .Man\' 
|)oinls  on  the  railroads  were  a  week  without  mail  from  the  outsicb- 
world,  and  cattle  losses  from  some  sections  were  re])orted  from  three 
lo  twenty-five  per  cent. 


KANSAS   iiisrnin'  195 

Ai  1  Judge  L'it_\-  sexcn  trains  were  sii(i\\-l>i  mnd  al  niic  tiiiU' — (ine  being 
an  exeursion  train  hound  for  California.  Uodge  City  ])eo])lc  exerted 
tliemselves  in  entertaining  the  sojourners,  who  went  away  with  the 
opinion  that  Dodge  City  was  a  much  misrepresented  town.  Manx-  cat- 
tle perished  along  the  Arkansas  river  near  this  place,  some  while  stand- 
ing against  the  snow  fences  and  otiiers  while  trying  to  cn^ss  the  river. 

Losses  o{  life  during  this  blizzard  were  reported  from  C/lark.  Mllis, 
Ellsworth,  Finney,  I'^ord  and  Wallace  counties,  together  with  a  few 
casualities  from  the  scjuthwestern  part  of  the  state.  This  loss  of  life 
IS  accounted  for  to  some  e.xtent  by  the  fact  that  thousands  of  claim 
holders  settled  in  western  Kansas  in  1885,  with  few  exce])tions  having 
barely  enough  to  commence  the  work  of  developing  a  homestead.  Their 
houses  as  a  rule  were  mere  shells  and  proved  inadequate  for  the  rigorous 
winter.  The  plains  country  n(n\-  is  changed.  Farms  and  good  farm 
houses,  fences  and  well-tra\'eled  roads  are  everywhere,  and  casualties 
from  similar  causes  as  oljtained  in  1885-86  have  been  rare  ditring  the 
past  twenty-five  years. 

Block,  a  hamlet  of  Miami  county,  is  located  about  8  miles  southeast 
of  Faola,  the  county  seat,  from  which  place  the  people  receive  mail  by 
rural   fi'ee  (k'li\ery.     Faola  is  tlie  tiiost  convenient  railroad  station. 

Bloomington,  a  village  of  Osborne  county,  is  a  station  on  the  division 
of  the  Missouri  Facific  R.  R.  that  runs  from  Downs  to  Stockton,  5  miles 
west  of  Osborne,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice  with 
one  rural  route,  telephone  connections,  a  hotel,  some  general  stores, 
telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  does  some  shipping.  The  population 
in   1 9 10  was  88. 

Bloomington  Guards. — .An  old  ma])  of  Kansas  shows  the  town  of 
Bloomington  about  7  or  8  miles  up  the  \\'akarusa  river  from  Lawrence. 
Among  the  early  settlers  in  that  neighborhood  was  Samuel  Walker, 
who,  with  others,  arrived  in  April,  1855.  In  his  "annals"  Mr.  \\'alker 
tells  how,  about  si.x  weeks  after  the  settlers  had  made  a  beginning,  he 
was  working  on  his  cabin  one  day,  when  some  150  border  ruffians  under 
the  leadership  of  .Samuel  J.  Jones,  afterward  sheriff  of  Douglas  county, 
rode  into  the  settlement  and  gave  Walker  two  weeks  to  leave  the  ter- 
ritory. Mr.  Walker  then  tells  the  story  of  the  F.loomington  Guards, 
as  follows : 

"As  soon  as  the  Missourians  were  out  of  sight.  1  drop])ed  my  ax  and 
started  around  the  settlement  to  let  my  friends  know  what  w'as  up.  I 
traveled  all  night  afoot,  and  the  next  day  86  men  met  at  my  cabin.  We 
organized  ourselves  into  a  military  company,  calling  it  the  'Bloomington 
Guards,'  and  choosing  for  it  the  following  officers:  Captain,  Air.  Read; 
first  lieutenant.  Mr.  \^ermilya ;  second  lieutenant.  Dr.  Miller;  and  myself 
first  sergeant.     This  was  the  first  company  organized  in  Kansas." 

For  a  time  Judge  Wakefield  acted  as  drill  master.  As  the  company 
was  without  arms,  a  levy  was  made  and  Capt.  Read  w'ent  to  Massa- 
chusetts for  a  supply  of  Sharp's  rifles.  He  never  returned  to  Kansas, 
but  in  Dec,  1855,  he  sent  to  Walker  80  Sharp's  rifies,  the  arms  arriving. 


196  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

just  in  time  for  the  company  to  march  to  Lawrence  when  that  place 
was  threatened  by  an  invasion  of  the  pro-slavery  forces.  (See  Border 
War.) 

Blowing  Wells. — (See  Artesian  Wells.) 

Blue  Hill,  an  inland  postoffice  of  Mitchell  county,  is  located  on  Salt 
creek  in  Hayes  township,  16  miles  southwest  of  Beloit,  the  county 
seat,  and  about  12  miles  south  of  Glen  Elder,  the  nearest  shipping  point. 
The  population  in  1910  was  15. 

Blue  Lodges. — Soon  after  the  passage  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill, 
a  secret  organization  was  formed  in  the  South  to  assist  in  promoting 
the  interests  of  the  slave  power.  The  society  was  known  by  different 
names,  such  as  the  ''Friends  Society,"  the  "Social  Band,"  the  "Sons  of 
the  South,"  etc.,  but  by  whatever  name  it  might  be  known  the  object 
was  always  the  same.  Each  member  took  a  solemn  obligation,  after 
which  he  was  given  the  signs,  grips  and  passwords  of  the  order.  Severe 
penalties  were  provided  for  any  violation  of  the  oath,  or  for  divulging 
the  secrets  of  the  organization,  and  it  is  known  that  in  a  few  instances 
these  penalties  were  executed  upon  offending  members.  Hoicombe's 
History  of  Vernon  County,  Missouri,  says :  "The  order  was  a  branch 
of  or  auxiliary  to  the  famous  Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle,  the  common 
object  being  the  same — the  extension  of  slavery.  The  order  of  the 
Golden  Circle  was  composed  of  slaveowners,  and  was  designed  to  eff'ect 
the  acquisition  of  Cuba,  Northern  Mexico  and  Central  America,  and  the 
establishment  of  slavery  in  the  territories.  The  'Social  Band'  was  made 
up  of  pro-slavery  men,  with  and  without  slaves,  and  was  meant  to  be 
a  valuable  active  force  in  the  extension  of  slavery  into  Kansas  and  Ne- 
braska primarily." 

Phillips'  Conquest  of  Kansas  (p.  45)  says:  "The  Blue  Lodge  em- 
braced great  numbers  of  the  citizens  of  Missouri,  and  was  extended  into 
other  slave  states  and  into  the  territory  (Kansas).  Its  plan  of  operating 
was  to  organize  and  send  men  to  vote  at  the  elections  in  the  territory, 
to  collect  money  to  pay  their  expenses,  and,  if  necessary,  to  protect 
them  in  voting.  It  also  proposed  to  induce  pro-slavery  men  to  emi- 
grate into  the  territory,  to  aid  and  sustain  them  while  there,  and  to 
elect  none  to  office  but  those  friendly  to  their  views." 

George  Park,  editor  of  the  Parkville  Limiinary,  whose  newspaper 
office  was  destroyed  by  a  mob,  presumably  composed  of  members  of  the 
Blue  Lodge,  in  a  letter  to  the  St.  Louis  Democrat  in  May,  1855,  said: 
"Stringfellow  and  Atchison  have  organized  a  secret  association,  the 
members  of  which  are  sworn  to  turn  out  and  light  when  called  upon  to 
do  so,  and  which  is  to  be  governed  by  the  following  rules:  All  belong- 
ing to  it  are  to  share  in  the  damages  accruing  to  any  member  when  pre- 
scribed, even  at  the  price  of  disunion.  All  arc  to  act  secretly  to  destroy 
the  business  and  character  of  Northern  men;  and  all  dissenting  from 
their  doctrines  are  to  be  expelled  from  the  territory." 

I'Voni  these  extracts  the  aims  and  objects  of  the  socictx-  may  be 
learned,  as   well   as   the   methods  to  be   employed    in   attaining   them. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  I97 

Among  the  leaders  were  David  R.  Atchison,  the  two  Stringfellows,  and 
Alexander  McDonald,  afterward  a  Republican  United  States  senator 
from  Arkansas  during  the  reconstruction  period.  All  the  leaders  of  the 
organization  were  desperate  men,  willing  to  accept  any  hazard,  and 
it  was  under  the  auspices  of  this  society  that  a  number  of  the  forays  into 
Kansas  were  planned  and  executed.  But  the  free-state  sentiment  was 
too  strong  for  even  an  oath-bound  society  to  combat,  and  the  Blue 
Lodge  succumbed  to  the  inevitable. 

Blue  Mound,  an  incorporated  city  of  Linn  county,  is  situated  in  the 
southwest  corner  at  the  junction  of  two  branches  of  the  Missouri  Pa- 
cific R.  R.  13  miles  southwest  of  Mound  City,  the  county  seat.  A  post- 
office  was  opened  a  half  mile  north  of  the  present  town  in  1854,  with 
John  Quincy  Adams  as  postmaster.  It  was  moved  several  times,  but 
was  finally  located  in  the  village  of  Blue  Mound  on  June  i,  1882.  The 
elevation  known  as  Blue  Mound  was  named  by  a  Mr.  Adams,  who  was 
the  first  settler,  because  from  a  distance  it  looks  blue,  and  thus  the  town 
name  followed. 

The  Blue  Mound  Town  company  was  organized  in  April,  1882,  and 
the  townsite  was  surveyed  the  same  month.  In  May  the  first  building 
was  moved  to  the  town  from  about  3  miles  southeast,  and  was  used 
by  Alley  Bros,  as  a  store.  The  second  was  moved  to  Blue  Mound  from 
Wall  Street,  by  Innes  Bros,  and  used  as  a  hotel,  until  the  new  one  was 
finished  for  them  in  June.  Religious  services  were  held  during  the  sum- 
mer by  a  minister  of  the  United  Brethren  church  named  Hinton,  and 
school  was  opened  in  October.  The  growth  of  the  town  was  phenome- 
nally rapid,  for  within  six  months  there  was  a  population  of  200,  with 
three  general  stores,  a  harware  store,  furniture  store,  blacksmith  shop, 
drug  store,  harness  shop  and  lumber  yard.  With  the  building  of  the 
second  railroad  into  the  town  it  became  a  railroad  center,  and  when 
the  coal  beds  of  southeastern  Kansas  were  opened  it  came  into  promi- 
nence as  a  shipping  point  for  coal  and  the  manufactured  mineral  prod- 
ucts of  that  section.  Blue  Mound  is  the  banking  and  supply  point  for 
a  rich  and  extensive  agricultural  district.  It  has  telegraph  and  express 
offices  and  is  one  of  the  leading  cities  of  the  eastern  counties.  In  1910 
the  population  was  -596. 

Blue  Rapids,  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  Marshall  county,  is  located 
12  miles  south  of  Marysville,  the  county  seat,  a  short  distance  below  the 
junction  of  the  Big  and  Little  Blue  rivers.  It  is  second  in  size  among 
the  towns  of  the  county  and  is  an  important  manufacturing  point  on 
account  of  the  excellent  water  power  obtainable.  It  has  a  glove  and 
mitten  factory,  cigar  factory,  electric  plaster  mills,  banks,  hotels  and 
city  waterworks.  The  LTnion  Pacific  R.  R.  running  north  and  south 
and  the  Missouri  Pacific  east  and  west  form  good  shipping  facilities. 
According  to  the  census  of  1910  Blue  Rapids  had  1,756  inhabitants. 

The  first  attempt  to  establish  a  town  on  the  site  of  Blue  Rapids  was 
in  1857,  when  a  town  was  laid  out  by  James  Waller,  who  lived  on  Elm 
creek,   Henry  Poor  and   M.   L.   Duncan.     Walter  died.   Poor  shot  and 


igS  CVCLOl'EDIA    OF 

killed  an  officer  of  the  army,  then  encamped  at  Marys\-ille  and  was 
obliged  to  leave  the  country.  The  town  was  abandoned  by  Duncan 
and  no  other  attempt  was  made  to  utilize  the  water  power  until  1870 
when  a  colony  from  Genesee  county,  N.  Y..  came  in.  .\  location  com- 
mittee consisting  of  Rev.  C.  F.  Mussey,  H.  J.  liovee  and  J.  15.  Brown 
came  in  advance  and  located  the  site  for  the  proposed  town.  About 
fifty  families  followed,  among  them  were,  S.  H.  Parmalee,  T.  Holbrook, 
R.  Robertson.  .M.  T.  Cue,  D.  Fairbanks,  S.  Smith.  J.  T.  Smith,  il.  S. 
Hurlbert.  J.  B.  W  aynant.  C.  J.  Brown.  G.  R.  P.rown,  T.  F.  Hall,  j.  B. 
Brown.  C.  E.  Olmstead.  J.  L.  Freeland,  J.  V.  Coon,  R.  S.  Craft.  John 
Mcpherson,  J.  E.  Ball.  Y.  Douglas,  H.  A.  Parmalee.  J.  Ynrann,  \'.  R. 
Xorth,  H.  \\'oodward.  E.  L.  Stone,  J.  S.  Fisher.  C.  F.  Roedel  and  C.  I". 
]Mussey. 

They  bought  from  R.  .S.  Craft  and  others  a  town  site  of  iSy  acres, 
embracing  the  water  jiower  privileges,  for  $15,000,  and  secured  8,000 
acres  of  farming  lands.  Among  the  improvements  made  the  next  year 
was  a  dam  of  stone,  at  the  point  where  the  rapids  begins,  and  a  wrought 
iron  bridge.  The  first  business  enterprises  were,  two  general  stores 
opened  by  H.  .\.  Parmalee  and  Yates  Douglas  and  a  drug  store  by  .V. 
\V.  Stevens.  \\  .  H.  Goodwin  was  the  first  lawyer  and  Dr.  R.  A  Wells 
the  first  ph_\sician.  The  manufacture  of  brick  was  begun  in  1872  by 
Mr.  Seip. 

Blue  Rapids  was  iucdi-imratcd  as  a  cit}-  nl  the  third  class  <>ii  .March 
20,  1872.  The  first  election  was  held  in  the  town  house,  whicli  was 
called  "Colonial  Flail."  in  .\])ril.    C.  E.  Olmstead  was  the  first  mayor. 

Blue  Rapids  is  mie  of  the  beauty  spots  of  the  slate.  It  is  laid  out  on 
a  gentle  slo]ie  running  dnwn  In  the  ri\er.  which  is  a  beatiliful  sheet  of 
water.  The  current  ni  the  ri\er  strikes  an  abrupt  rock  abnut  40  feel 
high  on  the  right  bank  and  turning  to  the  left  rip])les  o\-er  a  solid  rock 
hi  ilium,  fcirming  the  rajjids.     Il  is  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  farming  district. 

Blue,  Richard  Whiting,  jurist  .md  a  member  of  Congress,  was  born 
in  \\(P(>d  county.  \'a..  Sept.  8,  1841.  and  was  raised  on  a  mountain  farm 
near  the  ]ircsenl  cit\'  of  Graflnn.  During  ihe  summer  he  worked  on 
ihe  farm  and  in  the  winter  attended  such  jirivate  schools  as  the  locality 
afforded,  i^v  N'irginia  had  no  free  cnmnKm  schools  in  thai  iteriod.  In 
1839  he  entcied  .Monongalia  .Academy  at  .M(  irgauti  iwn.  \';i..  iheii  imder 
the  su|)ervisii>n  of  Re\'.  J.  R.  Moore,  lie  remained  at  this  insliliilion 
several  years,  first  as  ])ui)il  and  later  as  teacher.  .Subse(|uently  he  en- 
tered Washington  College,  Pa.,  and  remained  there  until  he  eidisled  in 
ihc  Third  West  N'irginia  infantry,  at  ihe  o])ening  of  the  Ci\il  war.  Mr. 
IMue  was  wonndefl  in  the  bailie  of  Rock}-  Gai).  in  soulhweslern  \  ir 
ginia.  and  iiromoted  to  second  lieulenant.  for  gallantry  in  action.  Within 
a  siiort  time  he  was  commissioned  ca])lain.  In  one  of  the  engagements 
he  was  captured  and  held  as  a  |)risoner  of  w.ir  .it  l.ibby  inison  and  also 
at  Danville,  \'a.  The  regiment  was  mounted  and  after  the  Salem  raid 
was  changed,  by  order  of  the  secretary  of  war,  lo  ihe  Sixth  West  \  ii- 
gina  cavalry,      its  final  ser\ice  was  in  .1  cimpaign  on  ihe  plains  against 


KANSAS     IIISTOin-  199 

ilu-  iiulians  at  the  cUise  of  tlu'  war.  Tlu'  regiment  was  inu.slci'cd  out  at 
Vun  Leavenworth,  so  that  Mr.  I'.hic  was  in  Kansas  (hiring  the  early 
'60s.  After  his  discharge  from  the  army  he  returned  to  Virginia,  taught 
school,  read  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  that  state  in  1870.  In 
1871  he  came  to  Kansas  to  locale  ]K-rmanently,  and  settled  in  Linn 
county,  but  in  1898  he  remcjsed  to  Labette  county,  and  linally  located 
in  Cherokee  county.  Air.  lUue  took  rank  among  the  prominent  law- 
yers of  Kansas;  was  twice  chosen  probate  judge  of  his  county;  twice 
elected  county  attorney,  and  twnce  chosen  state  senator.  In  1894  he 
was  elected  Congressman-at-large  from  Kansas;  was  renominated  by 
acclamation  in  1896,  but  was  defeated  by  the  wave  of  Populism  that 
swept  over  the  country  that  year.  After  leaving  Congress  Mr.  lllue 
resumed  his  law  practice,  in  which  he  was  acti\-ely  engaged  until  his 
death  on  Jan.  2j.  1907,  at  Bartles,  Kan. 

Bluemont  College. —  (See  Agricultural  College.) 

Bluff  City,  an  incorporated  city  of  the  third  class  in  Harper  ctnmty, 
is  located  on  Bluff  creek  and  is  a  station  on  the  Kansas  Southwestern 
R.  R.  14  miles  southeast  of  Anthony,  the  county  seat.  Bluff  City  has  a 
bank,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  News),  a  money  order  postofifice  with 
one  rural  route,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  a  telephone  exchange, 
good  public  schools,  churches  of  some  of  the  principal  denominations, 
some  well  stocked  general  stores,  and  is  the  principal  shipping  point 
between  Anthony  and  Caldwell.     The  population  was  307  in  1910. 

Blunt,  James  G.,  soldier,  was  born  in  Hancock  county,  Me.,  July  21, 
1826,  and  passed  his  life  until  the  fourteenth  year  upon  his  father's 
larm.  His  restless  disposition  then  led  him  to  run  away  from  home, 
and  for  four  years  he  followed  the  vocation  of  sailor  upon  the  high  seas, 
visiting  ports  in  many  parts  of  ,the  world.  In  1845  he  gave  up  the  sea 
to  take  up  the  study  of  medicine  and  on  Feb.  20,  1849,  '^^  ^'^'^s  graduated 
at  the  Sterling  Medical  College  at  Columbus,  Ohio.  The  following 
January  he  located  at  New  Madison,  Ohio,  where  he  practiced  his  pro- 
fession until  late  in  1856,  when  he  removed  to  Kansas  and  settled  in 
Anderson  county.  Lie  quickly  became  an  ardent  free-state  man  and 
when  the  Civil  war  broke  out  in  18G1  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the 
Third  Kansas  regiment,  subsequently  being  promoted  to  lieutenant- 
colonel.  He  served  under  Gen.  Lane  at  the  battle  of  Dry  Wood  and 
then  commanded  a  force  that  penetrated '  far  into  the  Indian  country 
and  broke  up  the  band  of  the  notorious  Mathews,  killing  the  leader.  In 
.\])ril,  1862.  he  was  commissioned  a  brigadier-general  and  placed  in  com- 
mand of  the  Department  of  Kansas.  At  once  he  began  active  opera- 
tions in  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  distinguishing  himself  for  bra\er}-  and 
military  skill  in  the  battles  of  Cane  Hill,  Prairie  Grove,  Boston  Moun- 
tains. Fort  \'an  Buren,  Honey  Springs  and  Newtonia.  After  the  war 
he  settled  in  Leavenworth  and  engaged  in  business,  spending  a  large 
part  of  his  time  in  Washington,  D.  C.  About  1878  symptoms  of  soften- 
ing of  the  brain  appeared  and  he  was  taken  to  an  insane  asylum  in 
\\'ashington,  where  he  died  on  Aug.  3.  1881.     Gen.  Blunt  was  not  a  bril- 


200  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

liant  man,  but  he  won  and  retained  the  confidence  of  the  men  under 
his  command  and  rendered  Kansas  important  service  as  a  soldier.  His 
death  was  sincerely  mourned  by  his  surviving  comrades. 

Board  of  Control. — On  March  4,  1905,  Gov.  Hoch  approved  an  act  "to 
provide  for  the  management  and  control  of  the  industrial  school  for 
girls,  the  Kansas  school  for  feeble-minded  youth,  the  Osawatomie  state 
hospital,  the  Parsons  state  hospital,  the  Topeka  state  hospital,  the  state 
industrial  school  for  boys,  the  school  for  the  blind,  the  school  for  the 
deaf,  the  soldiers'  orphans'  home,  and  such  other  state  charitable  in- 
stitutions as  now  exist  or  which  may  hereafter  be  created,"  etc. 

The  act  provided  for  a  board  of  control  of  three  members,  to  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor  within  thirty  days  after  its  passage.  Each 
member  was  to  receive  an  annual  salary  of  $2,500  and  actual  traveling 
expenses  while  in  the  performance  of  his  duty,  and  was  required  to  give 
bond  for  ten  times  that  amount.  The  first  members  were  appointed  for 
two,  four  and  six  years,  respectively,  after  which  the  tenure  of  office 
was  to  be  four  years.  Pursuant  to  the  act  Gov.  Hoch,  within  the 
specified  time,  appointed  as  the  first  board  E.  B.  Schermerhorn,  Sherman 
G.  Elliott  and  Harry  C.  Bowman.  The  board  organized  by  electing  j\Ir. 
Schermerhorn  as  chairman;  Mr.  Elliott  as  treasurer,  and  Mr.  Bowman 
as  attorney,  and  on  July  i,  1905,  succeeded  the  old  state  board  of  Chari- 
ties and  Corrections  (q.  v.)  in  the  management  of  the  state's  charitable 
institutions. 

By  thus  placing  all  the  charitable  and  benevolent  institutions  of  tlie 
state  under  the  control  of  one  board  of  only  three  members,  Kansas 
has  centralized  the  responsibility  of  their  management,  and  gains  not 
onh^  in  the  cost  of  maintenance,  but  also  in  uniform  and  impartial  treat- 
ment of  the  institutions.  As  a  further  step  toward  securing  impartiality 
the  act  creating  the  board  provided  that  no  citizen  of  a  county  in  which 
any  one  of  the  institutions  might  be  located  should  be  eligible  for  mem- 
bership thereon.  One  of  the  important  duties  of  the  board  is  to  recom- 
mend in  its  biennial  reports  such  legislation  as  in  the  judgment  of  the 
members  is  necessary  for  the  interests  of  the  several  institutions,  and 
as  these  are  all  under  one  management  there  is  little  likelihood  of 
favoritism  being  shown,  because  the  board  is  equally  responsible  for  the 
welfare  of  all.  Since  the  adoption  of  this  plan  the  old  "log-rolling"  meth- 
ods of  securing  appropriations  has  been  practically  abolished,  and  the 
support  of  the  institutions  has  been  placed  upon  a  business  basis.  Dur- 
ing the  five  years  the  board  has  been  in  existence  the  ]>lan  has  apparently 
accomplished  all  that  was  claimed  for  it  by  the  advocates  of  the  act  creat- 
ing it,  and  the  institutions  of  Kansas  are  as  well  conducted  as  those  of 
any  of  her  sister  states. 

Board  of  Pardons. —  (See  Pardons.) 

Bodarc,  a  little  hamlet  of  Butler  county,  is  located  on  Walnut  creek, 
about  6  miles  southeast  of  Augusta,  which  is  the  most  convenient  rail- 
road station.  Mail  is  supplied  to  the  inhabitants  from  Douglas  by  rural' 
free  flelivcrv. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  20I 

Bodaville,  a  rural  hamlet  in  Riley  county,  is  near  the  northern  line, 
about  35  miles  from  Manhattan,  the  county  seat,  and  about  12  miles 
from  Barnes,  Washington  county,  from  which  place  it  receives  mail. 
Lasita,  on  the  Rock  Island  R.  R.  10  miles  south  is  the  nearest  railway 
station.     The  population  in  1910  was  50. 

Bogue,  formerly  called  Fagan,  a  village  of  Graham  county,  is  a  sta- 
tion on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  8  miles  east  of  Hill  City  and  not  far  from 
the  south  fork  of  the  Solomon  river.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice 
with  two  rural  routes,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  connec- 
tion, a  hotel,  some  good  general  stores,  a  public  school,  and  in  1910  re- 
ported a  population  of  150. 

Bogus  Legislature. — The  so-called  "Bogus"  legislature  of  Kansas  was 
the  first  session,  which  convened  in  Pawnee  in  1855.  Andrew  H.  Reeder 
the  first  territorial  governor  of  Kansas,  was  commissioned  in  June,  1854, 
but  did  not  arrive  in  the  territory  until  Oct.  7.  (See  Reeder's  Adminis- 
tration.) On  April  16,  1855,  he  issued  a  proclamation  convening  the 
legislature  at  Pawnee  on  July  2,  1855,  and  the  legislature  assembled 
there  according  to  call.  The  pro-slavery  members  ousted  all  of  the 
free-state  men,  and  then  proceeded  to  the  next  business  which  was  that 
of  adjourning  to  Shawnee  Mission.  Pawnee  was  about  100  miles  from 
the  Missouri  line,  and  as  the  legislators  intended  to  enact  a  code  of  laws 
for  the  territory  that  would  meet  with  great  disfavor  among  Kansans, 
they  thought  they  would  be  safer  nearer  home. 

It  is  said  that  "a  due  supply  of  spirits  were  brought  in  bottles  and 
jugs  each  morning  from  Westport  which  was  4  miles  distant,  in 
order  to  keep  the  legislature  in  spirits  during  the  long  summer  days." 
This  legislature  did  an  amazing  amount  of  work.  The  laws  passed  by 
it  fill  a  large  volume  and  were  chiefl}'  of  local  character.  Most  of  the 
laws  were  transcripts  of  the  Missouri  code.  One  enactment  provided 
that  every  officer  in  the  territory,  executive  and  judicial,  was  to  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  legislature,  or  by  some  officer  appointed  by  it.  It  also- 
enacted  the  notorious  "Black  Laws"  (q.  v.).  One  member  of  the  legis- 
lature is  quoted  as  saying,  "Kansas  is  sacred  to  slavery."  This  legisla- 
ture created  a  joint-stock  company,  chartered  prospective  railroads  giv- 
ing them  unheard-of  privileges,  and  the  charters  and  corporate  trusts 
they  bestowed  upon  themselves.  They  located  the  capital  at  Lecomp- 
ton,  and  after  legislating  themselves  into  every  office  and  financial  pros- 
pect possible  adjourned. 

Boicourt,  a  money  order  post-village  of  Linn  county,  is  situated  on- 
the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.  about  7  miles  northwest  of  Pleas- 
anton.    It  has  an  express  office  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  100. 

Boissiere  Orphans'  Home. — In  the  spring  of  1892  Ernest  Valeton 
Boissiere,  a  Frenchman  who  held  a  large  tract  of  land  in  Franklin 
county,  expressed  his  desire  and  intention  to  convey  this  land  in  trust 
for  the  establishment  of  an  orphans'  home  and  industrial  school.  On 
May  II,  1892,  the  persons  agreed  upon  as  the  trustees  met  at  Mr.  Bois- 
siere's  home  at  Silkville,  when  a  deed  to  the  property  was  executed,  and! 


202  (.  YCI.dPEDlA    (IF 

the  next  day  the  charter  of  the  institution  was  hied  in  the  office  of  the 
secretary  of  state.  At  the  session  of  the  Kansas  grand  lodge  of  Odd 
Fellows  at  Fort  Scott  on  Oct.  11-13.  1892.  the  trustees  made  a  full  re- 
port of  the  matter,  which  was  referred  to  a  special  committee,  consisting 
of  several  past  grand  masters,  and  this  committee  recommended  the  ac- 
ceptance of  the  gift  by  the  grand  lodge.  In  the  report  the  committee 
said:  "We  recommend  the  said  orphans"  home  and  industrial  school  to 
the  fa\orable  consideration  of  the  Odd  Fellows  of  the  state,  and  hope 
that  they  will  contribute  as  liberally  as  their  means  will  permit  to 
liquidate  the  claim  assumed  by  the  trustees  against  this  property,  so 
that  it  ma\'  at  once  be  made  ready  for  the  reception  of  children.  " 

The  grand  lodge  adopted  the  report  and  recommendation  of  the  com- 
mittee, and  in  a  few  months  lodges  and  indixidual  members  of  the  order 
had  contributed  over  $12,500  for  the  establishment  and  support  of  the 
home.  At  the  grand  lodge  meeting  at  Topeka  in  Oct..  icSc;^.  the  trustees 
again  made  a  complete  report  and  asked  for  legislation  on  the  part  of 
the  grand  lodge  to  carry  out  the  pledges  made  at  Fort  Scott  the  preced- 
ing year.  They  especially  recommended  the  Icxying  of  a  per  capita 
ta.x  of  $1.50  to  carr\-  into  effect  the  original  jilan.  The  grand  lodge  again 
adopted  the  report  and  recommendations  of  ihc  trustees,  but  in  the 
meantime  opposition  to  the  scheme  had  de\el(i]jed,  and  Reno  Lodge, 
Wi.  99,  of  Hutchinson,  brought  suit  in  the  district  court  of  Shawnee 
county  to  enjoin  the  officers  of  the  grand  lodge  from  levying  the  tax. 
'Hie  court  refused  to  grant  the  injunction  and  the  lodge  then  apjiealed 
til  the  supreme  court,  which  affirmed  the  decision.  Steps  wert'  then 
taken  to  bring  the  question  before  the  sovereign  grainl  lodge  at  Chatta- 
nooga, Tenn.,  in  Sept.,  1894.  The  sovereign  grand  lodge  declared  the 
tax  was  lawful,  but  the  following  month  the  Kansas  grand  lodge  met  at 
Wichita  and  voted  to  sever  its  connection  with  the  enterjirise  and  ex- 
tend no  further  sujiport  to  the  institution. 

.Scion  after  executing  the  tritst  deed  to  his  land  (3,i5<)  acres  1  in  iS<)_', 
.Mr.  I'loissiere  returned  to  France,  where  his  dcith  occurred  un  Jan.  12. 
1894.  With  the  action  of  the  grand  Imlge  in  (  )ct..  1894,  a  number  nf 
com])etent  lawyers  held  that  the  laml  reverted  to  the  IJoissiere  estate. 
.Abnut  the  begiiniing  <>i  the  year  1897  James  .\.  Trontman.  of  the  law 
fnin  iif  Troutman  iS.-  .^tnne  of  To])eka.  went  to  h'rance  and  secund  a 
i|uil-claiin  deed  from  Mr.  Uoissiere's  sister.  M;i(l;inie  t'oninc  Martinella 
of  iiordeaux.  Troutman  il-  Stone  then  l>ecanic  ilu'  plainiilT^  in  a  ''Uii  h^' 
possession  of  the  ])roperty.  but  Judge  S.  .\.  Kiggs  of  the  ()tta\\a  district 
court  (  P'ranklin  comUy)  decided  in  fa\or  of  the  sexen  defendant  trustees. 
The  case  was  carried  tf)  the  state  su])reme  court  on  aiijteal  and  that 
irihimal  reversed  Judge  Riggs'  decision,  .\fter  some  fuither  delay 
Trnulman  ^  Slone  gained  |)ossession,  ,ind  early  in  i()i  1  sold  il  in  J.  (  ). 
I'atterson  for  $130,000. 

Boling,  a  hamlet  in  the  central  pari  of  Leavenworth  county,  is  sil- 
Mjitcfl  fin  the  Leavfnworlh  &  Topeka  R.  R.  about  <)  miles  sontliwest  of 
Leavenwfirth.  the  county  seal.  It  has  a  money  order  ]instiiffice  and 
lelegrapli  facilities.     In   ic)io  the  po|)nlation  was  32. 


KANSAS     IIISKllO-  203 

Bolton,  a  \illage  of  MonlyonuTv  county,  is  a  station  on  the  line  of 
the  Atchisnn,  'i"o]jeka  iS:  Santa  Fe  R.  \i.  that  runs  from  independence  to 
lulsa,  8  miles  southwest  of  Independence.  It  is  a  money  order  post- 
olfice.  is  suppiled  with  telegraph,  telephone  and  ex])ress  serxice,  and  is 
a  shipping  and  supply  point  for  that  section  of  the  county.  Tlic  popula- 
tion m  1910  was  75. 

Bonaccord,  a  rural  hamlet  of  l)ickinson  county,  is  in  the  western  part, 
not  far  ivom  the  Saline  count}'  line,  and  ahout  12  miles  from  Abilene, 
from  which  ])lace  the  inhabitants  receive  mail  by  rural  free  delivery. 

Bonded  Debt. —  (See  f<"inances,  State.) 

Bondi,  August,  S(jldier  and  [)atriot,  one  of  John  Urown's  men,  was  born 
at  Vienna,  Austria,  July  21,  1833.  His  father.  Hart  Immanuel  I'.ondi. 
was  a  Jew  manufacturer  of  cotton  goods.  August  was  educated  at  the 
Catholic  college  of  the  order  of  Piarists.  When  only  fourteen  years  of 
age  he  became  a  member  of  the  Academic  League  and  fought  under 
Kossuth  during  the  Hungarian  war  for  liberty.  For  this  he  was  ex- 
iled and  in  1848  the  family  came  to  America.  August  spent  seven  years 
in  teaching  and  in  mercantile  pursuits  in  Missouri  and  Texas.  Tn  1855 
he  came  to  Kansas  at  a  time  when  the  opposition  to  slavery  was  crys- 
tallizing, and  became  an  intense  anti-slavery  partisan.  After  remaining 
two  weeks  at  I^awrence,  he  went  down  the  Missouri  river  and  back  by 
land  to  acquaint  himself  with  affairs  on  the  border.  With  a  partner, 
he  "squatted"  on  a  claim  on  the  Mosquito  branch  of  the  Pottawatomie, 
in  Franklin  county.  In  the  fall  of  1855  he  became  acquainted  with  John 
Brown,  and  after  the  burning  of  Lawrence  he  joined  the  company  of 
John  Brown,  Jr.  When  this  force  disbanded  he  did  not  return  to  his 
claim,  but  joined  Johti  l!ro\\n.  Sr..  and  took  part  in  the  engagement  at 
Black  Jack.  He  was  then  with  Birown  in  different  raids  along  the  bor- 
der and  at  the  battle  of  Osawatomie.  In  Feb.,  1857,  he  laid  out  the  town 
of  Greeley,  Anderson  county,  and  was  apjjointed  postmaster  there.  I'rom 
that  time  to  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  he  kept  the  "undeground  rail- 
way" station  at  Greeley.  In  Oct..  1861.  he  enlisted  in  the  Fifth  Kansas 
regiment  and  was  present  in  nearly  all  the  actions  in  which  the  regiment 
was  engaged.  On  Sept.  14,  1864,  he  was  seriously  wounded  and  made 
prisoner  by  the  Confederates  near  Pine  Bluff,  Ark.,  but  was  left  on  the 
field.  He  was  discharged  in  Dec,  1864,  and  in  1866  he  located  in  Salina. 
Mr.  Bondi  held  man\'  offices  in  Saline  county,  such  as  probate  judge,  dis- 
trict clerk  and  postmaster,  and  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  state 
board  of  charities.  He  was  a  Mason,  a  member  of  the  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic,  and  of  the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks.  On 
Sept.  30,  1907,  Mr.  I'londi  fell  dead  on  the  street  in  St.  Louis  while  on  a 
\isit  to  his  sister. 

Bone  Springs,  a  rural  hamlet  of  Reno  county,  is  located  on  a  tributary 
iif  the  Ninnescah  ri\er,  about  23  miles  sc^uthwest  of  Hutchinson,  the 
county  seat.  Mail  is  supplied  to  the  inhai)itants  by  rural  free  delivery 
from  Arlino'ton. 


204  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Bonilla's  Expedition. — About  the  year  1594,  tlie  governor  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Xueva  Vizcaya  commissioned  Francisco  Leiva  Bonilla,  a  Portu- 
guese explorer  and  adventurer,  to  lead  an  expedition  against  a  predatory 
tribe  of  Indians  that  had  for  some  time  been  harassing  the  province.  The 
exact  date  of  the  expedition,  as  well  as  any  definite  account  of  its  opera- 
tions, is  not  obtainable,  for  the  reason  perhaps  that  it  was  in  a  measure 
contra  bando — i.  e.  illegal.  Bonilla  started  upon  his  mission,  but  after 
he  was  well  out  upon  the  plains  he  heard  rumors  of  the  wealth  of 
Quivira  (q.  v.)  and  decided  to  visit  that  province.  In  some  way,  just 
how  is  not  clear,  the  governor  learned  of  this  movement  and  sent  a  mes- 
senger in  the  person  of  Pedro  de  Calorza  to  recall  the  expedition.  Calorza 
failed  to  find  Bonilla,  who  was  so  unfortunate  as  to  get  into  a  quarrel 
with  his  lieutenant,  Juan  de  Humana,  in  which  he  lost  his  life  and 
Humana  then  assumed  command. 

Just  how  far  north  or  east  the  expedition  proceeded  is  largely  a  mat- 
ter of  conjecture.  Prof.  John  B.  Dunbar  is  of  the  opinion  that  it  may 
have  reached  central  Kansas,  and  possibly  the  gold  mines  of  the  Black 
Hills  in  the  western  part  of  South  Dakota.  After  Bonilla's  death,  and 
while  the  expedition  was  crossing  a  large  river,  which  Dunbar  thinks 
may  have  been  the  Platte,  on  balsas  (rafts),  three  Mexican  Indians  took 
advantage  of  the  opportunity  to  desert.  It  was  from  one  of  these  In- 
dians, Jose  or  Jusepe  by  name,  that  Gov.  Onate,  of  New  Mexico,  learned 
of  the  expedition  in   1598. 

While  Humana  and  his  men  were  encamped  at  a  place  afterward 
called  Matanza  they  were  surrounded  by  an  overwhelming  force  of  the 
Escanjaque  Indians,  who  set  fire  to  the  grass  and  then  rushed  upon  the 
camp.  Bancroft  says  that  only  two  people  escaped  the  general  slaughter 
which  ensued.  These  two  were  Alonzo  Sanchez  and  a  mulatto  girl,  who 
eventually  found  their  way  to  New  Mexico,  where  they  imparted  to  the 
authorities  the  news  of  the  fate  of  the  expedition.  According  to  an  In- 
dian tradition,  Humana  and  his  men  were  exterminated  by  the  Es- 
canjaques  as  they  were  returning  from  the  mines  of  Quivira  laden  with 
gold.  It  may  be  that  this  tradition  is  responsible,  in  some  degree  at 
least,  for  Dunbar's  suggestion  that  Humana  visited  the  Black  Hills  re- 
gion. Bancroft  says  that  Zaldivar  found  traces  of  the  expedition  ii^ 
tiie  fall  of  1598,  and  closes  his  account  of  the  event  as  follows:  "When 
we  take  into  consideration  their  sources,  it  is  not  surprising  that  the 
records  of  Humana's  achievements  are  not  very  complete." 

Bonita,  a  village  of  Johnson  countj',  is  located  in  the  southern  jiart  of 
the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.  about  5  miles  south  of  Olathc,  the 
county  seat.  It  was  settled  first  in  1879,  a  postoffice  was  cstalilishcd  in 
the  fall  of  that  year,  and  the  first  store  was  opened  about  that  time.  The 
town  was  first  called  Alta  as  it  was  the  highest  point  on  the  railroad, 
but  as  there  was  another  postoffice  by  that  name  in  the  state  it  was 
changed  to  P.onila.  At  the  ])resent  time  it  has  a  money  order  postoffice, 
telegraph  and  express  facilities  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  35. 

Bonner  Springs. — TJiese  springs  are  located  at  the  old  town  originally 


KANSAS    HISTORY  205 

•called  Tiblow,  for  an  old  Indian  chief,  and  have  been  well  known  for 
years.  Since  the  springs  have  been  made  an  important  suburban  re- 
sort for  Kansas  City,  the  place  has  been  renamed  in  honor  of  Robert 
Bonner  and  is  now  called  Bonner  Springs.  About  twenty  springs  are 
located  here,  in  a  park  owned  by  a  private  individual.  A  sanitarium  is 
also  located  here,  using  the  waters  which  contain  calcium,  magnesium, 
iron,  chlorin,  sulphuric,  silicic  and  phosphoric  acid.  No  attempt  has 
been  made  to  ship  water  from  the  springs. 

Bonner  Springs,  one  of  the  largest  towns  of  Wyandotte  county,  is 
located  in  the  extreme  southwest  corner  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Kansas 
river  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  and  Union  Pacific  railroads, 
17  miles  west  of  Kansas  City.  It  was  named  from  the  springs  in  the 
vicinity.  It  is  situated  in  a  rich  agricultural  district  and  the  excellent 
transportation  facilities  have  caused  an  immense  amount  of  business  to 
be  carried  on.  For  years  it  has  been  the  banking  town  for  the  western 
part  of  the  county  and  the  shipping  point  for  live  stock,  garden  produce 
and  fruit.  When  the  Kansas  natural  gas  fields  were  developed,  the  gas 
was  piped  to  Bonner  Springs  and  an  immense  cement  factory,  one  of  the 
largest  in  the  state,  was  erected.  Today  Bonner  Springs  is  one  of  the 
most  prosperous  and  thriving  towns  in  the  eastern  .part  of  the  state, 
with  excellent  water,  lighting  and  public  school  systems,  beautiful 
homes  and  churches,  retail  stores  of  all  kinds,  lumber  yards  and  other 
commercial  concerns.  There  are  two  express  companies,  telegraph  and 
telephone  facilities,  and  in  1910  Bonner  Springs  had  a  population  of 
over  1,350. 

Boone,  Daniel,  hunter,  trapper,  Indian  fighter  and  pioneer,  was  one 
of  the  first  white  men  of  American  birth  to  visit  the  Kansas  Valley. 
This  'fact  is  not  generally  known,  because  the  many  biographies  of  this 
noted  character  make  but  slight  mention  of  his  25  years'  residence  west 
of  the  Mississippi  river.  His  grandfather,  George  Boone,  was  born  in 
Devonshire,  England,  1666,  and  came  to  America  in  1717,  locating  in 
Berks  county,  Pa.  Squire  Boone,  the  father  of  Daniel,  was  born  in 
1698,  before  the  faniily  left  England,  and  Daniel  was  born  in  Bucks 
county.  Pa.,  Feb.  11,  1735.  In  1749  he  went  to  North  Carolina  with  his 
parents,  and  in  1772  to  Kentucky.  In  1796,  through  defective  titles  and 
the  work  of  unscrupulous  attorneys,  he  lost  his  land  in  Kentucky,  re- 
nounced his  allegiance  to  the  government  of  the  United  States,  and  be- 
came a  resident  of  the  Spanish  province  of  Louisiana,  in  what  is  now 
St,  Charles  county.  Mo,  Two  years  later,  upon  his  declaring  his  inten- 
tion of  becoming  a  Spanish  subject,  he  was  appointed  commandant  of 
the  Femme  Osage  district,  which  position  he  held  until  Louisiana  passed 
into  the  hands  of  the  United  States  in  1803,  For  his  services  the  Spanish 
government  gave  him  a  grant  of  2,000  acres  of  land  in  St.  Charles  county, 
Mo.  Boone  was  in  the  habit  of  taking  long  hunting  trips,  never  losing 
his  love  for  nor  his  skill  in  the  use  of  the  rifle.  Between  the  years  1805 
and  1815  he  hunted  up  the  valley  of  the  Kansas  river  for  a  distance  of 
100  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  in  the  spring  of  1818,  when  83  years  of 


2o6  CVCLDI'EUIA    OF 

age,  he  wrote  to  his  son:  "I  intend  by  next  autumn  to  take  two  or 
three  whites  and  a  party  of  Osage  Indians  and  \isit  the  salt  mountains, 
lakes  and  ponds  and  see  these  natural  curiosities.  They  are  about  five 
or  six  hundred  miles  west  of  here." 

The  "natural  curiosities"  referred  to  were  probably  the  Iv^ck  Saline 
and  its  surroundings,  in  the  Indian  Territory  just  south  of  ilar]K'r 
county,  Kan.,  but  there  is  no  positive  evidence  that  Boone  carried  out  his 
intention  of  visiting  the  place. 

By  the  treaty  of  June  3,  1825,  with  the  Kanzas  Indians,  the  govern- 
ment agreed  to  furnish  these  Indians  with  certain  live  stock,  utensils, 
etc.,  and  Daniel  -Morgan  Boone,  a  son  of  Daniel  Boone,  was  appointed 
to  instruct  the  members  of  the  tribe  in  the  arts  of  agriculture.  L'nder 
date  of' Feb.  8,  1879,  a  son  of  this  Daniel  Morgan  Boone  wrote  to  \\  .  W. 
Cone  of  Topeka :  "My  brother,  Xapoleon  Boone,  son  of  Maj.  Daniel 
Morgan  Boone,  and  a  direct  grandson  of  the  old  Kentucky  pioneer,  was 
the  first  white  child  born  in  the  territory  of  Kansas — at  least  such  is  the 
history  in  our  family.  My  father  was  appointed  farmer  for  the  Kaw 
Indians  early  in  the  year  1827.  (  )n  his  appointment  he  ninxcd  with  his 
I'amil}-  into  a  house  he  iMiilt,  se\en  miles  up  the  Kaw  ri\er  from  where 
Lawrence  was  afterward  built,  on  the  north  bank,  llere  m\-  brother, 
Xapoleon,  was  l^orn  Aug.  22,   1828." 

Daniel  ISoone  died  on  .Sept.  26,  1820,  jmd  ai  ihe  tinu-  the  al)n\c  leilcr 
was  written  the  writer  was  the  only  sur\i\iii-  di"  iJu'  family.  Ilu'  place 
mentioned  in  the  letter  is  not  far  from  the  ]>re>ent  stjitiiui  <if  Lake  \  iew 
on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Vc  R.  R. 

Boot  Hill. — Hays  City"s  early  history  was  mic  ni  hlc)M(Llu-d  and  \  io- 
lence.  IJeing  a  frontier  town  and  for  a  time  the  end  of  the  Kansas  I'a- 
cific  railway,  it  was  the  natural  rendezvous  of  vicious  characters  and  des- 
peradoes. .A  year  after  the  town  was  started  the  ])Oi)ulaliiin  numbered 
over  i.ooo,  the  majority  of  which  were  of  the  undesiraljle  classes,  while 
saloons,  dance  halls  and  bagnios  flourished  e\ery where.  In  these  re- 
sorts the  soldiers  from  I'^ort  Hays  almost  tlaily  met  the  dcsjicralc  charac- 
ters of  the  town  and  a'carnival  of  crime  and  mnider  was  the  natural  re- 
sult. A  place  of  sepulture  was  needed  I'l  iv  ilu'  \iclims,  and  a  hill  almui 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  older  |)ari  nf  the  inwn  was  used  as  a  ceme- 
tery, acc|uiring  the  name  of  "ISont  llill"  mi  account  of  those  who  died 
violent  deaths  and  were  buried  "with  their  boots  on."  I'rom  1867  to  1874 
it  is  estimated  that  al)out  seventy  interments  were  made  in  this  ceiuetery, 
none  of  whom  were  buried  with  ceremony. 

Frf)m  time  id  tiiue  soldiers  from  the  fort  came  over  to  "clean  out" 
the  town,  and  in  1874  the  better  class  of  citizens  successfully  resisted 
an  atteni])!  df  this  kind,  .ifter  which  there  were  few  nr  im  lUdrc  inter- 
ments made  du  lldoi  Hill.  Ily  i')"\.  the  town  df  ll,i\s  {"]\\  had  sjnead 
imtil  it  surrounded  "I'oot  llill."  The  ujrduml  then  dwiuil  by  Mr.  (1, 
W.  Sweeney  was  sold  td  I',  j.  Shntts,  who  had  the  bodies  removed  to 
the  regular  cemetery  to  enal)le  him  to  ertct  a  line  residence  on  "this 
groinid,  the  la.st  resting  jilacc  of  many  a  turbnUni   char.-uter." 


KANSAS    lllSTdKN'  207 

Border  Ruffians. — The  Icnii  "I'.nrdcr  Kiiftian"  in  t-ai'ly  days  was  ap- 
plied to  those  iiuli\'icluals  on  the  western  border  of  .Missouri,  wlm 
sotight  by  illegal  and  violent  means  to  determine  tlie  dciniestic  institu- 
tions of  Kansas  Territory.  The  ai)])ropriate  name  was  liked  b}-  the 
owners,  and  Holloway  writes:  ".\'or  was  tliis  an  tmpoptdar  ajjpella- 
tion  among  the  border  gentry.  They  gloried  in  it  as  much  as  Cicero 
or  .Socrates  did  in  that  of  ]ihiloso])her,  or  the  soldiers  of  the  seven- 
hilled-city  that  of  Roman.  Iloats  on  the  Missouri  river  took  to  them- 
seh'es  the  'name,  hacks,  omnibuses,  hotels,  houses  and  dogs,  were  not 
infrequently  adorned  by  the  title  'Border  Ruffian.'  And  woman  so  far 
became  blinded  to  the  piu'e  and  \irluous,  as  to  take  unto  herself  the 
name  of  Border  Ruffian,  and  admire  and  praise  those  of  that  character," 

The  commerce  of  the  plains,  that  in  its  width  had  given  to  the  front- 
ier a  commanding  place  in  iioptilation,  wealth  and  political  influence, 
had  also  bred  and  trained  an  army  of  plainsmen,  restless,  daring,  ad- 
venturous, impatient  of  the  bounds  of  civilization,  passing  the  freight- 
ing season  beyond  the  restraints  of  law.  In  winter,  and  seasons  of  idle- 
ness, they  made  residence  in  the  border  counties  and  were  ready  for  any 
adventure  suggested.  Also  tiiere  were  a  large  ninnber  of  citizens  on 
the  border  between  Kansas  and  Missouri  who  spent  much  time  in  loaf- 
ing, gambling,  drinking  and  carousing,  and  who  were  genuine  ruffians 
before  the  troubles  in  Kansas  arose.  A  great  many  of  these  men  became 
willing  tools  of  the  politicians  who  sought  to  oppress,  harass  and 
defeat  the  free-state  men.  In  most  of  the  invasions  in  Kansas  the 
ruffians  were  joined  or  led  by  the  more  respectable  men  of  the  border. 
Some  of  these  were  men  of  ability  who  had  occupied  high  positions  of 
public  trust  and  profit,  but  who  during  the  border  wars,  agitated  by  the . 
slavery  question,  unmindful  of  their  dignitv  or  honor,  would  throw  ofif 
restraint  and  play  the  coarse  part  of  the  real  ruffian. 

While  the  main  objects  of  the  Border  Ruffian  chiefs  were  the  over- 
throw and  destruction  of  free-state  men  and  the  establishment  of  slav- 
ery in  Kansas,  the  ruffian  border  bands  delighted  in  raiding  towns,  ran- 
sacking houses,  stealing  horses,  and  doing  whatever  they  could  that 
was  annoying,  exciting  and  rough.  The  towns  and  country  along  the 
eastern  tier  of  counties  were  raided  with  uncomfortable  frequency. 
Free-state  men  holding  claims  were  driven'  from  them,  elections  were 
molested  and  crimes  of  violence  committed.  When  the  crash  came  be- 
tween north  and  south  many  of  these  men  became  bushwhackers  or 
guerrillas. 

Border  War. — AVhat  is  known  as  the  "Border  ^^'ar"  in  Ivansas  was  a 
conflict  between  the  advocates  and  opponents  of  slaver}-,  to  settle  the 
question  as  to  whether  Kansas  should  be  admitted  into  the  L'nion  as  a 
free  or  slave  state.  The  name  arose  from  the  fact  that  most  of  the 
stirring  scenes  of  that  conflict  were  enacted  in  the  eastern  portion  of 
Kansas,  near  the  Missouri  border.  Both  sides  were  thoroughly  aroused 
by  the  debates  in  Congress  on  the  bill  organizing  the  territories  of 
Kansas  and  Nebraska,  and  as  soon  as  the  bill  became  a  law  thev  were 


208  CVCLOrEDIA    OF 

ready  for  action.  The  "War"  lasted  from  1854  until  1859,  and,  like  all 
affairs  that  continue  through  a  period  of  several  years,  was  made  up  of 
a  number  of  minor  events.  Most  of  these  occurrences  are  described  in 
more  or  less  detail  in  the  sketches  of  the  administrations  of  the  terri- 
torial governors,  or  of  the  various  counties  in  which  they  were  laid,  as 
well  as  under  the  titles  of  ^^'akarusa  War,  Pottawatomie  Massacre, 
Hickory  Point,  Franklin,  Oswatomie,  Black  Jack,  Fort  Saunders,  Fort 
Titus,  Marais  des  Cygnes,  etc. 

In  the  course  of  the  contest,  each  side  developed  some  strong  and 
efficient  leaders.  Prominent  among  the  pro-slavery  men  were  David  R. 
Atchison,  Benjamin  F.  and  John  H.  Stringfellow,  Thomas  Johnson,  John 
Calhoun,  Samuel  J.  Jones  and  Daniel  Woodson.  On  the  free-state  side 
the  most  active  and  best  known  men  were  Charles  Robinson,  William 
A.  Phillips,  James  H.  Lane,  John  Speer,  George  W.  Smith,  Cyrus  K. 
Holliday,  George  W.  Deitzler  and  John  A.  W^akefield. 

On  May  12,  1854,  more  than  two  weeks  before  the  passage  of  the 
Kansas-Nebraska  bill,  the  Emigrant  Aid  Society  was  organized  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass..  and  in  July  it  received  a  charter  from  the  Connecticut 
legislature.  News  of  this  movement  reached  western  Missouri,  and  on 
June  15  the  Platte  County  Self  Defensive  Association  was  formed.  At 
a  meeting  at  Weston,  Mo.,  July  20,  it  was  resolved  to  "remove  any  and 
all  emigrants  who  go  to  Kansas  under  the  auspices  of  abolition  soci- 
eties." With  the  Emigrant  Aid  Society  on  one  side  and  the  Self  Defen- 
sive Association  and  kindred  organizations  upon  the  other,  the  issue 
was  clearly  defined,  though  no  acts  of  violence  were  committed  in  the 
year  1854.  Pro-slavery  men  crossed  the  river  and  held  meetings  among 
the  Kansas  squatters.  One  of  these  meetings,  on  Salt  creek  in  June, 
pledged  the  squatters  to  give  no  protection  to  anti-slavery  settlers,  and 
recommended  slaveowners  to  bring  their  negroes  to  Kansas  as  soon  as 
possible.  The  first  actual  clash  came  in  August,  when  the  settlers  at 
Lawrence  met  at  Judge  Miller's  house  to  adopt  some  form  of  squatter 
regulations.  A  liand  of  pro-slaveryites,  under  the  leadership  of  an  Indi- 
ana lawyer  named  Dunham,  attempted  to  break  up  the  meeting.  The 
free-state  men  quietly  adjourned  until  (heir  opponents  left,  and  llion 
proceeded  with  the  meeting,  electing  John  A.  Wakefield  chief  justice. 
Subsequently  a  compromise  was  effected  with  the  pro-slavery  settlers, 
and  this  squatter  government  ruled  until  the  arrival  of  Gov.  Kecdcr  and 
the  inauguration  of  the  regular  territorial  government. 

The  activity  with  which  the  emigrants  from  the  Northern  states 
began  founding  settlements  and  making  improvements  of  a  permanent 
character  alarmed  their  opponents.  The  Platte  Argus,  a  raliid  pro-slav- 
ery paper,  declared  that  these  "northern  cattle"  must  be  driven  out,  and 
the  Self  Defensive  Association  nTet  at  Weston  and  resolved  "That  this 
association  will,  whenever  called  upon  by  any  of  the  citizens  of  Kansas 
Territory,  hold  itself  in  readiness  together  to  assist  and  remove  any  and 
all  emigrants  who  go  llierc  under  the  auspices  of  emigrant  aid  societies." 

With  the  election  of  March  .v.   1855,  f"''  niemhers  of  the  fust  tcrri- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  2O9 

torial  legislature,  the  situation  became  more  intensified.  Missourians 
in  large  numbers  came  over  and  voted  for  the  pro-slavery  candidates, 
after  which  they  returned  to  their  homes  across  the  river.  The  actual 
free-state  settlers  refused  to  recognize  the  authority  of  a  legislative  body 
elected  by  illegal  votes,  and  also  refused  to  obey  the  laws  enacted  by 
such  a  body.  On  April  30,  at  a  squatter  meeting  in  Leavenworth,  Cole- 
McCrea,  a  free-state  man,  shot  and  killed  Malcolm  Clark  in  self-defense. 
McCrea  was  arrested,  but  the  following  September  the  grand  jury  failed 
to  find  a  bill  against  him.  The  same  day  that  Clark  was  shot,  a  vigilance 
committee  of  some  30  members  was  organized  in  Leavenworth.  One 
of  its  first  acts  was  to  tar  and  feather  William  Phillips,  after  which  he 
was  ordered  to  leave  the  territory.  Phillips  was  accused  by  the  commit- 
tee of  having  aided  in  the  killing  of  Clark,  by  handing  McCrea  a  revolver 
just  at  the  critical  moment.  He  refused  to  leave  the  territory,  and  on 
Sept.  I,  1856,  the  day  of  the  city  election  in  Leavenworth,  he  v/as  killed 
in  his  house  by  a  pro-slavery  mob. 

Rev.  Pardee  Butler  (q.  v.)  was  banished  on  Aug.  16,  and  on  the  28th 
the  Squatter  Sovereign  said  editorially :  "We  will  continue  to  tar  and 
feather,  drown,  lynch,  or  hang  every  white-livered  abolitionist  who  dares 
pollute  our  soil." 

On  Oct.  25,  1855,  Samuel  Collins  was  killed  by  Patrick  Laughlin,  who, 
under  the  guise  of  a  free-state  man,  had  joined  the  Danites  and  then 
published  their  ritual.  Wilder  says  this  was  the  first  political  murder 
in  Kansas,  the  killing  of  Clark  in  the  preceding  April  having  been  done 
in  self-defense.  Charles  W.  Dow  was  shot  and  killed  by  Franklin  N. 
Coleman  near  Hickory  Point,  10  miles  south  of  Lawrence,  on  Nov.  21, 
1855,  being  the  second  free-state  man  to  meet  his  death  by  violence. 
Growing  out  of  this  murder  were  the  arrest  and  rescue  of  Jacob  Bran- 
son, which  started  the  Wakarusa  war.  On  Dec.  6,  1855,  Thomas  W. 
Barber  (q.  v.)  was  killed.  This  was  one  of  the  most  wanton  and  cold- 
blooded homicides  of  the  entire  border  war.  ■ 

Clouds,  dark  and  portentous,  overhung  the  Territory  of  Kansas  at 
the  beginning  of  the  year  1856.  On  Jan.  17,  Stephen  Sparks,  his  son 
and  his  nephew,  were  waylaid  on  the  way  home  from  Easton  from  the 
election  of  state  officers  under  the  Topeka  constitution.  Capt.  Reese  P. 
Brown,  a  member-elect  of  the  Topeka  legislature,  went  to  their  assist- 
ance, and  with  others  succeeding  in  effecting  their  rescue.  That  night 
Brown  was  assaulted  by  a  pro-slavery  mob  at  Leavenworth,  armed 
with  knives  and  hatchets,  and  was  so  severely  injured  that  he  died  be- 
fore morning.  The  Squatter  Sovereign  of  Feb.  20  recommended  the 
hanging  of  all  who  had  anything  to  do  with  the  Topeka  constitutional 
convention. 

Then  followed  a  systematic  effort  to  drive  the  free-state  men  from 
the  territory  on  trumped-up  charges.  Judge  Lecompte  instructed  the 
grand  jury  to  return  indictments  for  treason  against  Andrew  H.  Reeder, 
Charles  Robinson,  James  H.  Lane  and  a  number  of  others.  (See  Reed- 
er's  Administration.)  On  April  19  Sheriff  Jones  attempted  to  arrest 
(I-14) 


2IO  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Samuel  N.  Wood  at  Lawrence,  but  Wood  refused  to  be  arrested.  The 
next  day  Jones  called  upon  the  citizens  to  aid  in  making  the  arrest,  but 
as  the  people  of  Lawrence  did  not  recognize  the  validity  of  the  laws 
passed  by  the  "bogus"  legislature,  they  declined.  On  the  23d  Jones  re- 
turned with  a  posse  of  L'nited  States  troops  and  arrested  several  men 
without  resistance.  That  night  Jones  was  shot  and  wounded  by  some 
unknown  party,  and  the  next  day  the  citizens  of  Lawrence  denounced 
at  a  public  meeting  the  shooting  of  the  sheriff. 

Matters  now  remained  comparatively  quiet  until  May  21,  when  a 
deputy  United  States  marshal  named  Fain,  accompanied  by  a  strong 
posse  went  to  Lawrence  and  arrested  George  W.  Smith,  George  W. 
Deitzler  and  Gaius  Jenkins.  It  was  no  part  of  the  free-state  programme 
to  resist  the  Federal  authorities,  and  the  men  arrested  by  the  deputy 
marshal  oft'ered  no  protest.  Later  in  the  day  Sheriflf  Jones  visited  Law- 
rence with  a  body  of  his  satellites  and  four  pieces  of  artillery.  The 
Free-State  Hotel,  and  the  offices  of  the  Herald  of  Freedom  and  the 
Kansas  Free  State  were  destroyed ;  stores  were  broken  open  and  pil- 
laged, and  Charles  Robinson's  residence  was  burned  to  the  ground. 
Holloway  says  that  Jones  sat  on  his  horse  and  viewed  with  complacency 
the  destruction  of  the  hotel.  '"Gentlemen,"  said  he  to  his  posse,  "this  is 
the  happiest  day  of  my  life.  I  assure  you.  I  determined  to  make  the 
fanatics  bow  before  me  and  kiss  the  territorial  laws."  When  the  walls 
of  the  hotel  fell,  the  sheriff  again  addressed  his  men  with  "I  have  done 
it,  by  God  I  have  done  it.  You  are  dismissed  :  the  writs  have  been  exe- 
cuted." 

On  the  night  of  May  24-25,  three  days  after  tiie  sack  of  Lawrence  by 
Sheriff  Jones,  occurred  the  Pottawatomie  massacre  (q.  v.),  wlien  IDoyle, 
Wilkinson,  and  other  pro-slavery  settlers  were  killed  by  a  party  of  free- 
state  men  led  by  John  llrown.  Then  followed  tlie  free-state  attacks  on 
I'Vanklin,  the  capture  of  l'"orts  Saunders  and  Tittis,  and  the  battle  of 
Middle  creek  in  Linn  county.  David  S.  Hoyt  was  killed  by  ])ro-slavery 
men  near  Fort  Saunders  on  Aug.  12,  just  before  the  place  was  captured, 
and  on  the  19th  of  the  same  month  a  man  named  llupjie,  a  lirother-in- 
law  of  Rev.  Ephraim  Nute.  was  shot  and  killed  by  a  man  named  Fugil, 
merely  because  he  Jivcnl  in  Lawrence.  Fugit  was  tried  ;uid  acquitted  by 
a  partisan  court. 

fn  Sept.,  1856,  Capl.  llarvey.  a  frec-sl;ite  leader,  fmiglit  tlie  l)aUles 
of  Slough  creek  and  Hickory  Point  in  Jefferson  county,  winning  vic- 
tories in  both  instances.  Later  Harvey  was  captured  by  United  .States 
troops  commanded  by  Col.  Cooke  and  some  of  his  men  were  sentenced 
to  five  years  in  prison  by  Judge  Cato.  On  Sept.  16  David  C.  ntifrnm 
was  killed  by  Charles  Hays.      (See  Geary's  Administration.) 

Around  Atchison  and  F^eavenwortli  there  was  a  reign  of  terror 
throughout  the  year.  Frederick  Emery's  gang  of  border  ruffians,  under 
the  guise  of  "regiilaturs."  liarasscfl  free-state  men  in  c\er\  jxis'^ilile 
way.  Stcanilxiats  bearing  eiuigrauts  from  tlie  Xdrthern  states  were 
turned  l)ark,  and  settlers  known  to  be  i)pposed  to  slavery  were  ordered 


KANSAS    HISTORY  211 

to  leave  the  territory.  Phillips,  in  his  C'liiKjiiest  of  Kansas,  tells  how  C. 
H.  Barlow,  with  eight  families  from  Illinois,  and  two  families  from 
Iowa,  were  disarmed  in  Missouri  and  escorted  back  to  Liberty  with 
instructions  not  to  set  foot  in  Kansas.  Laban  Parker  was  killed  and  his 
body  tied  to  a  tree  about  lo  miles  from  Tecumseh.  A  large  hunting 
knife  was  left  sticking  in  his  breast,  and  tied  to  the  handle  of  the  knife 
was  a  toad-stool,  on  which  was  written:  "Let  all  those  who  are  going 
to  vote  against  slavery  take  warning." 

With  regard  to  sending  back  free-state  emigrants,  a  pro-slavery  news- 
paper of  Missouri  said:  "We  do  not  apjjrove  fully  of  sending  these 
criminals  back  to  the  east  to  be  reshijjped  to  Kansas — if  not  through 
Missouri,  through  Iowa  or  Nebraska.  .  .  .  We  are  of  the  opinion, 
if  the  citizens  of  Leavenworth  city  or  Weston  would  hang  one  or  two 
boat  loads  of  abolitionists,  it  would  do  more  toward  establishing  peace 
in  Kansas  than  all  the  speeches  that  have  been  made  in  Congress  dur- 
ing the  present  session.     Let  the  experiment  be  tried." 

Notwithstanding  the  machinations  of  the  opposition,  free-state  set- 
tlers continued  to  pour  into  the  territory.  At  meetings  in  Milwaukee, 
Chicago,  Buffalo,  Boston,  and  other  northern  cities  in  June,  1856,  the 
people  contributed  nearly  $250,000  for  the  relief  of  Kansas  settlers  and 
to  aid  emigration.  In  August  some  600  immigrants  came  in  through 
Iowa  and  Nebraska  over  "Lane's  road." 

The  year  1857  started  in  with  the  promise  of  being  as  turbulent  as 
its  predecessor.  On  Feb.  19  "Bill"  Sherrard  was  killed  by  John  W. 
Jones  at  Lecompton  (See  Geary's  Administration),  and  in  April  Martin 
Kline  was  killed  by  Merrill  Smith,  the  marshal  of  Leavenworth.  James 
Stevens  was  murdered  at  Leavenworth  on  July  31  by  John  C.  Quarles 
and  W.  M.  Bays,  and  the  next  day  the  murderers  were  hanged  by  the 
citizens  to  an  elm  tree  near  Young's  saw  mill.  William  Knighten  and 
William  Woods  were  arrested  as  accessories  and  taken  to  the  Delaware 
City  jail. 

The  arrival  of  Gov.  Walker  in  May,  and  the  promises  he  made  to  give 
the  people  a  fair  and  impartial  administration  did  much  to  allay  the  hos- 
tile spirit,  and  the  activities  of  the  contestants  were  confined  chiefly  to 
holding  conventions  and  organizing  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  the  elec- 
tions. Late  in  the  year  trouble  broke  out  in  Linn  and  Bourbon  counties 
and  continued  throughout  the  year  1858.  The  free-state  men  arrested 
the  preceding  year  for  treason  were  brought  before  Judge  Cato  for 
trial,  but  the  cases  were  "nollied"  by  the  prosecuting  attorney.  Charles 
Robinson  was  arraigned  for  trial  in  Judge  Cato's  court  on  Aug.  18, 
charged  with  "usurpation  of  office,"  in  having  accepted  the  office  of 
governor  under  the  Topeka  constitution,  but  he  was  acquitted  bv  the 
jurj'.  Toward  the  close  of  the  year  interest  centered  in  the  adoption 
and  ratification  of  the  Lecompton  constitution.  Excitement  ran  high, 
but  there  was  little  actual  violence. 

The  most  atrocious  event  of  the  year  1858  was  the  Marais  des  Cygnes 
massacre  on  Ma}'  19,  when  nine  free-state  men  were  lined  up  and  shot 


212  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

b}'  Capt.  Charles  Hamelton's  band  of  border  ruffians.  The  free-state 
party,  having  gained  control  of  the  legislature,  passed  laws  of  a  more 
liberal  character  than  those  of  the  first  session,  and  this  served  as  a  stim- 
ulus to  emigration  from  the  Northern  and  Eastern  states,  so  that  by 
1859  the  opponents  of  slavery  were  in  a  decided  majority  in  the  terri- 
tory. However,  the  pro-slavery  men  were  not  yet  willing  to  abandon 
the  fight.  On  Jan.  25,  1859,  Dr.  John  Doy  and  his  son  Charles  were 
arrested  in  Kansas  and  taken  to  Weston,  Mo.,  where  they  were  lodged 
in  jail  on  a  charge  of  "nigger  stealing."  In  the  first  trial  the  jurj'  dis- 
agreed, but  in  June  Dr.  Doj'  was  convicted  and  sentenced  to  five  years' 
imprisonment.  On  July  23  a  company  of  ICansas  men,  led  by  Maj.  J. 
B.  Abbott,  went  to  Weston  and  released  him.  With  the  ratification  of 
the  Wyandotte  constitution  on  Oct.  4,  1859,  b)^  a  vote  of  nearly  two  to 
one,  the  slave  power  recognized  the  "handwriting  on  the  wall"  and 
retired  from  the  field.  The  "Border  War,"  which  for  five  years  had 
disturbed  the  entire  country,  was  ended,  and  the  term  "Bleeding  Kan- 
sas" was  no  longer  applicable  to  the  territory.  There  was  some  lack 
of  harmony,  during  the  year  i860,  but  nothing  occurred  to  cast  more 
than  a  slight  ripple  of  discontent  on  the  situation. 

Bosna,  a  rural  postoffice  of  Trego  county,  is  located  on  Big  creek, 
about  12  miles  southwest  of  Wakeeney,  the  county  seat,  which  is  the 
most  convenient  railroad  station. 

Botkin,  Jeremiah  D.,  clergyman  and  member  of  Congress,  was  born 
on  April  24,  1849,  '"  I-ogan  county.  111.  His  early  education  was  that 
afforded  by  the  public  schools,  and  after  finishing  the  course  in  common 
schools  he  spent  one  year  at  De  Pauw  University  at  Greencastle,  Ind. 
At  an  early  age  he  was  imbued  with  abolition  sentiments  and  became  a 
Republican  in  politics.  During  the  last  jcar  of  the  Civil  war,  when  he 
was  but  sixteen  years  of  age,  he  made  three  attempts  to  enlist  in  the 
army  but  was  rejected  because  of  being  under  size  and  age.  In  1870 
he  entered  the  Methodist  ministry,  where  he  served  six  years  as  pre- 
siding elder.  In  1888  Mr.  Botkin  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  general 
conference  of  the  Methodist  church  held  at  New  York  City,  and  to  the 
ecumenical  conference  at  Washington,  D.  C,  in  1891.  He  was  a  loyal 
supporter  of  the  Republican  party,  but  ran  for  governor  on  the  Pro- 
hibition ticket  in  1888.  He  espoused  the  Populist  cause  soon  after 
the  birth  of  that  party  and  ran  for  Congress  in  the  Third  district  in  1894, 
but  was  defeated.  Two  years  later  he  was  elected  on  the  Fusion  ticket 
as  Congressman-at-large  from  Kansas.  Upon  retiring  from  Congress 
he  engaged  in  business  at  Winfield,  where  he  still  resides. 

Boudinot  Mission. — This  mission  was  established  under  the  direction 
of  the  Presbyterian  church  among  the  Osage  Indians  in  1824,  in  what 
is  now  Neosho  county.  It  was  located  on  the  Neosho  river,  near  the 
moulh  of  Four  Mile  creek  After  doing  good  work  for  over  a  decade 
it  was   nhandoned   in    1837.     (See   Missions.) 

Boundaries. — When  La  Salle,  on  April  9,  1862,  laid  claim  to  all 
the  territory  drained  by  the  Mississippi  river  and  its  tributaries  in  the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  21 3 

name  of  France,  and  bestowed  upon  the  region  the  name  of  "Louisi- 
ana," in  honor  of  Louis  XI \^,  then  king  of  France,  he  set  up  the  first 
boundaries  ever  established  by  a  civilized  nation  to  a  territory  includ- 
ing the  present  state  of  Kansas.  At  the  Louisiana  Purchase  exposi- 
tion, held  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in  1904,  the  United  States  general  land 
office  had  on  exhibition  a  map  showing  the  boundaries  of  the  territory 
claimed  by  La  Salle.  The  eastern  boundary  began  on  the  western 
coast  of  Florida,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  Palms,  and  extended 
northward  by  an  irregular  line  along  the  watershed  dividing  the  streams 
flowing  into  the  Atlantic  from  those  flowing  westward  into  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi  rivers  or  southward  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  the  north- 
ern boundary  was  also  an  irregular  line  beginning  at  a  point  near  the 
present  city  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  and  extending  in  a  northwesterly  direc- 
tion to  the  49  parallel  of  north  latitude,  separating  the  basin  of  the 
great  lakes  from  the  Mississippi  valley,  and  thence  along  the  49th  par- 
allel to  the  crest  of  the  Rock  mountains;  the  western  boundary  fol- 
lowed in  a  southeasterly  direction  the  watershed  dividing  the  western 
tributaries  of  the  Mississippi  from  the  waters  of  the  Pacific  slope,  to  a 
point  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  at  about  92°  west  longitude ;  the  southern 
boundary  followed  the  gulf  coast  from  this  point  to  the  place  of  be- 
ginning. 

By  the  treaties  of  1762-63,  all  that  part  of  Louisiana  lying  east  of  the 
Mississippi  passed  into  the  hands  of  Great  Britain,  and  that  portion 
west  of  the  great  river  becafne  a  Spanish  possession.  By  the  secret 
treaty  of  St.  Ildefonso,  which  Avas  concluded  on  Oct.  i,  1800,  this 
province  was  ceded  back  to  France,  which  nation,  by  the  treaty  of 
April  30,  1803,  transferred  it  to  the  United  States.  Article  III  of  the 
last  named  treaty  provided  that  "The  inhabitants  of  the  ceded  territory 
shall  be  incorporated  into  the  Union  of  the  United  States,  and  admitted 
as  soon  as  possible,  according  to  the  principles  of  the  Federal  consti- 
tution, to  the  enjoyment  of  all  the  rights,  advantages  and  immunities 
of  citizens  of  the  United  States,"  etc.  In  accordance  with  this  provision 
the  Louisiana  Purchase  has  been  divided  into  states  by  the  Federal 
government. 

When  Missouri  was  admitted  in  1821,  the  western  boundary  of  that 
state  was  fixed  on  a  "north  and  south  line  passing  through  the  mouth 
of  the  Kansas  river."  This  boundary  was  changed  by  the  act  of  Con- 
gress, approved  June  7,  1836,  adding  to  Missouri  what  is  known  as  the 
"Platte  Purchase,"  embracing  all  of  the  land  lying  between  the  original 
boundary  and  the  Missouri  river,  north  of  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas. 
This  purchase  includes  the  present  counties  of  Platte,  Buchanan,  An- 
drew, Holt,  Nodaway  and  Atchison,  in  the  State  of  Missouri.  It  was 
by  the  act  of  Congress  admitting  Missouri  and  the  subsequent  act, 
adding  the  above  named  territory  to  that  state,  that  the  eastern 
boundary  of  the  State  of  Kansas  was  established. 

Section  19  of  the  organic  act  of  May  30,  1854,  defined  the  boundaries 
of  the  Territory  of  Kansas  as  follows :     "That  all  that  part  of  the  ter- 


214  CVCLOrEDIA    OF 

ritory  of  the  United  States  included  within  the  following  limits,  except 
such  portions  thereof  as  are  hereinafter  expressly  exempted  from  the 
operations  of  this  act,  to-wit :  beginning  at  a  point  on  the  western 
boundary  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  where  the  thirly-seventh  jiarallel  nl 
north  latitude  crosses  the  same;  thence  west  on  said  parallel  to  the 
eastern  boundary  of  New  Mexico ;  thence  north  on  said  boundary  to 
latitude  thirt3^-eight ;  thence  following  said  boundary  westward  to  the 
east  boundary  of  the  territory  of  Utah,  on  the  summit  of  the  Rocky 
mountains ;  thence  northward  on  said  summit  to  the  fortieth  parallel 
of  latitude ;  thence  east  on  said  parallel  to  the  western  boundary  of  the 
State  of  jMissouri ;  thence  south  with  the  western  boundary  of  said 
state  to  the  place  of  beginning,  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby  created 
into  a  temporary  go\ernment  by  the  name  of  the  Terntor\  of 
Kansas." 

The  part  expressly  exempted  was  "to  include  any  territories  which 
by  treaty  with  an  Indian  tribe  is  not  without  the  consent  of  said  tribe 
to  be  included  within  the  territorial  limits  or  jurisdiction  of  any  state 
or  territory." 

Xext  to  the  eastern  boimdar\-,  the  first  line  to  be  established,  as  pro- 
vided for  in  the  organic  act,  was  that  between  Kansas  and  Nebraska, 
and  in  connection  with  that  line  there  is  some  interesting  history.  As 
earh-  as  1844  the  secretary  of  war' recommended  the  organization  of  a 
territory  in  the  Indian  country  west  of  the  Missouri  river.  An  effort 
was  made  in  1848  to  establish  a  territorial  government  there,  but  it  was 
not  until  Oct.  12,  1852,  that  an  election  for  a  delegate  to  Congress  was 
held  at  the  Wyandotte  council  house.  Abelard  Guthrie  received  all  the 
votes  cast,  but  opposition  to  the  movement  developed  and  a  second 
election  was  held  at  Fort  Leavenworth.  .\t  that  election  Guthrie  de- 
feated a  man  named  Banow  by  a  vote  of  54  to  16.  On  Nov.  20.  1852, 
Mr.  Guthrie  left  Fort  Leavenworth  for  Washington,  and  during  the 
ensuing  session  of  Congress  he  wielded  considerable  influence  in  forcing 
a  consideration  of  the  bill  providing  for  the  organization  of  Nebraska 
Territory.  On  Oct.  11,  1853,  Rev.  Thomas  Johnson  was  declared  elected 
delegate,  after  ;i  bitter  canijiaign  between  him  and  Mr.  Guthrie.  The 
people  farther  up  the  river  voted  for  liadley  D.  Johnson,  of  Council 
RIufFs,  Iowa,  but  the  returns  from  the  district  appear  to  have  been  ig- 
nored. Thomas  Johnson  went  to  Washington  as  soon  as  Congress 
met  in  Dec,  1853,  bui  liadley  D.  Johnson  did  not  arri\o  there  until 
earlj-  in  Jan.,  1854,  when  the  latter  began  working  I'm  ihe  estahlishnient 
of  two  territories  instead  of  one,  with  the  result  that  the  "two  John- 
sons," as  they  were  called,  got  into  a  controversy  and  both  were  forced 
to  vacate  their  seats.  Pioth  remained  in  VVasliington  for  awhile,  how- 
ever, to  watch  the  trend  of  events.  Madley  D.  Jolinson.  in  the  Nebraska 
Historical  Report  (vol.  ii,  p.  80),  gives  the  following  .•U'coiml  of  how  the 
40lh  parallel  came  to  be  selected  as  the  dividing  line: 

"As  to  the  dividing  line  between  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  a  good  deal 
of  trouble  was  cncoiuilered  ;  Mr.  [olinsnn  rind  his  Missouri  friends  being 


KANSAS    HISTORY  215 

\crv  anxious  that  the  Platte  river  should  constitute  the  line,  which  ob- 
viously would  not  suit  the  people  of  Iowa,  especial!}'  as  I  believe  it  was 
a  plan  of  the  American  Company  to  colonize  the  Indians  north  of  the 
Platte  river.  As  this  plan  did  not  meet  with  the  approbation  of  my 
friends  or  myself,  I  firmly  resolved  that  this  line  should  not  be  adopted. 
Judge  Douglas  was  kind  enough  to  leave  that  question  to  me,  and  I 
offered  to  Mr.  Johnson  the  choice  of  two  lines — first,  the  present  line, 
or  second,  an  imaginary  line  traversing  the  divide  between  the  Platte 
and  the  Kaw.  After  considerable  parleying,  and  Air.  Johnson  not  being 
willing  to  accept  either  line,  I  ofifered  the  two  alternatives — the  40th 
degree  of  north  latitude,  or  the  defeat  of  the  whole  bill,  for  that  session 
at  least.  After  consulting  with  his  friends,  I  presume,  Mr.  Johnson  very 
reluctantly  consented  to  the  40th  degree  as  the  dividing  line  between  the 
two  territories,  whereupon  Judge  Douglas  prepared  and  introduced  the 
substitute  in  a  report  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  territories,  and 
immediately  probabl)'  the  hardest  war  of  words  known  in  American 
history  commenced."   (See  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill.) 

On  Aug.  26,  1854,  the  surveyor-general  of  the  territories  of  Kansas 
and  Nebraska  received  instructions  to  make  the  boundary  line  between 
Kansas  and  Nebraska  "the  principal  base  line  wherefrom  to  start  the 
surveys,  both  on  the  north  in  Nebraska,  and  on  the  south  in  Kansas ; 
and  that  boundary  is  the  parallel  of  40°  north  latitude.  .  .  .  Your 
first  operations  will  be  to  run  and  establish  the  base  line,  and  con- 
tinue the  same  for  a  distance  of  108  miles  on  the  parallel  of  40°  north 
latitude." 

Pursuant  to  these  instructions,  John  Calhoun,  the  surveyor-general, 
on  Nov.  2,  1854,  entered  into  a  contract  with  J.  P.  Johnson,  by  which 
the  latter  was  to  run  and  mark  the  line  for  the  108  miles  for  $1,296. 
Johnson  secured  the  services  of  Ira  H.  Smith  as  assistant,  and  began 
work  about  the  middle  of  November.  The  108  miles  were  run  and 
marked  in  eighteen  days,  and  on  Jan.  12,  1835,  the  plats  were  forwarded 
to  the  general  land  office.  Subsequently,  Joseph  Seidley,  a  surveyor 
of  Springfield,  111.,  and  a  Mr.  Manly  reviewed  and  condemned  the  work 
of  Johnson  and  Smith.  The  survey  was  therefore  set  aside,  the  cor- 
ners were  ordered  to  be  erased,  and  the  line  resurveyed  for  a  distance 
of  60  miles,  though  Johnson  received  a  little  over  ,$1,000  for  the  work 
he  had  done.  A  letter  from  J.  M.  Edmunds,  commissioner  of  the  gen- 
eral land  office,  to  Gov.  Crawford,  under  date  of  Aug.  31,  1865,  says 
the  40th  parallel  was  "astronomically  established  in  1854,  by  Capt.  T. 
J.  Lee,  topographical  engineer,  U.  S.  A." 

Several  efforts  were  made  by  the  people  of  Nebraska  to  have  the 
territory  lying  between  the  40th  parallel  and  the  Platte  river  annexed 
to  Kansas,  but  the  inhabitants  of  the  latter  state  seem  to  have  been 
generally  satisfied  with  the  lines  as  established  by  the  organic  act  of 
1854.  The  only  instance  to  the  contrary,  of  which  any  official  record 
can  be  found,  was  on  Jan.  25,  1859,  when  Gov,  Medary  forwarded  to 
President  Buchanan  "joint  resolutions  passed  by  the  legislative  assem- 


2l6  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

bly  of  this  territory,  asking  the  annexation  of  that  part  of  Nebraska 
Territory  h'ing  south  of  the  Platte  river." 

An  act  of  Congress,  approved  July  8,  1856,  directed  "the  southern 
boundary  line  of  the  Territory  of  Kansas,  from  the  State  of  Missouri 
to  the  Territorj'  of  New  Mexico,  to  be  surveyed  and  distinctly  marked," 
etc.  Four  companies  of  the  First  cavalry  and  two  companies  of  the 
Sixth  infantry,  under  command  of  Lieut. -Col.  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  es- 
corted the  surveying  party  that  ran  the  line  in  the  summer  and  fall 
of  1857,  and  on  Oct.  22,  1859,  John  B.  Floyd,  the  secretary  of  war, 
transmitted  to  Lewis  Cass,  the  secretary  of  state,  a  plat  of  the  survey 
"to  be  forwarded  to  the  Territory  of  Kansas."  By  the  Missouri  Com- 
promise of  1820,  the  line  of  demarcation  between  free  and  slave  ter- 
ritory was  fixed  at  36°  30',  which  would  seem  to  have  been  the  logical 
southern  boundary  of  Kansas.  The  only  reason  for  moving  that  bound- 
ary a  half  a  degree  farther  north  to  the  37th  parallel  was  probably  be- 
cause that  was  the  line  dividing  the  Cherokee  lands  from  those  of  the 
Osages.  This  parallel  was  astronomically  established  by  J.  H.  Clark 
and  H.  Campbell  at  the  tim.e  the  survey  was  made  in  1857. 

The  western  boundary,  "the  summit  of  the  Rocky  mountains,"  was 
rather  vague,  as  at  that  time  the  surveys  were  so  incomplete  that  the 
actual  location  and  direction  of  the  "summit"  were  not  definitely  de- 
termined. Old  maps  show  the  west  line  of  Kansas  territory  as  fol- 
lowing the  continental  divide  and  including  about  two-thirds  of  the 
present  State  of  Colorado,  the  divide  running  a  short  distance  west  of 
Leadville.  But  a  new  western  boundary  was  established  when  Kan- 
sas was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1861.  The  Wyandotte  constitu- 
tion named  the  25th  meridian  west  of  Washington  as  the  western  line 
of  the  proposed  state,  and  this  boundary  was  accepted  by  Congress, 
the  act  of  Jan.  29,  1861,  giving  the  boundaries  as  follows: 

"Beginning  at  a  point  on  the  western  boundary  of  Missouri,  where 
the  thirty-seventh  parallel  of  north  latitude  crosses  the  same ;  thence 
west  on  said  parallel  to  the  twenty-fifth  meridian  of  longitude  west 
from  Washington  ;  thence  north  on  said  meridian  to  the  fortieth  parallel 
of  latitude ;  thence  east  on  said  parallel  to  the  western  boundary  of 
the  State  of  Missouri ;  thence  with  the  western  boundary  of  said  state 
to  the  place  of  beginning." 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  western  line  of  the  state  is  three  miles  west 
of  the  meridian  designated  by  the  constitution  and  the  act  of  admis- 
sion. This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  after  the  adoption  of  the  constitu- 
tion and  the  passage  of  the  act,  the  surveyors  in  running  the  eastern 
line  of  an  Indian  reservation  in  what  is  now  the  State  of  Colorado 
made  an  error  of  three  miles,  so  that  the  western  boundar}-  is  really 
that  much  farther  west  than  was  originally  intended,  or  102°  2'  west 
from  Greenwich. 

The  eastern  boundar)'  has  liecn  a  subject  for  discussion  ever  since 
Kansas  became  a  state.  Several  times  the  claim  lias  been  advanced 
that  changes  in  tlie  location  of  the  mouth   of  the   Kansas  river  have 


KANSAS    HISTORY  217 

occurred  since  the  western  boundary  of  Missouri  was  established  as 
a  north  and  south  line  passing  through  the  mouth  of  that  stream,  and 
that  these  changes  have  moved  the  mouth  of  the  river  some  six  miles 
farther  east.  The  line  was  established  by  Joseph  C.  Brown  in  1823, 
and  the  official  plats  of  the  public  land  surveys,  both  in  Missouri  and 
Kansas,  show  the  line  as  then  marked.  In  the  Kansas  City  Journal 
of  March  6,  1899,  appeared  an  article  relating  to  this  line,  from  the 
pen  of  W.  E.  Connelley,  in  which  the  writer  says : 

"I  notice  that  the  old  controversy  concerning  the  state  line  between 
the  states  of  Kansas  and  Missouri  has  been  out  afresh  this  winter.  The 
Kansas  legislature  has  been  asked  to  appropriate  the  sum  of  $5,000 
to  pay  the  expenses  of  a  suit  to  settle  the  matter  in  the  courts.  Per- 
haps it  would  be  as  well  that  this  be  done.  The  result  will  settle 
nothing  not  already  known  to  any  and  every  person  having  investi- 
gated the  matter.  In  1884  this  matter  was  all  threshed  over.  At  that 
time  many  Kansans  would  consent  to  no  less  than  six  miles  of  Mis- 
souri territory.  As  investigation  proceeded  the  claim  narrowed  until 
the  foot  of  Broadway,  in  Kansas  Cit}",  Mo.,  was  fixed  as  the  point  be- 
yond which  no  Kansan  could  honorably  retreat.  I  was  county  clerk 
of  Wyandotte  county,  Kan.,  at  that  time,  and  an  ardent  supporter  of 
the  Kansas  claim — until  I  made  an  investigation  of  the  matter.  In 
that  year  I  made  an  accurate  and  correct  map  and  plat  of  every  tract 
■  of  land  in  Wyandotte  county,  and  also  prepared  an  accurate  descrip- 
tion of  each  tract,  for  the  tax  rolls  of  the  county.  It  was  necessary 
that  I  should  locate  definitely  the  state  line.  .  .  .  The  claim  that 
the  state  line  has  been  changed  since  1823,  or  that  it  was  then  er- 
roneously located,  is  a  preposterous  absurdit}'." 

But  aside  from  the  claim  of  error  in  the  state  line,  caused  by  the 
shifting  of  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas  river,  the  boundary  formed  by 
the  Missouri  river  along  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State  of  Kansas, 
has  long  been  a  matter  of  dispute.  Gov.  Martin,  in  his  message  to  the 
legislature  of  1885,  called  attention  to  the  boundary  question  as  fol- 
lows : 

"Our  eastern  boundary  is  defined  in  the  organic  act,  the  act  of  ad- 
mission, and  in  our  state  constitution,  as  the  western  boundary  of  the 
State  of  Missouri.  The  location  of  tliat  line  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Kansas  river  to  the  north  line  of  the  state,  is  not  definitely  understood 
by  our  people  nor  by  the  inhabitants  of  Missouri.  By  the  treaties  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  the  act  of  Congress 
of  June  7,  1836,  and  the  executive  proclamation  of  March  28,  1837,  it 
appears  that  the  'Platte  Purchase'  extended  only  to  the  Missouri  river, 
and  embraced  only  the  territory  lying  between  that  river  and  the  orig- 
inal boundary  of  the  State  of  Missouri.  Under  the  generallv  accepted 
rules  of  construction,  our  eastern  line  therefore  extends  to  the  left,  or 
eastern  bank,  of  the  Missouri  river,  and  at  low  water  that  stream  lies 
wholly  within  this  state.  On  account  of  the  rightful  taxation  of  the 
several  great  bridges  which  span  the  river,  the  jurisdiction  of  the  courts, 


2l8  CYCLOPEniA    OF 

the  service  of  civil  and  criminal  process,  on  the  river  and  on  the  bridges 
spanning  it,  the  sovereignty  over  islands,  and  for  other  reasons  that 
will  suggest  themselves,  it  is  important  that  this  line  be  definitely  and 
g-enerally  understood,  at  as  early  a  day  as  practicable.  I  recommend 
the  reference  of  the  question  to  the  attorney-general  for  the  suggestion 
of  such  action  as  shall  be  thought  proper." 

No  action  was  taken  by  the  legislature  upon  the  governor's  recom- 
mendation, probably  for  the  reason  that  the  members  of  the  assembly 
felt  the  subject  to  be  a  rightful  one  for  Congressional  consideration. 
Federal  Judge  Dillon,  in  the  case  of  Doniphan  county  vs.  the  St.  Joseph 
Bridge  company,  decided  that  the  boundary  was  at  the  middle  of  the 
channel  of  the  Missouri  river,  and  this  only  added  to  the  confusion. 
On  ^larch  I,  1910.  Congressman  Charles  F.  Booher  of  Missouri  intro- 
duced in  the  national  house  of  representatives  a  resolution  "to  en- 
able the  states  of  Missouri  and  Kansas  to  agree  upon  a  boundary 
line,  and  to  determine  the  jurisdiction  of  crimes  committed  upon  the 
]\Iissouri  river  and  adjacent  territory."  The  resolution  was  favorably 
reported  by  the  committee  on  judiciary  on  the  29th  of  the  same  month, 
passed  the  house  on  April  18,  the  senate  on  May  26,  and  was  signed 
by  the  president  on  June  7,  thus  giving  the  two  states  all  the  authority 
necessary  for  the  adjustment  of  this  vital  question. 

Bounties. — For  many  years  after  Kansas  was  organized  as  a  ter- 
ritory and  the  lands  thrown  open  to  settlement,  the  pioneers  suffered 
severely  through  the  depredations  of  wild  beasts  upon  their  flocks  and 
herds  and  the  destruction  of  vegetation  or  young  orchards  by  rodents. 
As  early  as  1869  some  of  the  counties  were  authorized  to  oft"er  a  bounty 
or  premium  on  wolf  scalps,  but  no  general  legislation  on  the  subject 
was  passed  until  the  act  of  March  6,  1877.  which  empowered  county 
commissioners  to  pay  $1  for  the  scalp  of  each  wolf,  coyote,  wild-cat 
or  fox  killed  within  the  county,  and  five  cents  for  each  rabbit.  By  the 
act  of  Feb.  19,  1885,  the  premium  on  wolf,  coyote,  wild-cat  and  fox 
scalps  was  raised  to  $5  each,  and  by  the  act  of  March  6,  1895,  Wallace 
county  was  authorized  to  offer  a  bounty  for  gopher  scalps.  On  March 
4.  1899,  Gov.  Stanley  approved  an  act  fixing  the  bounty  on  coyote 
scalps  at  $1.  and  on  the  scalps  of  lobo  wolves  at  $5. 

The  legislature  of  1905  passed  an  act  providing  thai,  upon  a  polititni 
by  ten  residents  and  huulnvvncis  of  :\u\  Inwiiship  of  this  'ii.-iU'.  iho 
boards  of  county  commissioners  nf  the  several  counties  of  this  state 
were  authorized  and  empowered,  in  their  discretion,  to  direct  any  town- 
shiji  trustee  of  any  township  in  tlicir  respective  counties  to  apjioint 
the  road  overseer  or  any  other  suitable  person  in  any  road  district 
wliere  there  were  pocket-gophers,  to  see  that  pocket-gophers  were 
poisoned,  killed  or  exterminated.  Tt  was  made  tlic  du1\-  of  llu'  person 
so  appointed  to  enter  the  farm,  ground  or  premises  of  any  jicrson  in 
his  respective  district  at  least  three  limes  in  each  year  to  see  ili.i(  llio 
provisions  of  this  act  were  fully  Cfimplicd  with,  and  if  the  owner  of 
such   premises  failed   to  kill  or  exterminate  the  animals  specified,  said 


KANSAS    inSTOKV  2H) 

person  so  appointed  by  the  township  trustee  should  proceed  to  do 
so.  The  person  so  appointed  by  the  township  trustee  was  to  receive 
a  compensation  of  $2  per  day  of  ten  hours  for  hibor  performed,  and 
in  addition  to  this  he  was  to  be  allowed  a  compensation  for  poison  or 
other  necessaries  used  in  the  perfnrmance  of.  such  work.  For  all  labor 
performed  in  inspecting  lands  to  see  if  there  were  gophers  therein, 
and  in  serving  notices,  such  person  was  to  be  paid  by  the  township  at 
the  rate  of  $2  per  day.  Such  person  was  required  to  make  sworn  state- 
ment or  voucher  to  the  township  trustee  of  time  put  in  or  poison  used, 
and  a  voucher  for  the  amount,  after  being  signed  by  the  township 
trustee  and  township  clerk,  was  to  be  paid  by  the  township  treasurer 
out  of  the  township  general  fund,  at  any  quarterly  meeting.  The 
township  trustee  was  authorized  to  charge  such  amounts  to  the  taxes 
of  such  person  who  neglected  or  refused  to  poison  or  in  any  other 
way  exterminate  the  pocket-gophers  on  his  premises ;  the  county  clerk 
was  directed  to  enter  such  amounts  upon  the  tax-roll  of  the  county, 
and  the  count}-  treasurer  of  such  county  was  authorized  U>  collect  such 
amounts,  the  same  as  other  taxes,  and  place  such  sums  to  the  credit 
of  the  respective  townships  in  which  collected ;  but  the  expenses  of 
inspecting  lands  and  serving  notices  was  not  to  be  charged  on  the 
tax-rolls.  The  same  session  also  passed  an  act  providing  for  a  bounty 
of  five  cents  for  each  crow  killed  within  the  limits  of  the  county. 

By  the  laws  of  1907  it  was  provided  that  the  count)'  commissioners 
of  each  county  in  the  state  of  Kansas  might  pay  a  bounty  of  $1  on  each 
coyote  scalp  and  $5  on  each  lobo  wolf  scalp,  if  said  coyotes  and  lobo 
wolves  were  caught  or  killed  in  said  county,  and  gophers,  ten  cents 
each.  No  person  was  to  be  entitled  to  receive  any  bounty,  without 
first  making  it  appear  by  positive  proof,  by  affidavit  in  writing,  filed 
with  the  county  clerk,  that  the  coyote  or  lobo  wolf  or  gopher  was 
captured  and  killed  within  the  limits  of  the  county  in  which  applica- 
tion was  made.  And  it  was  further  provided  that  whenever  bounty 
for  any  of  these  animals  is  awarded,  the  person  to  whom  it  was  awarded 
should  deliver  the  scalp  of  the  animal,  containing  both  ears,  to  the 
county  clerk,  who  should  personally  burn  the  same,  in  presence  of  the 
county  treasurer  of  said  county. 

At  the  special  session  of  1908,  the  legislature  passed  an  act  provid- 
ing that  the  board  of  county  commissioners  of  each  county  in  the 
state  might  pay  a  bounty  of  ten  cents  on  the  scalp  of  each  pocket- 
gopher  or  ground-mole,  if  said  pocket-gopher  or  ground-mole  should 
be  killed  within  the  county.  No  person  was  to  be  entitled  to  receive 
any  bounty  unless  he  should  first  make  it  appear  by  positive  proof, 
by  affidavit  in  writing,  filed  with  the  county  clerk,  and  to  the  satisfac- 
tion of  the  board  of  county  commissioners,  that  the  pocket-gopher  or 
ground-mole  for  which  a  bounty  was  sought  was  killed  within  the  limits 
of  said  county  in  which  application  was  made.  And  it  was  further 
provided  that  whenever  bounty  for  any  animal  was  awarded,  the  per- 
son  to  whom   it   was   awarded  should  deliver  the  scalp  of  the  animal, 


220  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

containing  both  ears,  to  the  county  clerk,  who  should  personally  burn 
the  same  in  the  presence  of  the  county  treasurer  of  said  county. 

In  1909  a  law  was  passed  providing  that  the  county  commissioners 
in  each  county  in  the  State  of  Kansas  shall  pay  a  bounty  of  five  cents 
on  each  pocket-gopher,  crow,  or  crow's  head,  and  a  bounty  of  one 
cent  on  each  crow's  egg,  if  said  pocket-gopher,  crow  or  crow's  egg  be 
caught,  killed  or  taken  in  said  county.  No  person  is  entitled,  under 
this  law,  to  receive  an}^  bounty  without  first  making  it  appear  by  posi- 
tive proof,  by  affidavit  in  writing,  filed  with  the  county  clerk,  that  such 
gopher,  crow,  crow's  head  or  egg  was  killed,  taken  or  captured  within 
the  limits  of  the  county  in  which  application  for  bounty  is  made,  and 
the  mode  of  procedure,  and  disposal  is  the  same  as  already  outlined  in 
other  legislation  mentioned. 

But  the  legislation  of  Kansas  granting  bounties  has  not  been  con- 
fined to  the  payment  of  premiums  for  the  scalps  of  destructive  ani- 
mals or  birds.  EiTorts  have  been  made  through  the  bounty  system  to 
stimulate  and  encourage  certain  industries,  the  most  notable  instance 
being  that  of  sugar.  About  1887  considerable  attention  was  paid  to 
the  various  methods  proposed  of  extracting  sugar  from  sorghum  cane. 
By  the  act  of  March  5,  1887,  the  Kansas  legislature,  authorized  the 
paj'ment  of  a  bounty  of  two  cents  a  pound  on  sugar  made  "from  beets, 
sorghum  or  other  sugar-yielding  canes"  grown  within  the  State  of  Kan- 
sas, and  manufactured  under  certain  conditions  and  restrictions,  chief 
of  which  were  that  the  sugar  so  manufactured  should  contain  90  per 
cent,  of  crystallized  sugar,  and  that  the  bounty  should  not  aggregate 
more  than  $15,000  in  any  one  3'ear.  It  was  also  enacted  that  the  act 
should  continue  in  force  for  five  years. 

On  March  2,  1889,  Gov.  Flumphrex'  approved  an  act,  amending  the 
act  of  1887,  increasing  the  amount  that  could  be  paid  annually  in 
bounties  to  $40,000,  and  extending  the  time  to  seven  years.  Two  days 
after  the  passage  and  approval  of  this  act,  the  legislature  appropriated 
$18,658.30  for  the  payment  of  sugar  bounties  for  the  3'ears  18S7-88. 
The  act  granting  the  bounty  of  two  cents  a  pound  on  sugar  expired 
by  limitation  in  1896. 

On  March  5,  1903,  the  legislature  passed  an  act  providing  for  a 
bounty  of  $1  per  ton  on  sugar  beets  grown  within  the  state,  under 
the  oonditions  that  the  said  beets  should  contain  12  per  cent,  of  sugar, 
and  that  the  total  bounty  paid  in  any  one  year  should  not  exceed  $10,- 
000.  The  last  appropriation  for  the  payment  of  bounty  on  sugar  beets 
was  made  by  the  legislature  of  1905.  Since  that  time  the  sugar  in- 
dustry has  been  forced  to  do  without  slate  assistance. 

Bourbon  County,  on  the  Missouri  border  and  in  the  third  tier  north 
of  Oklahoma,  is  one  of  the  33  counties  created  by  the  first  territorial 
legislature,  with  Ihe  following  boundaries,  "Beginning  at  the  south- 
east corner  of  I^inn  county;  thence  south  30  miles;  thence  west  24 
miles;  thence  north  30  miles;  thence  east  24  miles  to  the  place  of  be- 
ginning."    In   1867  the  boundaries  were  defined  as  follows:     "Begin- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  221 

ninjT  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Linn  county;  thence  south  on  the  east 
line  of  the  State  of  Kansas  to  the  southeast  corner  of  section  24,  town- 
ship 27,  range  25 ;  thence  west  to  the  southwest  corner  of  section  23, 
township  27,  range  21 ;  thence  north  to  the  southwest  corner  of  Linn 
county;  thence  east  to  the  place  of  beginning."  By  this  second  act, 
the  extent  of  the  county  from  north  to  south  was  reduced  to  25  miles, 
and  increased  from  east  to  west  a  little  more  than  25  miles,  which 
gives  it  an  area  of  637  square  miles. 

It  was  named  after  Bourbon  county,  Ky.  At  the  present  time  it  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Linn  county,  on  the  east  by  the  State  of 
Missouri,  on  the  north  by  Crawford  county  and  on  the  west  by  Neosho 
and  Allen  counties.  It  is  divided  into  the  following  townships:  Dry- 
wood,  Franklin,  Freedom,  Marion,  Marmaton,  Mill  Creek,  Osage,  Paw- 
nee, Scott,  Timber  Hill  and  Walnut. 

The  general  surface  of  the  country  is  undulating,  the  highest  hills 
being  found  in  the  northwest  portion,  where  they  rise  to  about  200 
feet  above  the  Marmaton  river.  The  valleys  of  the  streams  average 
about  a  mile  in  width  and  these  bottom  lands  comprise  about  one-third 
of  the  area.  Timber  belts  varying  in  width  are  found  along  the  streams 
and  contain  hackberry.  hickory,  oak,  pecan  and  walnut.  On  the  up- 
lands and  in  some  of  the  lower  lands,  hickory,  maple,  poplar  and  wil- 
low have  been  planted.  The  main  water-courses  are  the  Little  Osage, 
which  flows  east  a  few  miles  south  of  the  northern  boundary,  and  the 
Marmaton,  which  flows  from  west  to  east  through  the  central  por- 
tion of  the  county.  The  Little  Osage  has  several  tributaries  flowing 
into  it  from  both  north  and  south,  the  main  stream  being  Limestone 
creek  in  the  northwest  part  of  the  county.  The  main  creeks  flowing 
into  the  Marmaton  from  the  north  are  Turkey  and  Mill  creeks,  and 
from  the  south  Yellow  Paint  creek,  which  also  has  several  small  trib- 
utaries.    Drywood  creek  flows  across  the  southeast  corner. 

The  soil  is  deep  and  fertile,  being  underlaid  with  sandstone  and 
limestone  at  various  depths.  There  are  quarries  at  Redfield,  Gilfillan 
and  near  Hiattville.  A  good  quality  of  cement  is  manufactured  from 
the  stone  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Scott.  Mineral  paint  and  clay 
for  brick  are  also  plentiful.  Natural  gas  was  found  in  Bourbon  county 
in  1867  and  has  been  utilized  for  lighting  and  heating.  There  are 
numerous  manufacturing  plants,  principally   at   Fort  Scott. 

The  territory  now  embraced  within  the  limits  of  Bourbon  county 
originally  formed  a  part  of  the  reservation  of  the  New  York  Indians, 
which  was  ceded  to  the  government  just  previous  to  the  organization 
of  the  territory,  when  the  lands  were  thrown  open  to  settlement  bv 
the  whites.  One  of  the  first  white  men  to  enter  the  present  limits  of 
the  county  was  Lieut.  Zebulon  Pike,  in  his  expedition  of  1806. 

For  some  time  previous  to  the  passage  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  act. 
the  settlers  just  across  the  line  in  Missouri  had  known  of  the  fertility 
of  the  soil  in  what  is  now  Bourbon  county,  and  only  waited  for  the 
organization  of  the  territory  to   rush  across  the  line  and  take  claims. 


1»22  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

A  majority  of  the  early  settlers  were  pro-slavery  men,  but  there  were 
also  men  from  the  Northern  states  who  were  free  soilers  in  politics, 
though  for  some  years  the}-  were  in  the  minority.  Some  of  the  men 
who  settled  in  the  county  in  1854  were  Gideon  Terrell,  William  and 
Philander  Moore  in  what  is  now  Pawnee  township,  and  Nathan  Arnett 
in  Marmaton  township.  In  1855  Guy  Hinton  located  in  Walnut  town- 
ship;  James  Guthrie,  Cowan  Mitchell.  John  and  Robert  Wells  in 
Marion  township.  Others  who  came  during  the  next  two  years  were : 
Samuel  Stephenson,  Charles  Anderson,  John  Van  Sycle,  D.  D.  Roberts, 
Joseph  Ra)',  H.  R.  Kelso,  Gabriel  Endicott,  David  Claypool  and  Ed- 
ward Jones,  who  built  the  first  sawmill  in  what  is  now  Marmaton 
township,  the  second  mill  in  the  county,  the  government  having  one 
on  Mill  creek.  David  Endicott,  one  of  the  first  to  locate,  assisted  in 
the  surve\'  of  the  land. 

Scarcely  had  the  first  settlers  become  located  when  trouble  over 
politics  began.  It  is  estimated  that  on  March  30,  1855,  at  least  300 
armed  Missourians  came  to  the  Fort  Scott  precinct  and  cast  their  votes, 
while  there  were  probably  not  more  than  30  legal  voters  in  the  pre- 
cinct. Early  in  the  spring  of  1855  a  party  of  men  came  to  Bourbon 
county  from  Carolina,  under  the  leadership  of  George  W.  Jones, 
to  assist  in  making  Kansas  a  slave  state.  They  were  sent  out  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Southern  Emigrant  Aid  society.  They  were  mild 
mannered  at  first  and  went  through  the  county  visiting  the  free-state 
settlers,  asking  them  their  opinion  upon  the  political  questions  of  the 
day,  how  they  were  supplied  with  arms  and  ammunition,  and  in(|uir- 
ing  about  the  good  land  in  the  territor}'.  In  this  way  a  complete  list 
of  the  free-state  men  was  made.  Later  in  the  year  nearly  all  the  men 
on  the  lists  were  made  prisoners,  and  while  thus  held  were  advised 
to  leave  the  territory.  As  soon  as  they  left,  pro-slavery  men  were  put 
on  their  claims. 

Early  in  August  a  parly  of  'J'exas  rangers  arrived  at  lorl  Scott.  Ac- 
companied by  a  considerable  number  of  citizens  of  that  town  ihey 
started  northward  through  the  border  counties,  intending  to  have  "fun'" 
at  the  expense  of  the'  free-state  settlers.  Early  in  1857  many  of  the 
free-state  men  who  had  been  driven  from  their  homes  returnd  to  Uour- 
bon  county.  .\  number  of  new  settlers  from  the  Northern  states  also 
came  about  this  time,  and  as  the  free-state  men  grew  in  number  they 
also  grew  in  confidence.  In  order  to  gain  possession  of  the  claims 
from  which  they  had  been  driven,  they  organized  a  "Wide  Awake" 
society,  in  opposition  to  the  "Dark  Lantern"  lodges  of  the  pro-slavery 
men.  Some  of  the  most  important  leaders  of  this  movement  were  J. 
C.  Burnett,  Capt.  Samuel  .Stevenson  and  Capt.  Bayne.  The  meetings 
were  held  at  different  settlers'  cabins  at  intervals,  to  evade  surprise  by 
the  men  of  the  "I'.lue  Lodges."  When  .ill  the  ])l,ins  of  the  "Wide 
Awakes"  were  perfected,  they  notified  the  i)ro-slavi'r\  ukmi  who  had 
seized  claims  tliat  did  not  belong  to  them,  that  tlu-y  must  loa\e.  Most 
of  the   pro-slavery   men    realized    that    resistance   wonld    Ir.id   to  serious 


KANSAS    HISTORY  22.}, 

difficulties,  if  not  to  bloodshed,  and  left,  but  some  had  to  be  driven 
off  the  claims  by  arms.  The  border  strife  continued  in  Bourbon  coun- 
ty after  it  had  nearly  disappeared  in  other  parts  of  Kansas  Territory. 

As  a  matter  of  reprisal  some  of  the  free-state  men  were  arrested  on 
various  charges.  The  district  court  was  presided  over  by  Joseph  Wil- 
liams, a  pro-slavery  man.  The  adjustment  of  claims  was  referred  to 
his  court  for  a  time,  and  usually  decided  in  favor  of  the  pro-slavery 
claimant.  This  caused  great  dissatisfaction  among  the  free-state  men 
and  led  them  to  take  severe  measures  to  secure  the  release  of  free^ 
state  prisoners  held  at  Fort  Scott.  Another  result  of  Judge  Williams 
decisions  was  the  formation  of  a  "Squatter  Court,'"  in  which  the  free- 
state  men  heard  the  cases  of  contested  claims.  Dr.  Gilpatrick  of  An- 
derson county  was  made  judge,  and  Henry  Kilbourn,  sheriff.  The 
proceedings  of  this  body  were  regular  and  dignified,  its  decisions  were 
usually  just  and  its  decrees  were  rigorously  executed  b}^  the  sheriff. 
The  proceedings  of  the  court  were  naturally  distasteful  to  the  pro- 
slavery  men,  and  as  a  consequence  an  e-xpedition  was  organized  and 
started  out  under  command  of  Deputy  United  States  Marshal  Little 
to  capture  the  court.  The  attempt  failed  and  four  days  later  (Dec.  i6, 
1857,)  Little  organized  a  posse  of  about  50  men,  for  a  second  attempt. 
They  approached  the  cabin  of  Ca])t.  liayne,  where  the  CDurt  was 
sitting,  and  a  short  distance  from  it  were  met  by  messengers  from  the 
court,  consisting  of  Maj.  .Abbott,  D.  B.  Jackson  and  Gen.  Blunt,  who 
had  been  sent  out  under  a  flag  of  truce  as  Little  was  advancing.  A 
parley  was  held,  at  the  conclusion  of  which  Little  said  that  if  the  court 
did  not  surrender  he  woidd  open  fire.  The  messengers  returned  to  the 
cabin  with  the  report  of  the  conference,  the  decision  was  against  sur- 
render, the  cabin  was  put  in  a  state  of  defense,  some  of  the  chinking 
between  the  logs  was  removed  to  form  loop  holes,  Maj.  Abbott  told 
Little  that  they  would  not  surrender,  and  if  he  advanced  bej'ond  a 
certain  line  the  free-state  men  would  fire.  Little  advanced,  however, 
received  a  volley  from  the  cabin,  which  was  returned,  and  then  re- 
treated half  a  mile.  Four  men  were  wounded  but  Little  called  for  a 
volunteer  party  and  made  a  second  attack  w'ith  no  better  result,  ex- 
cept that  no  men  were  hurt.  Finding  it  impossible  to  take  the  "fort" 
without  loss,  the  marshal  started  back  to  Fort  Scott.  The  next  day 
he  gathered  a  larger  number  of  men  and  again  started  for  the  fort, 
but  upon  arriving  there  found  the  cabin  deserted,  as  the  court  had 
moved  to  the  Baptist  church  at  Danford's  mill. 

By  Dec,  1857,  Capts.  Ba}ne  and  Montgomery  had  succeeded  in 
driving  out  of  the  district  man}-  of  the  pro-slavery  men  who  unlaw- 
fully held  claims.  The  parties  thus  driven  out  congregated  at  West 
Point,  Marvel,  Balltown  and  Fort  Scott,  where  their  Blue  Lodges  flour- 
ished, and  from  these  as  centers  raids  w^ere  made  to  harass  the  free- 
state  settlers  on  Mine  creek,  the  Little  Osage  and  Marmaton.  Almost 
daily  reports  came  of  outrages  committed  by  the  jMissourians,  and  the 
free-state  men  would  ride  upon  errands  of  swift  retaliation. 


224  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Late  in  December  two  companies  of  United  States  cavalry  were 
stationed  at  Fort  Scott  at  the  solicitation  of  the  residents  and  order 
was  restored  in  the  district,  but  early  in  Jan.,  1858,  they  were  with- 
drawn and  trouble  broke  out  again.  On  the  night  of  Feb.  10,  1858, 
Montgomery  and  a  party  of  forty  men  started  for  Fort  Scott  to  pun- 
ish some  of  the  bitter  pro-slavery  men  who  had  been  persecuting  a 
Mr.  Johnson  who  lived  in  the  town.  (See  Fort  Scott.)  On  Feb.  26, 
1858,  two  companies  of  United  States  cavalry  were  again  stationed  in 
the  town,  and  as  Montgomery  always  avoided  conflicts  with  govern- 
ment forces,  he  began  operating  against  the  pro-slavery  men  in  the 
country,  with  the  object  of  driving  them  into  the  city.  It  is  estimated 
that  as  many  as  300  families  in  the  district  were  forced  to  flee  from 
their  homes  and  take  refuge  in  the  towns.  Capt.  Anderson,  in  com- 
mand, could  not  protect  them  in  their  isolated  settlements,  and  the 
result  Montgomery  wished  was  attained.  But  this  was  no  one-sided 
guerrilla  warfare,  and  it  took  all  the  sleepless  vigilance  and  every  re- 
source of  Montgomer}^  Bayne  and  John  Brown  combined,  to  protect 
the  free-state  settlers  against  "the  wolves  of  the  border." 

On  June  7,  1858,  some  of  Montgomery's  men  attempted  to  fire  the 
Western  Hotel  in  Fort  Scott,  but  no  one  was  hurt  and  the  fire  was 
extinguished.  June  13,  Gov.  Denver  arrived  at  Fort  Scott;  a  meet- 
ing was  held  and  feeling  ran  high  on  both  sides,  but  by  judicious 
treatment  on  the  part  of  the  governor  peace  was  restored.  The  next 
da}^  a  second  meeting  was  held  at  Raysville,  at  which  the  governor 
proposed  a  compromise,  which  in  a  measure  restored  peace  for  some 
time.  Subsequently  a  free-state  man  named  Rice  was  arrested  for 
the  murder  of  Travis,  who  had  been  shot  on  Feb.  28.  This  was  re- 
garded as  a  violation  of  the  agreement  made  on  June  15,  and  Mont- 
gomery determined  to  rescue  Rice.  Accordingly  he  organized  a  party 
of  100  men,  among  them  John  Brown,  who  wanted  to  destroy  Fort 
Scott,  but  as  Montgomery's  main  purpose  was  to  rescue  Rice,  he  left 
Brown  outside  the  town  and  .proceeded  without  him.  Rice  was  re- 
leased, Mr.  Little  was  killed,  Montgomery's  men  looted  a  store  of  a 
stock  valued  at  about  $7,000,  and  12  citizens  were  made  prisoners. 
The  citizens  then  appealed  to  the  governor  for  protection  and.  as  there 
were  no  troops  to  send,  he  advised  the  formation  of  home  militia  for 
defense,  a  suggestion  which  was  carried  out.  After  the  passage  of  the 
amnesty  act,  there  was  but  little  further  trouble  along  the  border  and 
peace  came  to  stay  in  Bourbon  county.  After  the  Civil  war  began  a 
big  Union  demonstration  was  made  at  Fort  Scott,  which  had  been 
one  of  the  bitterest  pro-slavery  towns.  Party  differences  were  laid 
aside  for  defense  of  the  nation  and  by  the  middle  of  April  two  com- 
panies had  been  raised  on  Drywood ;  two  companies  were  formed  at 
Fort  Scott  in  May.  Other  companies  were  raised  at  Lightning  creek. 
Mill  creek,  and  a  company  of  home  guards  was  organized.  The  most 
important  engagement  which  occurred  during  the  war  in  Bourbon 
county  was  the  battle  of  Drywood  fq.  v.),  which  occurred  late  in  Sept., 


KANSAS    HISTORY  225 

1861,  between  the  Confederate  forces  under  Gen.  Rains  and  the  Union 
forces  under  Gen.  J.  H.  Lane.  Price's  army  passed  through  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  county  in  Oct.,  1864.  While  crossing  the  valley  of  the 
Little  Osage,  members  of  the  army  committed  many  outrages  and 
for  a  time  people  of  Fort  Scott  feared  for  the  safety  of  the  city.  Bour- 
bon county  ranked  fifth  in  the  number  of  men  who  entered  the  militia 
during  the  war. 

The  county  was  organized  Sept.  12,  1855,  when  S.  A.  Williams,  the 
probate  judge,  administered  the  oath  of  office  to  commissioners  Col. 
H.  T.  Wilson  and  Charles  B.  Wingfield.  B.  F.  Hill  was  appointed 
sheriff  and  William  Margrave  deputy  sheriff.  On  Sept.  17  the  fol- 
lowing officers  were  appointed:  James  F.  Farley,  clerk;  Thomas  Wat- 
kins,  justice;  John  F.  Cottrell,  constable.  Gov.  Reeder  had  appointed 
William  Margrave  justice  of  the  peace  in  Dec,  1854,  the  first  in  the 
county.  On  Oct.  15  four  additional  justices  and  three  constables  were 
appointed.  At  the  same  time  A.  Hornbeck  was  appointed  treasurer; 
W.  W.  Spratt,  assessor;  and  H.  R.  Kelso,  coroner.  In  November  the 
county  was  divided  into  five  townships.  From  the  time  of  its  organiza- 
tion until  Jan.,  1858,  the  afTairs  of  the  county  were  in  the  hands  of  the 
county  court,  consisting  of  a  probate  judge  and  two  commissioners,  but 
the  form  of  government  was  then  changed  and  placed  in  charge  of  a 
board  of  supervisors,  one  from  each  township.  In  i860  it  was  again 
changed  and  three  commissioners  took  the  place  of  the  board.  In 
1855,  by  the  act  creating  the  county,  the  seat  of  justice  was  located 
at  Fort  Scott.  In  1858,  on  account  of  border  troubles,  it  was  changed 
to  Marmaton  by  a  special  law  of  the  legislature.  An  election  to_ de- 
termine the  permanent  location  of  the  county  seat  was  held  on  May 
II,  1863,  when  Fort  Scott  received  the  majority  of  votes  cast  and  again 
became  the  county  seat,  where  it  has  since  remained. 

In  1865  the  citizens  voted  $150,000  in  bonds  for  the  purpose  of  sub- 
scribing a  like  sum  to  the  capital  stock  of  the  Missouri  River,  Fort 
Scott  &  Gulf  railway.  The  road  was  completed  to  Fort  Scott  in  Dec, 
1869,  and  on  Jan.  7,  1870,  the  bonds  were  delivered  to  the  road.  In 
1867  a  proposition  to  vote  $150,000  worth  of  bonds  to  purchase  stock 
of  the  Tebo  &  Neosho  railroad  was  carried,  but  the  commissioners  de- 
cided it  was  not  advisable  to  purchase  stock  of  this  road  and  ordered 
that  $150,000  be  subscribed  to  the  capital  stock  of  any  road  that  would 
start  at  Fort  Scott,  run  north  of  the  Marmaton  in  the  general  direction 
of  Humboldt.  This  amount  was  subscribed  to  the  stock  of  the  Fort 
Scott  &  Allen  County  Railroad  company,  on  condition  that  the  road 
should  be  completed  west  of  the  county  by  July  i,  1872.  The  Fort 
Scott,  Humboldt  &  Western  succeeded  this  road,  and  asked  for  the 
deliverance  of  the  bonds,  but  the  conditions  had  not  been  complied 
with  and  the  bonds  were  issued  to  the  Fort  Scott,  Humboldt  &  West- 
ern under  that  name.  At  the  present  time  there  are  about  125  miles 
of  main  track  railroad  in  the  count}'.  The  Missouri  Pacific  operates 
two  lines — one  traversing  the  center  from  east  to  west,  the  other  cross- 
(I-15) 


226  CVCLOl'EDIA    OF 

ing  ihe  county  from  north  to  southeast,  both  lines  passing  through 
Fort  Scott.  The  St.  Louis  &  San  Francjsco  enters  in  the  northeast, 
passes  through  Fort  Scott  and  at  Edward  branches,  both  the  lines 
entering  Crawford  county.  The  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  enters  in 
the  east  from  Missouri,  passes  through  Fort  Scott,  thence  southwest 
into  Crawford  count}-. 

The  first  schools  in  the  county  were  private  ones  at  Fort  Scott, 
opened  in  1857,  but  the  district  school  system  was  not  organized  until 
1859.  One  district,  later  known  as  No.  10,  was  organized  on  Dec.  10 
of  that  year.  In  i860  four  more  districts  were  organized  and  since 
that  time  progress  in  education  has  been  steady,  until  at  the  present 
time  Bourbon  county  has  a  public  school  system  as  fine  as  any  county 
in  the  state. 

According  to  the  U.  S.  census  for  1910,  the  population  of  the  county 
was  24,007.  The  value  of  the  farm  products  for  the  same  year  was 
$1,504,134,  the  principal  crop  being  corn,  with  a  value  of  $754,039,  and 
hay  second,  with  a  value  of  $432,994. 

Bourgmont's  Expedition. — Dumont  and  Bossu  both  tell  of  a  Spanish 
expedition  which  was  sent  out  from  Santa  Fe  in  1720,  having  for  its 
object  the  punishment  of  the  Missouris,  a  powerful  tribe  of  Indians  in- 
habiting what  is  now  the  central  and  western  parts  of  the  State  of  Mis- 
souri, for  wrongs  inflicted  upon  the  Spaniards.  The  commander  of  the 
expedition  was  instructed  to  visit  the  Osages  and  secure  their  assist- 
ance in  the  destruction  of  the  Missouris.  Through  a  mistake  in  the 
route,  the  expedition  first  reached  the  Missouri  villages.  .Supposing 
them  to  be  the  Osages,  the  Spanish  commander  unfolded  his  plan,  and 
asked  the  chiefs  to  aid  him  in  carrying  it  out.  With  a  diplomacy  rarely 
excelled,  the  Missouri  chiefs  concealed  the  identity  of  their  tribe  and 
consented  to  the  arrangement.  The  Indians  were  then  furnished  with 
arms,  and  during  the  following  night  they  massacred  the  entire  caravan 
except  a  Jacobin  priest.  This  story  is  repeated  by  Chittenden,  in  his 
"American  Fur  Trade,"  but  Prof.  John  B.  Dunbar,  who  has  made  ex- 
tensive researches  pertaining  to  the  early  French  and  Spanish  move- 
ments in  the  southwest,  thinks  it  largely  in  the  nature  of  a  myth,  or 
at  least  an  incorrect  account  of  the  Villazur  expedition  (q.  v.)  of  that 
year. 

Most  historians  have  adopted  the  theory  that  news  of  a  Spanish  ex- 
pedition of  some  sort  reached  New  Orleans,  and  the  French  govern- 
ment of  Louisiana  determined  to  establish  a  fort  at  some  suitalile  point 
on  the  Missouri  river,  as  a  means  of  holding  the  allegiance  of  the  In- 
dians and  guarding  against  Spanish  invasion  or  interference. 

According  to  the  Michigan  Pioneer  Collections  (vol.  34,  p.  306) 
Elienne  Venyard  Sieur  de  JJouigmont  was  temporarily  in  charge  of 
the  post  of  Detroit  in  the  early  part  of  the  i8th  century,  during  the  ab- 
sence of  Cadillac,  and  in  1707  he  deserted  and  went  to  the  Missouri 
river,  where  he  lived  for  several  years  among  the  Indians.  His  familiar- 
ity wilii  the  country  and  his  acqiiainlaiu-e  with  the  natives  of  that  sec- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  22/ 

tion  doubtless  led  to  his  selection  as  the  proper  man  to  lead  the  expe- 
dition. M.  de  Bourgmont  was  at  that  time  in  France,  but  he  hurried 
to  America  and  soon  after  his  arrival  at  New  Orleans  set  out  at  the 
head  of  a  body  of  troops  for  the  Missouri  river.  His  first  work  was  to 
erect  Fort  Orleans  (q.  v.),  where  he  established  his  headquarters. 

Du  Pratz's  narrative  says :  "The  Padoucas,  who  lie  west  by  north- 
west of  the  Missouris,  were  at  war  with  several  neighboring  tribes  all 
in  amity  with  the  French,  and  to  conciliate  a  peace  between  all  these 
nations  and  the  Padoucas,  M.  de  Bourgmont  sent  to  engage  them,  as 
being  our  allies,  to  accompany  him  on  a  journey  to  the  Padoucas  in 
order  to  bring  about  a  general  pacification." 

Du  Pratz  himself  states  that  his  narrative  was  "extracted  and 
abridged  from  M.  de  Bourgmont's  journal,  an  original  account,  signed 
by  all  the  officers,  and  several  others  of  the  company."  A  few  years 
ago  a  translation  of  Bourgmont's  original  journal  was  made  by  Prof. 
Dunbar,  and  a  copy  of  his  translation  was  presented  by  him  to  the 
Kansas  Historical  Society.  According  to  this  account,  Bourgmont  left 
Fort  Orleans  on  July  3,  1724,  crossed  the  Missouri  river  on  the  8th,  and 
"landed  within  a  gunshot  of  the  Canzes  village,  where  we  camped." 
The  Canzes  came  in  a  body  to  Bourgmont's  camp,  and  seven  of  the 
leading  chiefs  assured  him  that  it  was  the  desire  of  all  the  young  men 
of  the  tribe  to  accompany  him  to  the  country  of  the  Padoucas.  On 
the  9th  Bourgmont  sent  five  of  his  Missouris  to  the  Otoes,  to  notify 
them  of  his  arrival  at  the  Canzes  village  and  that  it  was  his  intention  to 
continue  his  journey  as  soon  as  he  could  complete  his  arrangements. 
Two  weeks  were  then  spent  in  securing  horses  from  the  Canzes,  and 
in  other  necessary  preparations.  Sieur  Mercur  and  Corporal  Gentil 
left  the  Canzes  village  on  the  24th  with  a  pirogue  loaded  with  supplies, 
which  they  were  to  take  to  the  Otoes  for  Bourgmont,  whose  intention 
it  was  to  return  that  way. 

Everything  was  being  made  ready,  Bourgmont  resumed  his  march 
on  the  25th.  Besides  his  Indian  allies,  he  was  accompanied  by  M.  de 
St.  Ange,  an  officer;  Sieur  Renaudiere,  engineer  of  mines;  Sieur  du 
Bois,  sergeant;  Sieur  de  Beloin,  cadet;  Rotisseau,  corporal;  nine  French 
soldiers ;  three  Canadians,  and  two  employees  of  Renaudiere.  On  July 
31,  when  within  ten  days'  journey  of  the  Padouca  villages,  Bourgmont 
became  too  ill  to  retain  his  seat  in  the  saddle.  A  litter  was  constructed 
and  he  was  carried  for  some  distance  in  it,  but  his  illness  increasing, 
he  was  forced  to  discontinue  his  march.  In  this  emergency  he  decided 
to  send  a  Padouca  woman,  who  had  been  a  slave  among  the  Canzes,  and 
a  boy  of  sixteen  or  seventeen  years  of  age  to  inform  the  Padoucas  that 
he  was  on  his  way,  but  was  ill,  and  that  he  would  be  with  them  as  soon 
as  he  was  able. 

Gaillard,  one  of  the  soldiers,  volunteered  to  conduct  the  woman  and 
boy  to  the  Padoucas.  Bourgmont  gave  him  a  letter  to  the  Spanish  (in 
case  he  met  them),  and  also  a  letter  in  Latin  to  the  chaplain.  Gaillard 
was  instructed  to  bring  the  Padouca  chiefs  to  meet  Bourgmont,  and  in 


228  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

case  they  declined  to  come  to  wait  at  their  tillages  until  his  arrival.  A 
few  days  later  Bourgmont  decided  to  return  to  Fort  Orleans,  where  on 
Sept.  6  he  received  a  letter  from  Sergt.  du  Bois  advising  him  of  Gail- 
lard's  arrival  among  the  Padoucas  on  Aug.  25. 

Having  recovered  his  health,  Bourgmont  again  left  Fort  Orleans  on 
Sept.  20  and  arrived  at  the  Canzes  village  on  the  27th.  On  Oct.  2  Gail- 
lard  arrived  at  the  camp  with  three  Padouca  chiefs  and  three  waniors. 
and  reported  some  60  others  four  days'  distant.  On  the  8th  the  expe- 
dition left  the  Canzes  village,  moved  up  the  valley  of  the  Kansas  river, 
and  on  the  18th  reached  the  Padoucas.  The  next  day  the  chiefs  of  that 
tribe  were  called  together,  Bourgmont  made  a  speech  to  them,  dis- 
tributed presents,  and  concluded  a  treaty  of  peace.  On  the  22nd  he  set 
out  on  his  return  to  Fort  Orleans,  where  he  arrived  on  Nov.  5. 

Franklin  G.  Adams,  for  many  years  secretary  of  the  Kansas  His- 
torical Society,  and  George  J.  Remsburg,  an  acknowledged  authority 
on  the  archaeology  of  the  Missouri  valley,  think  that  the  Canzes  village 
mentioned  in  Bourgmont's  journal  was  located  near  the  present  town 
of  Doniphan,  in  Doniphan  county,  Kan.  A  map  of  the  expedition  in 
Volume  IX,  Kansas  Historical  Collections,  shows  this  place  to  the 
starting  point  west  of  the  Missouri,  whence  the  expedition  moved 
southwest  to  the  Kansas  river,  which  was  crossed  near  the  northwest 
corner  of  the  present  Shawnee  coiuity;  thence  up  the  south  bank  of  the 
Kansas  and  Smoky  Hill  rivers,  crossing  the  latter  near  the  mouth  of 
the  .Saline;  thence  following  the  Saline  to  the  Padouca  villages  in  the 
northern  part  of  what  is  now  Ellis  county. 

Who  were  the  Padoucas?  Parrish,  in  his  account  of  the  expedition, 
speaks  of  them  as  the  Comanches,  and  this  may  be  correct.  On  a  map 
published  in  1757,  in  connection  with  Du  Pratz's  History  of  Louisiana, 
the  country  of  the  Padoucas  is  shown  extending  from  the  headwaters 
of  the  Republican  to  south  of  the  Arkansas,  the  great  village  of  the 
tribe  being  located  near  the  source  of  the  Smoky  Hill.  Other  author- 
ities say  that  "Padoucas"  was  the  Siouan  name  for  the  Comanches, 
a  branch  of  the  Shoslumcs.  The  Comanches  were  a  "butTalo  uoniail" 
tribe  that  ranged  from  the  Platte  to  Mexico. 

The  theory  that  the  Bourgmont  expedition  was  the  sequel  of  some 
Spanish  expedition  massacred  by  the  Indians  is  hardl)'  tenable  when 
it  is  carefully  considered  in  the  light  of  known  facts.  The  Villaziu-  ex- 
pedition, the  only  Spanish  expedition  of  1720  of  which  there  is  any 
authentic  record,  was  massacred  on  Aug.  16,  while  Bourgmont's  com- 
mission bore  date  of  Aug.  12,  1720,  four  days  before  the  massacre  oc- 
curred. It  is  far  more  likely  that  Bourgmont  was  sent  out — just  as 
other  explorers  of  that  day  were  sent  out — with  the  general  view  of 
establishing  amicable  relations  with  the  Indians  and  thercbj'  profit  by 
the  fur  trade,  etc. 

Bow  Creek,  a  little  village  of  Phillips  county,  is  situated  near  the 
southern  boundary,  about  15  miles  southeast  of  Phillipsburg.  It  was 
formerly  a  postoffice,  but  Ihc  iuli.ibilants  now  receive  mail  by  rural   free 


KANSAS    HISTORY  229 

delivery  from  Stockton.  Kirwin  is  tlic  most  convenient  railroad  station. 
The  population  was  66  in  1910. 

Bowersock,  Justin  De  Witt,  member  of  Congress,  was  born  at  Co- 
lumbiana, Ohio,  Sept.  19,  1842.  His  father  was  of  Irish  and  his  mother 
of  Scotch  descent.  He  was  educated  in  the  common  schools,  and  at  the 
close  of  his  academic  course  went  to  Iowa  City,  Iowa,  where  he  en- 
gaged in  business  as  a  grain  merchant.  In  1877  he  located  at  Law- 
rence, Kan.,  where  he  saw  the  possibilities  of  water  power.  He  built  a 
dam  across  the  Kansas  river,  and  with  the  power  thus  developed  estab- 
lished several  manufacturing  plants.  Mr.  Bowersock  was  made  presi- 
dent of  the  Kansas  Water  Power  company ;  organized  the  Douglas 
County  bank  (now  the  Lawrence  National)  in  1878,  and  was  elected 
president  of  that  institution  in  1888.  He  is  also  president  of  the  Bower- 
sock Mills  &  Power  company,  the  Kansas  Water  Power  company,  the 
Griffin  Ice  company,  the  Lawrence  Iron  works,  the  Lawrence  Paper 
Manufacturing"  company  and  the  Kansas  &  Colorado  Railroad  company. 
He  has  always  taken  an  active  part  in  municipal  affairs  and  in  1881  was 
elected  mayor  of  Lawrence,  which  position  he  filled  until  1885.  In  1886 
he  was  elected  to  the  Kansas  house  of  representatives,  and  to  the  state 
senate  in  1894.  In  1898  he  was  nominated  by  the  Republican  party  of 
the  Second  district  for  Congress,  and  in  November  was  elected.  His 
record  during  his  term  commended  him  to  the  people  of  his  district, 
who  honored  him  with  four  reelections.  Air.  Bowersock  is  a  member 
of  the  Congregational  church,  the  Lawrence  Commercial  club  and  the 
Merchants'  Athletic  association.  On  Sept.  5,  1886,  Mr.  Bowersock  mar- 
ried Mary  C.  Gower,  of  Iowa  City,  Iowa. 

Boyd,  a  village  of  Eureka  township,  Barton  comity,  is  a  station  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  4  miles  west  of  Hoisington  and  12  miles 
northwest  of  Great  Bend,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  post- 
office,  and  is  a  trading  and  shipping  point  for  the  neighborhood.  The 
population  was  40  in  1910. 

Boyle,  a  station  on  the  LTnion  Pacific  R.  R.  in  Jefferson  county,  is 
located  about  5  miles  from  Valley  Falls  and  9  miles  from  Oskaloosa, 
the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice.  The  population  in 
1910  was  18. 

Boys'  Industrial  School. —  (See  Industrial  Schools.) 

Bradford,  a  money  order  postoffice  of  Wabaunsee  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  21  miles  southeast  of  Alma, 
the  county  seat.  It  is  a  shipping  and  supply  point  for  the  neighbor- 
hood and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  63. 

Brainerd,  a  village  of  Butler  county,  is  a  station  on  the  line  of  the 
Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  that  runs  from  Eldorado  to  McPhersori,  17  miles 
northwest  of  Eldorado.  It  has  an  express  office,  telephone  connections, 
and  is  a  shipping  and  supply  point  for  the  neighborhood.  Brainerd 
was  formerly  a  postoffice,  but  the  people  there  now  receive  mail  by 
rural  free  delivery  from  White  Water.     The  population  was  73  in  1910. 


230  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Branscomb,  Charles  H.,  who  witli  Charles  Robinson  selected  the 
site  for  the  town  of  Lawrence,  was  a  native  of  New  Hampshire.  He 
was  educated  at  Phillips  Academy,  Exeter,  N.  H.;  and  Dartmouth  Col- 
lege, where  he  graduated  in  1845.  Subsequently  he  studied  law  at  the 
Cambridge  Law  School,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  practiced  for  six 
years  in  Massachusetts.  Upon  the  organization  of  the  Emigrant  Aid 
Society  (q.  v.)  Mr.  Branscomb  became  one  of  its  agents.  He  came  to 
Kansas  in  July,  1854,  and  went  up  the  Kansas  river  as  far  as  Fort  Riley 
to  select  a  location  for  a  town,  but  finally  agreed  with  Dr.  Robinson  on 
the  site  of  Lawrence.  On  July  28  he  conducted  the  pioneer  party  of  30 
persons  sent  out  b}^  the  society  to  Lawrence,  where  they  arrived  on 
Aug.  I.  The  second  party,  also  conducted  by  Mr.  Branscomb,  arrived 
in  October.  He  continued  to  act  as  agent  for  the  aid  society  until  1858, 
when  he  located  in  Lawrence  and  opened  a  law  ofhce.  He  immediately 
began  to  take  an  active  part  in  the  political  life  of  the  territory;  was 
elected  to  the  territorial  house  of  representatives ;  was  a  member  of 
the  Leavenworth  constitutional  convention ;  and  after  his  removal  to 
St.  Lnuis,  Mo.,  was  a  member  of  the  Missouri  legislature. 

Branson,  Jacob,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Douglas  county,  located 
at  Hickory  Point,  about  10  miles  south  of  Lawrence  on  the  old  Santa 
Fe  road.  It  was  a  very  beautiful  tract  of  land,  part  heavy  timber  and 
the  rest  fertile  prairie.  Many  of  the  early  settlers  came  from  Indiana, 
some  of  the  people  who  took  claims  returned  to  the  east  temporarily, 
some  never  returned.  Missourians  and  others  took  up  these  abandoned 
claims  and  sometimes  laid  claim  to  others  which  were  afterward  re- 
sumed by  the  original  settlers.  Jacob  Branson,  who  was  the  leader  of 
the  free-state  men  in  the  locality,  encouraged  free-state  men  to  settle 
at  Hickory  Point  and  the  pro-slavery  men  endeavored  to  get  as  many 
men  of  their  faction  to  settle  there  as  they  could.  Most  of  the  difficul- 
ties in  Kansas  during  the  territorial  period  arose  over  the  question  of 
slaverv,  but  disputes  about  claims  in  many  cases  precipitated  the  quar- 
rels. The  antagonistic  elements  brought  into  daily  conflict  could  not 
long  remain  without  open  rupture;  one  of  the  most  serious  occurrences 
of  this  kind  took  place  at  Hickory  Poinl.  A  man  named  Franklin  Cole- 
man was  among  the  second  claimants  al  Hickory  Point  and  a  dis]iute 
arose  between  him  and  Charles  W.  Dow,  who  had  also  settled  on  an 
imoccupied  claim.  Coleman  was  prominent  in  the  neighborhood  as  a 
pro-slavery  man,  while  Dow  lived  with  Branson,  the  acknowledged  lead- 
er of  the  free-stale  jiarly  in  the  Wakarusa  district.  Coleman  trespassed 
on  Dow's  claim  and  was  warned  that  he  must  stop.  The  feeling  l>e- 
tween  the  two  men  was  rapidly  tending  toward  a  crisis,  when  on  the 
morning  of  Nov.  21,  1855,  Dow  met  Coleman  and  some  other  pro-slavery 
men,  among  them  Buckley  and  Hargus,  at  the  blacksmith  shop  at  ITick- 
ory  Point.  Thev  denounced  Dow  and  tmfortimately  Dow  and  Cole- 
man met  on  the  road  going  toward  Dow's  claim.  Dow  left  Coleman 
at  his  claim  and  just  after  he  passed  up  the  road  Coleman  fired  at  him; 
the  gim  missed  fire  and  Df>\v  begged  frir  mercy  but  Cnlmian  sIk^I   hiiu 


KANSAS    HISTORY  i2,?  1 

and  he  died  in  the  road.  Immediately  Coleman  started  for  Westport, 
Mo.,  to  give  himself  up  to  the  governor,  but  not  finding  him  surrendered 
to  Samuel  J.  Jones,  the  sheriff  of  Douglas  count}-,  who  was  a  friend 
of  the  pro-slavery  party.  After  Dow's  funeral  the  settlers  of  Hickory 
held  a  meeting,  when  resolutions  of  condolence  were  passed  and 
a  committee  was  appointed  to  take  steps  toward  bringing  the  murderer 
to  justice.  At  this  meeting  Branson  advocated  radical  measures  with 
regard  to  Coleman  and  his  companions,  Buckley  and  Hargus.  Sheriff 
Jones,  in  the  meantime  was  on  his  way  to  Lecompton  with  his  prisoner, 
but  on  the  way  was  met  by  some  of  Coleman's  neighbors.  Buckley  told 
of  the  threats  made  against  him  by  Branson  and  the  sheriff'  concluded 
to  make  another  arrest.  A  warrant  was  sworn  out  by  Buckley  who 
said  that  he  feared  for  his  life.  Justice  Cameron  issued  a  peace  war- 
rant for  the  arrest  of  Branson.  It  seems  that  the  pro-slavery  party  ex- 
pected the  free-state  men  would  attempt  to  rescue  Branson,  but  believed 
they  would  do  so  in  Lawrence,  after  the  prisoner  was  taken  there, 
under  which  circumstances  there  would  be  an  excellent  excuse  for 
assaulting  that  stronghold  of  the  abolitionists.  Armed  with  this  war- 
rant and  accompanied  by  Buckley  and  some  fifteen  pro-slavery  men, 
Jones  went  to  Branson's  house  on  the  evening  of  Nov.  26  and  arrested 
him.  This  posse  had  been  met  before  they  served  the  writ  by  S.  P. 
Tappan  of  Lawrence,  a  free-state  man,  who  learned  of  their  mission, 
and  immediately  informed  Branson's  friends  of  the  intended  arrest; 
a  young  man  who  lived  at  Branson's  also  aroused  the  neighbors  as  soon 
as  Jones  and  his  party  left.  The  sheriff  with  the  posse  did  not  ride  at 
once  toward  Lawrence,  so  that  considerable  time  elapsed  before  they 
started  north.  In  the  meantime  the  friends  of  Branson  were  aroused 
and  planned  his  rescue.  Phillips,  in  his  Conquest  of  Kansas,  says,  "the 
intention  was  to  have  Branson  rescued  in  Lawrence,"  but  Tappan  and 
the  young  man  who  had  left  Branson's  had  both  been  busy ;  about  four- 
teen of  the  free-state  men  were  gathered  at  Abbott's  house  near  which 
the  posse  would  have  to  pass  on  the  way  to  Lawrence.  They  had  gath- 
ered so  quickly  and  Jones  was  so  slow  that  for  a  time  the  party  at  Ab- 
bott's began  to  think  they  had  taken  a  different  road  or  gone  to  Le- 
compton. when  the  alarm  was  given  by  the  guard  on  the  road.  The 
party  in  the  Abbott  house  rushed  out  and  Jones  attempted  to  evade 
them  by  going  off  the  road.  This  was  prevented  by  the  free-state  men 
spreading  out.  Jones  demanded  what  was  the  matter,  to  which  the 
free-state  men  replied  that  was  just  what  they  wanted  to  know.  The 
Iree-state  men  told  Branson  to  ride  over  to  them,  which  he  did;  both 
sides  declared  that  they  would  shoot  but  neither  did.  Jones  tried  in 
every  way  to  induce  the  free-state  men  to  give  Branson  up,  but  this 
they  refused  to  do.  Finding  that  nothing -availed  but  to  fight,  and  not 
being  willing  to  shed  blood,  Jones  was  obliged  to  leave  Branson  in  the 
hands  of  his  friends  and  returned  to  Franklin.  The  numerical  strength 
of  the  contestants  in  this  bloodless  encounter  was  about  equal,  as  it  is 
estimated  that  there  were  about  fifteen  men  on  each  side.     Later  in  the 


232  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

night  the  rescuing  party  having  been  augmented  bj-  a  few  men,  rode 
into  Lawrence,  where  they  told  of  the  threats  Jones  had  made  against 
the  AboHtionists  of  Lawrence.  The  arrest  of  Branson  was  both  violent 
and  irregular  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  any  legal  officer  would  have 
sustained  the  arrest  had  the  rescue  been  questioned.  There  were  only 
three  Lawrence  men  concerned  in  the  rescue,  and  Charles  Robinson 
saw  that  it  would  not  do  for  the  city  to  take  any  action  in  the  rescue  or 
harbor  the  rescuers.  A  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  Lawrence  was  called 
and  Mrs.  Robinson  in  writing  of  it  said,  "Mr.  Branson  said  at  the  meet- 
ing that  he  had  requested  to  leave  Lawrence,  that  no  semblance  of  an 
excuse  existed  for  the  enemy  to  attack  the  town,  with  tears  streaming 
down  his  weather-beaten  cheeks  he  offered  to  go  home  and  die  there 
and  be  buried  by  his  friend."  To  this  the  free-state  citizens  would  not 
hear  but  after  the  Wakarusa  camp  was  established,  Tappan,  Wood  and 
Branson  moved  there  as  a  precautionary  measure,  as  Wood  had  taken 
such  a  prominent  part  in  the  rescue. 

Brantford,  a  village  of  Washington  county,  with  a  population  of  75,. 
is  located  near  the  Republic  county  line,  about  20  miles  southwest  of 
Washington,  the  county  seat.  It  was  formerly  a  postoffice,  but  mail  is 
now  supplied  to  the  people  there  by  rural  free  delivery  from  Clyde. 

Brazilton,  a  town  of  Crawford  county,  is  located  in  Walnut  town- 
ship and  is  a  station  on  the  Pittsburg  &  Chanute  division  of  the  Atchi- 
son, Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  8  miles  northwest  of  Girard,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  express,  telegraph  and  telephone 
service,  some  good  general  stores,  and  does  considerable  shipping.  The 
Catholics  and  Lutherans  are  the  leading  religious  denominations.  In 
1910  Brazilton  reported  a  population  of  150. 

Breckenridge  College. — On  Feb.  14,  1857,  ^'i'^  legislature  of  Kansas 
passed  an  act  as  follows :  "An  institution  of  learning  is  hereby  incor- 
porated under  the  name  and  style  of  'Breckenridge  College'  to  be  lo- 
cated at  or  near  Lodiana  City  in  Browne  county,  Kansas  Territory." 
The  directors  named  were  W.  H.  Honnell,  Samuel  M.  Irvine,  F.  B. 
Montfort,  Walter  Lowrie,  Robert  J.  Breckenridge,  John  Ford,  Elijah 
M.  Hubbard.  Henry  W.  Honnell,  John  AI.  Scott,  John  Calhoun,  Austin 
Forman,  J.  P.  Blair,  and  James  G.  Bailey. 

Breckenridge  County  was  created  by  the  iirst  territorial  legislature 
in  1855  and  named  for  John  C.  Breckenridge,  who  was  the  next  year 
elected  vice-president  of  the  I'nited  States.  When  first  created  it  w/is 
attached  to  Madison  county  for  all  civil  and  judicial  purposes,  but  by 
the  act  of  Feb.  17,  1857,  the  county  was  fully  organized  "with  all  the 
rights,  powers  and.  privileges  of  other  organized  counties  of  the  terri- 
tory ;  and  the  county  seat  of  Breckenridge  is  hereby  temporarily  lo- 
cated at  Agnes  city,"  etc.  The  act  of  I'eb.  27,  i86b,  provided  for  the 
location  rif  a  permanent  county  seat  by  vote  of  the  electors  of  the 
county. 

As  f)riginally  established,  tlie  cotnily  was  24  miles  square,  lying  im- 
mediately south  of   Richardson    (now   Wabaunsee)   county,  but   by  the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  233. 

act  of  Jan.  31,  1861,  the  southern  boundary  was  moved  southward  to 
the  line  between  townships  21  and  22  south.  On  Feb.  5,  1862,  the  gov- 
ernor approved  an  act  changing  the  name  of  Breckenridge  to  Lyon 
county.     (See  Lyon  County.) 

Bremen,  a  village  of  Marshall  county,  is  located  in  Logan  town- 
ship 9  miles  northwest  of  Marysville,  the  county  seat,  on  the  St.  Joseph 
&  Grand  Island  R.  R.  It  has  banking  facilities,  telegraph  and  express 
offices  and  a  postofHce  with  two  rural  mail  routes.  The  population  in 
191 1  was  200. 

Brenner,  a  station  on  the  Burlington  &  Missotiri  River  R.  R.  in  Doni- 
phan county,  is  located  in  Wayne  township  5  miles  south  of  Troy.  It 
has  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  a  money  order  postoffice.  The 
population  in  1910  was  40.  It  was  laid  out  by  the  railroad  company 
in  1872  and  during  the  next  decade  was  an  important  grain  market,  the 
dealers  buying  principally  for  the  Atchison  millers. 

Brewer,  David  J.,  jurist,  was  born  at  Smyrna,  Asia  Minor,  June  20, 
1837,  a  son  of  Rev.  Josiah  and  Emilia  (Field)  Brewer,  and  a  nephew 
of  Stephen  J.  Field,  who  was  one  of  the  associate  justices  of  the  United 
States  supreme  court  from  1863  to  1897.  David  J.  Brewer  was  educated 
at  Yale  College  and  the  Albany  Law  School,  and  in  June,  1859,  located 
at  Leavenworth,  Kan.,  where  he  began  the  practice  of  law.  He  was 
United  States  commissioner  in  1861-62;  judge  of  the  probate  and  crim- 
inal courts  of  Leavenworth  county  from  1863  to  1865;  judge  of  the 
district  court  from  1865  to  1869;  county  attorney  in  1869-70;  an  asso- 
ciate justice  of  the  Kansas  supreme  court  from  1870  to  1884;  resigned 
his  position  on  the  supreme  bench  on  April  8,  1884,  to  become  United 
States  circuit  judge;  and  on  Dec.  18,  1889,  was  commissioned  associate 
justice  of  the  United  States  supreme  court  where  he  remained  until 
his  death.  In  1896  Judge  Brewer  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
Venezuelan  boundary  commission,  and  three  years  later  was  a  member 
of  the  British-Venezuelan  arbitration  tribunal.  Always  a  friend  of  and 
a  believer  in  popular  education.  Judge  Brewer  was  the  president  of  the 
Kansas  State  Teachers'  Association  in  1869,  and  he  also  served  as  a 
member  of  the  Leavenworth  school  board.  He  was  the  author  of  sev- 
eral books  on  legal  subjects.  Judge  Brewer  was  twice  married.  On 
Oct.  3,  1861,  he  married  Louise  R.  Landon  of  Burlington,  Vt.  She  died 
on  April  3,  1898,  and  on  June  5,  1901,  he  married  Emma  Minor  Mott  of 
Washington,  D.  C.  Judge  Brewer  died  at  Washington  of  apoplexy  on 
March  28,  1910.  He  is  remembered  by  many  friends  in  Kansas  as 
a  genial  companion,  an  able  lawyer  and  a  just  judge. 

Brewster,  one  of  the  thriving  towns  of  Thomas  county,  is  located 
near  the  western  boundary  in  Hale  township,  and  is  a  station  on  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.,  18  miles  west  of  Colby,  the 
county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Hustler),  a  hotel, 
a  good  retail  trade,  telegraph  and  express  ofifices,  a  money  order  post- 
office  with  two  rural  routes,  and  is  the  principal  shipping  point  between! 
Colby  and  Goodland.     The  population  in  1910  was  200. 


2^4  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Bridgeport,  a  village  of  Saline  counl}-,  is  located  in  Smoky  \^iew 
township,  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  and  the  Union  Pacific  railroads  and 
on  the  Sniok}^  Hill  river,  15  miles  south  of  Salina,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with 
two  rural  routes.     The  population  in  1910  was  120. 

Briggs,  a  rural  hamlet  of  Geary  county,  is  located  about  15  miles 
almost  dtie  east  of  Junction  Cit}^  the  county  seat,  and  about  the  same 
distance  south  of  Manhattan,  whence  the  inhabitants  receive  mail  by 
rural  free  delivery.    The  population  was  30  in  1910. 

Bristow,  a  rural  hamlet  in  the  central  part  of  Osborne  county,  is 
about  10  miles  southwest  of  Osborne,  the  county  seat  and  most  con- 
venient railroad  station. 

Bristow,  Joseph  Little,  journalist  and  United  States  senator,  was 
born  in  ^^'olfe  county,  Ky.,  July  22,  1861,  a  son  of  William  and  Sa- 
vannah (Little)  Bristow.  He  came  to  Kansas  with  his  father  in  1873; 
married  Margaret  Hendrix  of  Flemingsbing,  Ky.,  in  1879;  ^""^  '"  1886 
graduated  at  Baker  University,  Baldwin,  Kan.  From  the  time  he  at- 
tained to  his  majority  Mr.  Bristow  took  an  active  interest  in  political 
affairs,  and  the  year  he  graduated  was  elected  clerk  of  Douglas  county, 
which  office  he  held  for  four  years.  Upon  retiring  from  the  clerk's 
office  in  1890  he  bought  the  Salina  Daily  Republican  and  edited  the 
paper  for  five  years.  In  1894  and  again  in  1898  he  was  elected  secretary 
of  the  Republican  state  committee.  His  work  in  the  campaign  of  1894 
commended  him  to  Gov.  Morrill,  who,  when  inaugurated  in  Jan.,  1895, 
appointed  Mr.  Bristow  his  private  secretary.  The  same  year  he  sold 
the  Salina  Republican  and  bought  the  Ottawa  Herald,  which  paper  he 
owned  for  ten  years,  during  which  time  he  directed  its  policy  and  wrote 
many  of  the  editorials  himself.  In  March,  1897.  '^^  ^^'^^  appointed  fourth 
assistant  postmaster-general  by  President  McKinley,  and  in  1900,  under 
direction  of  Mr.  McKinley,  investigated  the  Cuban  postal  frauds.  Three 
years  later,  imder  President  Roosevelt,  he  conducted  a  searching  in- 
vestigation of  the  postoffice  department.  In  i()03  he  purchased  the  Sa- 
lina Daily  Republican-Journal,  which  he  still  owns,  and  in  1905  he  was 
appointed  by  President  Roosevelt  a  special  commissioner  of  the  Panama 
railroad.  In  Aug.,  1908,  he  was  nominated  by  the  Republicans  of 
Kansas  at  the  primary  election  for  United  States  senator,  and  the  fol- 
lowing January  he  was  elected  by  the  legislature  for  the  term  ending 
on  March  3,  1915. 

Broderick,  Case,  jurist  and  member  of  Congress,  was  born  near 
|(piKsi)i)ro,  (Irant  county.  Tnd.,  Sept.  23,  1839.  His  father,  Samuel 
Broderick,  was  an  Irish-American,  and  his  mother,  Mary  Snyder,  was 
of  German  descent.  His  early  education  was  that  provided  by  the 
public  schools  in  the  sparsely  settled  districts  of  Indiana.  When  Case 
was  hut  a  few  years  of  age  his  family  moved  to  the  western  part  of 
Indiana,  where  he  was  reared  until  his  nineteenth  year.  In  1S58  he 
immigrated  to  the  Territory  of  Kansas  and  settled  in  Douglas  town- 
ship, Jackson  county,  where  he  became  owner  of  a  small  farm.     In  the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  J35 

winter  of  1861  Mr.  Broderick  and  a  partner  contracted  to  supply  Fort 
Laramie  with  corn.  They  outfitted  an  ox  train,  as  there  were  no  rail- 
roads west  of  the  Missouri  river  at  that  time,  and  made  the  trip  to 
Laramie  and  return  in  three  months.  In  the  fall  of  1862,  Mr.  Broderick 
enlisted  at  Fort  Scott,  Kan.,  as  a  private  in  the  Second  Kansas  battery, 
and  was  honorably  discharged  at  Fort  Leavenworth  in  Aug.,  1865.  He 
then  returned  to  his  former  home,  where  he  engaged  in  farming,  and 
devoted  his  spare  time  to  the  study  of  law.  In  1866  he  was  elected  jus- 
tice of  the  peace  of  Douglas  township  and  served  in  that  capacity  until 
elected  probate  judge  of  Jackson  county  in  1868.  He  removed  to  Holton 
and  served  as  probate  judge  for  four  succeeding  terms.  In  1870  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  and  elected  county  attorney  in  1876  and  1878.  In 
1880  he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  to  represent  Jackson  and  Potta- 
watomie counties,  and  in  March,  1884,  President  Arthur  appointed  him 
associate  justice  of  the  supreme  court  of  Idaho  Territory  for  a  term  of 
four  years.  He  removed  to  Boise,  Ida.,  entered  upon  the  discharge  of 
his  duties,  and  served  several  months  over  his  term,  when  he  requested 
the  President  to  relieve  him.  In  Sept.,  1888,  he  returned  to  Holton* and 
resumed  his  law  practice  in  partnership  with  E.  E.  Rafter  and  R.  G. 
Robinson.  In  1890,  the  Republican  convention  nominated  Mr.  Brod- 
erick for  Congress.  He  was  elected,  and  continued  to  be  nominated 
and  reelected  until  he  had  served  eight  years.  During  this  time  he  was 
a  member  of  the  judiciary  committee  of  the  house.  At  the  expiration 
of  his  fourth  term  he  reopened  a  law  office  in  Holton. 

Broderick  County,  one  of  the  counties  of  Kansas  territory,  was 
created  Feb.  7,  1859,  and  named  in  honor  of  David  Broderick,  United 
States  senator  from  California.  It  included  territory  now  within  the 
State  of  Colorado,  and  was  bounded  as  follows:  "Commencing  ,-t  the 
point  where  the  104th  meridian  of  longitude  crosses  the  thirty-eighth 
parallel  of  latitude,  and  running  from  thence  due  west  to  a  point  20 
miles  west  of  the  105th  meridian  of  longitude ;  thence  due  north  to  a 
point  20  miles  south  of  the  thirty-ninth  parallel  of  latitude ;  thence  due 
east  to  the  104th  meridian  of  longitude ;  thence  due  south  to  the  place 
of  beginning."  Simon  G.  Gephart,  W.  Walter  and  Charles  Nichols 
were  appointed  commissioners  with  authority  to  locate  the  seat  of 
justice  near  the  center  of  the  county. 

Bronson,  an  incorporated  city  in  the  western  part  of  Bourbon  coun- 
ty, is  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  about  half-way  between 
Fort  Scott  and  lola.  It  has  2  banks,  an  international  money  order  post- 
office  with  four  rural  routes,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  telephone 
connections,  a  semi-weekly  newspaper  (the  Bronson  Pilot),  a  large  re- 
tail trade,  good  public  schools,  etc.,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population 
of  595.  The  city  was  settled  in  1885  by  G.  H.  Requa.  J.  W.  Timmons 
and  a  few  others,  and  was  named  for  Ira  D.  Bronson  of  Fort  Scctt. 
Requa  and  Martin  opened  the  first  store  in  Sept.,  1881,  and  the  same 
month  the  postoffice  was  established  with  Mr.  Requa  as  postmaster. 
The  growth  of  Bronson  has  been  slow  but  substantial,  and  it  is  the 
principal  shipping  and  supply  point  for  a  rich  agricultural  district. 


236  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Brooks,  a  station  on  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.  near  the 
south  line  of  Wilson  county,  is  located  in  Newark  township  15  miles 
southeast  of  Fredonia,  the  county  seat.  It  receives  its  mail  from  Cherry- 
vale  in  ^Montgomery  county.     The  population  in  1910  was  21. 

Brooks,  Noah,  author  and  journalist,  was  born  at  Castine,  Me.,  Oct. 
30,  1S30.  After  attending  the  public  schools  and  local  academy  he  went 
to  Boston,  Mass.,  to  study  landscape  painting,  but  in  1855  he  formed 
a  partnership  with  John  G.  Brooks  and  engaged  in  merchandising  at 
Di.xon,  111.  In  Ma3%  1857,  he  came  to  Kansas  and  located  on  the  Repub- 
lican river  about  10  miles  above  Fort  Riley.  A  little  later  he  went  to 
California  and  began  the  publication  of  a  newspaper  at  Marysville. 
This  venture  was  not  a  success  and  he  next  became  the  Washington 
correspondent  of  the  Sacramento  Union.  While  in  Washington  he 
formed  the  acquaintance  of  President  Lincoln,  who  appointed  him  pri- 
vate secretary,  but  before  he  entered  upon  his  duties  the  President  was 
assassinated.  Mr.  Brooks  then  returned  to  the  Pacific  coast,  where  he 
engaged  in  various  lines  of  work  for  several  years,  after  which  he  went 
to  New  York,  and  from  1871  to  1876  was  a  member  of  the  editorial  staff 
of  the  New  York  Tribune.  For  about  twelve  years  he  was  the  editor 
of  the  Newark  (N.  J.)  Advertiser,  but  retired  from  newspaper  work 
and  spent  the  remainder  of  his  active  life  in  writing  books.  One  of 
these  books — "The  Boy  Settlers" — ^deals  with  Kansas  as  he  knew  the 
territory  some  forty  years  before.     Mr.  Brooks  died  in  1903. 

Brookville,  one  of  the  incorporated  towns  of  Saline  county,  is  a  sta- 
tion on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  16  miles  southwest  of  Salina,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  newspaper,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  a 
money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes.  The  population  in  1910 
was  280.  The  town  was  founded  in  1870  by  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R. 
The  first  settler  was  John  Crittenden,  and  the  first  building,  outside  of 
those  put  up  by  the  railroad,  was  erected  by  M.  P.  W3nian.  Brookville 
became  a  city  of  the  third  class  in  1873.  William  Brownhill  was  the 
first  mayor.  The  first  store  in  the  place  was  opened  by  George  Snyder. 
The  first  newspaper  was  the  Brookville  Transcript,  established  in  Nov., 
1870,  by  .\ll)in  &  Tupper. 

Broom-Corn  (.Sorghum  vulgare)  is  described  as  a  "plant  ot  the  order 
of  grasses,  with  a  jointed  stem,  growing  to  a  height  of  8  or  10  feet, 
extensively  cultivated  in  North  America,  where  the  branched  iianiclcs 
or  heads  are  made  into  brooms,  clothes  brushes,  etc.,  the  seed  being  fed 
to  poultry  and  the  blades  to  cattle." 

Kansas  is  one  of  the  greatest  broom-corn  growing  stales  ui  liic 
Union.  It  has  been  raised  for  years,  and  seldom  fails  to  yield  a  hand- 
some return  to  the  cultivator.  It  grows  in  every  comity  of  the  state, 
thougli  the  largest  crops  are  raised  in  the  western  portion.  In  1900 
broom-corn  was  grown  in  every  county  except  eleven.  The  acreage 
for  that  year  was  47,776;  the  yield  was  18,674,385  pounds,  and  the  value 
of  the  crop  was  $655,344.60.  Ten  years  later  (1910")  broom-corn  was' 
grown  in  only  jy  of  liu'   105  counties.     Tlinse  counties  which  produced 


KANSAS    HISTORY  237 

no  broom-corn  in  that  year  were  Atchison,  Barton,  Brown,  Chase, 
Douglas,  Ellis,  Franklin,  Geary,  Greenwood,  Flarvey,  Jefferson,  Jewell, 
Johnson,  Kiowa,  Lincoln,  Marshall,  Mitchell,  Morris,  Pottawatomie, 
Pratt,  Rooks,  Rush,  Russell,  Smith,  Trego,  Wabaunsee,  Washington 
and  Wyandotte.  Although  fewer  counties  engaged  in  the  production, 
the  area  planted  in  broom-corn  in  1910  had  increased  to  111,308  acres, 
the  yield  to  39,561,123  pounds,  and  the  value  of  the  total  crop  to  $1,604,- 
603.43.  The  five  leading  counties  in  1910  were  Kearny,  with  18,754 
acres,  5,626,200  pounds,  the  value  of  which  was  $225,048;  Stevens, 
15,045  acres,  4,964,850  pounds,  value,  $198,594;  Hamilton,  10,878  acres, 
3,263,400  pounds,  value,  $130,536;  Seward,  8,289  acres,  3,000,618  pounds, 
value,  $110,023;   Morton,  6,109  acres,  2,443,000  pounds,   value,  $97,744. 

It  will  be  observed  that  these  five  counties  are  all  situated  in  the  ex- 
treme southwestern  part  of  the  state,  a  region  once  regarded  as  the 
"Great  American  Desert,"  yet  in  one  year  the  value  of  the  broom-corn 
crop  alone  amounted  to  more  than  three-quarters  of  a  million  dollars. 
Grant,  Finney,  Stanton,  Meade  and  Haskell,  in  the  same  section  of 
the  state,  also  produced  large  crops  of  broom-corn,  and  Greeley, 
Wichita,  Scott,  Wallace  and  Cheyenne  farther  north  were  likewise 
heavy  producers.  Clay,  Dickinson,  Kingman  and  Saline  counties  each 
reported  but  one  acre. 

Broughton,  a  thriving  little  town  of  Clay  county,  is  situated  in  Clay 
Center  township,  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  and  the  Union 
Pacific  railroads,  5  miles  southeast  of  Clay  Center.  It  has  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  two  rural  delivery  routes,  telegraph,  telephone  and 
express  service,  a  hotel,  some  good  general  stores,  good  public  schools, 
a  population  of  160,  and  is  the  busiest  little  town  between  Clay  Center 
and  Manhattan. 

Brown  County,  one  of  the  northern  tier,  was  created  by  the  first  ter- 
ritorial legislature  with  the  following  boundaries:  "Beginning  at  the 
northwest  corner  of  Doniphan  county;  thence  west  24  miles;  thence 
south  30  miles;  thence  east  to  the  west  line  of  Atchison  county;  thence 
north  to  the  northwest  corner  of  Atchison  county ;  thence  east  with  said 
north  line  of  Atchison  county  to  the  southwest  corner  of  Doniphan 
county;  thence  north  with  said  west  line  of  Doniphan  county  to  the 
place  of  beginning." 

In  all  the  places  where  the  name  appears  in  the  act  of  1855  it  is 
spelled  "Browne."  It  was  named  for  Albert  G.  Brown,  United  States 
senate  from  Mississippi,  who  spelled  his  name  without  the  final  "e." 
Dr.  J.  H.  Stringfellow,  a  memljer  of  the  Kansas  legislature,  of  1855. 
stated  that  the  county  was  named  after  O.  H.  Browne,  a  member  of  the 
house  from  the  Third  representative  district,  but  the  final  "e"  was 
dropped  in  the  spelling  of  the  name,  by  subsequent  legislatures. 

On  Sept.  17,  1855,  the  commissioners  of  Doniphan  county  passed  the 
following  resolutions:  "That  the  county  of  Brown  be  and  is  hereby 
organized  as  a  municipal  township  to  be  known  as  Brown  county  town- 
ship," and  ordered  that  the  election  for  a  delegate  to  Congress  be  held 


238  CVCLOI^EDIA    OF 

at  the  house  of  \V.  C.  Foster,  on  the  south  fork  of  the  Nemaha.  The 
commissioners  also  appointed  William  C.  Foster  and  John  C.  Bragg 
justices  of  the  peace  and  William  Purket  constable.  The  following 
summer  an  order  was  issued  to  survey  the  boundaries  between  Don- 
iphan and  Brown  counties,  which  was  done,  but  in  185S  the  legislature 
transferred  some  of  the  territory  of  Brown  to  Jackson  county,  which 
left  it  in  its  present  shape ;  an  exact  square  24  miles  each  way.  In 
September  Brown  coiuity  was  divided  into  two  townships,  Walnut  and 
Mission. 

Brown  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  State  of  Nebraska ; 
on  the  east  by  Doniphan  county ;  on  the  south  by  Atchison  and  Jack- 
son, and  on  the  west  by  Nemaha  county.  It  has  an  area  of  576  square 
miles  and  is  divided  into  the  following  townships :  Hamlin,  Hiawatha, 
Irving,  Mission,  Morrill,  Powhattan,  Robinson,  Walnut  and  Wash- 
ington. It  is  well  waterered  by  Cedar  creek  in  the  southwest,  Wolf 
creek  in  the  east,  and  numerous  other  creeks,  the  most  important  of 
which  are  Pony,  Walnut,  Roys,  and  Craig. 

The  surface  of  the  count}'  is  gentl}-  undulating.  The  creek  bottoms 
average  about  half  a  mile  in  width  and  all  the  streams  are  fringed  with 
belts  of  timber,  the  principal  varieties  being  oak,  walnut,  honey-locust, 
hackberry,  S3camore,  elm,  box-elder  and  basswood.  Limestone  is 
abundant  and  sandstone  of  a  good  quality  is  found,  both  of  which  are 
quarried  for  local  use.  Two  mineral  springs  in  the  western  part  of  the 
county  are  claimed  to  have  medicinal  properties.  Brown  is  one  of  the 
leading  agricultural  counties,  corn,  winter  wheat  and  oats  being  the 
largest  crops.  It  is  also  a  good  horticultural  region,  and  there  are  over 
200,000  fruit  trees  of  bearing  age. 

According  to  Morrill's  History  of  Brown  County,  one  of  the  over- 
land routes,  the  "California  Trail,"  (q.  v.)  "wound  along  the  divides 
passing  Drummond's  Branch,  crossed  the  western  part  of  the  present 
site  of  Hiawatha,  followed  the  divide  between  the  head  waters  of  Wolf 
and  Walnut,  and  left  the  coiuity  near  the  present  site  of  Sabetha." 

Some  of  the  first  settlers  in  Brown  county  were  Missourians  who 
marked  claims  and  tlien  returned  home  to  spend  the  winter,  while 
others  from  a  greater  distance  made  permanent  settlements.  As  early 
as  April  10,  1854,  AVilliam  Gentry  and  H.  C.  Gregg  settled  in  Powhattan 
township.  On  May  11,  1854,  Thurston  Chase  and  James  Gibbons  lo- 
cated on  Wolf  creek.  They  were  followed  by  William  and  James 
Metts,  who  settled  in  what  is  now  Hamlin  township.  On  Aug.  3  K.  R. 
Corneilison  entered  a  claim  on  Walnut  creek  and  the  following  March 
brought  his  family  to  the  new  homestead.  His  brother  William  also 
came  at  that  time.  W.  C.  Foster  came  to  Brown  county  in  the  fall 
from  Nemaha.  John  Belk,  his  sons,  William  and  King,  and  Thomas 
Brigham  settled  near  Padnnia  and  Jacob  Englehart  settled  on  a  farm 
not  far  from  the  present  town  of  Hiawatha. 

Early  in  the  spring  of  1855,  the  settlers  on  Walnut  creek  formed  a 
protective  association,  elected  officers  and  made  rigid  laws  for  I  In-  ptir- 


KANSAS    iUSTOKY  2^) 

pose  of  enforcing  the  right  of  actual  settlers  and  prohibiting  the  sale 
of  intoxicating  liquors  to  the  Indians.  The  first  trial  under  these  laws 
took  place  at  the  house  of  Jesse  Padon,  on  the  bank  of  the  Walnut. 
Complaint  was  made  against  Robert  Boyd  and  Elisha  Osborn  for  sell- 
ing liquors  to  the  Indians  and  sixteen  settlers  gathered,  determined  to 
enforce  the  law,  the  only  settler  absent  from  the  gathering  being  ill. 
Although  the  accused  were  not  present,  the  trial  proceeded,  they  were 
declared  guilty  and  the  verdict  rendered  was  that  their  stock  of  liquors 
should  be  destroyed  and  that  they  should  each  pay  a  fine  of  $20.  Padon 
was  appointed  to  execute'  the  order  of  this  court  and  was  accompanied 
by  all  the  settlers  to  see  the  decree  enforced.  Boyd  and  Osborn  kept 
their  liquors  at  the  edge  of  Pilot  Grove,  some  3  miles  from  Padonia. 
When  Padon  informed  them  of  the  decision  of  the  court  they  declared 
themselves  willing  to  give  up  the  liquor  and  pay  the  fine,  but  upon 
promise  to  sell  no  more  to  the  Indians,  they  were  allowed  to  remain  in 
the  county  and  retain  the  liquor,  though  they  paid  the  fine. 

The  first  white  child  born  in  the  county  was  Isaac  Short,  who  was 
born  in  Aug.,  1855.  The  first  marriage  was  that  of  Hiram  Wheeler 
and  Elizabeth  E.  Root  on  July  30,  1857.  The  first  school  was  taught 
in  1856  in  a  log  cabin  erected  the  year  before  on  John  Kerey's  farm 
and  John  Shields  was  the  first  teacher.  The  cabin  was  also  used  as  a 
church  as  the  first  religious  services  in  the  county  were  held  there  soon 
after  it  was  built.  A  Methodist  minister  named  AUspaugh  held  services 
in  a  grove  near  John  Belk's  farm  house  in  1855.  Early  in  1857,  the 
Methodists  organized  a  church  at  the  house  of  William  Belk,  and  a 
Baptist  minister  held  services  at  the  residence  of  E.  H.  Niles. 

A  branch  of  the  underground  railroad  was  established  through 
3rown  ccimty  for  fugitive  negroes,  and  many  of  them  were  passed  over 
this  line  by  John  Brown  and  other  anti-slavery  men. 

Early  in  the  spring  of  1857,  quite  a  colony  came  from  Maine,  among- 
them  George  Ross,  J.  G.  Leavitt,  I.  P.  Winslow,  Noah  Hanson,  W.  G. 
Sargent  and  Sumner  Shaw.  The  Iowa  Indian  trust  lands  lying  in 
Brown  county  were  advertised  for  sale  to  the  highest  bidders  on  June 
4,  1857.  They  sold  rapidly,  but  eventually  most  of  the  lands  fell  into 
the  hands  of  speculators,  some  of  the  settlers  leaving  as  soon  as  they 
perfected  title  to  their  claims,  without  making  any  permanent  improve- 
ments. 

The  first  4th  of  July  celebration  was  held  by  a  public  gathering  on 
the  farm  of  John  Powe  on  Mulberry  creek  in  1857.  Sometime  during 
the  summer  of  that  year  Philip  Weiss  contracted  to  make  a  weekly  trip 
to  Iowa  Point  to  bring  the  mail.  This  was  probably  the  first  mail  route 
in  the  county  and  was  purely  a  private  enterprise.  He  used  a  team  of 
horses  and  a  lumber  wagon  for  his  trips,  and  carried  passengers,  express 
and  freight  as  well  as  mail.  An  act  of  1855  provided  for  a  mail  route 
from  St.  Joseph  via  Highland  to  Marysville,  Kan.,  but  it  was  not  started 
until  1858.  On  Aug.  8,  1857,  the  first  postoffice  was  established  at  Clay- 
tonville,  with  George  E.  Clayton  as  postmaster. 


240  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

On  Feb.  14,  1857,  the  state  legislature  detached  Brown  from  Doni- 
phan county  and  located  the  temporary  county  seat  at  Claytonville. 
The  act  also  provided  for  the  election  of  three  commissioners  to  locate 
a  permanent  county  seat.  The  new  board  of  commissioners  organized 
on  March  16,  1857,  and  among  other  business  divided  the  county  into 
four  municipal  townships,  Iowa,  Claytonville,  Walnut  Creek  and 
Lachnane.  On  March  31  the  commissioners  held  a  second  meeting  and 
appropriated  $500  to  build  a  court-house  on  the  north  square  in  Clay- 
tonville— a  frame  building  20  by  30  feet — to  be  ready  for  occupation 
by  June  i,  and  William  Oldham  was  appointed  to  build  it. 

At  the  election  on  Oct.  5,  the  free-state  men  carried  the  county  by  a 
vote  of  136  to  72,  E.  N.  Morrill  being  elected  to  the  legislature  by  the 
counties  of  Brown  and  Nemaha.  On  Nov.  16  the  free-state  board  of 
county  commissioners  organized  when  Ira  H.  Smith  was  chosen  county 
surveyor;  David  Peebles,  clerk;  and  John  S.  Tyler,  assessor.  At  the 
election  I.  P.  Winslow,  Isaac  Chase  and  I.  B.  Hoover  were  chosen  com- 
missioners to  locate  the  permanent  county  seat.  They  met  on  Dec.  14 
at  Swain's  store  and  the  first  ballot  resulted,  Padonia  i,  Hiawatha  r, 
and  Carson  i.  The  following  day  the  board  visited  the  town  sites  of 
Carson,  Hamlin,  Padonia  and  Hiawatha.  Padonia  offered  to  donate  a 
square  of  ground  and  a  $3,000  court-house;  Hiawatha  offered  to  erect 
a  building  20  by  30  feet  for  a  court-house  and  donate  every  alternate 
lot  of  the  town  site,  and  Carson  oft'ered  one-half  of  the  lots  in  the  town 
site  and  $1,500  in  labor  and  building  material.  A  second  ballot  resulted 
the  same  as  the  first,  but  on  a  third  two  votes  were  cast  for  Carson  and 
I  for  Padonia.  The  county  seat,  therefore,  was  removed  to  Carson,  but 
it  did  not  remain  there  long,  as  the  next  legislature  passed  an  act  pro- 
viding for  an  election  to  submit  the  question  to  a  vote  of  the  people, 
which  resulted  in  128  votes  for  Hiawatha  and  37  for  Carson,  with  a  few 
scattering.  On  May  25,  185S,  the  county  commissioners  appropriated 
$2,000  for  building  a  court  house  with  jail  and  offices  attached.  On 
Oct.  4,  1877,  the  county  commissioners  decided,  "That  a  proposition  be 
submitted  to  the  people  on  the  6th  day  of  November,  authorizing  the 
board  to  build  a  court  house,  the  cost  not  to  exceed  $20,000."  Tliis 
measure  was  approved  by  the  people  and  the  commissioners,  early  in 
1878,  contracted  with  E.  T.  Carr  of  Leavenworth  for  its  erection. 

At  the  outlireak  of  the  Civil  war  nearly  one-half  the  voters  in  the 
county  entered  the  army,  forming  a  party  of  Company  I,  Thirteenth 
Kansas  infantry,  and  in  1864,  the  militia  was  ordered  to  gather  at  Atchi- 
son. The  Hiawatha  company  consisted  of  65  men;  the  Walnut  creek 
company  of  41,  and  Robinson  company  of  100.  Upon  their  dejiarture 
to  the  front  the  home-guard  was  organized  and  within  twenty-four 
hours  iiad  an  enrollment  of  79  men. 

The  first  newspaper,  the  Brown  County  ITnion,  was  established  liy 
Dr.  P.  G.  Parker  in  the  spring  of  i8r)i,  at  HiavvatJia,  l)Ut  the  office  was 
destroyed  by  fire  tlie  following  winter.  On  Aug.  20,  1864,  H.  P.  .Steb- 
bins  started  the  Union  Sentinel  and  the  third  paper,  the  Hiawatha  Dis- 
patch, made  its  appearance  in  1870. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  '  24I 

There  are  three  lines  of  railroad  in  the  county  with  over  97  miles  of 
main  track.  The  St.  Joseph  &  Grand  Island  enters  the  county  on  the 
east,  about  midway  north  and  south,  crosses  in  a  northwesterl}-  direc- 
tion through  Hiawatha  and  enters  Nemaha  county.  A  line  of  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific,  built  in  the  early  '80s,  crosses  the  northern  boundary  about 
the  center,  passes  through  Hiawatha  and  leaves  at  the  southeast  corner. 
The  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  road  enters  in  the  south,  branches 
at  Horton  near  the  southern  boundary,  one  line  leaving  near  the  south- 
east corner,  the  other  traversing  the  county  in  a  northwesterly  direction 
and  connecting  with  the  main  line  in  Nebraska.  Hiawatha,  the  county 
seat,  is  a  large  shipping  point  for  all  agricultural  products  and  has  sev- 
eral factories,  but  Horton  in  the  south  is  the  largest  town  in  the  county, 
and  has  the  repair  shops  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  road 
located  there,  and  is  also  the  division  point  of  that  road. 

In  1910  the  population  of  Brown  county  was  21,314,  and  the  total 
value  of  farm  products,  exclusive  of  live  s.tock,  was  $2,921,381.  The 
principal  crops  were  corn,  $1,920,240;  hay,  including  all  kinds,  $428,716; 
oats,  v$394,522;  Irish  potatoes,  $63,578;  wheat,  $37,614. 

Brown,  John,  abolitionist,  frequently  referred  to  as  "Osawatomie 
Brown,"  was  born  at  Torrington,  Conn..  May  9.  1800,  a  son  of  Owen 
and  Ruth  (Mills)  Brown.  His  earliest  American  ancestor  was  Peter 
Brown,  who  came  over  in  the  Mayflower  in  1620,  and  his  grandfather, 
John  Brown,  was  a  captain  in  the  Connecticut  militaia  during  the 
Revolution.  This  Capt.  Brown  married  Hannah  Owen,  of  Welsh  ex- 
traction, and  Ruth  Mills  was  of  Dutch  descent,  so  that  John  Brown 
of  Osawatomie  was  an  admixture  of  three  nationalities.  His  maternal 
grandfather,  Gideon  Mills,  was  also  a  Revolutionary  soldier.  In  1805 
Owen  Brown  removed  with  his  family  to  Ohio,  where  John  grew  to 
manhood,  working  on  the  farm  and  as  a  currier  in  his  father's  tannery, 
part  of  the  time  as  foreman.  When  about  20  years  of  age  he  took  up 
the  study  of  survejnng  and  followed  that  occupation  for  a  few  years. 
He  then  went  to  Crawford  county.  Pa.,  where  he  lived  until  1835, 
when  he  located  in  Portage  county,  Ohio.  In  1846  he  went  to  Spring- 
field, Mass.,  and  engaged  in  the  business  of  buying  and  selling  wool 
on  commission.  No  sooner  had  he  established  himself  in  this  busi- 
ness than  he  tried  to  force  up  the  price  of  wool,  but  the  New  Eng- 
land manufacturers  combined  against  him  and  he  was  compelled  to 
ship  some  200,000  pounds  to  Europe,  where  he  sold  it  at  a  loss,  be- 
coming bankrupt.  Gerrit  Smith  then  gave  him  a  piece  of  land  near 
North  Elba,  N.  Y.,  in  the  bleak,  desolate  region  of  the  Adirondacks, 
and  here  Brown  lived  until  1851.  He  then  returned  to  Ohio  and  again 
engaged  in  the  wool  business,  this  time  with  better  success. 

Owen  Brown  was  one  of  the  early  school  of  abolitionists,  a  disciple 
of  Hopkins  and  Edwards,  and  from  his  earliest  childhood  John  Brown 
breathed  an  atmosphere  antagonistic  to  the  institution  of  slavery.  He 
was  twice  married — first  to  Dianthe  Lusk,  a  widow,  who  bore  him 
seven  children  :  and  second  to  Marv  Ann  Day,  bv  whom  he  had  thirteen 
(I-16)    . 


242 


CYCLOrEDIA    OF 


children.  Eight  of  the  twenty  children  died  young,  and  of  those  who- 
grew  to  maturity  all  were  abolitionists.  Five  of  his  sons  removed 
from  Ohio  to  Kansas  in  1854  and  selected  claims  some  8  to  10  miles- 
from  Osawatomie,  where  they  were  joined  by  their  father  on  Oct.   5,. 


.lOH.V    HHOWN  MONUMENT.   OSAWATOMIK. 


1855.  Father  and  sons  were  muslered  in  as  niiliiia  by  the  free-state' 
party  and  turned  out  to  aid  in  the  defense  of  Lawrence.  Two  o£ 
Brown's  sons  were  captured  by  tlic  L'nited  Slates  cavalry,  which  was. 
used   to  aid   in   enforcing   the    lerritnri.'il    laws   passed   by    a   pro-slavery- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  243 

legislature,  and  John  Brown,  Jr.,  with  his  hands  fastened  behind  his 
back,  was  driven  by  a  cavalry  company  9  miles  on  a  trot  to  Osawatomie. 
Appleton's  Cyclopedia  of  American  Biography  says:  "This  state  of 
things  must  be  fully  remembered  in  connection  with  the  so-called 
'Pottawatomie  Massacre,'  which  furnishes,  in  the  opinion  of  both  friends 
and  foes,  the  most  questionable  incident  in  Brown's  career.'.' 

In  Jan.,  1859,  Brown  left  Kansas  with  a  number  of  slaves  taken 
from  Missouri  owners  and  went  to  Canada,  where  he  arranged  the 
details  for  his  raid  on  Harper's  Ferry,  Va.  Through  the  national  Kan- 
sas committee  he  secured  200  rifles,  and  on  June  3,  1859.  he  left  Boston 
with  $500  in  gold  and  permission  to  keep  the  rifles.  Late  in  that 
month  Brown  and  his  associates  i"ented  a  small  farm  near  Harper's 
Ferry,  where  they  were  to  complete  the  preparations  for  their  raid. 
Brown's  daughter,  Anne,  and  a  daughter-in-law,  Owen  Brown's  wife, 
were  installed  as  housekeepers.  Here  Brown  was  visited  in  August 
by  Frederick  Douglass,  to  whom  he  imparted  his  plan  for  the  seizure 
of  the  United  States  arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry,  and,  if  necessary  to 
carry  out  his  purpose,  the  capture  of  the  town  itself.  Douglass  did 
not  look  with  favor  on  the  scheme,  but  Brown,  having  consecrated 
his  life  to  the  abolition  of  slavery,  was  not  to  be  dissuaded.  Accord- 
ingly, on  Sunday  evening,  Oct.  16,  1859,  Brown  mustered  18  of  his 
men  and  moved  on  the  arsenal.  At  half-past  ten  the  gates  were  broken 
in  with  a  crow-bar,  the  small  guard  was  overpowered  without  difficulty, 
and  by  midnight  the  town  was  patrolled  by  the  raiders.  Six  men  were 
sent  to  bring  in  some  planters  living  in  the  vicinity,  with  their  slaves, 
it  being  Brown's  idea  to  free  and  arm  the  negroes  to  aid  in  bringing 
about  a  general  uprising.  Unhappily  for  the  scheme  a  train  got 
through  Harper's  Ferry  and  carried  the  news  to  Washington.  Capt. 
Robert  E.  Lee,  who  afterwards  won  distinction  as  a  Confederate  gen- 
eral, hurried  from  Washington  with  a  company  of  marines,  and  the 
citizens  armed  themselves  to  aid  the  troops  in  capturing  the  raiders. 
Brown  and  six  of  his  men  barricaded  themselves  in  the  engine  room 
and  held  out  against  great  odds  until  two  of  his  sons  were  killed  and 
he  was  wounded.  He  was  tried  before  a  Virginia  court,  convicted  of 
treason  and  sentenced  to  be  hanged.  His  execution  took  place  on  Dec. 
2,  1859,  and  it  is  said  that  no  man  ever  met  his  fate  with  greater  forti- 
tude. His  body  was  buried  at  North  Elba,  Essex  county,  N.  Y.,  near 
the  farm  given  him  by  Gerrit  Smith. 

John  Brown  has  been  called  a  fanatic,  and  some  have  even  gone 
so  far  as  to  adjudge  him  insane,  though  there  is  no  positive  evidence 
to  show  that  he  was  mentally  unbalanced.  From  boyhood  the  doc- 
trines of  abolition  had  been  drilled  into  him,  until  the  idea  that  all  men 
ought  to  be  free  became  with  him  a  sort  of  obsession.  His  methods 
were  not  always  of  the  best  character,  but  he  had  the  courage  of  his 
convictions  and  was  willing  to  lay  down  his  life  for  a  principle.  His 
battles  of  Black  Jack  and  Osawatomie  were  insignificant  when  com- 
pared with  Gettysburg  or  Chickamauga,  but  they  began  the  conflict 
that  ended  in  the  annihilation  of  chattel  slaverv  in  the  U^nited  States. 


244  CYCLOl'EDIA    OF 

On  Aug.  30,  1877,  a  monument  was  unveiled  at  Osavvatomie  "'In 
memory  of  the  heroes  who  fell  in  defense  of  freedom,''  John  J-  Ingalls 
delivering  the  dedicator}'  address.  The  monument  was  erected  by  the 
John  Brown  Memorial  association.  Some  years  later  the  Women's 
Relief  Corps  of  Kansas  started  a  movement  to  have  the  battlefield  of 
Osawatomie  set  apart  as  a  public  park.  The  field  was  purchased  on 
May  13,  1909,  and  on  Aug.  31,  1910,  the  park  was  dedicated  with 
imposing  ceremonies.  ex-President  Roosevelt  being  the  orator  of  the 
occasion.  Besides  these  recognitions  of  Brown's  valor,  the  Kansas 
legislature  of  1895  passed  a  resolution  requesting  the  authorities  in 
charge  of  the  United  States  statuary  hall  at  Washington  to  permit  the 
Lincoln  soldiers'  and  Sailors'  National  Monument  association  to  place 
a  statue  of  John  Brown  in  the  hall,  but  nothing  farther  came  of  the 
movement. 

Brown,  Mary  A.,  second  wife  of  John  Brown,  was  born  in  Wash- 
ington county,  N.  Y.,  April  15,  1816.  Her  maiden  name  was  Mary  A. 
Day.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  years  she  became  the  wife  of  Brown  and 
assumed  the  care  and  management  of  his  five  motherless  children. 
After  the  execution  of  her  husband  she  retired  to  the  Adirondack  re- 
gion of  New  York,  where  she  lived  in  seclusion  until  1862,  when,  ac- 
companied by  her  family,  she  removed  in  ]awn.  In  iS;'i4  slv^  went 
to  California  and  was  not  again  east  of  the  Rocky  mountains  until 
1882.  In  that  year  she  visited  Chicago  at  the  request  of  the  John 
Brown  jMemorial  Association,  and  on  Nov.  11,  1882,  she  arrived  in 
Topeka,  where  she  was  the  guest  of  T.  D.  Thacher.  This  was  her 
first  visit  to  Kansas,  as  she  remained  in  New  York  when  her  husband 
and  his  sons  came  to  the  territory  in  the  '50s.  A  reception  was  given 
Mrs.  Brown  in  the  senate  chaml^er  on  the  evening  of  the  T^th.  .She 
then  visited  Lawrence  and  Osawatomie  and  returned  to  California. 
She  died  on  Feb.  29,   1884. 

Brown,  William  R.,  lawyer  and  member  of  Congress,  was  born  at 
Bulialo.  X.  'N'..  July  16,  1840.  He  was  educated  at  Phillips  Academy, 
Exeter.  N.  H..  and  at  Union  University,  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  graduating 
at  the  latter  institution  when  22  years  of  age.  After  leaving  college 
he  studied  law  and  in  1864  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Soon  after  that 
he  came  to  Kansas  and  lucated  at  Lawrence,  where  he  took  an  active 
part  in  political  life.  In  1866  he  removed  to  Emporia  and  entered 
into  partnership  with  Judge  R.  M.  Ruggles.  He  served  as  deput}^  clerk 
of  the  supreme  court  and  was  journal  clerk  of  the  lower  house  of  the 
state  legislature  in  1866-67.  .'Kt  the  close  of  the  session  Mr.  Brown 
dissolved  his  partnership  with  Judge  Ruggles  and  opened  a  law  office 
at  Cottonwood  Falls,  Chase  county.  The  same  year  he  was  elected 
judge  nf  the  Ninth  judicial  district.  Always  a  public-spirited  man, 
with  the  welfare  of  the  people  at  heart,  he  served  as  judge  tuitil  March 
I,  1875,  when  he  resigned,  having  been  elected  to  Congress  the  pre- 
vious fall  as  a  Republican.  After  serving  one  term  in  Congress,  Mr. 
P.rnwn  became  tiie  senior  member  of  ilu-  l.iw  firm  nf  Brown  &  Zim- 
merman of  Hutchinson. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  245 

Brownell,  a  tnvN'ii  of  Waring  lownsliijj,  Xess  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Miss(niri  Pacifis  R.  R.  about  i6  miles  northeast  of  Ness  City, 
the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural 
delivery  route,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  connections,  a 
good  retail  trade.  Baptist  and  Methodist  churches,  good  public  schools, 
and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  200. 

Brownsville,  an  inland  hamlet  of  Chautauqua  county,  is  located  near 
the  east  line  of  the  county,  11  miles  northeast  of  Sedan,  the  judicial 
seat,  and  about  the  same  distance  southwest  of  Elk  City  in  Montgom- 
ery county,  whence  it  receives  its  mail  by  rural  route.  The  nearest 
railroad  station  is  Monett,  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  about  5  miles  south- 
west.    The  population  according  to  the  report  of  1910  was  15. 

Bruce,  a  thriving  little  town  of  Crawford  county,  is  a  station  on  the 
St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.  about  12  miles  southwest  of  Girard, 
the  county  seat,  and  4  miles  west  of  Cherokee,  from  which  place  mail 
is  received  by  rural  free  delivery.     In  1910  the  population  was  164. 

Buchanan,  James,  15th  president  of  the  United  States,  from  1857  to 
1861,  and  under  whose  administration  Kansas  was  admitted  into  the 
Union,  was  born  at  Mercersburg,  Pa.,  April  23,  1791.  His  father,  a 
native  of  County"  Donegal,  Ireland,  came  to  America  in  1783  and  set- 
tled in  Cumberland  county.  Pa.,  where  he  married  and  raised  a  family 
of  eleven  children,  of  which  James  was  the  second.  After  attending 
the  local  schools,  the  future  president  entered  Dickinson  College,  where 
he  graduated  in  1809.  He  then  studied  law  and  in  1812  began  practice 
at  Lancaster,  Pa.  Although  a  Federalist  and  opposed  to  the  War  of 
1812,  his  first  public  address  at  Lancaster,  in  1814,  was  in  favor  of 
enlisting  more  troops,  and  even  enrolled  his  own  name.  In  Oct.,  1814, 
he  was  elected  to  the  Pennsylvania  legislature,  and  the  succeeding 
year  was  reelected.  He  then  declined  further  political  honors  for  the 
purpose  of  devoting  all  his  talent  and  energies  to  the  practice  of  his 
profession,  but  the  death  of  the  young  woman  to  whom  he  was  be- 
trothed caused  him  to  change  his  plans,  and  in  1820  he  was  elected 
to  represent  his  district  in  Congress.  After  serving  in  that  capacity 
for  ten  years.  President  Jackson  appointed  him  minister  to  Russia  in 
1831.  In  the  fall  of  1833  he  returned  to  Pennsylvania,  and  the  follow- 
ing year  was  elected  United  States  senator  by  the  legislature  of  that 
state.  In  1839  President  Van  Buren  tendered  him  the  attorney-gen- 
eralship of  the  United  States,  but  he  declined,  preferring  to  remain  in 
the  senate.  In  1845  h^  entered  the  cabinet  of  President  Polk  as  sec- 
retary of  state,  where  his  tact  on  the  Oregon  boundar}^  question  and 
the  annexation  of  Texas  proved  of  great  value  to  the  administration. 
In  1852  he  was  defeated  by  Franklin  Pierce  for  the  Democratic  nomina- 
tion for  president,  and  after  the  latter  was  inaugurated  he  appointed 
Mr.  Buchanan  minister  to  England.  He  was  nominated  and  elected 
president  in  1856.  The  principal  events  of  his  administration  were  the 
Dred  Scott  decision ;  the  Kansas  troubles,  which  he  had  inherited  from 
President    Pierce's,  administration    the   John    Brown    raid   on    Harper's 


246  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Ferry,  Va. ;  the  trial  and  execution  of  Brown,  and  the  secession  of 
some  of  the  Southern  states.  Mr.  Buchanan's  alliance  with  the  slave 
power ;  his  efforts  to  force  the  admission  of  Kansas  under  the  Le- 
compton  constitution,  which  would  have  made  Kansas  a  slave  state ; 
and  his  failure  to  prevent  the  secession  of  states,  caused  him  to  be 
severely  criticised,  yet  he  promptly  signed  the  bill  admitting  Kansas 
under  the  Wyandotte  constitution  as  a  free  state.  He  was  succeeded 
by  Abraham  Lincoln  on  March  4,  1861,  and  five  days  later  retired  to 
his  country  seat  at  Wheaton,  where  for  a  time  he  kept  aloof  from  the 
cares  of  public  life.  Subsequently  he  spent  some  of  his  leisure  time 
in  writing  a  vindication  of  his  policy,  his  book  being  published  in 
1866  under  the  title  of  "Buchanan's  Administration."  James  Buchanan 
died  at  Lancaster,  Pa;,  June  i,  1868. 

Buckcreek,  a  station  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  in  Jefferson  county, 
is  located  on  the  southern  line  of  the  county  just  where  the  railroad 
crosses  the  border,  6  miles  from  the  east  line.  It  is  12  miles  from 
Oskaloosa,  the  county  seat.  Mail  is  supplied  from  Williamstown  by 
rural  route. 

Buckeye,  a  rural  hamlet  of  Dickinson  county,  is  situated  in  the  town- 
ship of  the  same  name,  about  8  miles  north  of  Abilene,  the  county 
seat  and  most  convenient  railroad  station,  from  which  place  mail  is 
received  by  rural  free  delivery.    The  population  was  40  in  1910. 

Bucklin,  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  Ford  county,  is  located  in  the 
southeastern  part,  27  miles  from  Dodge  City,  at  the  junction  of  two 
divisions  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  It  was  in- 
corporated in  1909  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  696.  Bucklin 
has  two  banks,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Banner),  an  international 
money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes,  a  grain  elevator,  tele- 
graph and  express  service,  a  telephone  exchange,  hotels,  mercantile 
establishments,  Protestant  churches,  good  public  schools,  and  is  the 
shipping  and  supply  point  for  a  large  agricultural  district. 

Bucyrus,  a  village  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Miami  county,  is  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  railroad,  15  miles  northeast  of  Paola,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postofifice,  telegraph  station  and  express 
office,  and  in   1910  the  population  was  200. 

Buffalo.-: — Not  until  Cortez  reached  .'\nahuac,  the  capital  of  the 
yXzitcs.  in  1 521,  was  the  buffalo  known  to  Europeans.  Montezuma  at 
Ihat  time  had  a  well  appointed  menagerie,  and  among  the  .inimals  of 
iiis  collection  the  greatest  rarity  was  the  "Mexican  Bull,  a  wonderful 
composition  of  divers  animals.  It  has  crooked  Shoulders,  with  a  Bunch 
on  its  Back  like  a  Camel;  its  Flanks  dry,  its  Tail  large,  and  its  neck 
covered  with  Hair  like  a  Lion.  It  is  cloven  footed,  ils  Head  armed  like 
that  of  a  Bull,  whicii  it  resembles  in  Fierceness  witli  no  less  strength 
and  Agility." 

This  is  probably  the  first  description  of  the  Aniorican  buffalo  in 
print.  In  1530  Cabeca  de  Vaca  encountered  buffalo  in  a  wild  stale  in 
what  is  now  Texas.     He  also  left   n  description  of  ihcm.  telling  of  the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  247 

•quality  of  their  meat  and  of  the  uses  of  buft'alo  robes.  Coronado  in 
1542  reached  the  buffalo  country  on  his  way  to  Quivira,  and  traversed 
the  plains  that  were  "full  of  crooke-backed  oxen,  as  the  mountain 
Serena  in  Spaine  is  of  Sheepe."  In  1612  an  English  navigator  named 
Samuel  Argoll  mentions  meeting  with  bufifalo  while  on  a  trip  to  Vir- 
ginia, discovering  them  some  miles  up  the  Pembrook  (Potomac)  river, 
probably  near  Washington,  D.  C.  Father  Hennepin  encountered  buf- 
falo in  1679  while  on  a  journey  up  the  St.  Lawrence  river.  Marquette 
has  said  that  the  prairies  along  the  Illinois  river  were  "covered  with 
buffaloes."  Lewis  &  Clark,  the  explorers,  when  on  their  return  trip 
down  the  Missouri  in  1806,  mention  having  to  wait  an  hour  for  a  herd 
that  was  then  crossing  the  river. 

Col.  Richard  I.  Dodge,  in  his  "Plains  of  the  Great  West,"  describing 
a  herd  met  with  in  Kansas,  says:  "In  May,  1871,  I  drove  in  a  light 
wagon  from  old  Fort  Zarah  to  Fort  Larned  on  the  Arkansas,  34  miles. 
At  least  25  miles  of  this  distance  was  through  one  immense  herd,  com- 
posed of  countless  smaller  herds  of  buffalo  then  on  their  journey  north. 
.  .  .  The  whole  country  appeared  one  great  mass  of  buffalo,  moving 
slowly  to  the  northward.  .  .  .  The  herds  in  the  valley  sullenly  got  out 
of  my  way,  and,  turning,  stared  stupidly  at  me,  sometimes  at  only  a  few 
yards'  distance.  When  I  had  reached  a  point  where  the  hills  were  no 
longer  than  a  mile  from  the  road,  the  buffalo  on  the  hills,  seeing  an 
unusual  object  in  their  rear,  turned,  stared  an  instant,  then  started  at 
full  speed  towards  me,  stampeding  and  bringing  with  them  the  numer- 
ous herds  through  which  they  passed  and  pouring  down  upon  me  all 
the  herds,  no  longer  separated,  but  one  immense  compact  mass  of 
plunging  animals,  mad  with  fright,  and  as  irresistible  as  an  avalanche. 
.  .  .  Reining  up  ,my  horse.  ...  I  waited  until  the  front  of  the  mass 
was  within  50  yards,  when  a  few  well-directed  shots  from  my  rifle  split 
the  herd,  and  sent  it  pouring  off  in  two  streams  to  my  right  and  left. 
When  all  had  passed  me  they  stopped,  apparently  satisfied,  though 
thousands  were  yet  within  range  of  my  rifle  and  many  within  less  than 
100  yards.  Disdaining  to  fire  again,  I  sent  my  servant  to  cut  out  the 
tongues  of  the  fallen.  This  occurred  so  frequently  within  the  next  10 
miles,  that  when  I  arrived  at  Fort  Larned  I  had  twenty-six  tongues  in 
my  wagon.  ...  I  was  not  himting,  wanted  no  meat,  and  would  not 
voluntarily  have  fired  at  the  herds.  I  killed  oply  in  self-preservation 
and  fired  almost  every  shot  from  the  wagon."  This  herd  is  estimated 
to  have  numbered  about  4,000,000  head. 

Accounts  are  numerous  of  the  existence  of  buffalo  in  other  remote 
localities,  but  on  the  great  plains  they  throve  best  and  were  to  be  found 
in  greatest  numbers.  The  mating  season  occurred  when  the  herd  was 
on  the  range,  when  the  calves  were  from  two  to  four  months  old. 
During  the  "running  season"  the  herds  came  together  in  one  dense 
mass  of  many  thousands — in  many  instances  so  numerous  as  to  blacken 
the  face  of  the  landscape.  Kearney,  Neb.,  was  probably  very  near  the 
center  of  the  buffalo  range,  and  every  year  the  plains  Indians  had  their 


248  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

buffalo  hunt.  The  buffalo  supplied  man}-  of  their  wants,  the  skins  being 
carefully  tanned  to  supply  clothing,  bedding,  and  covers  for  tepees;  the 
meat  not  intended  for  immediate  consumption  was  stripped  off  the  car- 
cass, carefully  dried,  and  thus  made  available  for  use  until  the  next 
hunt.  The  hides  of  the  old  bulls  were  used  as  a  covering  for  a  water 
craft  known  as  "bull  boats" — being  carefully  stretched  over  a  round 
framework,  the  hairy  side  within.  These  boats  were  constructed  more 
easily  than  by  hollowing  otit  logs. 

"Of  all  the  quadrupeds  that  have  lived  tipon  the  earth,  probably  no 
other  species  has  ever  marshaled  such  innumerable  hosts  as  those  of 
the  American  bison.  It  would  have  been  as  easy  to  count  or  to  esti- 
mate the  number  of  leaves  in  a  forest  as  to  calculate  the  number  of 
buffaloes  living  at  any  given  time  during  the  history  of  the  species  pre- 
vious to  1870." 

From  1820  to  1840  it  has  been  estimated  that  approximately  652,275 
buffaloes  were  killed  by  buffalo  hunters,  the  total  value  of  which  at 
$5  eadh  would  be  $3,261,375.  Where  Indians  killed  one  for  food  the 
the  hide  and  tongue  himters  killed  fifty.  This  incessant  slaughter  was 
kept  up  year  after  year,  thousands  of  htmters — whites  and  Indians — 
being  employed  for  no  other  purpose  than  to  kill  as  many  as  they  could. 
Buffalo  Bill  (W.  F.  Cody)  was  once  engaged  in  this  business  and  is 
said  to  have  killed  4,280  in  18  months,  while  thousands  of  others  were 
likewise  engaged  of  whom  no  record  is  had.  In  1871  several  thousand 
hunters  were  in  the  field  and  it  is  estimated  that  from  3,000  to  4,000 
buffaloes  were  killed  daily. 

The  building  of  the  Pacific  railroads  divided  the  buffaloes  into  two 
large  herds  that  ranged  on  either  side  of  the  Platte  river.  The  esti- 
mated numbers  in  these  herds  at  this  time  was  about  3,000,000  each 
and  it  was  never  thought  by  western  men  in  those  days  that  it  would 
be  possible  to  exterminate  such  a  mighty  multitude.  But  the  same  im- 
provident work  of  destruction  continued  and  by  1875  the  southern  herd 
had  been  exterminated.  The  northern  herd  in  1882  was  thought  to 
number  about  1,000,000  head,  but  by  1883  it  was  almost  annihilated, 
and  Sitting  Bull  and  a  few  white  hunters  that  year  had  the  distinction 
of  killing  the  last  10,000  that  remained. 

This  wholesale  slaughter  of  the  buffalo  brought  about  more  than  one 
uprising  among  the  P]ains  Indians,  who  foresaw  the  total  destruction 
of  their  food  supply,  and  some  sanguinary  wars  were  the  result.  Dur- 
ing the  construction  of  (he  Kansas  Pacific  and  Atchison.  To])cka  dt 
Santa  Fe  railroads  the  buffaloes  were  so  innricrons  as  to  impede  work, 
and  on  more  than  one  occasion  trains  were  derailed  by  rnnning  into 
herds. 

After  the  extermination  of  the  southern  iierd  a  new  industry  sprang 
up,  the  bones  of  the  slaughtered  millions  being  carefully  gathered  and 
shii)ped  back  east,  where  they  were  ground  into  fertilizer  to  be  used 
on  the  impoverished  farms  of  the  older  sections.  Thousands  of  car- 
loads were  shipped,  the  average  price  paid  being  from  $4  to  $6  a  ton. 


KANSAS    IllSTOKY  249 

Charles  J.  (Buffalo)  Jones,  for  many  years  a  resident  of  Kansas,  suc- 
ceeded in  a  measure  in  domesticating  the  buffalo,  and  has  made  experi- 
ments in  crossing  them  with  the  Galloway  breed  of  cattle,  the  product 
(Catalo)  taking  the  characteristics  of  the  buffalo. 

To  save  the  animals  from  total  destruction  the  United  States  secured 
;i  number  of  buffaloes  and  placed  them  in  the  Yellowstone  National 
Park  where  they  might  be  free  from  molestation.  This  small  herd  in- 
creases very  slowly  owing  to  losses  of  calves  through  predatory  ani- 
mals. Outside  of  a  few  public  and  private  collections,  the  buft'alo  has 
entire!}-  disappeared. 

Buffalo,  one  of  the  incorporated  towns  of  Wilson  county,  is  located 
in  Clifton  township  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  and  on  Buffalo 
creek,  15  miles  northeast  of  Fredohia,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank, 
a  weekly  newspaper,  brick  and  tile  works,  a  feed  mill,  express  and  tele- 
graph offices,  and  an  international  money  order  postofifice  with  two 
rural  routes.  The  town  is  located  in  the  oil  and  gas  fields.  The 
population   for   1910  was  807. 

Buffalo  was  founded  in  1867,  when  a  postoffice  was  established  there 
with  Chester  Gould  as  postmaster.  The  first  store  was  opened  in 
1869  by  the  Young  Bros.,  and  the  first  hotel  by  John  Van  Meter,  in 
1870.  The  Buffalo  Agricultural  Society  was  organized  in  1872.  In 
1886  the  railroad  was  built,  which  was  an  impulse  to  the  growth  of 
the  place.  The  next  year  the  first  bank  was  started.  The  town  was 
incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third  class  in  1898,  and  the  first  election 
held  in  October  of  that  year,  when  the  following  officers  were  chosen : 
Mayor,  E.  B.  Johnson;  police  judge,  A.  Jamieson;  clerk,  C.  M.  Callar- 
nan  :  treasurer.  J.  L.  Dryden ;  street  commissioner,  O.  P.  Neff ;  coun- 
cilmen,  W.  L.  Ward,  J.  S.  Blankenbecker,  B.  E.  Jones,  A.  A.  McCann, 
G.  K.  Bideau. 

Buffalo  Bill. — The  sobriquet  of  "Buffalo  Bill,"  known  throughout 
the  country  as  a  synonym  for  daring  and  superior  marksmanship  with 
the  rifle,  is  claimed  by  two  men,  both  of  whom  won  the  appellation 
in  Kansas.  These  men  are  William  Mathewson,  a  pioneer,  of  Wichita, 
and  William  F.  Cody,  better  known  in  late  years  as  proprietor  of  the 
"Wild  West  show."  Although  the  latter  is  more  widely  known,  there 
is  little  doubt  that  Mathewson  was  the  first  to  receive  the  title  of 
Euft'alo  Bill.  He  was  born  in  Broome  count}',  N.  Y.,  Jan.  i,  1830,  and 
while  still  in  the  "teens"  came  west  and  went  as  far  as  Denver  with 
the  celebrated  scout.  Kit  Carson.  James  R.  Mead,  a  pioneer  Indian 
trader,  in  an  interview  in  the  St.  Louis  Republic  of  June  24,  1906, 
says  that  Mathewson  struck  the  Santa  Fe  trail  near  old  Fort  Zarah 
and  established  a  trading  post  near  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Great 
Bend,  and  that  he  gained  the  name  of  Buffalo  Bill  in  the  winter  of 
1860-61  by  supplying  the  settlers  with  buffalo  meat  during  a  scarcity 
of  provisions. 

William  F.  Cody  Avas  born  in  Scott  county,  Iowa,  Feb.  26,  1846. 
His  father  was  killed  in  the  "Border  War"  in  Kansas,  and  in  1860-61, 


^50  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

when  only  15  years  of  age  he  became  a  pony  express  rider  across  the 
plains.  While  thus  occupied  he  gained  a  knowledge  of  the  country 
that  led  him  to  accept  the  duties  of  guide  and  scout,  and  in  the  Civil 
war  he  was  a  member  of  the  Seventh  Kansas  cavalry.  "Who's  Who 
in  America,"  for  1910-11,  says  Cody  "contracted  to  furnish  the  Kansas 
Pacific  railway  with  all  the  buffalo  meat  required  to  feed  the  laborers 
engaged  in  construction,  and  in  18  months  (1867-8)  killed  4,280  buffalo, 
earning  the  name  of  'Buffalo  Bill,'  by  which  he  is  best  known."  From 
1868  to  1872  he  was  a  government  guide  and  scout  in  the  operations 
against  the  Sioux  and  Cheyenne  Indians,  and  he  has  probably  par- 
ticipated in  more  Indian  fights  than  any  other  living  man.  He  was 
elected  to  Nebraska  legislature  in  1872;  again  became  a  scout,  for  the 
Fifth  U.  S.  cavalry;  was  judge  advocate  of  the  Nebraska  National 
Guard,  and  in  1883  organized  the  Wild  West  show,  with  which  he 
has  traveled  extensively  in  this  country  and  Europe.  This  fact  has 
kept  his  name  before  the  public,  while  Mr.  Mathewson  has  been  con- 
tent to  pursue  the  "even  tenor  of  his  way."  Mead,  whose  interview  is 
referred  to  above,  was  an  intimate  acquaintance  and  associate  of 
Mathewson,  and  was  no  doubt  fully  acquainted  with  the  facts.  From 
his  statement  it  will  be  seen  that  Mathewson  was  known  as  "Buffalo 
Bill"  at  least  six  years  before  the  name  was  applied  to  Cod}'.  Capt. 
Jack  Crawford,  the  well  known  scout,  also  makes  the  statement  that 
Col.  ]\Iathewson   is  the  original  "Buffalo   Bill.'" 

During  his  life  on  the  frontier,  Mathewson  always  tried  to  main- 
tain friendly  relations  with  the  Indians,  but  on  one  occasion  it  be- 
came necessary  for  him  to  discipline  the  Kiowa  chief,  Satanta,  with 
his  fist,  which  he  did  so  thoroughly  that  he  became  known  among  the 
Indians  as  "Zane-pong-za-del-py,"  \\hich  in  English  means  "Bad  man 
with  the  long  beard." 

Buffalo  County,  now  extinct,  was  created  by  the  legislature  of  1879, 
with  the  following  boundaries:  "Commencing  where  the  north  line 
of  township  20  south,  intersects  the  line  of  range  27  west,  thence  south 
along  range  line  (o  its  intersection  with  the  north  line  of  township 
24  south  ;  thence  west  along  township  line  to  where  it  intersects  the 
east  line  of  range  31  west:  thence  north  along  range  line  to  where  it 
intersects  the  north  line  of  township  20,  south  :  thence  east  to  the  place 
of  beginning." 

It  was  bounded  on  the  north  by  I.anc  county,  oast  by  Ness  and 
ITndgcman,  south  by  Eoole  and  west  by  Sequoyah  and  Scott  counties. 
In  1881  the  northern  tier  of  townships  was  taken  from  Buffalo  and 
added  to  Lane,  the  remainder  being  made  a  part  of  a  new  county  called 
Gray,  and  later  was  taken  to  form  Finney  county. 

Buffalo  Grass. —  CBuchloe  dactyloides  Engelm),  a  species  of  low, 
fine-leafed  creeping  perennial,  rarely  growing  more  than  4  to  6  inches 
high,  was  cmce  very  ])lcntiliil  nn  the  western  pl;iins.  It  grew  ini  tin- 
dry  i)rairies  and  river  bottoms  from  Sontli  l);iknia  to  Texas,  attained 
its  growth   early  and   cured   long  before    frost    time,   preserving  all    its 


KANSAS    HISTORY  25 1 

nutriment  and  forming  the  principal  forage  of  the  buffaloes  during 
winter.  It  seemed  to  thrive  best  where  most  trampled.  As  the  plains 
country  settled  up,  and  tame  grasses  have  been  introduced  the  buffalo 
grass  has  gradually  disappeared,  the  newer  -varieties  crowding  it  out. 
(See  Short  Grass  Country.) 

Buford  Expedition. — Immediately  after  the  passage  of  the  Kansas 
Nebraska  bill  in  1S54,  which  provided  that  the  people  of  Kansas  might 
form  a  constitution  establishing  or  prohibiting  slavery,  as  they  saw  fit, 
a  struggle  was  at  .once  commenced  between  the  slave  power  and  the 
free-soilers  for  possession  of  the  new  territory.  (See  Slavery.)  The 
adjoining  slave  state  of  Missouri  took  up  the  fight  at  once,  and  by  send- 
ing voters  into  the  territory  succeeded  in  electing  the  members  of  the 
first  legislature.  But  by  the  latter  part  of  1855  it  became  evident  that 
Missouri  alone  could  not  force  slavery  into  Kansas,  and  an  appeal  was 
sent  to  the  other  slave  states  for  help.  This  appeal  contained  the  fol- 
lowing statement :  "The  great  struggle  will  come  off  at  the  next  elec- 
tion in  Oct.,  1856,  and  unless  at  that  time  the  South  can  maintain  her 
ground  all  will  be  lost.  The  time  has  come  for  action — bold,  determined 
action.  Words  will  no  longer  do  any  good ;  we  must  have  men  in 
Kansas  and  that  by  the  tens  of  thousands.    A  few  will  not  answer." 

The  people  of  the  South  generally  conceded  that  Kansas  would  be 
admitted  as  a  free  state,  yet  there  were  some  who  were  willing  to  make 
sacrifices  to  continue  the  fight.  Among  these  was  Jeft'erson  Buford,  a 
lawyer  of  Enfaula,  Ala.,  who  had  won  the  rank  of  major  in  the  Indian 
war  of  1836.  On  Nov.  11,  1855,  he  issued  a  call  for  emigrants  to  be 
read}'  by  Feb.  20,  1856.  To  every  one  who  would  agree  to  go  to  Kansas 
he  guaranteed  free  transportation,  means  of  support  for  one  year,  and 
a  homestead  of  40  acres  of  first  rate  land.  He  pledged  $20,000  of  his 
own  money  and  asked  for  contributions,  agreeing  to  put  one  bona  fide 
settler  in  Kansas  for  every  $50  thus  donated.  On  Jan.  7,  1856,  Buford 
sold  40  of  his  slaves  for  $28,000  and  put  most  of  the  proceeds  into  the 
enterprise.  He  then  made  a  canvass  of  the  principal  towns  of  the  state, 
asking  and  receiving  donations.  In  this  work  he  was  aided  by  some 
of  the  pro-slavery  leaders. 

His  arrangements  were  completed  by  April  4,  and  on  that  date  400 
men  assembled  at  Montgomery,  ready  for  the  start.  Of  these  men  100 
were  from  South  Carolina,  50  were  from  Georgia,  i  was  from  Illinois, 
I  from  Massachusetts,  and  the  rest  were  Alabamians.  On  the  5th  they 
embarked  on  the  steamboat  Messenger,  bound  for  St.  Louis  via  Mobile. 
As  they  marched  to  the  landing  they  carried  two  banners,  one  of  which 
bore  the  legend :  "The  Supremacy  of  the  White  Race,"  and  on  the 
reverse  the  words,  "Kansas  the  Outpost."  On  the  other  banner  was  in- 
scribed:  "Alabama  for  Kansas — North  of  36°  30',"  and  on  the  reverse, 
"Bibles — not  Rifles."  The  last  was  inspired  by  the  fact  that  on  the 
day  before  their  departure  from  Montgomery  a  religious  congregation 
hau  presented  every  man  with  a  Bible. 

The  expedition  arrived  in  Kansas  on  May  2,  and  the  men  immediately 


252  CVCl.Ol'EUIA    OF 

began  looking  for  suitable  land  upon  which  to  locate.  But  just  at  that 
juncture  the  governor  called  on  the  citizens  to  turn  out  "in  sufficient 
force  to  execute  the  laws."  Buford  collected  his  men,  some  at  Lecomp- 
ton,  some  at  Lawrence,  and  they  were  enrolled  and  armed  as  part  of 
the  territorial  militia.  About  11  a.  m.  on  the  21st  they  joined  the  pro- 
slavery  forces  near  Lawrence,  but  after  the  destruction  of  that  town  Col. 
Buford  "disclaimed  having  come  to  Kansas  to  destroy  property,  and 
condemned  the  course  which  had  been  taken." 

In  June  Buford  went  South  and  to  Washington,  D.  C,  to  solicit  aid. 
At  Washington,  he  succeeded  in  securing  the  cooperation  of  the  lead- 
ing pro-slavery  men  in  Congress.  Upon  his  return  to  Kansas,  late  in 
the  year  1856,  he  found  that  Gov.  Geary  had  disbanded  the  militia;  some 
of  his  men  had  returned  to  their  homes  in  the  South ;  some  had  en- 
listed, in  the  United  States  troops  in  Kansas;  others  had  joined  the 
opposition  and  became  free-state  partisans,  and  a  few  had  become  peace- 
able settlers.  Broken  in  spirit,  Buford  went  back  to  Alabama,  having 
suffered  a  net  loss  of  over  $10,000  by  his  undertaking.  He  died  at 
Clayton,  Ala.,  Aug.  28,  1861,  of  heart  disease. 

Buhler,  a  town  in  Little  River  township,  Reno  county,  is  located  on 
the  Little  Arkansas  river  at  the  point  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  St. 
Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.,  about  12  miles  northeast  of  Hutchinson, 
the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural 
routes,  two  grain  elevators,  hotel,  creamery,  telegraph,  telephone  and 
express  service,  some  good  mercantile  houses,  schools,  churclies,  etc., 
and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  275. 

Bunch,  a  rural  hamlet  of  Butler  county,  is  located  about  18  miles 
nearly  due  south  of  Eldorado,  the  county  seat,  and  8  miles  northwest  of 
Wingate,  which  is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  Mail  is  (ielixcred  from 
Atlanta. 

Bunkerhill,  an  incorporated  cit}-  of  the  third  class  in  Russell  county, 
is  located  in  Center  township,  and  is  a  station  on  the  Union  Pacific  R. 
R.  9  miles  east  of  Russell,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money  order 
postoffice  with  three  rural  routes,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  tele- 
phone connections,  a  graded  public  school,  an  opera  house,  hotel,  grain 
elevator,  machine  shop,  a  cornet  band,  Protestant  churches,  and  in  191D 
rc])ortcd  a  population  of  242. 

Burden,  an  incorporated  city  of  the  third  class  in  Cowley  county,  is  a 
station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  in  Silver  Creek  town- 
ship 17  miles  northeast  of  Winfield,  the  county  seat.  Burden  has  a  bank, 
a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Times),  a  flour  mill,  an  international  money 
order  postoffice  with  three  rural  routes,  telegraph,  telephone  and  ex- 
press service,  a  large  retail  trade,  Baptist,  Methodist  and  Christian 
churches,  good  public  schools,  and  is  the  principal  shipping  jioint  for  a 
rich  ngriculturaj  district.     The  i)opulation  in   1910  was  424. 

Burdett,  a  town  in  Browns  Grove  township.  Pawnee  county,  is  a  sta- 
tion on  the  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  U.  K.  that 
nms  from  Larncd  to  Jetmorc  24  miles  west  of  Lamed.     It  has  a  liank. 


KANSAS   insTouy  253 

a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  rmite,  lelei^rapli  and  express 
offices,  a  grain  elevator,  hotel,  some  good  mercantile  houses,  and  is 
the  chief  shipping  and  supply  point  in  the  western  part  of  the  c(Hinty. 
The  population  in  1910  was  300. 

Burdick,  a  town  of  Diamond  Valley  township,  Morris  county,  is  a 
station  on  the  Strong  City  &  Superior  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  23  miles  from  Strong  City  and  a^out  20  miles  south- 
west of  Council  Grove,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money  order 
postoffice,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  telephone  connections,  Protes- 
tant churches,  a  good  retail  trade,  important  shipping  interests,  and  in 
1910  reported  a  population  of  225. 

Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics. — Early  in  the  '80s,  the  people  of  Kansas 
began  to  feel  the  need  of  legislation  to  determine  questions  regarding 
the  rights  of  labor.  As  the  result  of  this  agitation,  the  legislature  of 
1885  passed  an  act  creating  a  "bureau  of  labor  and  industrial  statistics." 
By  this  act  the  governor  was  authorized  to  appoint  a  commissioner  to 
be  known  as  the  "Commissioner  of  Labor  Statistics,"  for  a  term  of  two 
years,  whose  salary  was  fixed  at  $1,000.  The  commissioner  was  given 
power  to  "take  and  preserve  testimon}',  examine  witnesses  under  oath," 
to  enter  any  public  institution  in  the  state,  any  factory,  workshop  or 
mine,  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  and  require  persons,  companies  or 
officers  of  corporations  to  furnish  answers  to  his  interrogatories  when 
investigating  any  subject. 

On  May  i,  1885,  the  governor  appointed  Frank  H.  Betton  of  Wyan- 
dotte the  first  commissioner  of  labor  statistics.  Kansas  is  one  of  the 
pioneer  states  in  the  organization  of  such  a  department,  for  although 
the  value  of  authentic  and  accurate  information  in  regard  to  the  work- 
ing classes  was  recognized,  the  first  action  in  this  regard  was  not  taken 
until  1869,  when  the  state  of  Massachusetts  organized  the  first  state 
labor  bureau. 

In  his  report,  transmitted  to  the  governor  on  Jan.  r,  1886,  the  labor 
commissioner  reported  upon  conciliation  and  arbitration,  labor  organi- 
zations in  Kansas,  views  of  the  workingmen,  convict  labor,  the  mining 
industries  of  the  state :  reviewed  the  growth  of  manufacturing  industries 
in  the  state,  furnished  a  wage  table  and  reported  upon  the  railroads 
within  the  boundaries  of  Kansas. 

In  1886,  in  order  to  procure  accurate  results,  the  commissioner 
inaugurated  a  system  of  month!}-  blanks,  distributed  them  among  the 
labor  organizations,  with  a  request  that  they  be  distributed  among  the 
various  members,  and  requested  that  the  questions  be  answered  and  the 
blanks  returned  to  the  commissioner's  office.  Statistics  were  also  gath- 
ered from  ninety  per  cent,  of  the  manufacturing  and  kindred  industries, 
which  show  that  the  average  number  of  employees  in  Kansas  in  188'. 
was  13,988. 

In  1887  a  bill  was  passed  by  the  legislature  to  encourage  cooperative 
societies,  and  another  "to  secure  the  laborers  in  and  about  coal  mines 
and  manufactories  the  payment  of  their  wages  at  regular  intervals,  and 


254  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

in  lawful  monej-  of  the  United  States."  This  last  act  was  due  to  the 
efforts  of  mining  companies  and  some  other  corporations  in  various 
parts  of  the  country  to  pay  their  employees  in  scrip  good  for  trade  at  the 
companies'  stores. 

In  1898  a  law  was  passed  "to  create  a  state  society  of  labor  and  in- 
dustry," which  provided  that  whenever  seven  or  more  laborers,  me- 
chanics or  wage  earners  of  any  kind,  "now  organized  or  (who)  shall 
hereafter  organize  in  any  county,  city  or  muncipality  in  the  State  of 
Kansas,"  for  the  purpose  of  collecting  and  studying  statistics  of  labor 
and  industry  or  for  "the  investigation  of  economic  and  commercial  or 
industrial  pursuits,"  the  organization  was  to  be  allowed  one  delegate 
for  the  first  50  members  or  fraction  thereof  and  one  delegate  for  each  ad- 
ditional 100  or  majority  fraction  thereof,  to  represent  it  at  the  annual 
meeting  of  the  state  society  of  labor  and  industry,  which  was  fixed  by 
law  for  the  first  Monday  in  Feb.,  1899,  ^iid  each  year  thereafter  on  the 
same  date.  These  annual  meetings  are  held  at  the  state  capitol  at  To- 
peka.  By  the  act  of  creation,  the  delegates  from  the  dilterent  societies 
in  the  state  were  authorized  to  elect  a  president,  vice-president,  secre- 
tary and  assistant  secretary,  "which  officials  shall  constitute  a  state 
bureau  of  labor  and  industry  and  said  secretary'  shall  be  ex  officio  com- 
missioner of  the  bureau  of  labor  and  industry  and  state  factory  inspec- 
tor, and  said  assistant  secretary  shall  be  ex  officio  assistant  commissioner 
of  said  bureau."  The  duties  of  the  commissioner  remained  practically 
the  same  as  they  were  under  the  bureau  of  labor  statistics,  but  he  was 
instructed  to  pay  particular  attention  to  industrial  pursuits,  strikes  and 
other  labor  difficulties,  also  to  cooperation  and  trade-unions. 

During  a  little  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  centur}'  since  the  I-Cansas 
bureau  of  labor  statistics  was  created,  legislative  enactments  have  wid- 
ened the  scope  of  the  bureau  and  had  for  their  purpose  the  improvement 
of  the  industrial  conditions  and  the  protection  of  the  interests  of  the 
laboring  classes. 

This  has  necessitated  an  increase  in  the  personnel  of  the  bureau,  w  hich 
in  1910,  consisted  of  the  following  members:  A  commissioner  and 
factory  inspector,  an  assistant  commissioner  and  assistant  factory  in- 
spector, two  deputy  factory  inspectors,  a  chief  clerk,  a  statistical  clerk, 
and  a  stenographer. 

At  each  session  of  the  legislaiinc,  l.ibor  has  received  increased  recog- 
nition, until  todav  there  are  more  Ih.TU  forty  labor  laws,  most  of  which 
were  enacted  as  a  result  of  suggestions  from  the  bureau.  Two  of  the 
most  important  of  these  laws  are  the  child  labor  law  and  the  law  pro- 
viding for  the  report  of  all  accidents  due  to  defects  and  faults  in  the 
operations  of  machinery,  nr  other  industrial  equipment.  By  the  fire 
insjjeclion  law,  the  commissioner  of  labor  is  ex  officio  state  sujierin- 
tcndeiit  of  inspection,  and  thus  brings  under  the  scoi)e  of  factory  in- 
spection, the  work  of  inspecting  fire  escapes  and  means  of  egress  in 
buildings  of  three  stories  or  more  in  height. 

During  the  year  1910  the  inspector  and  his  assistants  ins|)ecte(l   1,553, 


KANSAS    HISTORY  255 

manufacturing  establishments  representing  26  different  branches  of 
industry  and  employing  54,948  laborers.  The  bureau  has  gathered 
statistics  from  458  labor  organizations,  located  in  74  cities  of  Kansas, 
and  as  a  result  of  the  investigation  of  labor  difficulties,  strikes  and  acci- 
dents, has  been  able  to  suggest  legislation  upon  these  subjects,  which 
is  one  of  its  most  important  functions. 

The  enforcement  of  the  labor  laws  of  Kansas  rests  with  the  labor 
bureau.  Prosecutions  with  regard  to  the  infringement  of  the  child 
labor  laws  have  been  made  in  over  thirty  cases.  The  enforcement  of  the 
eight-hour  law  by  the  bureau  has  been  accompanied  by  great  success,, 
which  has  led  to  a  better  recognition  of  the  law.  Commissioner  John- 
son, in  his  report  of  the  current  work  of  the  bureau  of  labor,  at  the 
twelfth  meeting  of  the  State  Society  of  Labor  and  Industry,  said  that 
the.  following  resolution  was  adopted  at  the  third  annual  convention 
of  the  state  federation,  "On  the  question  of  cooperation  with  the  State 
Society  of  Labor  and  Industry,  we  desire  to  say  that  we  consider  this 
one  of  the  most  vital  questions  that  will  come  before  this  convention. 
We  wish  to  point  out  the  fact  that  in  the  state  of  Kansas  the  trade- 
unions  control  absolutely  the  state  bureau  of  labor.  They  elect  in  con- 
vention assembled  the  labor  commissioner  and  his  assistants,  a  privi- 
lege not  given  to  organized  labor  in  any  other  state  in  the  Union. 
This  plan  of  allowing  the  labor-unions  to  elect  the  officials- 
of  the  bureau  makes  it  possible  to  place  union  men  as  factory  inspec- 
tors, statistical  clerks,  etc.,  and  in  fact,  in  the  State  of  Kansas  every  em- 
ployee of  the  labor  bureau  is  a  union  man." 

Burlingame,  formerly  the  judicial  seat  of  Osage  county,  is  located 
northwest  of  the  central  part  of  the  county,  16  miles  from  Lyndon  and 
26  miles  south  of  Topeka,  and  is  one  of  the  important  towns  in  that 
section  of  the  state.  The  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  from  To- 
peka diverges  at  this  point,  one  branch  going  to  Emporia  and  the  other 
to  Alma.  Potter's  clay  and  coal  are  found  in  the  vicinit}^  and  these, 
with  live  stock,  grain  and  produce,  form  the  chief  shipments.  There 
are  three  weekly  papers,  ample  banking  facilities,  planing  mill,  electric 
lighting  plant,  churches,  graded  and  high  schools,  an  opera  house  and 
public  halls.  All  the  leading  fraternities  are  represented.  The  town  is 
well  supplied  wi4h  express  and  telegraph  facilities  and  has  an  inter- 
national money  order  postoffice  with  six  rural  routes.  The  population 
in  1910  was  1,422. 

Burlingame  is  the  oldest  town  in  Osage  county  having  been  built  up 
from  the  nucleus  started  under  the  name  of  Council  City  in  1855.  In 
1857  the  site  was  surveyed  which  took  in  a  larger  area  and  the  name 
was  changed  to  Burlingame  in  honor  of  Anson  Burlingame  afterward 
minister  to  China.  The  name  of  the  postoffice  was  not  changed  until 
Jan.  30,  1858,  and  later  in  the  year  the  town  company  was  organized. 
Being  at  the  crossing  of  Switzler  creek,  Burlingame  was  the  most  im- 
portant stop  on  the  Santa  Fe  trail  with  the  exception  of  Council  .Grove. 
The  trail  formed  the  principal  street  of  the  town.     Improvement  was 


256  CYCLOPEDIA    UF 

rapid  from  1857  until  the  breaking  out  of  the  war.  A  bridge  was  put 
across  the  Switzler.  saw  mills  and  grist  mills  were  built,  and  durable 
buildings,  some  of  them  of  stone,  were  put  up.  In  i860  it  was  incor- 
porated as  a  cit}'  by  act  of  the  legislature  and  became  a  city  of  the  third 
class  in  1870.  Three  years  efterward  the  city  hall  with  the  records  were 
burned.  The  first  officers  elected  were :  Mayor,  Phillip  C.  Schuyler ; 
cotincilmen.  S.  R.  Caniit,  George  Bratton.  E.  P.  Sheldon  and  Joseph 
McDonald.  The  next  year  the  county  seat  was  located  here,  and  re- 
mained until  1875  when  it  was  taken  to  Lyndon. 

During  the  war  growth  was  suspended.  A  large  round  fort  was  built 
in  1862  and  a  number  of  armed  men  stationed  within  to  protect  the 
town  from  destruction  threatened  by  Bill  Anderson,  one  of  Quantrill's 
guerrilla  band.  As  soon  as  peace  was  restored  again  business  activity 
was  renewed.  A  large  three-story  grist  mill  was  built  in  1866.  The 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  reached  Burlingame  in  1869,  and 
the  event  was  duly  celebrated  by  an  excursion  from  Topeka  on  Oct.  4. 
Two  destructive  fires  have  occurred,  one  in  1873  and  the  other  in  1883 
the  latter  causing  a  property  loss  of  $10,000. 

Burlingame,  Anson,  lawyer  and  diplomat,  was  born  at  New  Berlin, 
N.  Y.,  Nov.  14,  1820,  and  was  a  direct  descendant  of  a  family  which  set- 
tled at  Warwick.  R.  I.,  at  a  very  early  day.  He  was  educated  in  the 
common  schools  and  the  University  of  Alichigan,  where  he  graduated  in 
1841.  In  1846  he  received  his  degree  from  the  law  department  of  Har- 
vard University  and  formed  a  partnership  with  Henry  S.  Briggs  for  the 
practice  of  law  in  Boston.  In  1854  he  joined  the  newly  formed  American 
party  and  was  elected  to  Congress  on  that  ticket.  He  assisted  at  the 
birth  of  the  Republican  party  and  openly  opposed  slavery  in  the 
speeches  he  made  in  Congress,  of  which  bod}-  he  was  a  member  in  1856. 
He  was  reelected  in  1858,  but  failed  of  reelection  in  i860.  In  Sept., 
1859.  he  visited  Kansas  and  received  many  honors  from  the  prominent 
men  of  the  territory  during  his  visit.  President  Lincoln  appointed 
Mr.  Burlingame  minister  to  Austria  in  1861,  and  upon  his  return  to  the 
United  States  William  H.  Seward  persuaded  him  to  remain  in  the  diplo- 
matic service.  He  therefore,  went  to  China  on  a  mission  for  die  I'nited 
States  government.  He  was  appointed  special  envoy  to  the  United 
States  by  the  Chinese  government  and  led  the  official  parly  that  ratified 
a  treaty  on  July  28,  1868,  which  is  known  by  his  name.  Mr.  I'.nrlinganie 
died  at  St.   Petersburg,  Russia,  Feb.  23,  1S70. 

Burlingame,  Ward,  journalist  and  for  many  years  chief  cU'rk  of  the 
dead  letter  division  of  the  I'nited  States  postoffice  department,  was 
l)(;rn  at  Glovcrsville,  N.  "S'.,  h'eb.  6,  1836.  He  received  his  education  in 
the  public  schools  of  his  native  town  and  later  attended  the  academy  at 
Kingsboro,  N'.  Y.  Early  in  1858  he  located  at  Leavenworth,  Kan.  Mr. 
I'urlingame's  first  newspaper  experience  was  on  a  daily  paper  called  the 
Ledger,  edited  by  George  W.  McLane.  Later  he  assisted  at  the  birth  of 
tlie  Leavenworth  Daily  Herald,  which  was  established  in  connection 
with  the  weekly  edition,  and  while  on  this  paper  he  occupied  neavl\-  ;dl 


KANSAS    HISTORY  257 

(he  places  offered  by  such  a  printing  establishment,  from  distributing  the 
papers  among  the  local  subscribers,  to  writing  editorials.  Subsequently 
he  worked  on  the  Times  and  Evening  Bulletin.  After  the  election  of 
1862  Gov.  Carney  invited  him  to  become  his  private  secretary  and  he 
went  to  Topeka.     In  Jan.,  1866,  Mr.  Burlingame  went  to  Washington, 

D.  C,  as  confidential  secretary  to  James  H.  Lane,  then  United  States 
senator  from  Kansas,  and  remained  with  him  during  the  spring  of  that 
year.  On  his  return  to  Kansas  he  was  given  editorial  charge  of  the 
Leavenworth  Conservative,  owned  at  that  time  by  M.  H.  Insley.  Dur- 
ing Gov.  Crawford's  second  term  Mr.  Burlingame  served  as  his  private 
secretary,  and  he  continued  to  hold  the  same  position  during  the  first 
administration  of  Gov.  Harvey  and  until  February  of  the  second  term, 
when  he  resigned  to  accept  the  position  of  private  secretary  to  Alexan- 
der Caldwell,  who  had  been  elected  United  States  senator.  He  was 
also  private  secretary  to  Gov.  Osborn  during  his  second  term,  at  the 
expiration  of  which  he  became  Senator  Plumb's  private  secretary,  and 
also  acted  as  Washington  correspondent  for  the  Atchison  Champion. 
Mr.  Burlingame's  newspaper  service  in  Kansas  ended  with  his  editor- 
ship of  the  Topeka  Commonwealth,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  founders. 
On  Feb.  i,  1880,  he  was  appointed  to  a  clerical  position  in  the  dead  letter 
division  of  the  postofifice  department,  and  was  promoted  to  that  of  chief 
clerk,  which  position  he  held  for  over  ten  years.  In  1907  he  resigned 
his  position  because  of  failing  health  and  returned  to  Topeka,  where  he 
died  on  Dec.  3,   1908. 

Burlington,  the  judicial  seat  and  most  important  town  of  Coffey 
county,  is  located  just  south  of  the  central  part  of  the  county,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  and  the  Missouri,  Kansas 
&  Texas  railroads,  and  on  the  Neosho  river.  It  is  a  progressive  little 
city,  with  waterworks,  fire  department,  electric  lights,  and  a  number 
of  commercial  and  manufacturing  interests,  including  2  banks,  a  daily 
and  a  tri-weekly  newspaper,  flour  mill,  grain  elevators,  tile  factory,  3 
cigar  factories,  creamery,  carriage  and  wagon  factory,  and  all  lines  of 
mercantile  enterprises.  It  has  excellent  graded  and  high  schools,  and 
all  denominations  of  churches.  There  are  telegraph  and  express  offices 
and  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  6  rural  routes.  The 
population  according  to  the  report  of  the  government  census  of  1910 
was  2,180. 

The  Burlington  town  company  was  incorporated  in  1857,  by  O.  E. 
Learnard,  Charles  Morse,  J.  A.  D.  Clark,  T.  T.  Parsons  and  C.  W. 
Southway.     The  town  was  named  for  Burlington,  Vt.,  the  home  of  O. 

E.  Learnard,  the  principal  promoter.  The  first  building  was  a  combina- 
tion of  two  small  buildings  brought  from  Hampden,  and  was  used  for 
a  store  in  which  James  Jones  kept  a  stock  of  goods.  The  second  build- 
ing was  a  wagon  shop  erected  by  Edward  Murdock,  and  the  third  was 
the  "Burlington  Hotel,"  which  was  constructed  by  F.  A.  Atherly  on  con- 
tract with  the  town  company.  Rev.  Peter  Remer  and  family  came  in 
Mav.     Mrs.  Remer  was  the  first  woman  in  Burlington.     Dr.  Samuel  G. 

'  (I-17) 


258  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Howe,  the  philanthropist  and  husband  of  Jtilia  Ward  Howe,  located  a 
Wyandotte  "float"  in  that  year.  It  was  surveyed  into  lots  and  a  part 
of  it  sold  and  incorporated  in  the  town.  A  great  deal  was  done  that 
first  year  in  way  of  improvements.  Several  houses  and  business  estab- 
lishments were  built,  and  in  addition  a  bridge  was  constructed  across 
the  Neosho  and  a  mill  was  put  in  operation.  During  the  war  every 
thing  was  at  a  stand-still,  the  men  having  all  enlisted  in  the  army  or 
being  engaged  in  protecting  the  border.  The  unsettled  condition  of 
affairs  pertaining  to  the  location  of  the  county  seat  was  a  drawback  to 
the  growth  of  the  town  until  after  1866.  By  1870  new  life  was  in  evi- 
dence in  the  progress  of  the  town.  A  little  carding  mill  which  had  been 
started  in  1863  grew  into  a  woolen  mill,  with  a  cotton  gin  in  connection, 
a  water  mill  had  been  built  by  Cross  &  Son  at  a  cost  of  $55,000,  and 
another  mill  was  built  in  that  )-ear  at  a  cost  of  $16,000.  In  1873,  a 
$28,000  school  house  was  erected.  The  first  bank  was  opened  in  1870. 
The  first  newspaper,  the  "Neosho  Valley  Register,"  was  published  by 
S.  S.  Prouty,  in  1859. 

Burnett,  Abraham,  an  Indian  chief  of  the  Pottawatomie  tribe,  was  a 
son  of  Kaw-kee-me,  a  sister  of  the  principal  chief  of  the  Pottawatomies 
at  the  time  the  Chicago  treaty  was  concluded  in  1821,  and  in  that  treaty 
Abraham  was  awarded  a  section  of  land.  He  lived  with  his  people  in 
Indiana  until  1848,  when  he  came  to  the  tribal  reservation  near  Topeka, 
Kan.  A  few  miles  southwest  of  the  city  of  Topeka  is  an  elevation  which 
is  still  known  as  Mount  Burnett,  or  Burnett's  Mound,  where  he  had  his 
home.  Like  many  of  the  red  men,  he  loved  "fire-water"  and  on  his  fre-. 
quent  trips  to  Topeka,  before  the  era  of  prohibition  in  Kansas,  he  some- 
times imbibed  more  than  was  good  for  him.  As  he  weighed  over  400 
pounds  it  was  something  of  a  task  to  get  him  into  his  spring  wagon 
when  he  was  in  a  state  of  intoxication.  He  married  a  white  woman  of 
German  extraction,  and  it  is  said  that  when  he  went  home  drunk  he 
would  test  her  temper  by  throwing  his  hat  in  at  the  window.  If  it  re- 
mained in  the  house  he  would  follow  it,  but  if  it  was  thrown  out  he 
would  retire  until  he  was  sober  before  attempting  to  enter  his  domicile. 
He  drew  his  annuity  from  the  United  States  government  with  great 
regularity,  and  generally  spent  the  most  of  it  in  Indian  fashion — for 
gewgaws  and  fire-water.  It  was  Burnett's  boast  that  he  never  missed 
attending  a  circus  in  Topeka  during  his  long  residence  near  that  city. 
He  died  on  June  14,  1870,  and  his  remains  rest  in  an  unmarked  grave 
near  the  mound  upon  which  he  had  so  long  made  his  home. 

Burns,  one  of  the  important  towns  of  Marion  county,  is  located  in 
Milton  township,  and  is  a  station  on  the  Florence  &  y\rkansas  division 
of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway  system,  21  miles  south- 
east of  Marion,  the  county  seat.  It  has  two  banks,  a  money  order  post- 
office  with  two  rural  delivery  routes,  ex])rcss  and  telegraph  ofliccs,  tele- 
phone connections,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Citizen),  several  good  gen- 
eral stores,  hotel,  schools,  churches,  etc.  Burns  was  incorporated  in 
1905  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  489. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  259 

Burr  Oak,  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  Jewell  county,  is  located  in 
Burr  Oak  township  ii  miles  northwest  of  Mankato,  the  county  seat.  It 
is  on  White  Rock  creek  and  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  and  is  con- 
nected with  Otego  by  daily  stage.  It  has  banking  facilities,  an  opera 
house,  a  hospital,  fire  department,  a  weekly  newspaper,  churches  and 
schools,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  and  a  postoffice  with  four  rural 
mail  routes.  The  population  in  1910  was  1,132.  Grain  and  live-stock 
are  the  principal  products  shipped.' 

Burr  Oak  was  settled  in  1870  by  A.  W.  Mann,  Zack  Norinan,  Lee  M. 
Tingley,  Thomas  Richard  Comstock,  James  McCormick,  Frank  Gilbert, 
A.  J.  Godfrey,  D.  H.  Godfrey,  Allen  Ives,  John  E.  Faidley  and  E.  E. 
Blake.  The  town  was  laid  out  in  1871  by  A.  J.  Godfrey,  and  the  post- 
office  established.  John  E.  Faidley  kept  the  first  store.  It  was  incor- 
porated as  a  city  of  the  third  class  in  April,  1880,  the  first  officers  were: 
J.  K.  McLain,  mayor ;  W.  M.  Spurlock,  city  clerk ;  A.  W.  Mann,  treas- 
urer ;  T.  W.  Carpenter,  O.  F.  Roberts,  A.  J.  Godfrey,  George  Ouigley 
and  Dr.  J.  E.  Hawley,  councilmen. 

Burrton,  an  incorporated  town  of  Harvej-  county,  is  located  18  miles 
west  of  Newton,  at  the  junction  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
and  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  railroads,  which  makes  it  an  impor- 
tant shipping  point  for  a  rich  agricultural  district,  the  chief  articles  of 
export  being  grain,  hay  and  live  stock.  Burrton  has  two  banks,  two 
weekly  newspapers  (the  Graphic  and  the  Grit),  an  international  money 
order  postoffice  with  four  rural  routes,  several  churches,  a  graded  pub- 
lic school,  an  opera  house,  a  number  of  first  class  mercantile  houses, 
telegraph,  telephone  and  express  service,  and  in  1910  reported  a  popula- 
tion of  689. 

Burt,  a  little  inland  village  in  Woodson  county,  is  on  Turkey  creek,  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  county,  8  miles  northwest  of  Yates  Center,  the 
county  seat,  whence  it  receives  mail  by  rural  route.  Moody,  about  7 
miles  northeast,  is  the  nearest  railroad  station  and  shipping  point.  The 
population  in  1910  was  53. 

Burton,  Joseph  Ralph,  United  States  senator,  was  born  on  the  old 
Burton  homestead,  near  Mitchell,  Tnd.,  Nov.  16,  1851,  the  son  of  Allen  C. 
and  Elizabeth  (Holmes)  Burton.  He  is  descended  from  English  ances- 
tors, who  came  to  America  to  escape  the  reign  of  Cromwell,  and  settled 
near  Richmond,  Va.  His  great-grandfather,  John  P.  Burton,  removed 
from  Virginia  to  North  Carolina  during  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  in 
1820  went  to  Indiana,  where  he  founded  the  Indiana  line  of  Burtons. 
Elizabeth  Holmes  was  of  Scotch-German  descent.  Joseph  R.  Burton 
was  reared  on  his  father's  farm,  attended  the  district  school  and  the 
academy  at  Mitchell,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  received  an  appointment 
as  cadet  at  the  United  States  naval  academy'  at  Annapolis,  but  failed  to 
pass  the  physical  examination.  He  taught  school  for  a  time,  spent  three 
years  in  Franklin  College,  Franklin,  Ind.,  and  one  year  at  DePauw  Uni- 
versity at  Greencastle.  In  1874  he  began  to  read  law  in  the  office  of 
Gordon,  Brown  &  Lamb,  at  Indianapolis,  and  in  1875  was  admitted  to 


260  CVCLOI'F.DIA    OF 

the  bar.  In  the  spring  of  that  year  he  married  Mrs.  Carrie  (Mitchell) 
Webster  of  Princeton,  Ind.  In  1876  Mr.  Burton  was  nominated  by  the 
Republicans  for  presidential  elector  and  made  many  speeches  during 
the  campaign.  In  1878  he  removed  to  Kansas  and  located  at  Abilene, 
where  he  formed  a  partnership  with  Judge  John  H.  Mahan  for  the  prac- 
tice of  law.  He  was  elected  to  the  Kansas  legislature  in  18S2 ;  was 
reelected  in  1884  and  again  in  1888;  was  commissioner  to  the  World's 
Columbian  exposition  at  Chicago  in  1893;  ^nd  in  1895  lacked  but  one 
vote  of  being  the  Republican  nominee  for  United  States  senator.  In 
Jan.,  1901,  he  was  elected  United  States  senator,  but  two  years  later  was 
indicted  by  a  Federal  grand  jury  at  St.  Louis  on  the  charge  of  accepting 
money  from  a  corporation  of  questionable  integrity  of  that  city  to  use 
his  influence  with  the  postoffice  department  to  prevent  the  company 
being  denied  the  use  of  the  mails.  Burton  claimed  that  the  money  was 
paid  him  as  attorney's  fees,  and  that  he  had  done  nothing  more  than 
other  senators  were  doing  every  day,  but  the  pressure  became  so  strong 
that  on  June  4,  1906,  he  resigned  his  seat  in  the  senate.  (See  Bailey's 
Administration.)  Since  retiring  from  the  senate,  Mr.  Burton  has  given 
his  entire  attention  to  his  law  practice,  extensive  operations  in  real 
estate,  etc. 

Busby,  an  inland  hamlet  in  the  eastern  part  of  Elk  county,  is  12  miles 
east  of  Howard,  the  county  seat,  whence  it  receives  mail  daily.  The 
population  in  1910  was  47.  The  nearest  railroad  station  is  Buxton  on 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe,  in  Wilson  county. 

Bushong,  a  town  of  Lyon  count}-,  is  located  in  the  northwestern  part 
of  the  county,  about  20  miles  from  Emporia,  and  is  a  station  on  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific  R.  R.  24  miles  west  of  Osage  City.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  a  number  of  general  stores,  hotel, 
public  school,  telegraph,  telephone  and  express  service,  and  does  con- 
siderable shipping.    The  population  in  1910  was  250. 

Bushton,  a  town  in  Farmer  township.  Rice  county,  is  a  station  on  the 
Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  15  miles  northwest  of  Lyons,  the  county  seat. 
It  has  a  bank,  a  mone}'  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes,  a  weekly 
newspaper — the  News — a  flour  mill,  a  grain  elevator,  telegraph  and  ex- 
press offices,  telephone  connections,  a  good  public  school,  and  is  the  cen- 
ter of  a  large  retail  trade.  Bushton  was  incorporated  in  1907  and  in 
1910  reported  a  population  of  222. 

Bushwhackers. — Webster  defines  (he  wtird  bushwhacker  as  meaning 
"r)nc  .iccustnmcd  to  beat  a])out  or  travel  through  bushes,  one  who  lives 
in  or  frequents  the  woods;  applied  specifically  by  the  Federal  troops  in 
the  Civil  war  to  irregular  troops  of  the  Confederate  states  engaged  in 
guerrilla  warfare.    Hence  a  guerrilla  or  bushfighter.' 

Allliough  this  definition  makes  the  words  "bushwhacker'"  ;ind  "guer- 
rilla" synonymous,  there  is  really  a  distinction  between  them.  The  true 
bushwhacker  generally  fights  under  cover,  while  the  guerilla  fic<|ni'nily 
has  sufficient  courage  1"  conic  nut   into  the  open,     (Sec  Ciucrillas.) 


KANSAS    IIIS'I'OKY  2f)l 

Butler  County,  the  largest  in  area  in  Kansas,  is  located  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  state,  in  the  second  tier  of  counties  north  of  Okla- 
homa, and  fifth  west  from  Missouri.  It  is  one  of  the  original  thirty-three 
counties  created  by  the  first  territorial  legislature,  and  was  named  in 
honor  of  Senator  Butler  of  South  Carolina.  The  boundaries  as  described 
in  the  creative  act  were  as  follows:  "Beginning  at  the  southeast  corner 
of  Wise  county  ;  thence  south  30  miles ;  thence  west  30  miles ;  thence 
north  30  miles  ;  thence  east  30  miles  to  the  place  of  beginning." 

This  gave  the  count}-  an  area  of  900  square  miles,  but  changes  have 
been  made  in  the  boundaries  at  different  times,  so  that  today  the  county 
is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Marion  and  Chase  counties;  on  the  east  by 
Greenwood  and  Elk  ;  on  the  south  by  Cowley;  and  on  the  west  by  Sedg- 
wick and  Harvey,  and  has  an  area  of  1,428  square  miles,  being  larger 
than  the  state  of  Rhode  Island. 

It  is  a  prairie  county  but  has  considerable  land  of  a  slightly  rolling 
character.  The  surface  in  the  western  part  is  principally  "bottom"  land 
and  rolling  prairie.  The  eastern  part  is  in  many  places  broken  and 
rough.  The  river  and  creek  bottoms  comprise  about  one-fifth  of  the 
area  and  are  from  a  mile  to  two  miles  in  width.  The  timber  belts  along 
the  streams  range  from  a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  a  mile  in  width,  the  prin- 
cipal varieties  being  oak,  walnut,  hickory,  mulberry,  sycamore,  elm  and 
hackberry.  The  principal  streams  are  the  Whitewater,  in  the  north- 
west part  of  the  county,  which  joins  the  Walnut  at  x\ugusta.  These 
two  streams  have  a  number  of  tributaries,  the  most  important  of  the 
Whitewater  being  Henry,  Wentworth,  Bakers,  Rock  and  Meadow 
creeks;  those  of  the  Walnut  the  Cole,  Durechon,  Satchels,  Bemis,  Bird, 
Turkey,  Four  Mile,  Little  \^'alnut,  Eight  Mile  and  Muddy  creeks. 

Limestone  is  abundant  and  extensive  quarries  have  been  developed, 
from  which  large  quantities  of  stone  are  shipped  to  nearby  cities.  Gyp- 
sum has  been  found  in  small  quantities  in  the  western  part  of  the 
county.  Coal  is  found  in  thin  layers  in  some  places  but  has  never  been 
mined  extensiveh'. 

There  is  a  little  waste  land,  as  the  soil  is  rich  and  deep,  adapted  to 
the  growth  of  almost  every  variety  of  grain  and  fruit.  Kafir-corn,  oats, 
corn  and  winter  wheat  are  the  leading  crops,  and  Butler  ranks  first  in 
acreage  and  value  of  sorghum,  forage,  grain,  Kafir-corn,  alfalfa,  and 
prairie  hay.  Live  stock  raising  has  been  an  important  industry  from  the 
early  days  and  the  county  leads  in  the  number  and  value  of  animals 
slaughtered  or  sold  for  that  purpose.  There  are  in  the  county,  over 
250,000  fruit  trees  of  bearing  age. 

It  is  probable  that  the  first  settlements  in  Butler  county  were  made 
about  1854,  by  men  who  located  along  the  streams  and  established  cattle 
ranches  and  trading  posts.  But  the  first  authentic  records  of  settle- 
ment do  not  date  back  of  May,  1857,  when  William  Hildebrand  located 
in  what  is  nov^'  Eldorado  township.  In  June  of  the  same  A^ear.  Samuel 
Stewart  of  Lawrence  organized  a  colony  to  settle  in  the  county.  They 
followed  the  old  California  trail  to  the  point  where  it  crossed  the  Wal- 


262  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

nut  river,  where  they  arrived  on  June  15,  1857.  The  Osage  trail  also 
crossed  at  this  point.  Within  a  short  time  a  town  site  was  surveyed, 
and  here,  on  the  banks  of  the  Walnut,  the  "land  of  gold"  was  found  and 
named  Eldorado.  Among  the  members  of  this  pioneer  colony  were  WU- 
liam  Bemis,  Henry  Marten,  Jacob  Carey,  H.  Bemis,  William  Crimble, 
and  some  ten  other  families.  A  man  named  Schaffer  took  a  claim  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Walnut  and  built  a  cabin  just  north  of  the  site  of  the 
present  town  of  Eldorado.  His  claim  extended  across  the  west  branch 
but  was  not  entered  until  1868.  In  1858  and  1859,  it  was  estimated  that 
there  were  about  fifty  actual  settlers  in  Butler  count)',  prominent  among 
them  being  Judge  Lambdin,  Archibald  Ellis,  Judge  Harrison,  P.  P.  John- 
son, George  Donaldson,  J.  D.  Connor  and  James  Gordy.  Cutler  in  his 
History  of  Kansas  says,  "At  the  election  under  the  Lecompton  constitu- 
tion, Dec.  21,  1857,  there  is  no  record  of  any  returns  from  Butler  county, 
but  in  Oct.,  1857,  Madison  and  Butler  counties  polled  69  free-state  and 
7  Democratic  votes.  On  Aug.  2,  1858,  an  election  was  held  at  the  old 
Eldorado  town  site,  on  the  Lecompton  constitution,  and  the  entire  vote 
(21)  polled,  was  cast  against  that  infamous  platform." 

During  the  war  few  new  settlers  came.  In  1861,  a  company  for  home 
defense  was  raised  among  the  settlers  northeast  of  Eldorado,  and  placed 
under  command  of  P.  G.  D.  Morton,  but  its  only  service  consisted  of 
capturing  a  wagon  train  of  supplies  on  the  way  to  the  Indian  Territory 
in  violation  of  a  military  order.  In  the  winter  of  1861,  the  company 
built  and  occupied  a  fort  about  two  miles  northeast  of  Eldorado,  but  in 
the  spring  it  was  disbanded  and  most  of  the  members  joined  the  army 
at  Fort  Leavenworth. 

In  1867  two  brothers  named  Moorehead  moved  into  a  cabin  which 
had  been  built  by  a  man  named  SchafTer,  and  opened  the  first  store  on 
a  small  scale,  though  Schaffer  had  kept  supplies  when  he  lived  there. 
This  is  believed  to  be  the  first  store  on  the  site  of  the  present  city  of 
Eldorado,  which  is  located  over  two  miles  above  the  old  town.  The 
same  year  E.  L.  Lower  built  a  house  and  opened  a  regular  store.  In 
March,  1868,  B.  F.  Gordy  entered  160  acres  of  land  upon  which  all  that 
part  of  Eldorado  south  of  Central  avenue  now  stands  and  the  town  site 
was  laid  out  early  in  the  spring.  A.  G.  Davis,  William  \'^ann  and  two 
men  named  Chandler  and  Atwood  settled  in  Towanda  township  in  July, 
1868;  D.  L.  McCabe,  in  Rock  Creek  township,  about  the  same  time; 
Philip  Cams  in  July,  1869,  took  up  land  in  Rosalia  township,  and  Hol- 
land Ferguson  in  Fairmount  township. 

The  first  religious  services  in  the  county  were  held  at  the  Lambdin 
home.  A  Presbyterian  society  was  organized  at  Eldorado  and  a  build- 
ing commenced  in  1872,  but  was  not  completed  until  1877.  The  first  rec- 
ord of  a  district  school  is  found  in  Chelsea  township.  It  was  \ aught  by 
Sarah  Satchel.  The  second  was  in  Eldorado  township  in  iSfir,  the 
funds  for  it  being  raised  by  subscription  among  the  settlers.  The  first 
marriage  was  that  of  Jacob  E.  Chase  and  .^ugusla  Stewart  in  Eldorado 
township  in  Jan..  1850.     The  first  birth  nf  ;i  white  child  was  T.  Johnson 


KANSAS    HISTORY  263 

in  Towanda  township.  The  first  newspaper  in  the  county  was  the  Wal- 
nut Valley  Times,  the  first  issue  of  which  bears  the  date  of  March  4, 
1870,  with  Murdock  and  Danforth  as  editors  and  publishers.  On  June  i, 
of  that  year  the  partnership  was  dissolved  and  T.  B.  Murdock  became 
the  sole  owner,  and  continued  to  issue  the  paper  until  1881  when  he 
sold  it  to  Alvah  Sheldon.  One  of  the  early  banking  houses  was  con- 
ducted by  Neal  Wilkie  and  S.  L.  Shotwell,  and  the  Bank  of  Eldorado 
was  opened  for  business  on  April  5,  1880,  by  Edward  C.  EUett  and  N. 
F.  Frazier.  A  year  later  the  Butler  county  bank  was  opened  under  a 
charter  from  the  state.  The  Eldorado  mills,  one  of  the  earliest  manufac- 
turing concerns,  was  built  in  1870,  by  Wheeler  and  Burdett,  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Walnut,  and  the  Walnut  Valley  mills  were  erected  in  1882. 

Lawrence  was  the  nearest  established  postofiice  when  the  first  settlers 
located  in  Butler  county.  All  mail  addressed  to  box  400  at  Lawrence 
was  taken  by  a  hack  to  Emporia,  whence  it  was  sent  down  by  anybody 
who  was  passing.  But  a  regular  distributing  station  was  established  at 
Chelsea  in  1858,  with  C.  S.  Lambdin  as  postmaster,  at  Eldorado  in  i860, 
with  D.  L.  McCabe  as  postmaster,  and  in  1863,  mail  was  also-  brought 
from  Cottonwood  Falls. 

In  every  new  country  during  the  period  of  settlement  there  is  a  time 
when  lawless  characters  will  drift  into  the  community.  In  the  late 
'60s  and  early  '70s,  Butler  county  was  no  exception  to  this  rule.  It 
was  believed  a  band  was  operating  around  Douglas  and  a  vigilance 
committee  was  formed.  In  Nov.,  1870,  four  men  were  shot  as  mur- 
derers and  horse  thieves,  the  first  13'nching  in  the  county. 

Early  in  its  history,  the  people  of  Butler  county  took  a  deep  interest 
in  agriculture.  The  Butler  County  Horticultural  and  Agricultural  So- 
ciety was  organized  in  March,  1872,  and  has  become  one  of  the  flourish- 
ing institutions  of  the  county.  It  assisted  materially  in  introducing  new 
and  hardy  species  of  fruit  trees  that  would  stand  the  Kansas  climate,  and 
it  is  due  largely  to  this  society  that  Butler  county  has  such  fine  orchards. 

The  first  railroad  proposed  across  Butler  county  was  the  Kansas  Ne- 
braska railroad,  which  asked  for  a  subscription  of  $150,000.  This  propo- 
sition was  carried  -when  put  to  the  vote  of  the  people,  but  the  panic  of 
1873  came  on,  and  the  building  of  the  road  was  abandoned.  In  May, 
1872,  the  proposition  to  subscribe  for  $150,000  worth  of  the  bonds  of  the 
Fort  Scott,  Humboldt  &  Western  railroad,  was  voted  down,  as  was 
the  next  proposition  of  the  same  sort,  on  July  13  of  the  same  year.  In 
April,  1876,  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  company  proposed  build- 
ing a  branch  line  from  Cedar  Point  down  the  valley  of  the  Walnut  to 
Eldorado,  and  asked  the  county  for  a  cash  bonus  of  $3,000  a  mile.  The 
question  was  discussed,  and  in  Feb.,  1877,  bonds  aggregating  $99,500 
were  voted  to  the  Eldorado  &  Walnut  Valley  railroad.  AVork  was  im- 
mediately started  and  the  road  was  finished  as  far  as  Eldorado  on  July 
31,  1877.  Several  other  roads  were  proposed  but  never  built,  and  no 
further  railroad  building  occurred  until  1879,  when  the  St.  Louis,  Fort 
Scott  &  Wichita  company  began  building  a  line  east  and  west  across 


264  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

the  county,  though  bonds  were  not  voted  by  the  county  in  its  behalf 
until  1880. 

At  the  present  time  four  railroad  companies  operate  lines  in  Butler 
county.  The  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  enters  on  the  northern 
boundary  and  runs  south  through  Eldorado  to  Augusta,  where  a  branch 
runs  southwest  to  Caldwell,  the  main  line  continuing  into  Oklahoma ;  a 
line  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  crosses  the  county  from  east  to  west  through 
Eldorado,  with  a  branch  from  that  city  to  McPherson  ;  the  St.  Louis  & 
San  Francisco  crosses  the  county  south  of  Eldorado,  with  a  branch  from 
Beaumont  to  Winfield;  and  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  crosses 
the  northwest  corner  of  the  county. 

Butler  county  was  organized  by  an  act  of  Feb.  11,  1859,  and  on  April 
30,  of  that  year,  the  board  of  county  supervisors  met  at  the  home  of 
George  T.  Donaldson.  The  board  consisted  of  P.  G.  Barrett,  chair- 
man, G.  T.  Donaldson  and  I.  S.  White.  They  decided  that  the  annual 
meeting  should  be  held  in  Chelsea  Hall,  but  other  meetings  were  to  be 
held  at  their  residences,  except  the  probate  clerk,  who  was  to  hold  office 
at  J.  C.  Lambdin's  until  further  notice.  On  June  13,  1859,  the  second 
meeting  of  the  board  was  held  and  P.  G.  D.  Morton  was  appointed 
county  auditor.  The  first  county  treasurer  was  C.  S.  Lambdin.  ap- 
pointed Sept.  19,  1859;  J.  C.  Lambdin  was  the  first  probate  judge:  a 
man  named  Emmil  the  first  clerk  of  the  district  court,  and  John  R. 
Lambdin  was  the  first  register  of  deeds.  There  is  no  record  that  there 
was  a  sheriff  until  1863.  when  J.  T.  Goodall  was  elected,  but  Dr.  Lew- 
ellen  was  acting  in  that  capacity  in  1859.  In  1864,  M.  Vaught  was  ap- 
pointed superintendent  of  schools.  G.  T.  Donaldson  was  elected  to  the 
state  legislature  in  1863,  when  the  county  consisted  of  but  one  district. 

The  first  election  for  the  location  of  the  county  seat  was  held  on  May 
21,  1864,  and  the  old  town  of  Eldorado  was  chosen,  but  there  were  no 
buildings  suitable  for  count}-  offices  and  the  board  decided  not  to  move 
there  until  such  provision  was  made.  The  question  again  came  up  in 
Aug.,  1867,  and  a  third  election  was  held  on  May  10,  1870,  when  Chelsea 
received  256  and  Eldorado  2,524.  In  April,  1871,  a  contest  between  Eldo- 
rado and  Augusta  occurred  with  the  following  result:  Augusta  712 
votes,  Eldorado  743,  and  the  question  of  a  county  seat  location  was  at 
last  settled.  For  some  time  most  of  the  officers  held  their  offices  at  their 
homes  and  Dunlevy's  building  was  used  for  some  public  purposes.  In 
July,  1870,  an  effort  was  made  to  issue  $25,000  worth  of  bonds  for  the 
erection  of  county  buildings  but  the  proposition  was  voted  dnwn.  On 
July  19,  1870,  the  land  now  occupied  by  the  court-house  was  deeded  to 
the  county  by  C.  C.  and  Henry  Martin  for  the  consideration  of  $1.00, 
and  a  contract  for  a  court-house  was  let  to  T.  ^^^  Branson  for  $3,750. 
The  building  was  completed  in  .'\pril.  1871.  and  used  until  1875,  when 
extensive  additions  were  made  at  a  cost  of  $8,000,  which  with  the  erec- 
tion of  a  jail,  brought  the  total  up  to  ,$15,000.  These  improvements 
were  completed  in  March,  1876. 

In    iQnR.    I'.utlcr   ciinnty    was   divided   into   the    following   townsliijis : 


KANSAS    HISTORY  265 

Augusta,  Benton,  Bloomington,  Bruno,  Chelsea,  Clay,  Clifford,  Doug- 
las, Eldorado,  Fairmount,  Fairview,  Glencoe,  Flickory,  Lincoln,  Little 
Walnut,  Logan,  Milton,  Murdock,  Pleasant,  Plum  Grove,  Prospect, 
Richland,  Rock  Creek,  Rosalia,  Spring,  Sycamore,  Towanda,  Union  and 
Walnut. 

In  Hjro  the  population,  according  to  the  L'.  S.  census  report,  was 
23,059.  The  value  of  field  crops  in  that  year  was  3,103,888,  and  of  all 
farm  products  $6,843,341.  Corn  led  the  list  with  a  value  of  $923,498; 
hay,  including  alfalfa,  stood  second  with  a  value  of  $815,246;  other  lead- 
ing crops  were  Kafir  corn,  $764,256;  oats,  $322,583;  Irish  potatoes,  $89,- 
694.  The  value  of  animals  slaughtered  or  sold  for  slaughter  was  $3,289,- 
163  ;  of  poultry  and  eggs,  $247,369,  and  of  dairy  products,  $199,635. 

Butler,  Pardee,  one  of  the  pioneer  clergymen  of  Kansas,  was  born 
in  Onondaga  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1816,  a  son  of  Phineas  Butler,  an  old 
Henry  Clay  Whig.  In  1819  the  family  removed  to  the  Western  Reserve 
in  Ohio,  where  Pardee  united  with  the  Christian  church,  and  in  time  was 
ordained  to  the  ministry.  In  1855  he  removed  to  Kansas  and  entered  a 
claim  about  12  miles  from  Atchison.  It  is  said  he  also  owned  property 
in  Missouri  opposite  Atchison.  On  Aug.  16,  1855,  while  waitmg  at  Atchi- 
son for  a  boat  to  go  east  on  business,  Mr.  Butler  met  Robert  S.  Kelley, 
assistant  editor  of  the  Squatter  Sovereign,  and  in  the  course  of  the  con- 
versation remarked  that  he  would  have  become  a  regular  subscriber  tO' 
the  paper  some  time  before  but  for  the  fact  that  he  disliked  its  policy. 
Kelley  replied:  "I  look  upon  all  free  soilers  as  rogues,  and  they  ought 
to  be  treated  as  such."  To  this  Mr.  Butler  replied  that  he  was  a  free 
soiler  and  expected  to  vote  for  Kansas  to  be  a  free  state,  whereupon 
Kelley  angrily  retorted :     "I  do  not  expect  you  will  be  allowed  to  vote." 

Nothing  further  w^as  said  at  the-time,  but  early  the  next  morning  Kel- 
ley and  a  few  other  pro-slavery  men  called  at  the  hotel  and  demanded 
that  Butler  subscribe  to  some  resolutions  which  had  been  adopted  at  a 
recent  meeting,  one  of  which  was  as  follows :  "That  we  recommend  the 
good  work  of  purging  our  town  of  all  resident  abolitionists,  and  after 
cleansing  our  town  of  such  nuisances  shall  do  the  same  for  the  settlers 
on  Walnut  and  Independence  creeks,  whose  propensities  for  cattle 
stealing  are  well  known." 

Butler  was  a  man  of  positive  views  and  undaunted  courage,  and 
naturally  refused  to  sign  a  resolution  so  contrary  to  his  opinions.  The 
mob  then  seized  him,  blackened  his  face,  placed  him  upon  a  raft  and  set 
him  adrift  upon  the  Missouri  river.  Phillips,  in  his  Conquest  of  Kan- 
sas, says  that  a  flag  was  raised  on  the  raft  bearing  the  inscription: 
"Eastern  Emigrant  Aid  Express.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Butler.  Agent  for  the 
Underground  Railroad.  The  way  they  are  served  in  Kansas.  For  Bos- 
ton. Cargo  insured — unvoidable  danger  of  the  Missourians  and  the  Mis- 
souri river  excepted.  Let  future  Emissaries  from  the  North  beware. 
Our  hemp  crop  is  sufficient  to  reward  all  such  scoundrels." 

Holloway  gives  a  difi'erent  account  of  the  inscription  on  the  flag.  He 
says :     "A  horse  was  represented  on  the  flag  at  full  speed  with  Mr.  But- 


266  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

ler  upon  him ;  a  negro  was  clinging  behind  him,  while  Mr.  Butler  was 
represented  as  exclaiming:  'To  the  rescue,  Greeley,  I've  got  a  negro!' 
Over  the  painting  was  printed  in  large  letters  'Eastern  Abolition  Ex- 
press.' The  other  side  of  the  flag  bore  the  following  inscription :  'From 
Atchison,  Kansas  Territory.    The  way  they  are  served  in  Kansas.'  " 

Whichever  account  regarding  this  flag  may  be  the  correct  one,  it 
is  certain  that  Mr.  Butler  was  thus  ignominiously  banished  from  the 
territory  where  he  had  chosen  to  make  his  home.  But  if  his  assailants 
thought  for  a  moment  that  he  would  remain  away  permanently  they 
reckoned  without  their  host.  He  soon  returned,  perfected  the  title  to  his 
claim,  and  continued  to  live  in  Kansas  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
at  Farmington,  Atchison  county,  Oct.  20,  1888.  He  was  again  mal- 
treated by  a  mob  led  by  his  old  enemy,  Kelley,  on  March  30,  1856,  when 
he  was  given  a  mock  trial  and  sentenced  to  hang,  but  this  decree  was 
changed  and  he  was  given  a  coat  of  tar  and  cotton  wool.  At  the  same 
time  he  was  informed  that  if  he  ever  appeared  in  Atchison  again  he 
would  be  put  to  death.  Even  this  did  not  dampen  his  ardor  for 
the  free-state  cause.  He  never  shirked  what  he  conceived  to  be  his  duty, 
and  he  contributed  in  no  small  degfee  to  making  Kansas  a  free  state. 

Butterfield's  Overland  Despatch. — In  the  spring  of  1865,  David  A. 
Butterfield,  a  pioneer  of  Colorado,  but  then  a  resident  of  Atchison,  began 
preliminaries  for  inaugurating  a  gigantic  freighting  business  between 
the  Missouri  river  and  the  Rocky  mountains  and  the  territories  beyond. 
Having  succeeded  in  interesting  some  eastern  capitalists  in  the  pro- 
posed scheme,  by  early  summer  the  stock  and  equipment  for  the  con- 
cern were  ready,  considerable  money  having  been  spent  in  advertising 
the  enterprise  in  the  metropolitan  papers  of  the  east.  The  new  com- 
pany was  capitalized  at  $3,000,000,  of  which  amount  one-half  was  paid 
in.  E.  P.  Bray,  a  noted  eastern  express  man,  was  elected  president ;  W. 
K.  Kitchen,  treasurer;  and  D.  A.  Butterfield,  the  originator,  was  made 
superintendent  and  manager.  The  main  office  was  at  Atchison,  with 
branch  offices  in  New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  Cincinnati,  St.  Louis, 
Chicago,  Leavenworth,  Denver  and  Salt  Lake  City.  Up  to  this  time  no 
direct  route  had  been  mapped  out,  except  that  it  had  been  decided  to  fol- 
low up  the  Kansas  and  Smoky  Hill  rivers,  if,  after  a  thorough  investiga- 
tion, it  proved  the  shorter  and  more  feasible.  To  determine  this  ques- 
tion, Col.  Isaac  E.  Eaton,  a  civil  engineer  of  Lcavenwnrtli.  was  sent  onl 
to  make  a  survey  of  the  entire  route,  and  this  he  did,  reporting  the 
same  entirely  practicable.  The  new  road  as  surveyed  was  between  60 
and  70  miles  shorter  than  the  mnthern  road  via  the  Little  Blue  and  the 
Platte.  It  also  liad  the  advantages  of  grass,  wood  and  water  every  5 
miles  of  the  distance,  except  from  the  head  of  the  Smoky  Hill  to  Sand 
creek,  a  distance  of  21  miles.  The  new  route  being  so  mucji  slmrii-r  i1 
was  plain  that  two  days'  travel  could  be  saved,  an  item  of  some  moment 
to  a  busy  man. 

An  immense  freight  business  soon  developed  between  the  Missouri 
river  and  Denver,  and  it  was  the  ambition  of  Mr.  Butterfield  that  his 


KANSAS    IlISTOKY  267 

Overland  Despatch  should  handle  it.  Twelve  hundred  mules  and 
wagons  in  proportion  had  been  purchased  for  the  enterprise,  and  on 
June  25,  1865,  the  first  wagon  train  left  Atchison  with  150,000  pounds 
of  freight  for  Denver  and  other  Colorado  points.  The  enterprise  was 
proving  such  a  success  that  during  the  summer  the  route  was  stocked 
for  a  line  of  stages.  The  initial  coach  of  this  line,  carrying  passengers 
and  express  matter,  left  Atchison  on  Monday,  Sept.  11,  and  arrived  at 
Denver  on  the  23d,  Mr.  Butterfield  accompanying  this  coach.  The 
arrival  of  the  first  stage  in  Denver  was  the  occasion  for  an  imposing 
reception  and  royal  banquet  to  its  promoter.  The  route  as  finally  de- 
cided on  was  592  miles  long,  a  saving  of  61  miles  over  the  road  up  the 
main  Platte  and  its  South  Fork.  The  list  of  stations  on  the  line  after 
leaving  Atchison  was  about  as  follows :  Mount  Pleasant,  Grasshopper 
Falls,  Indianola,  Rossville,  St.  Mary's,  Louisville,  Manhattan,  Fort 
Riley,  Junction  City,  Chapman's  cre.ek,  Abilene,  Solomon  river,  Salina, 
Spring  creek,  Ellsworth,  Buffalo  creek,  Hicks'  Station,  Fossil  creek, 
Forsythe's  creek.  Big  creek,  Louisa  Springs,  Blufifton,  Downer,-  Castle 
Rock  Station,  Eaton,  Henshaw  creek,  Pond  creek  and  Willow  creek 
(this  station  being  at  about  the  west  line  of  the  state).  From  east  to 
west  the  line  traversed  the  counties  of  Atchison,  Jefferson,  Shawnee, 
Pottawatomie,  Riley,  Geary,  Dickinson,  Saline,  Ellsworth,  Russell,  Ellis, 
Trego,  Gove,  Logan,  and  Wallace. 

Transportation  by  this  route  grew  from  the  start,  and  had  it  been 
accorded  the  military  protection  that  the  Hoiladay  line  enjoyed,  it  is 
believed  that  it  would  have  been  a  money  maker.  Lidians,  however, 
gave  the  company  much  trouble.  They  attacked  and  burned  several 
stations,  waylaid  stage  coaches  and  killed  the  drivers,  until  finally  the 
proprietors  were  forced  to  quit.  Inside  of  eighteen  months  from  the 
inauguration  of  the  enterprise  the  whole  business  and  equipment  passed 
into  the  hands  of  Ben  Hoiladay,  the  "overland  stage  king."  This  gentle- 
man later  sold  out  the  Smoky  Hill  line  to  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.,  who 
operated  the  line  at  considerable  loss  from  the  time  they  took  hold  of  it 
until  the  completion  of  the  Kansas  Pacific  railroad  to  Denver,  when  they 
abandoned  the  line. 

Buxton,  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  in  Wil- 
son county,  is  located  near  the  west  line,  in  Duck  Creek  township,  10 
miles  southwest  of  Fredonia,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order 
postoffice.  The  population  in  1910  was  50.  This  town  was  established 
in  1886,  at  the  time  the  railroad  was  built.  The  land  was  owned  by  the 
Arkansas  Valley  Town  and  Land  company,  which  laid  off  the  lots.  In 
May,  1887,  the  Jurett  postofiice,  which  had  been  established  on  the  claim 
of  H.  H,  Garner  in  1871,  was  brought  to  Buxton  and  took  that  name. 
Buxton  is  credited  with  being  the  most  important  hay  shipping  station 
in  the  county. 

Byers,  a  rural  hamlet  of  Meade  county,  receives  mail  by  rural  free 
delivery  from  Meade,  the  county  seat,  which  is  the  most  convenient  rail- 
road station. 


268  CVCLOl'EDIA    OF 


c 


Cabbell,  a  little  hamlet  of  -Logan  county,  is  located  in  the  valley  of 
Hackberry  creek,  in  Elkader  township,  about  20  miles  east  of  Russell 
Springs,  the  county  seat,  and  13  miles  south  of  Oakley,  from  which  a 
rural  free  delivery  route  supplies  mail. 

Cabeca  de  Vaca. —  (See  Nunez,  Alvarez.) 

Caches. — In  1812  an  American  named  Beard,  in  company  with 
about  a  dozen  companions,  made  an  expedition  to  Santa  Fe,  N.  M.,  for 
trading  or  speculative  purposes.  He  returned  to  the  U.  S.  in  1822,  and 
after  interesting  some  St.  Louis  capitalists  in  an  enterprise  "undertook 
to  return  to  Santa  Fe  the  same  fall  with  a  small  party  and  an  assortment 
of  merchandise.  Reaching  the  Arkansas  late  in  the  season,  they  were 
overtaken  by  a  heavy  snow  storm,  and  driven  to  take  shelter  on  a  large 
island.  A  rigorous  winter  ensued,  which  forced  them  to  remain  pent 
up  in  that  place  for  tliree  long  months.  During  this  time  the  greater 
portion  of  their  animals  perished ;  so  that,  when  the  spring  began  to 
open,  they  were  unable  to  continue  their  journey  with  their  goods.  In 
this  emergenc}^  they  made  a  "cache"  some  distance  above,  on  the  north 
side  of  the  river,  where  they  stowed  away  the  most  of  their  merchandise. 
From  thence  they  proceeded  to  Taos,  where  they  procured  mules  and 
returned  to  get  their  hidden  property."  The  caches  are  located  at  a 
crossing  on  the  Arkansas  river,  near  the  mouth  of  Mulberry  creek,  a 
short  distance  east  of  the  present  Fort  Dodge  in  Ford  county.  The}- 
have  been  used  on  many  occasions  since  that  time. 

Cactus,  a  small  settlement  of  Norton  county,  is  near  the  eastern 
boundary,  about  14  miles  from  Norton,  the  county  seat.  The  inliabi- 
tants  receive  mail  by  nn-ai  delivery  from  Prairie  \'iew.  which  is  the 
nearest  railroad  station. 

Cadmus,  a  hamlet  of  Linn  count}',  is  situated  in  Ihc  north  central  ]iart 
on  Elm  creek.  It  has  rural  free  delivery  from  Fontana.  In  i()io  the 
pn])ulation  was  80. 

Cairo,  a  village  of  I'ratl  coimty,  is  a  station  on  the  W'icliila  &  Pratt 
division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  11  miles  east  of 
l^ratt,  the  county  seal.  It  has  a  rnoney  order  postoffice,  express  office, 
some  good  general  stores,  a  flour  mill,  and  is  a  shipping  point  for  the 
surrounding  count r}-.     Tiic  population  was  40  in  1910. 

Calderhead,  Willicun  A.,  lawyer  and  member  of  Congress,  was  burn 
in  I'erry  county,  Ohio,  Sept.  26,  1844,  a  son  of  Rev.  E.  B.  Calderiiead, 
a  minister  of  the  United  Brethren  chinch.  He  was  educated  in  the 
common  schools  and  by  iiis  father,  and  in  the  winter  of  1S61-62  he 
attended  Franklin  College  at  New  Athens,  Ohio.  In  Aug.,  1862,  he 
enlisted  as  a  private  in  Company  II,  One  Hundn-d  ,-ind  Twcuty-sixlli 
Ohio  infantr}-,  but  was  afterward  transferrcil  l^  i  i'in|iaii}  1),  N'intii 
veteran  reserves,  on  account  of  disability,  and  was  liuall}-  discharged  on 
June  27.    1865.      He  then  attended   school   for  one  term   and   in  the   fall 


KANSAS    HISTORY  269 

of  1868  came  to  Kansas,  where  he  engaged  in  farming,  in  1872  lie  set- 
tled on  a  homestead  near  Newton,  and  taught  for  one  year  in  the  Newton 
public  schools.  After  studying  law  for  some  time  under  the  preceptor- 
ship  of  John  VV.  Ady,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1875.  Mr.  Calder- 
head  then  went  to  Atchison,  where  he  spent  the  next  four  years  in 
reading  law  and  teaching  in  the  country  schools  during  the  winter 
seasons.  In  the  fall  of  1879  he  located  at  Marysville,  Marshall  county, 
and  opened  a  law  office.  In  1888  he  was  elected  county  attorney  and 
served  for  two  years,  and  he  was  for  several  years  clerk  of  the  city  board 
of  education.  In  1894  he  was  elected  to  Congress  and  served  one  term. 
Four  years  later  he  was  again  elected  to  Congress  and  was  reelected  at 
each  succeeding  election  until  1908.  Upon  retiring  from  Congress,  Mr. 
Calderhead  resumed  the  practice  of  law  at  Marysville. 

Caldwell,  an  incorporated  city  of  Sumner  county,  is  located  13  miles 
southwest  of  Wellington,  the  county  seat,  and  3  miles  from  the  southern 
boundary  of  the  state.  The  first  settlement  was  made  in  March,  1871, 
and  the  city  was  named  for  Alexander  Caldwell,  United  States  senator 
from  Kansas.  A  log  building  was  erected  by  the  town  company,  and 
was  occupied  by  C.  H.  Stone  with  the  first  stock  of  goods  in  the  place. 
Mr.  Stone  was  also  the  first  postmaster,  the  office  being  established 
soon  after  the  town  was  laid  out.  In  July,  1879,  Caldwell  was  incor- 
porated as  a  city  of  the  third  class,  and  at  the  election  on  Aug.  7,  N.  J. 
Dixon  was  elected  mayor;  J.  D.  Kelly,  police  judge;  J.  A.  Blair,  F.  G. 
Hussen,  H.  C.  Challes  and  A.  Rhoades,  councilmen.  J.  D.  Kelly,  Jr., 
was  appointed  the  first  city  clerk. 

Caldwell  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe,  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific,  and  the  Kansas  Southwestern 
railroads,  which  makes  it  an  important  shipping  point.  It  has  2  banks, 
2  grain  elevators,  2  flour  mills,  2  weekly  newspapers  (the  .Advance  and 
the  News),  a  number  of  well  stocked  mercantile  establishments,  an 
international  money  order  postoffice  with  7  rural  routes,  express  and 
telegraph  offices,  telephone  connections,  good  hotels,  graded  public 
schools,  churches  of  the  leading  denominations,  etc.  In  tlie  immediate 
vicinit)^  are  large  deposits  of  stone,  large  quantities  of  which  are  shipped 
annually.     The  population  in   1910  was  2,205. 

Caldv/ell,  Alexander,  financier  and  United  States  senator,  was  born 
at  Drake's  Ferry,  Huntington  county.  Pa..  March  i,  1830.  He  received 
a  common  school  education,  and  in  the  Mexican  war  served  as  a  private 
in  tJie  company  commanded  by  his  father,  Capt.  James  Caldwell,  who 
was  killed  in  action  at  the  City  of  Mexico  on  Sept.  13,  1847.  From  1853 
to  1861  Mr.  Caldwell  was  an  officer  in  a  bank  at  Columbia,  Pa.,  and  for 
the  next  ten  years  was  engaged  in  transporting  military  supplies  to 
western  posts,  and  in  building  railroads  in  Kansas.  In  1871  he  was 
elected  to  the  United  States  senate  to  succeed  Edmund  G.  Ross,  but 
resigned  in  1873.  He  then  organized  the  Kansas  Manufacturing  com- 
pany, for  the  manufacture  of  wagons  and  farm  implements,  and  was 
president  of  the  companv  from  1877  to  1897.     He  was  one  of  the  organ- 


270  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

izers  of  the  Oregon  Land  Improvement  company  in  1882,  to  locate  town 
sites  and  construct  irrigating  canals  along  the  Oregon  Short  Line  (now 
the  Union  Pacific)  railroad.  In  1897  he  acquired  a  large  block  of  stock 
in  the  First  National  bank  of  Leavenworth,  and  since  then  has  been  the 
president  of  that  institution. 

Calhoun  County,  one  of  the  counties  created  by  the  first  territorial 
legislature,  was  named  for  John  C.  Calhoun  of  South  Carolina.  The 
boundaries,  as  defined  by  the  creative  act,  were  as  follows:  "Beginning 
at  the  northwest  corner  of  Jefferson  county;  thence  west  25  miles; 
thence  south  to  the  main  channel  of  the  Kansas  or  Kaw  river;  thence 
along  said  channel  to  the  southwest  corner  of  Jefferson  county  ;  thence 
north  to  the  place  of  beginning." 

The  territory  included  within  these  lines  embraces  the  southern  part 
of  the  present  county  of  Jackson  and  that  part  of  Shawnee  county  lying 
north  of  the  Kansas  river.  In  1857  the  legislature  added  the  northern 
part  of  the  present  county  of  Jackson,  the  boundaries  being  defined  by 
the  act  as  follows:  "Beginning  at  the  southwest  corner  of  Jefferson 
county,  thence  north  with  the  west  boundary  thereof  to  the  northwest 
corner  of  said  Jefferson  county ;  thence  east  between  sections  24,  25, 
19,  30  on  range  line  between  ranges  16  and  17  east,  township  7  south; 
thence  north  with  said  range  line  to  the  first  standard  parallel ;  thence 
west  along  the  south  boundaries  of  Brown  and  Nemaha  counties  with 
the  first  standard  parallel  to  the  corner  of  sections  i  and  2,  of  township 
6  south,  of  range  12  east;  thence  south  with  the  section  lines  between 
the  first  and  second  tier  of  sections  to  the  middle  of  the  main  channel 
of  the  Kansas  ri\-er;  thence  down  the  Kansas  river,  in  the  middle  of 
the  main  channel  thereof,  to  the  place  of  beginning." 

The  county  was  organized  with  these  boundaries  in  1857,  and  at  the 
election  of  Oct.  4,  1858,  Golden  Silvers  was  chosen  to  represent  the 
county  in  tlie  territorial  legislature.  An  election  to  determine  the  loca- 
tion of  the  county  seat  was  held  on  Oct.  11,  1858,  and  Holton  received 
a  majority  of  all  the  votes  cast.  Some  doubts  were  raised  as  to  the 
legality  of  the  election,  and  to  settle  this  question  Mr.  Silvers  secured 
the  passage  of  an  act,  which  was  approved  by  Gov.  Medary  on  Feb.  9, 
1859,  declaring  Holton  the  permanent  county  seat.  Two  days  later  he 
approved  another  act  changing  the  name  to  Jackson  county.  (See 
Jackson  County.) 

Calhoun,  John,  the  first  surveyor-general  of  Kansas,  was  born  Oct. 
14,  1806.  In  Nov.,  1833,  he  founded  the  Chicago  Weekl}-  Democrat, 
the  first  newspaper  in  that  town.  The  same  year  he  became  surveyor 
of  .^angamon  county.  III.,  and  took  an  active  part  in  tlic  political  life  of 
that  iieriod.  In  1838  he  made  many  speeches  during  the  campaign  and 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Illinois  house  of  representatives.  In  1844 
he  was  defeated  for  Congress  and  in  1846  was  the  candidate  for  governor 
of  Illinois  on  the  Democratic  ticket  but  was  again  defeated.  In  1852 
he  was  the  Democratic  nominee  for  Congress  but  the  Republican  candi- 
date was  elected.  He  became  interested  in  Abraham  Lincoln  and  soon 
after   they   liccamc  acquainted    he   gave   Lincoln   a   l)Ook   on   surveying. 


KAN'SAS    HISTORY  2J1 

This  was  the  beginning  of  a  friendship  that  hisled  thrtJUgh  Hfe.  (Jn 
Aug.  4,  1854,  Mr.  Calhoun  was  commissioned  surveyor-general  of  the 
territories  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  and  made  ex-ofificio  register  of  the 
land  offices,  soon  to  be  opened.  He  opened  an  office  at  Wyandotte,  and 
the  first  report  of  his  survey  was  made  on  Oct.  26,  1856.  He  was  a 
pro-slavery  man  ;  entered  actively  into  the  political  life  of  the  territory ; 
was  president  of  the  Lecompton  constitutional  convention ;  and  it  was 
largely  due  to  his  efforts  that  the  constitution  was  submitted  to  the 
people  only  in  a  modified  way. 

Gen.  Thomas  Ewing,  Jr.,  who  was  one  of  the  committee  appointed 
by  the  territorial  legislature  in  1858  to  investigate  election  frauds,  in 
a  letter  to  his  father  dated  Jan.  18,  1858,  said :  "Calhoun  left  for  Wash- 
ington today — fled.  He  would  have  been  brought  up  for  forging  elec- 
tion returns,  of  which  there  is  evidence  enough,  I  believe,  to  warrant 
a  presentment.  I-]e  is  the  instigator  of  all  the  frauds,  I  have  not  a  shadow 
of  a  doubt." 

The  Kansas  Historical  Society  has  a  manuscript  entitled  "A  Vindi- 
cation of  John  Calhoun,"  written  by  his  brother,  A.  H.  Calhoun,  in  which 
it  is  claimed  that  Mr.  Calhoun  opposed  the  clause  in  the  Lecompton 
constitution  establishing  slavery  and  favored  the  submission  of  the  in- 
strument to  popular  vote,  but  these  statements  are  not  corroborated  by 
the  records  of  the  convention.  Mr.  Calhoun  died  at  St.  Joseph,  Mo.. 
Oct.  13,  1859.  from  the  effects  of  an  overdose  of  strychnine. 

California  Trail. — This  historic  highway  ran  from  the  Missouri  river 
to  the  Pacific  coast.  From  the  time  of  the  first  rush  incident,  to  the 
California  gold  discoveries,  up  to  about  1850,  the  bulk  of  travel  for  those 
remote  sections  passed  over  the  Oregon  trail  (q.  v.)  which  had  its  start 
from  Independence,  Mo.  Before  this  travel  had  begun  to  subside  this 
old  highway  had  lost  much  of  its  identity,  and  to  the  generation  then 
using  it  was  better  known  as  the  "California  trail."  On  the  completion 
of  the  new  military  road  considerably  shortening  the  distance  between 
Fort  Leavenworth  and  Salt  Lake,  travel  for  Oregon,  Utah  and  Cali- 
fornia begun  starting  from  Fort  Leavenworth  and  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  prac- 
lically  deserting  the  Oregon  trail.  From  early  days  Fort  Leavenworth 
had  been  an  important  distributing  point,  much  freight  being  hauled 
from  there  to  other  military  posts  on  the  frontier.  During  the  early 
'50s,  St.  Joseph  developed  into  an  important  outfitting  point.  Shortly 
after  the  admission  of  Kansas,  Atchison  and  Leavenworth  immediately 
sprung  into  prominence,  their  geographical  location  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Missouri  river  militating  against  the  successful  competition  of 
any  Missouri  towns. 

The  Independence  branch  (Oregon  road)  entered  the  state  in  Johnson 
county,  followed  the  Santa  Fe  trail  to  a  point  near  Gardner,  where  the 
trails  divided,  the  California  (Oregon)  trail  turning  north,  entering 
Douglas  county  and  passing  through  the  old  town  of  Franklin,  the  sites 
of  the  present  towns  of  Eudora  and  Lawrence,  the  old  town  of  Marshall, 
and  entering  Shawnee  county;  thence  west  on  the  divide  south  of  the 


272  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Kansas  river,  past  the  site  of  the  present  village  of  Tecumseh  to  Papan's 
ferry  on  the  Kansas  river,  now  in  the  city  of  Topeka.  At  this  point 
the  road  divided,  the  Oregon  trail  crossing  the  river  and  the  California 
road  following  west  along  the  south  side  past  the  old  Baptist  Indian 
^Mission,  to  the  only  rock  bottom  ford  on  the  river  at  Uniontown.  I-'roni 
there  the  road  crossed  to  the  north  side  of  the  river,  passed  up  the 
stream  through  St.  Mary's  mission  to  Cross  creek,  thence  in  a  north- 
erly direction  to  the  crossings  of  the  Big  and  I^ittle  Blue  rivers,  thence 
ap  the  divide  in  a  northwesterly  direction  to  the  Platte  river.  The  road 
from  St.  Joseph  west  ran  through  what  is  now  Wathena  and  Troy  in 
Doniphan  count3^  and  intersected  the  military  road  at  a  point  on  the 
Kickapoo  reservation.  In  1849  Capt.  Howard  Stanbury  surveyed  for 
the  government  a  route  from  Fort  Leavenworth  to  Salt  Lake.  Dis- 
covering a  more  practicable  crossing  of  the  Blue  river  at  a  point  6  miles 
higher  up  stream  than  the  old  "Independence,"  "Mormon"  or  "Cali- 
fornia" crossing,  the  road  was  changed.  By  1851-52  the  upper  road  had 
become  the  popular  one,  and  Frank  J.  Marshall,  an  Indian  trader  who 
had  located  at  the  lower  crossing  in  1846,  operating  a  ferry,  moved  to 
the  new  location.  In  1852  Marshall  was  operating  a  store,  postoffice, 
eating-house,  saloon  and  ferry.  A  California-bound  pilgrim  of  that  year, 
in  describing  Marshall's  place  said:  "Here  for  a  dollar  one  could  get 
a  cup  of  bad  coffee,  a  slice  of  bacon  and  a  portion  of  hard  bread.  For 
the  same  price  one  could  get  a  drink  of  bad  whisky.  For  the  same 
amount  he  would  carry  a  letter  to  St.  Joseph  and  place  it  in  the  post- 
office  there.  His  ferry  charges  were  $5  for  wagons  and  $1  each  for  men 
and  beasts."  Marshall  conducted  this  place  until  1856,  when  he  sold 
out  to  the  Palmetto  colony  from  South  Carolina. 

From  the  earl\-  '60s  until  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  sui)erseded  the 
stage  coach  and  the  wagon  trains,  it  is  probable  that  the  bulk  of  travel 
westward  was  by  way  of  Atchison  and  Leavenworth  over  the  California 
road.  Besides  having  good  steamboat  landings  the  first  of  these  cities 
was  about  15  miles  nearer  than  St.  Joseph. 

The  California  trail  was  about  2,000  miles  long,  of  which  125  miles 
were  in  Kansas.  A  number  of  short  trails  marked  "California  roads" 
are  shown  on  the  earlj-  Kansas  surveys.  The  most  notable  of  these 
was  the  Fayetteville  emigrant  trail  (q.  v.),  but  they  were  all  merely 
"feeders"  of  the  original  trail.  In  1855  the  territorial  legislature  passed 
a  number  of  acts  making  certain  roads  or  portions  of  roads  public  high- 
ways.    Six  of  these  acts  refer  to  portions  of  the  California  n;iil. 

Many  hardships  were  endured  I)y  the  early  pioneers  and  freighters 
who  went  over  this  trail.  During  tlie  Oregon  and  Utah  emigration  the 
travel  was  attended  with  a  great  mortality,  and  during  the  period  of  the 
California  gold  excitement  it  is  said  that  the  mortality  was  as  great  a;^ 
10  per  cent.  Ezra  Meeker,  the  Oregon  pioneer,  has  placed  it  at  this 
figure,  which  some  authorities  are  inclined  to  think  is  tixi  low  (  )nc 
writer  has  said  that  at  least  5,000  emigrants  died  along  tin-  trail  in 
'840-50,  and  that  the  graves  of  these  nnfoi  iniiates  were  soon  dug  into 
by  coyotes  and  the  corpses  torn  to  pieces. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  2^3 

Calista,  a  village  of  Kingman  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe.  R.  R.,  9  miles  west  of  Kingman,  the  county  seat. 
It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  an  express  office,  eeneral  stores,  lumber 
yard,  etc.,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  75. 

Callison,  a  discontinued  postoffice  of  Graham  county,  is  located  about 
12  miles  southeast  of  Hill  City,  the  county  seat,  and  about  the  same 
distance  southwest  of  Palco,  from  which  place  the  inhabitants  receive 
mail  !)}■  rural  free  delivery. 

Calumet. — Among  the  Indians  of  North  America,  especially  the  tribes 
inhabiting  the  Mississippi  valley  and  the  region  about  the  great  lakes, 
the  "Calumet"  was  an  important  ceremonial  observance  on  various 
occasions.  The  word,  however,  is  not  of  Indian  origin,  being  derived 
from  the  Norman  word  "chalumeau,"  the  name  of  a  rustic  pipe  or 
musical  instrument  used  by  the  Norman  shepherds  in  the  rural  fes- 
tivities. The  early  Norman-French  settlers  of  Canada  applied  it  to  the 
ceremonial  pipe  of  the  Indians,  and  in  time  it  came  into  general  use.  but 
was  corrupted  into  the  "calumet."  Many  people  have  the  impression 
that  the  calumet  was  purely  a  "peace  pipe,"  but  as  a  matter  of  fact  it 
was  as  often  used  as  a  "war  pipe."  The  bowl  of  the  pipe  was  usually 
made  of  clay  or  some  soft  stone,  larger  than  the  ordinary  individual 
tobacco  pipe.  The  stem  was  a  hollow  cane,  reed,  or  twig  of  some  tree 
from  which  the  pith  had  been  removed,  and  was  generally  a  yard  or 
more  in  length.  In  the  councils  of  a  tribe  the  calumet  was  a  method  of 
expressing  opinion.  When  the  question  of  proclaiming  war  was  before 
the  council,  the  stem  of  the  pipe  was  decorated  with  the  feathers  of 
the  eagle,  hawk,  or  some  bird  of  prey.  The  pipe  was  filled  with  tobacco 
and  passed  among  the  warriors.  Those  who  accepted  it  took  a  solemn 
pufif  or  two,  thus  proclaimed  themselves  in  favor  of  war,  while  those 
who  merely  passed  it  on  to  their  ne.xt  neighbor,  without  touching  the 
stem  with  their  lips,  expressed  themselves  as  opposed  to  hostilities.  If 
.the  pipe  was  used  to  vote  on  a  peace  treaty,  or  some  similar  question, 
the  stem  was  decorated  with  the  feathers  of  the  water-fowl,  or  some 
song  bird  of  a  retiring,  peaceful  disposition. 

Among  the  Indians  the  ceremony  of  smoking  the  peace  calumet  was 
often  accompanied  by  singing  and  dancing.  Charlevoix  tells  how  "The 
Osages  send  once  or  twice  a  year  to  sing  the  calumet  among  the  Kas- 
kasquias,"  and  soon  after  Iberville  landed  at  Biloxi  bay  and  began  the 
erection  of  Fort  Maurepas,  in  1699,  the  neighboring  tribes  assembled  at 
the  fort  and  spent  three  days  in  singing,  dancing  and  smoking  the 
calumet.  When  the  commissioners  of  the  United  States  concluded  a 
treaty  of  peace  with  some  Indian  tribe,  the  ceremony  generally  closed 
by  passing  around  the  calumet  decorated  as  a  pipe  of  peace,  and  it  is 
probably  due  to  this  fact  that  the  pipe  has  come  to  be  regarded  by  so 
many  as  an  emblem  of  peace. 

Calvert,  a  village  of  Emmett  township,  Norton  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  and  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincv  railroads,  8  miles  east  of  Norton,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a 
(I-18) 


274  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

money  order  postoffice,  a  flour  mill,  a  grain  elevator,  a  good  local  retail 
trade,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  50. 

Cambridge,  a  village  of  Cowley  county,  is  located  in  Windsor  town- 
ship, and  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  22 
miles  east  of  Winfield,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  some  good  gen- 
eral stores,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes,  express  and 
telegraph  offices,  a  hotel,  churches  of  the  leading  denominations,  tele- 
phone connections,  and  being  located  in  the  midst  of  an  agricultural  and 
stock  raising  district  is  a  shipping  point  of  considerable  importance. 
The  population  in  1910  was  225. 

Camp  Alert. —  (See   Fort  Larned.) 

Camp  Bateman,  a  temporary  military  encampment,  was  established 
in  Oct.,  1857,  by  Lieut. -Col.  George  Andrews,  of  the  Sixth  United  States 
infantry,  with  a  detachment  of  his  regiment.  The  camp  was  located  at 
a  place  called  Cincinnati,  not  far  from  Fort  Leavenworth,  and  was 
occupied  until  May  8,  1858,  when  it  was  abandoned. 

Camp  Beecher. — Hamersly's  "Army  and  Navy  Register"  says  this 
camp  was  "on  the  Little  Arkansas  river  a  short  distance  from  its  mouth, 
where  it  joins  the  Arkansas  river,  about  one  mile  from  Wichita."  The 
camp  was  established  in  Jime,  1868,  on  or  near  the  site  where  J.  R.  Mead 
fopnded  his  trading  post  in  the  fall  of  1863,  and  was  at  first  called  Camp 
Davidson.  In  Oct..  1868,  the  name  was  changed  to  Camp  Ilutterfield, 
and  the  following  month  to  Camp  Beecher.  It  was  abandoned  as  a 
military  camp  in  Oct.,  1869. 

Camp  Butterfaeld. — (See  Camp  Beecher.) 

Camp  Davidson. — (See  Camp  Beecher.) 

Camp  Leedy,  a  temporary  military  encampment  al  Topeka,  was  estab- 
lished as  a  mobilizing  point  for  Kansas  troops  at  the  time  of  the  Span- 
ish-American war  (q.  v.),  and  was  named  for  John  W.  Leedy.  al  thai 
time  governor  of  the  state.  It  was  located  about  lialf  a  mile  south  nf 
the  State-house,  on  what  was  known  as  the  "Douthitt  tract,"  not  far 
frtMii  the  fair  grounds. 

Camp  MacKay. —  (See  Fort  Atchison.) 

Camp  Magruder,  near  Fort  Leavenworth,  was  a  sort  of  slopping  ])lace 
for  recruits  en  route  to  Utah  in  July  and  August,  i860,  under  command 
of  Lieut. -Col.  George  B.  Crittenden  of  the  mounted  riflemen.  No  per- 
manent fortifications  nor  quarters  were  ever  erected  on  the  site. 

Camp  Supply.— In  the  fall  of  1868,  at  the  time  of  the  Black  Kettle 
raid.  Gen.  Philip  H.  Sheridan,  whose  headquarters  were  at  Fort  Hays, 
ordered  Gen.  George  A.  Custer  to  locate  a  camp  at  some  convenient 
point  in  the  Indian  Territory.  Custer  selected  the  rising  ground  between 
Wolf  and  Beaver  creeks,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  above  where  they  nniu- 
to  ff)rm  the  north  fork  of  the  Canadian  river,  in  what  is  now  (he  north- 
west corner  of  Woodward  count}-,  Okla.,  and  here  on  Nov.  18  he  estab- 
lished Camp  Supply.  .Mtliough  some  30  miles  south  of  the  southern 
boundary  of  Kansas,  it  is  intimately  connected  with  the  state's  military 
history,  as  the  Nineteenth  Kansas  reached  this  post  on  Nov.  28,   186H. 


KANSAS    HISTORY 


-/O 


after  a  trying-  march  of  fourteen  days  from  Camp  Heecher,  the  wagon 
train  belonging  to  tlie  regiment  not  arriving  until  the  afternoon  of  Dec. 
I.  After  the  Indians  were  compelled  to  make  teimis,  the}'  reccixed 
rations  at  Camp  Supply. 

Camp  Thompson. — ( )n  April  29.  1858,  Lieut, -Col.  Ceorge  -Andrews  of 
lhe  Sixth  United  States  infantry  established  a  camp  near  Fort  Leaven- 
worth and  named  it  Cam])  Thompson.  It  was  not  iniciulcd  f.)r  more  than 
temporary  occupany,  and  was  abandoned  on  Ma_\'  7,  1858,  less  than  ten 
days  after  it  was  established. 

Campbell  College,  located  at  1  hjlton,  Kan.,  is  a  result  of  the  merger 
of  two  institutions,  Campbell  University  of  flolton  and  Lane  Univer- 
sity (q.  v.).  In  1879  tlie  people  of  Jackson  county  determined  to  estab- 
lish an  institution  of  higher  education  at  Llolton,  and  a  public  meeting 
was  called  to  devise  wavs  and  means.     The  result  of  this  meeting  was 


CAMPBELL  COLLEGE. 


the  ap]jointment  of  a  committee  to  correspond  with  A.  G.  Campbell,  a 
wealthy  mine  owner  of  Utah,  who  had  been  a  resident  of  Jackson 
cotinty,  to  see  what  he  would  contribute  toward  the  school.  Mr.  Camp- 
bell offered  a  sum  of  money  to  the  enterprise  equal  to  a  paid-up  sub- 
scription of  not  more  than  $20,000  by  the  citizens  of  Jackson  county. 
A  canvass  was  at  once  begun  and  in  a  short  time,  subscriptions  to  the 
amoimt  of  $10,000  by  the  people  of  Jackson  county  were  reported.  Mr. 
Campbell  gave  a  like  amount  and  $1,100  additional  for  the  purchase  of 
II   acres  of  land   for  the  campus.     In    1S80  a   fine   stone  building  was 


276  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

erected  and  leased  by  Prof.  J-  H.  ^liller,  and  in  September  the  school 
was  opened.  In  1883  a  dormitory  was  built  and  by  1887  the  school  had 
grown  to  such  an  extent  that  an  addition  was  built. 

In  the  summer  of  1896  a  corporation  was  organized  imder  the  name 
of  the  University  company,  which  became  the  owner  of  the  institution 
and  B.  F.  Kizer  was  elected  president.  Campbell  College  was  organized 
under  the  auspices  of  the  United  Brethren  church,  which  had  been 
oflfered  the  property  of  Campbell  University,  provided  the  church  would 
operate  the  school.  A  charter  was  granted  to  the  college  on  Nov.  26, 
1902,  and  on  Jan.  6,  1903,  Campbell  University  deeded  to  the  new  insti- 
tution all  her  belongings  at  Holton,  and  the  A.  G.  Campbell  bequest  of 
$100,000.  The  people  of  Holton  agreed  to  raise  $10,000,  as  an  endow- 
ment, provided  the  church  would  raise  $40,000,  within  five  years. 

A  relocation  committee  was  appointed  by  the  board  of  trustees  of 
Lane  University  in  June,  1902,  and  later  in  the  summer  the  two  insti- 
tutions were  consolidated.  The  new  college  was  opened  to  students  in 
Sept.,  1903. 

Campbell  College  has  a  four-year  college  course,  a  two-year  normal 
course,  a  three-year  academic  course  and  a  one-year  preparatory  course. 
The  commercial  department  has  grown  up  with  the  college  and  ofifers 
courses  for  training  in  all  branches  of  business.  In  1910,  Thomas  D. 
Crites  was  president  of  the  college ;  W.  S.  Reese,  dean ;  they  were  ably 
assisted  by  a  faculty  of  fourteen  able  instructors,  and  an  enrollment  of 
over  500.  The  United  Brethren  churches  of  Kansas,  Missouri  and 
Oklahoma  have  assured  the  college  their  support,  which  places  it  upon 
a  firm  financial  foundation. 

Campbell,  George,  lawyer  and  author,  was  born  in  Yates  county, 
N.  Y.,  April  29,  1848.  He  was  educated  at  Starkey  Seminary,  Eddy- 
town,  N.  Y.,  and  subsequently  studied  law.  In  1870  he  came  to  Kansas 
and  settled  in  Mound  Valley  township,  Labette  county,  where  he 
engaged  in  farming  and  stock  raising,  and  also  taught  school.  In  1873 
he  married  Sarah  E.  Drenner  of  Mound  Valley.  He  had  been  reared 
in  the  Republican  faith,  and  was  a  nicnilicr  of  that  party  until  1872, 
when  he  joined  the  Liberal  Republican  movement  and  supported  Horace 
Greeley  for  president.  He  was  active  in  organizing  the  Greenback 
party  and  in  1884  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Farmers'  and 
Laborers'  Union,  which  he  assisted  in  establishing  in  26  states.  Mr. 
Campbell  entered  the  field  of  journalism  as  editor  of  the  Kansas  State 
Alliance,  published  at  Parsons,  which  was  made  the  official  organ  of  the 
Populist  party  when  it  was  organized  in  1890.  Subsequently  he  removed 
to  Oswego  and  opened  a  law  office,  then  went  to  CoflFeyville,  Kan.,  where 
he  served  as  county  judge,  and  in  1899  was  elected  to  the  state  senate. 
Mr.  Campbell  has  gained  a  wide-reputation  as  an  author,  his  best  known 
works  being,  "The  Life  and  Death  of  Worlds,"  "America,  Past,  Present 
and  Future"  and  "The  Greater  United  States." 

Campbell,  Philip  Pitt,  lawyer  and  member  of  Congress,  is  a  native  of 
Nova  Scotia,  having  been  born  at  Cajjc  Breton  in  that  province  on  April 


KANSAS    HISTORY  277 

25,  1862,  a  son  of  Daniel  A.  and  Mary  (McRae)  Campbell.  Coming  to 
Kansas  at  an  early  age,  he  was  educated  at  Baker  University,  where  he 
received  the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1888,  and  the  degree  of  A.  M.  in  1891. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  the  fall  of  1889,  and  on  Nov.  23,  1892, 
married  Miss  Helen  E.  Goff  of  Walnut,  Crawford  county.  Mr.  Camp- 
bell began  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Pittsburg,  where  he  is  still 
located.  He  has  always  taken  a  keen  interest  in  public  questions,  and 
after  locating  at  Pittsburg  came  to  be  recognized  as  one  of  the  active 
Republicans  of  the  county.  In  1902  he  was  nominated  by  his  party  to 
represent  the  Third  district  in  Congress,  was  elected  in  November  of 
that  year,  and  has  been  reelected  at  each  succeeding  election  to  1910. 

Campus,  a  village  of  Grinnell  township,  Gove  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  near  the  northwest  corner  of  the  county,  about 
20  miles  from  Gove,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice, 
telephone  connections,  general  stores,  a  lumber  yard,  etc.,  and  in  1910 
reported  a  population  of  50. 

Canada,  a  hamlet  of  Marion  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  5  miles  west  of  Marion,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  telegraph  and  express  ofifices  and  a  money  order  postoffice.  The 
population  in  1910  was  61. 

Candle  Box. — As  the  depository  of  fraudulent  election  returns  the 
Calhoun  "candle  box"  is  an  interesting  incident  in  early  history.  Gov. 
Robert  J.  Walker  came  to  Kansas  determined  that  Kansas  citizens 
should  have  fair  play.  Although  he  defended  the  territorial  legislature 
as  legitimate,  he  entreated  the  free-state  men  to  vote  in  the  election  of 
delegates  to  the  Lecompton  constitutional  convention ;  offered  military 
protection  at  the  polls,  and  pledged  himself  to  oppose  the  constitution 
if  it  were  not  submitted  to  the  people.  Surveyor-General  John  Calhoun 
and  his  colleagues  were  candidates  for  delegates  in  Douglas  county,  and 
Gov.  Walker  compelled  them  to  pledge  themselves  that  the  constitution 
should  be  submitted  to  the  people  for  ratification  or  rejection.  The 
surveyor-general  and  his  friends  did  not  approve  of  Mr.  Walker's  policy, 
because  submission  of  the  constitution  to  the  people  would  lose  Kansas 
to  slavery  and  would  defeat  the  Calhoun  chance  for  United  States 
senator. 

The  fall  election  came  and  by  fraud,  violence  and  a  Cincinnati  direc- 
tory, the  pro-slavery  party  won.  Gov.  Walker  investigated  the  election, 
probed  the  fraud,  and  gave  the  certificates  to  the  free-state  men.  This 
did  not  increase  his  popularity  with  the  Calhoun  faction,  which  made 
the  Lecompton  constitution,  but  refused  to  submit  it  as  a  whole  to  the 
people,  Calhoun  was  president  of  the  convention,  the  recipient  and  judge 
of  the  returns,  with  power  to  issue  certificates  of  election,  ignoring  the 
governor  who  should  have  had  this  presidency  and  power.  When  the 
non-submission  of  the  constitution  became  apparent.  Gov.  Walker  and 
his  friends  made  every  effort  to  have  it  rejected  by  Congress,  which 
resulted  in  a  big  contest  between  the  two  elements  represented.  "The 
pro-slavery  element  had  power  in  Congress  to  bind  in  the  thrall  of  that 
constitution.     Frauds  were  charged  and  denied.     The  battle  wavered. 


278  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Nothing  but  the  exposure  of  these  frauds,  shocking  the  moral  sense  of 
the  nation  and  making  the  glaring  wrong  impossible,  could  give  victory 
to  the  people.  Such  exposure  could  save  Kansas  to  freedom  and  prevent 
immediate  civil  war  likely  to  grow  out  of  the  enforcement  of  a  consti- 
tution forced  on  a  protesting  people.  The  territorial  legislature — free- 
state  because  of  Gov.  Walker's  rejection  of  the  fraudulent  returns — 
seconded  their  friends  at  Washington  by  instituting  an  investigation. 
They  appointed  a  committee  to  inquire.  Calhoun  determining  they 
should  not  see  the  returns  fled  to  ^Missouri."  L.  A.  jVIcClean,  the  chief 
clerk  to  Mr.  Calhoun,  was  left  to  manage  the  situation.  While  at  a  ball 
at  the  Eldridge  House,  he  was  summoned  before  the  investigating  com- 
mittee and  swore  that  Mr.  Calhoun  had  taken  the  returns  to  Missouri 
with  him.  When  Mr.  McClean  returned  to  the  office  after  the  ball  he 
concealed  the  returns  in  a  place  soon  made  known  by  one  of  the  em- 
ployees of  the  surveyor-general.  This  employee  was  known  as  Dutch 
Charley  and  was  employed  by  Mr.  Calhoun  as  a  man  of  all  work.  He 
was  a  free-state  man,  and  deeply  interested  in  the  plots  of  his  employers, 
which  plots  he  revealed  to  Gen.  Brindle,  receiver  of  the  land-office  at 
Lecompton,  to  whom  he  was  a  faithful  friend.  When  McClean  gave 
his  testimony  Brindle  suspected  it  was  false  and  urged  Dutch  Charley 
to  investigate  the  night  after  McClean  returned  from  Lawrence  to 
Lecompton.  McClean  put  the  returns  in  a  candle  box  which  he  con- 
cealed in  the  ground  under  the  woodpile  in  front  of  the  office.  Dutch 
Charley  tracked  him  from  the  window,  reported  it  to  the  authorities. 
The  free-state  sheriff  of  Douglas  county  with  a  posse  called  upon 
McClean  and  recovered  the  box  and  election  returns.  When  the  people 
found  that  McClean  had  sworn  falsely  liic\'  would  not  sustani  him  and 
he  fled  into  Missouri. 

Caney,  one  of  the  four  important  towns  of  Montgomery  county,  is 
located  near  the  Oklahoma  line  at  the  junction  of  the  Missouri  Pacific 
and  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  R.  R.,  20  miles  southwest  of  Inde- 
pendence, the  county  seat.  It  is  in  the  gas  belt  and  has  grown  very 
rapidly,  especially  in  the  past  ten  years,  during  which  time  it  has  trebled 
its  population.  It  has  a  good  system  of  waterworks  and  an  efficient 
fire  department.  The  combined  output  of  the  gas  wells  in  the  vicinity 
is  175,000,000  cubic  feet  per  day.  The  largest  oil  tank  farm  in  the  state 
is  located  near  here.  It  covers  800  acres.  The  manufacturing  interests 
in  Caney  include  2  large  glass  factories,  a  brick  and  tile  works,  a  large 
zinc  smelter  and  an  oil  refinery.  There  are  2  lianks,  an  ice  and  cold 
storage  plant.  3  public  school  buildings,  a  public  library,  2  weekly  news- 
papers (the  Chronicle  and  the  News),  telegraph  and  express  offices  and 
an  inlernational  money  order  jiostoffice  with  fine  riual  route.  Tlie  town 
was  incor|)orated  in  I0')5.  About  tliis  time  it  received  extensive  adver- 
tising throughout  the  whole  nation  on  account  of  a  gas  well  which  look 
fire  and  burned  furiously  for  several  months,  'i'oin-ists,  many  of  whom 
were  from  distant  states,  flooded  the  town  to  view  the  immense  llamcs, 
the  roaring  of  which  conU!  be  heard  for  miles.  .According  I0  the  census 
of  1910  the  ()oi)ulation  of  Caney  was  3,  597. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  2/9 

The  first  store  in  Caney  was  opened  by  Dr.  J.  W.  Bell  in  1869.  A  gen- 
eral merchandise  store  was  established  by  O.  M.  Smith  in  1870.  A  mail 
route  was  established  in  that  year  which  enabled  the  settlers  to  get  their 
mail  regularly.  The  town  vvas  laid  out  and  a  number  of  business  enter- 
])rises  started.  The  first  newspaper  (the  Caney  Chronicle)  was  started 
in  1885.  Caney  was  organized  and  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third 
class  in  1887.  The  first  officers  were :  Mayor,  P.  S.  Hollingsworth ; 
police  judge,  F.  H.  Hooker;  clerk,  F.  H.  Dye;  councilmen,  William 
Rodgers,  Harry  Wiltse,  J.  J.  Hemphill,  J.  A.  Summer  and  W.  B.  Wil- 
liams.    The  first  railroad  reached  Caney  about  1887. 

Canfield,  Arthur  Graves,  educator,  was  born  at  Sunderland,  Vt.,  March 
i/,  1859.  He  received  his  early  education  in  the  common  schools  and 
at  Burr  and  Burton  Academy,  after  which  he  entered  Williams  College 
at  Williamstown,  Mass.,  where  he  graduated  in  1878.  In  1882  he  re- 
ceived the  degree  of  A.  M.  He  then  went  to  Europe  and  spent  some 
time  in  the  Universities  of  Leipzig,  Berlin,  Gottingen  and  Paris.  Upon 
his  return  to  the  United  States  in  1883  he  was  appointed  assistant  in 
modern  languages  at  the  University  of  Kansas,  and  in  1887  became  pro- 
fessor of  French  language  and  literature  in  that  institution.  In  1898 
Prof.  Canfield  resigned  his  place  in  the  University  of  Kansas  to  accept 
a  professorship  of  French  language  and  literature  in  the  University  of 
Michigan,  which  position  he  still  holds.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Phi 
Beta  Kappa  fraternity  and  of  the  Modern  Language  Association  of 
America. 

Canfield,  James  Hulme,  lawyer,  author  and  educator,  was  born  at 
Delaware,  Ohio,  March  18,  1847,  the  son  of  Rev.  E.  H.  and  Martha 
(Hulme)  Canfield.  His  parents  went  to  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  when  he  was 
a  child,  and  when  his  mother  died  in  1855  he  was  sent  to  a  Vermont 
farm.  He  attended  the  country  schools  until  he  was  fourteen  years  of 
age,  then  returned  to  Brooklyn  and  graduated  at  the  Brooklyn  Col- 
legiate and  Polytechnic  Institute  in  1864.  For  a  year  he  traveled  in 
Europe  and  in  1868  graduated  at  Williams  College.  From  1868  to  1871 
he  was  superintendent  of  railroad  construction  in  Iowa  and  Minnesota 
and  at  the  same  time  read  law.  In  1872  he  was  admitted  to  che  bar  in 
Michigan,  located  at  St.  Joseph  and  opened  a  law  office.  He  became 
superintendent  of  the  St.  Joseph  schools  and  acted  in  that  capacity  until 
1877,  when  he  was  elected  professor  of  history  in  the  University  of 
Kansas,  which  position  he  held  until  1891.  He  was  then  chosen  chan- 
cellor of  the  University  of  Nebraska.  He  was  president  of  the  Kansas 
State  Teachers'  Association  in  1885  and  of  the  Nebraska  State  Teachers' 
Assocjation  in  1894.  In  1893  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  was  conferred  upon 
him  by  Williams  College  and  in  1895  he  was  elected  president  of  the 
University  of  Ohio.  In  1899  he  accepted  the  position  of  librarian  of 
Columbia  University.  Mr.  Canfield  was  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
Colonial  Wars,  the  American  Library  Association  and  the  Century, 
Authors'  and  Quill  clubs.  He  was  the  author  of  a  "History  of  Kansas." 
"Local  Government  in  Kansas,"  and  several  other  books.  He  died  at 
New  York  City,  March  30,  1909. 


280  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Canton,  one  of  the  important  towns  of  ^IcPherson  county,  is  located 
in  the  township  of  Canton  on  the  Marion  &  McPherson  branch  of  the 
Atchison.  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  and  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  & 
Pacific.  14  miles  east  of  McPherson.  the  count)'  seat.  It  has  2  banks, 
a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Pilot),  a  flour  mill,  2  grain  elevators  and  a 
creamer}'.  It  is  an  important  grain  shipping  point  for  a  large  and 
wealthy  farming  district.  The  town  is  supplied  with  express  and  tele- 
graph offices  and  has  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  3 
rural  routes.  The  population  according  to  the  census  of  1910  was  648. 
Canton  was  founded  in  1879  when  the  railroad  was  built  from  Marion 
to  AlcPherson.  A  postoffice  was  established  the  same  year.  In  less 
than  3  years  it  was  a  village  of  250  inhabitants,  with  a  bank,  several 
mercantile  establishments,  a  good  district  school  and  two  churches. 

Cantonment  Martin,  the  first  military  post  in  Kansas  under  the  author- 
ity of  the  United  States  government,  was  established  on  Isle  au  Vache, 
or  Cow  island,  in  Oct.,  1818,  when  Capt.  Wyly  Martin,  with  a  detach- 
ment of  the  Third  rifle  regiment,  reached  the  island  as  the  advance  guard 
of  Maj.  Long's  expedition  and  went  into  winter  quarters.  A  fort  of 
Cottonwood  logs  was  erected  and  named  "Cantonment  Martin,"  for  the 
commander  of  the  detachment.  John  O'Fallon,  afterward  a  prominent 
citizen  of  St.  Louis,  was  the  post  sutler.  It  was  Capt.  Martin's  intention 
to  vacate  the  cantonment  early  in  the  spring  of  1819  and  continue  his 
march  westward,  but  his  supplies  failed  to  arrive  as  expected,  and  he 
remained  at  the  post  until  the  arrival  of  the  main  body  of  the  expedition 
under  Maj.  Long  in  July.  A  council  was  held  here  with  the  Kansas 
Indians.     (See  Long's  Expedition.) 

Cantrell,  Jacob,  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Douglas  county,  came 
from  Missouri,  and  Cutler  says  he  built  the  first  log  cabin  where  the 
city  of  Baldwin  now  stands.  The  name  is  also  spelled  Cantrel  and 
Cantral.  He  was  not  particularly  active  in  the  political  tronliles  of  the 
period,  but  spent  his  time  in  developing  his  claim.  Ilowexcr,  at  the 
battle  of  Black  Jack,  June  2,  1856,  he  went  to  the  aid  of  the  free-state 
forces.  Soon  after  tliis  he  was  captured  by  some  of  the  border  rullians 
and  given  a  mock  trial  on  the  charge  of  being  guilty  of  "treason  to  Mis- 
souri." The  sentence  was  death,  and  he  was  accordinglv  shot  on  June 
6,  1856. 

Canyon,  a  small  hamlet  of  Finney  county,  is  situated  in  the  valley 
of  the  north  fork  of  the  Pawnee  river,  about  25  miles  northeast  of  Garden 
City,  the  county  seat.  Mail  is  received  by  the  people  of  Canyon  by 
rural  free  delivery  from  Ravanna. 

Capioma,  a  hamlet  of  Nemaha  county,  is  located  in  Capioma  town- 
ship 15  miles  southeast  of  Seneca,  the  county  seat,  and  9  miles  south 
of  Sabetha,  from  which  place  it  receives  mail.  It  is  one  of  the  historic 
places  in  the  county,  having  Iiecn  jilatted  in  1857.  This  plat  was  not 
recorded  imtil  tvyo  years  later  for  the  reason  tJiat  there  was  no  place  to 
record  anything  in  those  early  days.  A  school  building  was  ])ut  up  in 
1837,  and  a  hotel  in  1859.  The  place  was  named  after  an  Indian  chief. 
Tlie  po[)ulation  in  1910  was  45. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  28I 

Capital. —  111  Uic  establishment  of  civil  government  in  a  new  territory 
or  state,  one  of  the  early  questions  to  come  up  for  consideration  and  set- 
tlement is  the  location  of  the  seat  of  government.  Kansas  became  an 
organized  territory  by  the  act  of  May  30,  1854,  which  designated  Fort 
Leavenworth  as  the  temporary  seat  of  government,  and  provided  that 
some  of  the  public  buildings  there  might  be  used  as  territorial  offices. 
Gov.  Reeder,  the  first  territorial  governor,  assumed  the  duties  of  the 
ofifice  early  in  Oct.,  1854,  but  soon  became  dissatisfied  with  the  quarters 
and  offices  provided  for  him  at  the  fort,  and  on  Nov.  24  he  removed  the 
executive  office  to  the  Shawnee  Methodist  Indian  mission,  about  a  mile 
from  the  Missouri  line  and  less  than  3  miles  southwest  of  the  town  of 
Westport,  Mo.  At  that  time  the  mission  buildings  were  the  best  and 
most  commodious  in  the  territory. 

Acting  under  the  authority  conferred  upon  him  by  the  organic  act, 
Gov.  Reeder  called  the  first  territorial  legislature  to  meet  at  Pawnee — 
near  Fort  Riley — on  July  2,  1855,  and  on  June  27  the  governor  removed 
his  office  to  that  place.  The  legislature  soon  became  dissatisfied  with 
the  accommodations  at  Pawnee  and  adjourned  to  the  Shawnee  mission, 
where  Judge  Franklin  G.  Adams  says  the  executive  office  was  reestab- 
lished on  July  12.     (See  Reeder's  Administration.) 

On  Aug.  8,  1855,  the  two  branches  of  the  legislature  met  in  joint 
session  to  vote  on  the  question  of  locating  the  permanent  seat  of  govern- 
ment. The  competitors  for  the  honor  were  Leavenworth,  Lawrence, 
Tecumseh,  St.  Bernard  (in  the  northern  part  of  Franklin  county  near 
the  present  village  of  Centropolis),  White  Head,  Kickapoo,  Lecompton, 
Douglass  and  One  Hundred  and  Ten.  Three  ballots  were  taken,  the  last 
one  resulting  as  follows:  Lecompton,  25;  St.  Bernard,  11;  Tecumseh,  2; 
all  the  others  having  dropped  out  of  the  race.  F.  J.  Marshall,  H.  D. 
McMeekin  and  Thomas  Johnson  were  appointed  commissioners  to  select 
the  grounds  at  Lecompton  upon  which  were  to  be  erected  suitable  build- 
ings for  the  governor  and  legislature.  (See  Capitol.)  The  first  records 
dated  at  Lecompton  as  the  capital  were  the  executive  minutes  of  Gov. 
Shannon  on  April  20,  1856. 

A  special  session  of  the  legislature  was  held  at  Lecompton  in  Dec, 
1857.  This  was  the  third  territorial  legislature,  and  the  first  one  con- 
trolled by  the  free-state  men.  When  it  met  again  in  regular  session  on 
Jan.  4,  1858,  considerable  dissatisfaction  was  manifested  toward  Lecomp- 
ton, and  on  the  second  day  of  the  session  adjourned  to  Lawrence,  which 
became  practically  the  capital  of  the  territory,  as  the  governor  main- 
tained his  office  there  during  the  session.  This  legislature  pass'ed  an 
act  providing  for  the  removal  of  the  capital  to  Minneola,  in  the  northern 
part  of  Franklin  county,  a  little  east  of  Centropolis.  Railroad  com- 
panies were  chartered  to  build  lines  which  would  center  at  Minneola, 
and  members  of  the  legislature  were  financially  interested  in  building 
up  the  town.  The  governor  vetoed  the  act,  but  it  was  passed  over  his 
veto.  Subsequently  the  attorney-general  of  the  United  States  declared 
the  act  in  violation  of  the  oraanic  law  and  therefore  null.     This  ended 


282  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

ihe  attempts  to  remove  the  territorial  seat  of  government  from 
Lecompton. 

Jn  the  meantime  the  free-state  men  had  adopted  a  constitution,  elected 
state  officers,  and  designated  Topeka  as  the  capital  of  the  territory. 
But  as  this  action  was  not  authorized  by  any  act  of  Congress  the 
national  administration  declined  to  recognize  the  constitution  or  the 
seat  of  government  thus  established. 

The  legislature  of  1859  met  at  Lecompton  on  Jan.  3,  and  on  the  5th 
adjourned  to  meet  at  Lawrence  on  the  7th.  The  legislature  of  i860  also 
voted  to  adjourn  to  Lawrence,  which  action  was  vetoed  by  Gov.  Medary, 
but  the  resolution  was  passed  over  the  veto  and  the  session  was  held  at 
Lawrence,  the  governor  remaining"  at  Lecompton.  The  last  territorial 
legislature  was  convened  at  Lecompton  on  Jan.  7,  1861,  and  the  next 
<iay  removed  to  Lawrence,  where  it  continued  in  session  until  Feb.  2. 
A  week  later  the  state  government  was  inaugurated. 

The  Wyandotte  constitution,  under  which  Kansas  was  admitted  to 
statehood,  designated  Topeka  as  the  temporary  seat  of  government,  but 
provided  that  "The  first  legislatiu^e  under  this  constitution  shall  provide 
by  law  for  subinitting  the  question  of  the  permanent  location  of  the 
capital  to  a  popular  vote,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  cast  at  some 
general  election  shall  be  necessary  for  such  location." 

Pursuant  to  this  constitutional  requirement,  the  first  state  legislature, 
which  met  on  March  26,  1861,  passed  an  act  ordering  the  question  to 
be  submitted  to  the  people  at  the  general  election  on  the  5th  of  the  fol- 
lowing November.  The  statement  has  been  repeatedly  published  that 
at  the  election  Topeka  received  7,996  votes;  Lawrence,  5,291;  all  other 
places,  1,184.  But  in  1910  Secretar}'  Martin  of  the  State  Historical 
Society  found  the  certificate  of  the  board  of  commissioners — Joseph  P. 
Root.  John  W.  Robinson  and  Samuel  A.  Stinson — who  canvassed  the 
returns.  This  certificate  gives  the  result  in  detail,  as  follows:  Topeka, 
7,859  votes;  Lawrence.  5,334;  Baldwin  Cit}',  400;  Sac  and  Fox  Agency, 
184;  Emporia,  158;  Manhattan,  100;  Leavenworth,  95;  Lecompton,  39; 
Burlingame,  28;  Clinton,  25;  Ogden,  21;  Junction  City,  20;  Mapleton, 
15;  Council  Grove,  12;  Shawnee,  9;  Paola,  7;  Greenwood,  6;  Osawa- 
tomie,  5;  Ash  Point,  Indianapolis  and  West  Point,  4  each;  Ashland,  Big 
Springs,  Neosho  Rapids  and  Wabaunsee.  3  each;  Clifton.  Delaware, 
Kickapoo,  Marion,  Minneola,  Superior  and  Whisky  Point.  2  each  ;  Ben- 
nett's Station,  Geary  City,  Hendricks  Creek,  Fort  Scott,  Plymouth, 
Junction,  Olathe,  Spring  Hill,  Mansfield,  Mound  City,  Potosi,  Stanton, 
Wyner.  Rodgcrsvillc,  Minomae,  Marysville  and  Tecimiseh  each  received 
one  vote.  Topeka  had  a  clear  majority  of  1,604  o\cr  ;ill  oi  ini]utitrir-^,  .nid 
the  question  of  a  permanent  capital  was  settled. 

The  above  figures  are  interesting  as  showing  the  as])irali(ins  ni  snmc 
of  ijie  embryo  cities  of  Kansas  half  a  century  ago.  S(Mir-  nf  these  places 
that  then  ])iit  forward  their  ambitions  are  now  nnihing  mnro  than  a 
name  and  a  memory,  while  others,  without  the  innucucc  ami  prestige 
of  being  the  state  capilnl.  have  gone  stculilv  furw.ird  and  have  become 


KANSAS    HISTORY 


283 


cities  of  considerable  size  and  importance  in  the  industry  and  commerce 
of  tiie  state.  The  legislature  of  1862  accepted  from  the  Topeka  Asso- 
ciation a  grant  of  20  acres  of  land  for  a  State-house,  thus  indorsing  the 
action  of  the  people  in  selecting  that  city  as  the  permanent  seat  of 
government.     {See  Capitol.) 

Capitol. — The  first  building  to  be  known  in  history  by  this  name  was 
the  temple  of  Jupiter,  located  on  the  Capitoline  hill  in  the  city  of  Rome. 
In  time  the  whole  hill,  including  the  temple  and  the  citadel,  came  to 
be  known  as  the  "Capitol."  Webster  defines  the  word  as  used  in  this 
country  as  "The  edifice  at  Washington  in  which  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States  holds  its  sessions;  also  the  building  in  which  a  state  legis- 
lature meets;  a  state-house." 

When  Gov.  Reeder  first  tonk  up  his  residence  at  Furt  Leavenworth 
he  was  furnished  with  quarters  in  a  brick  building  on  the  west  side  of 
the  parade  ground,  and  the  executive  office  was  in  a  stone  building 
belonging  to  the  quartermaster's  department.  Prentis  says:  "It  was 
furnished  with  republican  simplicity."  On  Nov.  24,  1854,  the  governor 
removed  to  the  Shawnee  mission  in  Johnson  county  in  order  to  obtain 
more  comfortable  quarters.  Although  the  business  of  the  territory  was 
transacted  in  these  temporary  quarters,  none  of  them  could  be  called  a 
"Capitol"  according  to  Webster's  definition,  because  no  legislative  ses- 
sions were  held  there. 


OLD   CAPITOL  AT    PAWXEE. 

The  first  capitol  or  state-house  in  Kansas  was  the  one  at  Pawnee, 
in  which  the  first  territorial  legislature  met  on  July  2,  1855.  Concerning 
it  Cutler,  in  his  History  of  Kansas,  says :  "The  Pawnee  Association  had 
built  a  'capitol'  of  stone,  two  stories  in  height,  40  by  80  feet- in  size, 
'well  provided  with  seats  and  writing  tables.'  "  The  legislature  that 
met  tliere  was  composed  of  pro-slavery  men,  and,  as  Pawnee  was  in  a 


284  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

free^state  settlement,  the  members  liad  no  desire  to  remain  long  in  the 
enemy's  country.  Consequently,  the  assembly  promptly  adjourned  to 
the  Shawnee  mission,  where  the  remainder  of  the  session  was  held  in 
the  mission  school  building,  but  the  people  of  Kansas  have  always  looked 
upon  it  as  the  first  capitol  of  the  territory,  and  on  Feb.  26,  1901,  Gov. 
Stanley  approved  the  following  joint  resolution : 

"That  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  be  requested  to  grant  unto 
the  State  of  Kansas  a  certain  stone  building  standing  and  situated  on 
the  Fort  Riley  military  reservation  in  said  state,  which  was  built  and 
used  for  the  first  legislative  assembly  of  the  Territory  of  Kansas,  and 
so  much  of  the  grounds  upon  which  the  building"  stands,  not  exceeding 
one  acre  in  extent,  exclusi\e  of  the  right  of  way  heretofore  granted  to 
the  Union  Pacific  Railwa}'  company  for  its  railway,  for  the  purpose  of 
enabling  the  state  of  Kansas  to  preserve  said  building  from  decay  and 
as  an  historical  relic  of  the  state." 

Congress  granted  the  request,  but  in  order  that  the  militar\-  author- 
ities at  Fort  Riley  might  have  full  police  powers  over  the  building,  the 
title  was  not  accepted  by  the  state,  so  that  while  nominally  the  old 
capitol  is  the  property  of  the  State  of  Kansas  it  is  really  a  part  of  the 
military  reservation.  In  1907  Col.  Samuel  F.  Woolard  of  \\'ichila,  a 
member  of  Gov.  Hoch's  military  staff,  while  attending  tlie  encampment 
of  the  National  Guard  at  Fort  Riley,  noticed  the  condition  of  the  old 
building,  and  upon  his  return  home  from  the  encampment  suggested 
to  some  of  the  citizens  of  Wichita  that  a  fund  be  raised  by  voluntary 
contributions  for  the  purpose  of  repairing  the  walls  and  placing  the  old 
capitol  in  a  better  slate  of  preser\atinn.  On  Oct.  12,  1901,  the  Wichita 
Beacon  announced  that  the  fund  then  amounted  to  $40.  From  that  time 
contributions  came  in  more  rapidly,  arid  in  April,  1908,  some  $400  had 
been  collected,  which  was  used  to  repair  the  walls,  plant  vines,  place 
signs  on  the  ruins,  etc. 

Shortly  after  the  legislature  designated  I.ecompton  as  the  territorial 
seat  of  government,  William  M.  Nace  was  employed  by  contract  to  erect 
a  frame  house  there  for  the  use  of  the  legislature.  This  frame  "capitol" 
stood  on  Elmore  street,  and  the  first  legislative  session  held  in  it  began 
on  Jan.  12,  1857.  Congress  made  an  appropriation  of  $50,000  for  the 
erection  of  a  suitable  statc-lunise  at  Lecompton,  but  the.  entire  amount 
was  exhausted  upon  the  foundation  and  a  very  small  portion  of  tlie  main 
walls.  No  further  work  was  ever  done  on  the  building  by  llic  govern- 
ment, and  the  only  use  of  the  foundation  was  as  a  fortress  for  some 
pro-slavery  forces  during  the  border  troubles.  By  the  act  of  June  4, 
1861,  the  first  state  legislature  transferred  the  old  capitol  grounds  in 
Lecompton  to  the  Kansas  College  Association,  and  at  the  same  session 
tlie  governor  was  authorized  to  dispose  of  the  materials  that  had  been 
c()llectc<l  for  tile  com])lelion  of  tlie  building.  The  college  association 
finished  llic  building  on  different  lines  from  those  first  contemplated. 
and  it  was  used  for  some  time  as  I.ane  Ihiivcrsity  ((|.  v.)  and  still  later 
as  a  high  school. 


CO 

> 

H 

O 

> 
13 


H 
O 

> 


286  CYCLOPEDIA    Ol' 

When  the  free-state  people  gained  control  of  the  legislature  the  ses- 
sions were  held  at  Lawrence,  where  they  occupied  two  temporary  capi- 
tols,  both  of  which  were  merely  rented  for  the  purpose.  One  of  these 
was  "the  new  brick  building,  just  south  of  the  Eldridge  House,"  and 
the  other  was  "the  old  concrete  building  on  Massachusetts  street  north 
of  Winthrop." 

The  mass  convention  at  Topeka  on  Sept.  19,  1855,  and  the  constitu- 
tional convention  of  the  succeeding  month,  were  both  held  in  a  building 
at  Xos.  425-427  Kansas  avenue,  which  had  been  erected  b}'  Loring  Farns- 
worth.  This  building  became  known  as  "Constitution  Hall."  It  was 
used  as  a  "capitol"  by  the  state  government  set  up  under  the  Topeka 
constitution,  and  also  by  the  actual  state  government  established  en 
Feb.  9,  1861.  In  the  basement  of  this  old  building  were  stored  supplies 
sequestered  from  certain  pro-slavery  towns  during  the  embargo  of  the 
Missouri  river  by  pro-slavery  decree.  After  the  question  of  locating  the 
permanent  seat  of  government  had  been  settled  by  the  election  of  1861 
(see  Capital),  the  legislature  of  1862  accepted  from  the  Topeka  Asso- 
ciation the  tract  of  ground  in  that  city  bovmded  by  Jackson,  Harrison, 
Eighth  and  Tenth  streets  for  a  site  for  a  state-house. 

By  the  act  of  March  2,  1863,  the  state  officers  were  authorized  to  enter 
into  a  contract  with  Wilson  I.  Gordon,  Theodore  Mills  and  Loring 
Farnsworth  for  the  erection  of  a  temporary  capitol  on  lots  No.  13 1,  133, 
135  and  137,  on  Kansas  avenue  in  the  city  of  Topeka,  and  to  lease  the 
said  temporary  capitol  for  five  years,  at  an  annual  rental  not  exceeding 
$1,500,  the  building  to  be  ready  for  occupancy  by  Nov.  i,  1863.  This 
building  included  the  site  of  the  old  Constitution  Hall.  In  the  sidewalk 
in  front  of  the  place  where  it  stood  is  a  large  cast-iron  tatblet  bearing  the 
inscription:  "Constitution  Hall,  where  the  Topeka  constitutional  con- 
vention met  in  1855,  and  the  Topeka  legislature  was  dispersed  by  Col. 
K.  V.  Sumner,  July  4,  1856.  Used  as  state  capitol  1864-69.  Placed  here 
by  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution,  July  4,  1903." 

The  present  capitol  of  Kansas  had  its  inception  in  the  act  oi  tiie  legis- 
lature, approved  by  Gov.  Crawford  on  Feb.  14,  1866.  By  the  provisions 
of  this  act  the  governor,  secretary  of  state,  state  auditor,  state  treasurer 
and  superintendent  of  public  instruction  were  constituted  a  commission 
to  erect  on  the  grounds  donated  by  the  Topeka  Association  a  building 
according  to  plans  and  specifications  submitted  by  K.  Townsend  Mix. 
An  appropriation  of  $4o,ocxd  was  made  to  begin  (he  erection  of  the  east 
wing,  and  the  ten  sections  of  land  granted  to  the  slate  by  Congress  to 
aid  in  the  construction  of  a  state-house  jvere  ordered  to  be  sold  at  a 
price  not  less  than  $1.25  an  acre,  the  proceeds  to  be  applied  lo  the  erec- 
tion of  the  building.  For  the  com])kiion  of  the  cast  wing  the  Icgisla- 
lure  of  1869  authorized  a  bond  issue  of  $70,000.  The  west  wing  waS 
ordered  by  the  act  of  March  7.  1879,  which  appropriated  $60,000  for  that 
purpose,  and  a  tax  of  one-half  mill  on  the  dollar  was  levied  for  the  years 
1879  and  1880,  the  revenue  derived  from  this  tax  to  go  into  the  state- 
lK)use  fund.     By  the  act  of  Feb.  10,  1881.  an  additional  a))propriation  of 


KANSAS    HISTORY  28/ 

$35,000  was  made  for  the  west  wing-,  and  the  one-half  mill  tax  was  con- 
tinued for  the  years  1883  and  1884.  T'le  central  portion  of  the  building, 
including  the  dome,  was  ordered  by  the  act  of  March  4,  1887,  and  the 
one-half  mill  tax  was  again  levied  for  the  years  1887  and  1888.  This  tax 
was  reduced  by  the  next  legislature  to  two-fifths  of  a  mill  for  the  next 
two  years,  and  in  1895  it  was  reduced  to  one-fourth  of  a  mill.  By  the 
act  of  March  11,  1891,  an  appropriation  of  $60,000  was  made  for  certain 
specific  purposes,  to-wit :  $9,000  for  the  completion  of  contracts  already 
let;  $17,560  for  the  north  and  south  steps;  $23,440  for  concrete  floors,, 
etc. ;  and  $10,000  for  the  completion  of  the  basement  in  the  south  wing. 
The  last  direct  appropriation — $100,000 — was  made  by  the  act  of  March 
29,  1901,  and  in  1903  the  state-house  was  pronounced  finished. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  funds  for  the  erection  of  the  capitol  were 
derived  from  various  sources — direct  appropriations,  Vjond  issues,  the 
proceeds  of  the  land  sales,  and  the  revenues  raised  by  the  special  tax 
levies — it  is  almost  impossible,  without  weeks  of  labor  in  going  through 
the  different  records,  to  give  the  actual  total  cost  of  the  edifice,  but  it 
was  not  far  from  $3,500,000. 

From  north  to  south,  the  extreme  length  of  the  capitol  is  399  feet; 
from  east  to  west,  386  feet;  the  dome  is  80  feet  square  at  the  base;  the 
height  to  the  balcony  of  the  dome  is  258  feet,  and  to  the  top,  281  feet, 
6  inches.  The  dome  was  originally  surmounted  by  a  flag-staff  40  feet 
high,  but  it  was  struck  by  a  bolt  of  lightning  some  years  ago  and  has 
never  been  replaced. 

Regarding  space,,  arrangement,  etc.,  the  Kansas  State-house  is  one  of 
the  best  in  the  Union.  Within  its  walls  there  are  commodious  offices 
for  all  the  various  state  officers,  the  board  of  railroad  commissioners, 
the  state  board  of  health,  the  state  board  of  agriculture,  the  supreme 
court  room,  with  rooms  for  each  of  the  justices,  the  horticultural  and 
historical  societies,  the  state  museum,  the  state  library,  the  free  employ- 
ment bureau,  halls  and  committee  rooms  for  the  two  branches  of  the 
state  legislature,  etc. 

Carbondale,  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  Osage  county,  is  located  in 
Ridgeway  township  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  16  miles 
north  of  Lyndon,  the  county  seat.  It  has  churches,  public  schools,  bank- 
ing facilities,  and  all  the  main  lines  of  mercantile  activity.  A  good 
quality  of  coal  is  mined  in  the  vicinity.  The  town  is  supplied  with 
express  and  telegraph  offices  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  four 
rural  routes.     The  population  in  1910  was  461. 

The  town  was  founded  in  1869  by  a  company  composed  of  T.  J.  Peter, 
J.  F.  Dodds,  C.  P.  Dodds  and  L.  R.  Adams.  The  first  buildings  were 
erected  by  the  Carbon  Coal  company  and  consisted  of  houses  for  the 
miners  and  a  store  for  provisions.  The  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
R.  R.  had  reached  this  point  before  the  town  was  started,  and  mining 
was  begun  at  once  on  the  Dodds  farm  half  a  mile  from  the  railroad.  A 
postoffice  was  established  and  C.  P.  Dodds,  the  railroad  agent,  was  made 
postmaster.     He  opened  a  store  the  next  year  and  did  a  flourishing  busi- 


288  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

ness.  The  growth  of  the  town  was  very  rapid  for  a  time,  several  mines 
being  in  operation.  In  1881  a  tragedy  occurred  in  connection  with  the 
burning  of  the  shaft  in  W.  L.  Green's  mine  in  which  nine  men  lost  their 
lives  from  suffocation  and  fire  damp.  Three  of  those  who  were  killed 
belonged  to  the  rescue  party. 

Carbondale  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third  class  on  Oct.  15, 
1872.  The  first  mayor  was  C.  C.  Moore ;  clerk,  A.  V.  Sparhawk ;  treas- 
urer, J.  R.  Cowen ;  police  judge,  J.  S.  Conwell ;  marshal!,  E.  Piatt;  coun- 
cilmen,  M.  T.  Perrine,  E.  W.  Teft,  George  Mullan.  S.  S.  Stackhouse  and 
G.  \V.  Luman. 

Garden,  a  hamlet  of  Marshall  county,  is  located  in  Marysville  town- 
ship 4  miles  from  Marysville.  the  county  seat,  on  the  St.  Joseph  &  Grand 
Island  R.  R.  It  has  telegraph  and  express  offices,  a  postoffice  and  gen- 
eral lines  of  merchandising.     The  population  of  1910  was  50. 

Carl,  a  hamlet  of  Jackson  county,  is  located  12  miles  west  of  Holton, 
the  county  seat.  It  receives  mail  from  Soldier  by  rural  route.  The 
population  in  1910  was  21. 

Carlton,  one  of  the  thriving  villages  of  Dickinson  county,  is  located 
in  the  Holland  creek  valley,  about  18  miles  southwest  of  Abilene,  the 
county  seat,  and  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  It  has  a 
money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  telegraph  and  express 
offices,  some  good  general  stores,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of 
225.  It  is  the  principal  shipping  and  supply  point  for  the  southwestern 
portion  of  the  county. 

Carlyle,  one  of  the  principal  villages  of  Allen  county,  is  located  on 
•tlie  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  5  miles  north  of  lola,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  delivery  route, 
telegraph  station  and  express  offices,  a  good  village  school,  some  mer- 
cantile and  shipping  interests,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  200. 

Carmen,  a  new  postoffice  in  Meade  county,  is  located  in  the  upper 
Crooked  creek  valley,  about  15  miles  northwest  of  Meade,  the  county 
seat.  Before  the  office  was  established  the  people  of  Carmen  received 
their  mail  by  rural  delivery  from  Mertilla.  fSniuc  ina])s  slicnv  ("arnion 
in  Gray  county,  near  the  boundary  line.) 

Carneiro,  a  village  of  Ellsworth  county,  is  located  in  the  township 
of  the  same  name  and  is  a  station  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  12  miles 
east  of  Ellsworth,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice 
with  one  rural  route,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  general  stores, 
Mcthoflist  and  Christian  churches,  and  being  located  in  a  district 
devoted  to  agriculture  and  stock  raising  is  an  important  shipping  point. 
The  population  in  1910  was  76. 

Carney,  Thomas,  second  governor  of  the  State  of  Kansas,  was  born 
in  Delaware  county,  Ohio,  Aug.  20,  1824.  His  father,  James  Carney, 
died  in  1828,  leaving  a  widow  and  four  small  sons.  Thomas  remained 
with  his  mother  imtil  he  was  nineteen  years  of  age,  and  frequently 
hauled  the  products  of  their  little  farm  with  an  ox  team  to  Newark, 
36  miles  distant.     When  he  was  nineteen  he  left  home  with  about  $3.50 


KANSAS    HISTORY  289 

in  his  pocket  and  went  to  an  uncle,  Elijah  Carney,  at  Berkshire,  Ohio, 
where  he  stayed  for  several  months,  working  for  his  board  mornings, 
evenings  and  Saturdays  while  he  attended  school.  In  the  fall  of  1844 
he  found  employment  with  a  retail  dry-goods  concern  at  Columbus, 
receiving  $50  a  month  and  board  the  first  year  and  $100  a  month  and 
board  the  second  year.  He  then  took  a  position  with  a  wholesale 
dry-goods  house  in  Cincinnati,  into  which  he  was  admitted  as  a  part- 
ner, the  firm  of  Carney,  Swift  &  Co.  becoming  one  of  the  best  known 
dry-goods  houses  in  the  country.  After  some  twelve  years  in  Cin- 
cinnati his  health  became  impaired,  and  in  1857  he  visited  the  West, 
partly  for  his  health  and  partly  in  search  of  a  new  location.  The  fol- 
lowing spring,  in  partnership  with  Thomas  C.  Stevens,  he  opened 
the  first  wholesale  house  in  Leavenworth,  Kan.  Mr.  Stevens  retired 
in  1866,  when  the  firm  took  the  name  of  Carney,  Fenlon  &  Co.,  which 
in  1868  established  the  house  of  E.  Fenlon  &  Co.  in  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Several  changes  ensued  and  finally  Mr.  Carney  became  the  sole  pro- 
prietor of  the  business.  He  also  founded  the  wholesale  shoe  house 
of  Carney,  Storer  &  Co.,  later  Thomas  Carney  &  Co.  This  business 
was  disposed  of  by  Mr.  Carney  in  1875. 

Upon  locating  in  Kansas  Mr.  Carney  took  an  active  interest  in  pub- 
lic affairs.  In  1861  he  was  elected  to  the  second  state  legislature,  and 
while  in  that  body  served  upon  some  of  the  most  important  commit- 
tees. His  record  as  a  member  of  the  legislature  commended  him  to 
the  Republican  party  for  governor,  and  he  was  nominated  for  that  office 
by  a  convention  at  Topeka  on  Sept.  17,  1862.  At  the  election  on  the 
4th  of  the  following  November  he  was  elected  over  W.  R.  Wagstaff^ 
by  a  majority  of  4,627  votes,  and  on  Jan.  12,  1863,  was  inducted  into 
the  office.  Historians  have  hardly  done  justice  to  the  unselfish 
patriotism  displayed  by  Gov.  Carney  during  his  term  of  two  years. 
By  personally  indorsing  the  bonds  of  the  state  he  established  the  credit 
of  Kansas  upon  a  firmer  basis  than  it  had  ever  been  before,  and  it  was 
largely  due  to  his  untiring  efforts  that  the  educational  and  charitable 
institutions  of  the  state  were  established  on  a  firm  foundation.  At  the 
close  of  his  term  as  governor  he  resumed  his  business  operation,  which 
he  laid  aside  the  day  he  was  inaugurated  in  order  to  give  his  entire 
attention  to  the  duties  of  his  official  position.  In  1865  and  1866  he 
was  mayor  of  the  city  of  Leavenworth  ;  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
First  National  Bank  of  that  city,  and  was  for  several  years  a  member 
of  the  board  of  directors ;  and  he  was  also  one  of  the  directors  of  the 
Kansas  City,  Lawrence  &  Fort  Gibson  railroad.  In  addition  to  his 
mercantile,  banking  and  railroad  interests  in  Kansas,  he  was  associated 
with  mining  operations  in  the  Gunnison  country.  While  visiting  his 
mines  there  he  wrote  several  letters  for  the  Leavenworth  papers,  which 
were  widely  read  and  enjoyed  by  his  numerous  friends  in  Kansas.  In 
1875  he  practically  retired  from  business. 

On  Nov.  13,  1861,  at  Kenton,  Ohio,  Gov.  Carney  was  united  in  mar- 
riage with  Miss  Rebecca  Ann  Cannady,  who  was  born  at  Kenton  on 
(I-19) 


290  CYCLOI'EDIA    OF 

Oct.  9,  1827.  She  was  a  woman  of  high  Christian  character,  noted  far 
and  wide  for  her  interest  in  charitable  work.  She  died  at  Leavenworth 
on  Sept.  25,  1894.  Gov.  Carney's  death  occurred  on  July  28,  1888.  and 
was  due  to  apoplexy.  At  the  time  of  his  election  to  the  office  of  gov- 
ernor he  was  a  wealthy  man,  but  in  later  years  financial  reverses  came 
— due,  it  is  said,  to  the  unworthy  schemes  of  designing  politicians — 
and  he  died  comparatively  poor. 

Carney's  Administration. — Gov.  Carney  was  inaugurated  on  Jan.  12, 
1863.  He  came  into  office  at  a  time  when  the  affairs  of  the  state  were 
in  a  discouraging  condition.  The  Civil  war  was  at  its  height ;  the 
counties  along  the  eastern  border  were  constantly  menaced  by,  guer- 
rillas; those  on  the  west  suft'ered  from  frequent  Indian  forays,  and  to 
protect  the  people  from  these  incursions  the  state  had  neither  arms, 
ammunition  nor  means  of  subsisting  troops.  The  credit  of  the  state 
— not  yet  fully  established — had  been  impaired  the  preceding  year  by 
the  sale  of  bonds  in  such  a  way  as  to  lead  to  the  impeachment  and 
removal  from  office  of  the  secretary  of  state  and  auditor,  and  the 
increasing  population  made  necessary  certain  expenditures  for  educa- 
tional and  benevolent  purposes. 

In  his  inaugural  message  the  governor  said :  "We  stand  by  the 
administration,  because  the  administration  is  the  organized  authority 
of  the  nation.  It  has  labored  to  avoid  our  present  troubles.  It  has 
sought  Union  in  the  spirit  of  Union.  It  has  done  nothing,  proposed 
nothing,  asserted  nothing  in  opinion  or  principle,  which  invaded,  or 
which  threatened  to  invade,  the  rights  of  the  states,  or  violate  the  letter 
or  spirit  of  the  constitution. 

"I  do  not  wish  to  indulge  in  poetic  speech  or  empty  declamation. 
Neither  will  feed  the  hungry  or  relieve  the  sufferer.  We  must  ren- 
der both  substantial  aid.  And  this  the  state  should  do.  Loyal  com- 
monwealths of  the  Republic  have  cared  for  the  soldier,  by  appointing 
sanitary  committees;  by  appropriating  funds  for  their  families,  while 
the  heads  thereof  were  in  the  field,  and  by  relieving,  on  Ihc  battlefields 
or  at  home,  the  wounded  and  the  sick. 

"Kansas  should  be  the  rival  of  the  noblest  of  these  commonwealths. 
We  stand  first,  because  in  proportion  to  population  and  wealth,  we 
have  mustered  more  men  to  combat  rebellion  than  any  loyal  state  in 
the  Union.  This  has  been  done,  too,  at  immense  sacrifice.  Many  of 
our  families  have  been  left  almost  in  destitution.  I  have  been  an  eye 
witness  to  the  fact,  that  in  many  instances  the  faithful  mother,  and 
in  some  instances  onlv  children  have  been  left  to  attend  to  the  house- 
hold and  the  farm." 

This  portion  of  the  message — written  by  one  who  was  on  the  ground, 
and  who  was  familiar  with  the  situation — has  been  ([uoted  at  length 
to  show  that  the  people  of  Kansas,  loyal  to  the  core,  were  willing  to 
make  sacrifices  and  endure  hardshi])s,  in  order  to  preserve  the  Union 
of  which  the  state  had  so  recently  become  a  member.  The  governor 
urged   the  acceptance  of  the  grant   of  land   for  a   state   university;  the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  29I 

erection  of  a  penitentiary  at  the  earliest  possible  day ;  that  a  lax  be 
levied  upon  foreign  insurance  companies  doing  business  within  the 
state;  an  amendment  to  the  constitution  to  permit  the  citizen  soldiery 
to  vote;  and  such  legislation  as  might  be  found  necessary  for  the 
advancement  of  the  educational  interests  and  benevolent  institutions 
of  the  state.  Referring  to  the  bonds  that  had  caused  so  much  trouble 
the  preceding  session,  he  said: 

"In  November,  1861,  this  state  made  a  contract,  through  the  agent 
created  by  its  authorized  agents,  with  the  secretary  of  the  interior,  at 
Washington,  for  the  sale  of  $150,000  of  its  fifteen-year  seven  per  cent, 
bonds  at  85  cents  on  the  dollar.  Only  a  portion  of  this  contract  has 
been  fulfilled.  Ninety-five  thousand  six  hundred  dollars  of  these  bonds 
is  all  that  has  been  delivered,  and  only  $64,600  paid  for.  This  leaves 
;<  difference  of  $54,400  of  these  bonds  that  will  have  to  be  delivered  to 
the  secretary  of  the  interior,  before  the  contract  can  be  consummated. 
The  legislature  of  1862,  for  reasons  of  its  own,  took  the  completion  of 
this  contract  out  of  the  hands  of  its  agents,  and  their  attorney,  and 
placed  it  wholly  in  yours. 

"To  complete  this  contract  you  will  have  to  authorize  the  issue  of 
$54,400  of  seven  per  cent,  fifteen-year  bonds,  which,  added  to  the 
$31,000  now  held  by  the  secretary  of  the  interior,  and  not  paid  for,  will 
make  the  required  amount.  .  .  .  Now  I  call  upon  you  to  "do  your 
duty.  You  must  meet  this  responsibility  or  forfeit  the  credit  of  the 
state.  Its  wants  are  imperative  and  its  character  is  at  stake.  I  will 
npt,  if  I  can  help  it,  and  you  will  not,  I  know,  permit  a  stain  to  rest 
upon  that  credit,  or  blur  upon  that  character." 

In  accordance  with  the  governor's  recommendations,  the  legislature, 
by  the  act  of  March  2,  1863,  authorized  the  issue  of  $54,400  fifteen- 
year  seven  per  cent,  bonds. _  Immediately  after  the  adjournment  of  the 
legislature,  Gov.  Carney  went  to  Washington,  where  he  met  the  sec- 
retary of  the  interior  and  found  him  ready  to  carry  out  his  part  of  the 
original  agreement.  Thinking,  however,  that  the  state  ought  to  realize 
more  than  60  cents  on  the  dollar,  the  governor  went  on  to  New  York 
and  found  that  he  could  negotiate  the  bonds  to  better  advantage.  He 
then  asked  the  secretary-  of  the  interior  to  release  the  state  from  the 
contract.  The  secretary  readily  consented,  the  governor  returned  to 
New  York,  where  he  sold  $54,000  of  the  new  issue  and  $1,000  of  the 
old  at  93  cents ;  $26,000  of  the  old  issue  at  par,  and  $4,000  at  95  cents. 
In  his  message  of  Jan.  13,  1864,  he  thus  explains  his  reasons  for  the 
course  he  adopted : 

"I  was  led  to  regard  the  spirit,  rather  than  the  letter,  of  the.  law, 
because,  on  the  first  sale  of  bonds  made,  I  realized  $3,850  more  than 
otherwise  could  have  been  realized ;  because,  in  the  arrangement  made 
with  the  secretary  of  the  interior,  I  secured  $3,900,  and  $234.71  inter- 
est, accruing  between  April  25th  and  July  ist,  1863,  more  than  other- 
wise could  have  been  secured ;  and  because  in  the  last  sale  of  $4,000  of 
the  old   issue  of   bonds,    there   were    made   $400   more    than   otherwise 


292  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

would  have  been  made,  thus  saving  to  the  state  $8,384.71  by  the  course 

1  pursued.  Another  potent  reason  influenced  me.  The  credit  of  the 
state  was  estabhshed  by  it,  at  the  very  point  where,  above  all  others 
it  was  most  important  it  should  be  established,  both  for  it  and  its  citi- 
zens, namely,  in  the  city  of  New  York." 

The  message  does  not  state — probably  owing  to  the  governor's 
modesty — that  one  of  the  potent  influences  in  establishing  the  state's 
credit  in  New  York  was  his  personal  indorsement  of  the  bonds,  yet 
such  was  the  case.  The  Topeka  Commonwealth  of  Jul}'  29,  1888,  in 
commenting  on  the  transaction,  said:  "At  this  very  critical  moment 
Kansas  was  indeed  in  a  pitiable  condition.  She  was  the  seat  of  a  ter- 
rible conflict  and  her  finances  were  bankrupt.  Governor  Carney  him- 
self started  east  and  negotiated  a  loan  for  a  sum  of  money  consider- 
ably over  $100,000.  It  was  made  negotiable  by  the  fact  that  he  endorsed 
the  paper  individually.  At  this  time  he  was  very  rich  and  thus  an 
individual  endorsing  the  paper  of  the  State  of  Kansas  for  a  fortune 
secured  money  with  which  to  conduct  the  state  government." 

The  legislature  of  1863  adjourned  on  March  3,  after  enacting"  laws 
providing  for  the  promotion  of  the  state  university,  the  agricultural 
college  and  the  state  normal  school ;  the  employment  of  teachers  for 
the  deaf  and  dumb ;  the  location  of  an  insane  asylum  at  Osawatomie ; 
the  erection  of  a  penitentiary  at  Lansing,  and  for  funding  the  old  ter- 
ritorial debt.  On  April  30  the  commissioners  appointed  by  the  gov- 
ernor to  select  a  site  for  the  state  university  reported  that  they  had 
decided  on  a  tract  of  40  acres  near  the  city  of  Lawrence,  and  on  Nov. 

2  the  governor  issued  a  proclamation  declaring  the  university  per- 
manently located  there.  Manhattan  was  selected  as  the  site  of  the 
agricultural  college;  the  state  normal  school  was  established  at  Em- 
poria, and  on  the  last  day  of  the  year  the  directors  of  the  penitentiary 
reported  that  they  had  made  a  contract  for  the  erection  of  a  building. 
(For  a  more  complete  account  of  these  institutions  see  each  under  its 
appropriate  title.) 

The  summer  of  1863  was  a  trying  time  for  Kansas.  All  along  the 
eastern  border  the  people  lived  in  constant  fear  of  guerrilla  invasions 
from  Missouri.  Appeals  to  the  general  government  for  aid  were 
futile,  as  the  Confederate  armies  at  this  time  were  particularly  aggres- 
sive, and  the  life  of  the  nation  was  the  first  consideration  of  the  Federal 
administration.  In  this  emergency  the  governor  organized  the  patrol 
guard — a  force  of  150  mounted  men — and  some  of  this  force  were  on 
duty  day  and  night,  watching  the  border.  Each  man  of  this  force 
received  from  the  private  funds  of  the  governor  a  dollar  a  day  for  his 
services  and  the  use  of  his  horse,  though  the  United  States  furnished 
rations  and  forage.  After  the  battles  of  Vicksburg  and  Gettysburg, 
the  Federal  government  found  it  possible  to  send  troops  to  Kansas  and 
the  patrol  was  discontinued.  A  few  days  later  the  guerrilla  leader, 
Quantrill,  who  it  appears  was  waiting  for  just  such  an  opportunity, 
made  his  famous  raid   to  Lawrence.      (See  Quantrill's   Kaid.)     Ry  the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  293 

act  of  Feb.  26,  1864,  the  legislature  authorized  the  state  to  refund  to 
the  governor  "the  sum  of  $10,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  neces- 
sary," to  reimburse  him  for  his  expenditures  in  protecting  the  state. 

In  troublous  times,  when  the  constituted  legal  authorities  of  a  com- 
munity are  engrossed  in  repelling  invasion  or  suppressing  rebellion,  law- 
less characters  frequently  take  advantage  of  conditions  to  commit  law- 
less acts,  and  often  mob  rule  is  the  result.  This  was  true  of  Kansas 
in  1863.  In  his  History  of  Kansas,  p.  374,  Cutler  says:  "During  the 
year  1863,  so  annoying  became  the  depredations  of  lawless  bands  of 
jayhawkers  that  means  were  devised  for  self-protection,  and  the  most 
eflfective  seemed  to  be  a  vigilance  committee  under  the  control  of  brave, 
discreet  loyalists." 

On  the  night  of  May  16,  a  desperado  named  Sterling,  with  three  of 
his  gang,  went  to  the  home  of  a  Mr.  Kelsey,  near  the  head  of  the  Big 
Stranger,  and  upon  being  admitted  knocked  down  the  proprietor,  took 
$40  in  money  and  four  horses  and  departed.  A  posse  was  hurriedly 
organized  and  the  ruffians  were  captured  at  Atchison  the  following 
morning.  One  of  the  gang,  a  man  named  Parker,  turned  state's  evi- 
dence and  on  Monday  morning  all  four  were  taken  to  the  woods  a  short 
distance  from  town,  where  Sterling  was  hanged.  The  intention  was 
to  hang  all  four,  but  the  others  begged  so  piteously  that  their  lives  were 
spared. 

A  few  nights  later  two  men  named  Mooney  and  Brewer,  with  others 
of  the  Sterling  gang,  attempted  to  rob  a  man  about  15  miles  northeast 
of  Atchison.  They  were  pursued,  captured  and  taken  to  Atchison, 
where  they  were  confined  in  jail.  About  nine  o'clock  on  the  morning 
of  Saturday,  May  23,  some  400  or  500  men,  on  horseback  or  in  wagons, 
came  in  from  the  surrounding  country.  Two  hours  later  100  of  these 
men,  selected  for  the  purpose,  went  to  the  court-house,  where  the  two 
men  were  on  trial  by  jury,  everybody  being  excluded  except  the  wit- 
nesses, lawyers  and  jurors.  The  trial  lasted  for  four  or  five  hours,  at 
the  end  of  which  time  the  jury  returned  a  verdict  of  guilty.  Then  the 
100  men  quietly  took  Mooney  and  Brewer  away  from  the  officers  and, 
with  the  crowd  following,  conducted  them  to  a  spot  about  half  a  mile 
from  the  town,  where  they  were  hanged.  No  excitement  prevailed,  and 
as  soon  as  the  two  men  were  dead  the  people  quietly  returned  to  their 
homes. 

Another  lynching  occurred  on  June  3,  when  James  Melvine  and 
William  Cannon  were  hanged  at  Highland.  These  two  men  had 
robbed  Mr.  Devine,  Mr.  Beeler  and  Mr.  Martin  of  a  pair  of  mules,  a 
wagon  and  some  other  property.  Martin,  Beeler  and  Devine  imme- 
diately started  in  pursuit,  and  when  about  a  mile  from  the  village  of 
Kennekuk  fired  on  the  bandits,  leaving  them  for  dead.  They  recovered, 
however,  and  another  pursuit  followed.  Near  Mt.  Pleasant,  Atchison 
county,  they  were  overtaken,  captured  and  taken  to  Highland,  where 
they  were  tried  by  a  jury  of  twelve  men.  A  verdict  of  guilty  was  ren- 
dered, and  the  execution  quickly  followed  the  verdict. 


294  CYCLOPEDIA    01^ 

The  records  do  not  show  that  the  governor,  in  an}-  of  these  cases, 
made  an}^  effort  to  apprehend  or  punish  the  men  who  did  the  lynch- 
ing. He  knew  the  conditions  that  prevailed  all  through  the  eastern 
part  of  the  state,  and  no  doubt  realized  that  the  people  were  exercis- 
ing the  "higher  law"  of  self-protection.  Xor  is  there  any  doubt  that 
the  prompt  and  efficient  manner  in  which  summary  justice  was  meted 
out  to  offenders  had  a  great  influence  in  restoring  order  in  the  dis- 
tricts where  the  lynchings  occurred. 

On  Nov.  3,  1863,  there  was  an  election  for  chief  justice  of  the  supreme 
court,  district  attorneys  and  members  of  the  legislature.  Robert 
Crozier  was  elected  chief  justice,  receiving  12,731  votes,  only  14  scat- 
tering votes  being  cast  against  him. 

Gov.  Carney's  message  to  the  legislature  at  the  opening  of  the  ses- 
sion on  Jan.  12,  1864,  is  one  of  the  longest  ever  presented  to  a  Kansas 
general  assembly.  In  it  he  reviews  in  detail  the  negotiations  of  the 
state  bonds ;  urged  that  provisions  be  made  for  a  complete  geological 
survey  of  the  state;  that  measures  be  adopted  to  encourage  immigra- 
tion ;  devoted  considerable  attention  to  the  guerrilla  warfare  along  the 
border,  and  the  work  of  the  Kansas  soldiers  in  the  field.  In  locating 
the  state  university  at  Lawrence,  the  preceding  legislature  had  made 
a  requirement  that  a  fund  of  $15,000  should  be  raised  before  the  law 
became  effective.  On  this  subject  the  governor  said:  "Amos  Law- 
rence, of  Boston,  Mass.,  gave  $10,000  to  it;  the  citizens  of  Lawrence 
advanced  $5,000,  making  the  amount  required,  which  sum  has  been 
deposited  with  the  treasurer  of  state.  I  am  loth  to  recommend  the 
expenditure  of  money,  devoted  by  law  to  specific  objects;  hut  I  think 
this  case  so  clearly  exceptional,  that  I  do  not  hesitate  to  urge  the 
legislature  to  return  to  the  citizens  of  Lawrence  the  amount  contributed 
by  them.  Their  gift,  as  we  know,  was  a  generous  one ;  it  was  noble  as 
well  as  generous.  In  a  fell  hour  they  lost,  as  it  were,  their  all.  Rebel 
assassins  did  this  fatal  work.  Where,  then,  the  patriotic  heart  in  the 
state,  that  would  not  say  promptly  'Return  to  these  public-spirited  men 
the  generous  gift,  which,  when  wealth}',  the}'  promised,  and  which 
I)rnmisc,  when  poor,  they  fulfilled?" 

In  this  part  of  the  message  the  governor  referred  to  the  Quantrill 
raid  of  the  previous  August.  The  legislature  accepted  the  governor's 
recommendation,  and  b}-  the  act  of  Feb.  15,  1864,  directed  the  state 
treasurer  to  "refund  ,ind  ])ay  over  tn  the  mayor  of  the  city  of  Law- 
rence, or  the  person  acting  as  mayor,  to  be  refunded  to  the  contributors 
to  the  universit}-  fund,  the  sum  of  $5,167.  to  be  deducted  from  the 
endowment    fund,"  etc. 

The  legislature  adjourned  on  March  i.  The  most  important  laws 
of  the  session  were  those  regulating  the  granting  of  pardons;  jirovid- 
ing  for  the  api)ointnient  of  commissioners  to  locate  a  blind  asylum  in 
Wyandotte  county ;  authorizing  the  governor  to  appoint  a  state  geolo- 
gist;  establishing  a  bureau  of  immigration  ;  abolishing  grand  juries;  pro- 
posing  an    .-inn'iKlmcnt    \n   tin-    slate    constitution    to   enalilc    soldiers    to 


KANSAS    HISTORY  295 

vote,  and  several  acts  to  encourage  the  construction  of  railroads.  One 
action  of  the  legislature  which  caused  widespread  comment  and  much 
adverse  criticism,  was  that  of  voting  for  a  I'nited  States  senator  for 
the  term  beginning  on  March  4,  1865.  Another  assembly  would  meet 
in  Jan.,  1865,  and  many  contended  that  it  was  the  proper  body  to  elect 
a  senator ;  that  such  an  election  by  the  session  of  1864  would  be  ''pre- 
mature and  unwarranted,  if  not  actually  illegal."  However,  a  resolu- 
tion to  elect  a  senator  was  adopted  by  the  house  early  in  the  session. 
On  Feb.  6  it  was  taken  up  in  the  senate  and  the  question  of  calling 
a  joint  convention  was  decided  in  the  affirmative  by  a  vote  of  17  to  8. 
The  joint  convention  accordingly  met  on  the  8th  and,  after  some 
acrimonious  debate,  voted  to  cast  a  ballot  for  senator.  The  vote  stood : 
Thomas  Carney,  68;  against  a  fraud,  i;  blank,  2;  excused  from  voting, 
27.  As  Gov.  Carney  was  the  only  one  voted  for,  he  was  charged  by 
some  of  having  instigated  the  whole  proceedings,  through  "his  inor- 
dinate desire  to  go  to  the  senate."  But  his  subsequent  action  would 
indicate  that  the  charges  were  unfounded.  A  certificate  of  election  was 
made  out  to  him,  but  when  the  Republican  convention  met  at  Topeka 
on  April  21  he  announced  that  he  never  intended  to  claim  the  office. 
And  he  never  did. 

The  Republican  convention  above  referred  to  selected  as  delegates 
to  the  national  convention  at  Baltimore  Gen.  James  H.  Lane,  A.  C. 
Wilder,  Thomas  N.  Bowen,  W.  W.  H.  Lawrence,  Martin  H.  Insley 
and  F.  W.  Potter.  On  June  i  the  Democrats  held  a  convention  at 
Topeka  and  selected  as  delegates  to  their  national  convention  at  Chi- 
cago W.  C.  McDowell,  Wilson  Shannon,  Orlin  Thurston,  L.  B.  Wheat, 
U.  J.  Strickler  and  J.  P.  Taylor. 

A  Republican  convention  for  the  nomination  of  a  state  ticket  assem- 
bled in  Topeka  on  Sept.  8,  1864.  Samuel  J.  Crawford  was  nominated 
for  governor;  James  McGrew  for  lieutenant-governor;  R.  A.  Barker 
for  secretary  of  state ;  John  R.  Swallow  for  auditor ;  William  Spriggs 
for  treasurer;  J.  D.  Brumbaugh  for  attorney-general;  Isaac  T.  Good- 
now  for  superintendent  of  public  instruction;  Jacob  Safford  for  justice 
of  the  supreme  court,  and  Sidney  Clarke  for  representative  in  Con- 
gress. Ellsworth  Cheeseborough,  Nelson  McCracken  and  Robert  Mc- 
Bratney  were  named  as  presidential  electors,  but  before  the  election 
Cheeseborough  and  McCracken  both  died  and  their  places  on  the  ticket 
were  filled  by  Thomas  Moonlight  and  W.  F.  Cloud. 

Two  political  conventions — the  Republican  L'nion  and  the  Demo- 
cratic— met  in  Topeka  on  Sept.  13.  The  former  nominated  the  follow- 
ing state  ticket,  which  was  indorsed  by  the  Democrats :  For  governor, 
Solon  O.  Thacher;  lieutenant-governor,  John  J.  Ingalls;  secretary  of 
state,  William  R.  Saunders ;  auditor,  Asa  Hairgrove ;  treasurer,  J.  R. 
McClure ;  attorney-general,  Hiram  Griswold,  superintendent  of  public 
instruction,  Peter  McVicar ;  associate  justice  of  the  supreme  court, 
Samuel  A.  Kingman;  representative  in  Congress,  Albert  L.  Lee;  presi- 
dential electors.  Nelson  Cobb,  Andrew  G.  Ege  and  Thomas  Bridgens. 


296  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Mr.  McVicar  declined  the  nomination  for  superintendent  of  public 
instruction  and  John  S.  Brown  was  selected  to  fill  the  vacanc}'  on  the 
ticket. 

Early  in  October  the  news  spread  rapidly  through  the  state  that 
the  Confederate  Gen.  Price  was  marching  toward  Kansas  with  a  large 
force  of  troops,  and  that  his  movements  were  being  accelerated  by  the 
close  pursuit  of  the  Federal  army.  Invasion  seemed  imminent,  and 
for  the  time  interest  in  the  political  campaign  was  almost  entirely  lost. 
On  the  8th  Gov.  Carney  issued  a  proclamation  calling  out  the  militia 
of  the  state,  under  command  of  Gen.  George  W.  Deitzler.  (See  \\^ar 
of  1861-65.) 

The  entire  Republican  ticket  was  elected  on  Nov.  8,  and  the  admin- 
istration of  Gov.  Carney  came  to  an  end  with  the  inauguration  of  Gov. 
Samuel  J.  Crawford  on  Jan.  11,  1865. 

Carona,  a  town  of  Ross  township,  Cherokee  county,  is  situated  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  about  10  miles  north  of  Columbus,  the 
county  seat.  The  railroad  name  was  formerly  Folsom.  It  has  a  money 
order  postoffice,  express  and  telegraph  facilities,  telephone  connections, 
and  is  a  trading  and  shipping  point  for  the  neighborhood  in  which  it  is 
located.     The  population  in   1910  was  350. 

Carroll,  a  little  hamlet  of  Greenwood  county,  is  located  12  miles 
southeast  of  Eureka,  the  county  seat,  and  10  miles  west  of  Toronto, 
the  nearest  shipping  point,  from  which  place  it  obtains  its  mail. 

Carruth,  William  Herbert,  professor  of  German  language  and  litera- 
ture in  the  University  of  Kansas,  was  born  on  a  farm  near  Osawatomie, 
Kan.,  April  5,  1859,  the  son  of  James  H.  and  Jane  (Grant)  Carruth. 
His  father,  from  whom  he  inherited  his  love  of  books,  was  a  home  mis- 
sionary of  the  Presbyterian  church,  and  from  his  mother  he  inherited 
courage,  energy  and  an  independent  disposition.  He  worked  his  way 
through  school  and  college,  graduating  at  the  Iniversity  of  Kansas 
in  1880.  In  the  fall  of  that  year  he  began  teaching  in  the  university 
as  assistant  in  modern  languages  and  literature.  In  1882  he  was  elected 
professor  of  modern  languages.  In  1884  this  department  was  divided, 
one  branch  embracing  French  and  the  other  German,  and  Prof.  Car- 
ruth remained  at  the  head  of  the  latter.  In  1886  he  spent  a  year  of 
study  abroad  at  P)erlin  and  Munich.  Three  years  later  he  was  Morgan 
fellow  at  Harvard  for  a  year,  receiving  the  degree  of  A.  M.,  and  in  1893 
he  received  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  from  the  same  institution.  He  is  an 
able  translator  and  has  edited  several  volumes  of  college  texts.  In 
1887  with  F.  G.  Adams  Prof.  Carruth  published  an  account  of  Municipal 
Suffrage  in  Kansas.  In  1900  two  volumes  entitled  "Kansas  in  Litera- 
ture," compiled  by  Prof.  Carruth,  were  published.  In  1908  Putnams 
brought  out  a  volume  of  his  poems,  "Each  in  His  Own  Tongue."  He 
is  a  member  of  the  honorary  fraternity  of  Phi  Beta  Kappa  and  of  the 
Modern  Language  Association,  and  is  district  vico-iirosiiU'iit  "I  llu' 
American  Dialect  Society.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the  organization 
of   the    Central    States  Modern    Language    Conference   and   was   presi- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  297 

dent  of  it  from  1895  to  1897.  In  1896  he  was  president  of  the  Kan- 
sas Academy  of  Language  and  Literature.  Prof.  Carruth  is  a  director 
of  the  Kansas  Historical  Society ;  a  member  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  State  Temperance  Union;  one  of  the  Committee  of  Twelve 
of  the  American  Modern  Language  Associatron  on  entrance  require- 
ments to  college,  and  for  several  years  was  managing  editor  of  the 
Kansas  University  Quarterly.  He  has  been  active  in  university  exten- 
sion work;  was  secretary  of  the  Lawrence  Civil  Service  Reform  club, 
and  served  on  the  common  council  and  board  of  education  of  Law- 
rence. 

Carson,  Christopher  C,  a  famous  guide,  scout  and  frontiersman  in 
the  early  settlement  of  the  West,  is  better  known  to  the  readers  of 
American  history  as  "Kit"  Carson.  He  was  born  in  Madison  county, 
Ky.,  Dec.  24,  1809,  but  while  he  was  still  in  his  infancy  his  parents 
removed  to  Howard  county.  Mo.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  years  he  was 
apprenticed  to  a  saddler,  but  two  years  later  he  joined  an  overland 
trading  expedition  to  Santa  Fe.  This  determined  the  course  of  his 
career.  He  was  an  expert  with  the  rifle  and  the  wild  life  of  the  plains 
had  a  fascination  for  him  that  he  could  not  shake  off.  He  married 
an  Indian  woman  and  for  sixteen  years  supplied  his  food  with  his  rifle. 
Eight  years  of  that  time  he  was  in  the  employ  of  Bent  and  St.  Vrain, 
who  engaged  him  to  furnish  meat  to  their  forts.  In  1842,  after  the  death 
of  his  wife,  he  went  to  St.  Louis  to  place  his  daughter  in  school  and 
there  met  Col.  John  C.  Fremont,  who  was  fitting  out  his  first  exploring 
expedition  to  the  Rocky  mountains.  Carson  was  engaged  to  act  as 
guide  to  the  expedition,  and  he  was  also  with  Fremont  on  his  second 
expedition  and  in  the  conquest  of  California.  In  1847  he  was  sent 
to  Washington  as  a  bearer  of  despatches  and  President  Polk  nominated 
him  as  lieutenant  in  the  United  States  mounted  rifles,  but  the  senate 
refused  to  confirm  the  nomination.  In  the  meantime  Carson  had  mar- 
ried a  Spanish  woman  of  New  Mexico  in  1843,  ^nd  in  1853  h^  drove 
a  flock  of  some  6,500  sheep  over  the  mountains  to  California,  where 
he  sold  them  at  prices  that  repaid  him  well  for  the  venture.  During 
the  Civil  war  he  was  loyal  to  the  Federal  government  and  rendered 
valuable  services  in  New  Mexico,  Colorado  and  the  Indian  Territory, 
being  brevetted  brigadier-general  at  the  close  of  the  war.  Many  of 
Carson's  exploits  were  along  the  line  of  the  old  Santa  Fe  trail  in  Kan- 
sas and  New  Mexico,  and  he  has  been  called  the  "Nestor  of  the  Rocky 
mountains."  Inman  says  of  him :  "He  was  brave  but  not  reckless ; 
a  veritable  exponent  of  Christian  altruism,  and  as  true  to  his  friends 
as  the  needle  to  the  pole.  Under  the  average  in  stature,  and  delicate 
in  his  physical  proportions,  he  was  nevertheless  a  quick,  wiry  man,  with 
nerves  of  steel,  and  possessing  an  indomitable  will.  He  was  full  of 
caution,  but  showed  coolness  in  the  moment  of  supreme  danger  that 
was  good  to  witness."     Carson  died  at  Fort  Lyon,  Col.,  May  23,  1868. 

Carter,  Elizabeth,  one  of  the  pioneer  mission  teachers  of  Kansas,  was 
born   at   the   Shawnee   Baptist   mission   in  Johnson   county  on  Jan.   24,. 


298  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

1835.  a  daughter  of  Rev.  Robert  Simerwell.  She  was  educated  at 
Upper  Alton,  became  a  teacher  in  the  Baptist  Kansas  mission,  and  was 
the  first  teacher  at  Ottawa.  Throughout  her  life  she  was  an  enthu- 
siastic worker  for  the  advancement  of  the  Baptist  church  in  Kansas. 
She  died  at  Auburn.  Shawnee  county,  Jan.  3,  1883.  The  claim  has 
been  made  that  Mrs.  Carter  was  the  first  white  female  child  born  in 
Kansas,  but  that  honor  belongs  to  a  daughter  of  Daniel  Yoacham. 
(See   Dillon,   Susanna   A.) 

Carter,  Lawrence,  the  first  white  child  born  in  the  city  of  Lawrence, 
was  born  on  Oct.  25,  1855,  and  the  comments  of  the  Herald  of  Free- 
dom of  Jan.  20,  1855,  are  interesting  a  half  centur}'  later.  The  editorial 
said :  "The  first  birth  in  this  city  was  on  the  25th  of  October  last. 
The  Lawrence  Association  donated  the  boy  a  first  class  city  lot,  and 
named  him  Lawrence  Carter  after  the  city  and  his  parents.  We  learn 
that  the  little  fellow  is  quite  healthy,  and  is  growing  finely.  May  he 
live  to  see  our  beautiful  city  ranking  with  the  first  in  the  Union. 
.  .  .  We  may  be  allowed  to  say,  in  this  connection,  that  the  first 
white  child  born  in  Chicago  is  now  but  twenty-two  years  old,  while 
the  city  boasts  a  population  of  near  80,000.  May  not  a  destiny  equally 
prosperous  await  our  own  Lawrence?" 

Carwood,  a  rural  postoffice  of  ^Vichita  county,  is  located  in  Edwards 
township,  about  12  miles  northwest  of  Leoti,  the  county  seat.  It  is  in 
the  Ladder  creek  valley  and  is  a  trading  center  for  the  neighborhood. 
It  has  a  store,  a  Presbyterian  church,  and  is  connected  by  telephone 
with  the  surrounding  country. 

Cace,  Nelson,  lawyer  and  writer,  was  born  in  Wyoming  county.  Pa., 
April  22,  1845.  When  he  was  about  a  year  old  his  parents  removed 
to  Lee  county.  111.,  where  he  grew  to  manhood.  In  1866  he  graduated 
at  the  Illinois  State  Normal  School,  and  after  teaching  one  year  he 
entered  the  law  department  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  where  he 
graduated  in  1869.  He  then  came  to  Kansas  and  located  at  Oswego, 
where  he  began  the  practice  of  law.  He  was  twice  appointed  probate 
judge  of  Labette  county  by  Gov.  St.  John;  served  two  terms  as  regent 
(if  the  State  Normal  School  under  Gov.  Humphrey;  was  one  of  the 
first  board  of  trustees  of  the  Labette  county  high  school;  was  for  ten 
years  president  of  the  Oswego  board  of  education;  was  for  seventeen 
years  a  trustee  of  Baker  University,  and  was  also  a  trustee  of  Oswego 
Ccillcgc  for  young  women.  For  three  years  he  was  editor  of  the  Oswego 
Independent,  and  he  is  the  author  of  a  history  of  Labette  count}'.  In 
1872  Judge  Case  married  Mary  F.  Clayjiool  of  Attica.  I  ml.,  who  died 
in  1892,  and  later  he  married  Miss  Georgiana  Reed,  loaclur  <if  art  in 
Baker  University. 

Cash  City,  an  i-xtiiicl  town  of  Clark  county,  was  laid  out  by  Cash 
ilcndcrson  of  W'icliila  in  township  35,  range  25,  at  the  crossing  of  the 
Tuttle,  Ashland  and  Meade  Center  trails.  A  weekly  newspaper  (the 
Cash  City  Cashier)  was  established,  the 'first  number  making  its  appear- 
ance on  Oct.  29,  1886.     An  old  map  of  the  county  shows  two  projected 


KANSAS    IllSTOKV  299 

lines  of  railroad  running  through  Cash  City,  bill  the  roads  were  not 
built   and   the    town   finally   disappeared. 

Cassoday,  a  town  of  Butler  county,  is  situated  in  the  northeast  cor- 
ner, about  20  miles  from  Eldorado,  the  county  seat,  and  12  miles  from 
De  Graff,  the  nearest  railroad  station.  Although  so  far  from  the  railroad, 
Cassoday  is  a  town  of  considerable  commercial  importance.  It  has  a 
bank,  some  well  stocked  mercantile  establislvnents,  good  schools,  and 
is  the  trading  center  for  a  rich  agricultural  district.  The  population  in 
1910  was  300.  Its  money  order  postoffice  has  one  rural  route  emanating 
from  it.  and  it  has  telephone  connections  with  the  surrounding  towns. 
A  daily  stage  line  connects  Cassoday  with   Eldorado. 

Castaneda,  Pedro  De,  who  might  be  termed  the  official  chronicler  of 
the  Coronado  expedition  fq.  v.)  to  Quivira  in  1540-42,  was  a  native  of 
the  Biscayan  town  of  Najera  in  Spain.  He  came  to  America  before 
the  middle  of  the  i6th  century,  and  became  prominently  identified 
with  the  government  and  affairs  of  Mexico.  His  account  of  the  Coro- 
nado expedition  was  first  written  in  Mexico  soon  after  the  event,  but 
the  original  manuscript  has  disappeared.  After  his  return  to  Spain. 
Castaneda  made  a  copy,  which  was  finished  on  Oct.  26,  1596.  His  nar- 
rative was  not  published,  but  remained  in  the  archives  in  manuscript 
until  translated  into  French  by  Henri  Ternaux-Compans,  whose  trans- 
lation was  rendered  into  English  at  Paris  by  Eugene  F.  Ware,  of  Kan- 
sas City,  Kan.  The  Spanish  manuscript,  now  in  the  Lenox  Library, 
New  York,  was  translated  into  English  by  George  P.  Winship,  assist- 
ant in  American  history  in  Harvard  University,  and  his  translation 
was  published  in  the  14th  annual  report  of  the  United  States  Bureau 
of  Ethnology. 

Castle  Rock. — One  of  the  most  interesting  works  of  nature  in  the 
state  from  a  geological  standpoint  is  known  as  "Castle  Rock,"  a  natural 
formation  located  in  Gove  county,  in  the  valley  of  the  Hackberry,  about 
ID  miles  from  its  mouth.  This  castellated  mass  is  composed  of  a 
coping  of  limestone  and  the  shaft  of  chalk  and  compact  shale.  Its 
unique  formation  was  produced  by  the  shales  wearing  away,  the 
strongly  cemented  stone  serving  as  a  protection  to  the  upper  surface. 
In  this  way  mountainous  appearing  masses  are  frequently  produced, 
especially  where  various  streams  cut  their  way  through  the  hard  stone 
into  the  softer  materials  below.  Similar  formations  are  met  with  in 
Ellis  county  which  show  isolated  columns  which  rise  from  20  to  70 
feet  in  height. 

Castleton,  a  town  of  Reno  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Hutchinson  &: 
Blackwell  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  14  miles 
south  of  Hutchinson.  It  has  a  bank,  a  grain  elevator,  a  hotel,  a  money 
■order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  tele- 
phone connections,  a  good  local  trade  and  ships  large  quantities  of 
grain  and  live  stock.     The  population  was  275  in   1910. 

Catalpa,  a  rural  postoffice  of  Gove  county,  is  located  in  Larrabee 
township  on  Indian  creek,  and  about   12  miles  southeast  of  Gove,  the 


3O0  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

county  seat.  Pendennis,  on  the  Missouri  Pacific,  is  tlie  nearest  rail- 
road station. 

Catharine,  a  rural  postoffice  of  Ellis  county,  is  located  on  Victoria 
creek,  in  Catharine  township,  about  9  miles  east  of  Hays,  the  county 
seat,  and  most  convenient  railroad  station.  The  population  of  the  vil- 
lage was  50  in  1910. 

Catholic  Church. — (See  Roman  Catholic  Church.) 

Cato,  a  village  of  Crawford  county,  is  located  in  the  northeastern 
part,  about  12  miles  from  Girard,  the  county  seat,  and  3  miles  north- 
west of  Drywood,  which  is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  Mail  is  received 
by  rural  delivery  from  Arcadia.     The  population  was  112  in  1910. 

Cato,  Sterling  G.,  associate  justice  of  the  Territory  of  Kansas,  was 
a  native  of-  Alabama.  He  was  appointed  on  Sept.  13,  1855.  to  succeed 
Judge  Rush  Elmore  and  served  until  in  July,  1858,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Elmore  and  left  the  territory.  Repeated  efforts  have  been 
made  by  the  Kansas  Historical  Society  to  learn  something  of  Judge 
Cato's  early  life  and  antecedents,  but  without  avail.  He  was  a  strong 
pro-slavery  advocate,  was  in  the  pro-slavery  camp  at  the  time  of  the 
"Invasion  of  the  2,700,"  and  many  of  his  decisions  were  of  a  bitterly 
partisan  character.  He  connived  with  Sheriflf  Jones,  of  Douglas  county, 
and  issued  writs  for  the  arrest  of  several  prominent  members  of  the 
Topeka  (free-state)  legislature,  but  released  from  custody  George  W. 
Clarke,  who  was  charged  with  the  murder  of  Thomas  W.  P)arber,  a 
free-state  man.  On  Oct.  20,  1857,  he  issued  a  writ  commanding  Gov. 
Walker  to  issue  certificates  of  election  to  a  number  of  pro-slavery  men 
who  claimed  to  have  been  elected  members  of  the  legislature,  but 
owing  to  the  palpable  frauds  committed  in  the  election,  the  governor 
refused  to  obey  the  order  of  the  court.  (See  Walker's  Administra- 
tion.) S.  S.  Prouty,  correspondent  of  the  St.  Louis  Globe-Democrat, 
in  writing  to  his  paper  of  Judge  Cato,  said:  "It  is  almost  a  mockery 
to  call   where  he  presides  a  court." 

Cave,  a  money  order  post-village  in  the  southeast  corner  of  Gray 
county,  is  in  Hess  township,  about  20  miles  southeast  of  Cimarron, 
the  county  seat,  and  12  miles  from  Fowler,  which  is  the  most  convenient 
railroad  station.  Cave  has  a  general  store,  and  is  the  trading  center 
for  that  part  of  the  county.     The  population  was  40  in   1910. 

Cave  Springs,  an  inland  hamlet  of  Elk  county,  is  9  miles  northeast 
of  Howard,  the  county  seat.  It  receives  mail  daily  by  rural  route  from 
Sevcry,  Greenwood  county,  about  10  miles  northwest.  The  nearest 
railroad  station  is  Fiat,  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  I'e.  5  miles 
west. 

Caven,  a  rural  hamlet  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Pratt  county,  is 
about  14  miles  from  Pratt,  the  county  seat,  and  8  miles  north  of  Cul- 
lison,  the  nearest  railroad  station,  from  whicli  mail  is  received  by  rural 
delivery. 

Cawker  City,  the  second  largest  town  in  Mitchell  county,  is  located 
in  Cawker  township  in   the  northwestern  part  of  the  contity.  near  the 


KANSAS    I-IISTORV  3OI 

junction  of  the  north  and  south  forks  of  the  Solomon  river  and  on  the 
Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  i8  miles  west  of  Beloit,  the  county  seat.  It  . 
is  an  incorporated  city  of  the  third  class,  has  a  public  library,  an  opera 
house,  2  banks,  flour  mill,  a  creamery,  a  grain  elevator,  2  weekly  news- 
papers (the  Ledger  and  the  Public  Record),  express  and  telegraph 
offices,  and  an  international  money  order  postofifice  with  four  rural 
routes.    The  population  in  1910  was  870. 

Cawker  city  was  founded  in  1870  by  E.  H.  Cawker,  J.  P.  Rice  and 
R.  G.  F.  Kshinka  of  Milwaukee,  and  John  J.  Huckle  of  Towanda,  Pa. 
The  first  building  was  erected  by  E.  H.  Cawker.  Mr.  Huckle  built 
a  dwelling  and  then  returned  to  Pennsylvania  and  brought  out  a  colony 
of  his  neighbors.  By  June,  1870,  a  steam  sawmill  was  in  operation 
The  plat  of  the  town  was  not  recorded  until  1871.  The  government 
located  a  land  office  here  in  1872.  In  1874  it  was  taken  to  Kirwin,  which 
was  more  centrally  located.  The  town  was  incorporated  that  year 
as  a  cit)'  of  the  third  class  and  an  election  held,  at  which  the  following 
officers  were  chosen:  Mayor,  F.  J.  Knight;  councilmen,  A.  Parker,  D. 
A.  Hauling,  W.  Woodmansee,  P.  Wolf  and  J.  A.  Pope;  police  judge, 
L.  S.  Tucker. 

Cecil,  an  inland  hamlet  of  Labette  county,  is  located  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  county,  about  13  miles  from  Oswego,  the  county  seat,  and 
4  miles  south  of  Bartlett,  the  nearest  railroad  station,  whence  it  receives 
mail  by  rural  route. 

Cedar,  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  Smith  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  in  Harvey  township,  about  15  miles  south- 
west of  Smith  Center,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  post- 
office  v/ith  one  rural  route,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  a  bank,  a 
grain  elevator,  a  hotel,  telephone  connections,  a  graded  school.  Chris- 
tian and  Methodist  churches,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  400. 
Being  located  in  the  Solomon  river  valley,  in  a  fertile  agricultural  dis- 
trict, it  is  an  important  trading  center  and  shipping  point.  The  name 
was   formerly  Cedarville. 

Cedar  Bluffs,  a  village  of  Beaver  township,  Decatur  county,  is  situated 
on  Beaver  creek  and  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Ouincy  R.  R.  about  12 
miles  north  of  Oberlin,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money  order 
postoffice  with  two  rural  routes,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  telephone 
connections,  good  schools  and  churches,  a  large  retail  trade,  and  does 
some  shipping.     The  population  in   1910  was  200. 

Cedar  Junction  (R.  R.  name  Corliss),  a  village  in  the  northv/estern 
part  of  Johnson  county,  is  located  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Kansas 
river  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  about  19  miles  south- 
west of  Kansas  City.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  several  general 
stores,  express  and  telegraph  facilities,  is  the  supply  and  shipping  point 
for  a  rich  district  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  161. 

Cedar  Point,  a  village  of  Chase  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  about  20  miles  southwest  of  Cottonwood 
Falls,  the  county  seat.     It  has  a  bank,  a   money  order  postoffice  with 


302  CVCL(}PEDIA    01" 

one  rural  route,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  connections, 
some  good  mercantile  concerns,  and  being  located  on  the  Cottonwood 
river  in  a  rich  agricultural  district  is  an  important  shipping  point  for 
grain,  live  stock,  etc.     The  population  in  1910  was  200. 

Cedar  Vale,  the  second  largest  town  in  Chautauqua  county,  is  located 
near  the  west  line,  at  the  junction  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe  and  the  Missouri  Pacific  railroads,  in  Jeflferson  township,  20  miles 
west  of  Sedan,  the  county  seat.  It  has  the  best  o*f  public  schools, 
churches  of  all  the  leading  denominations,  2  banks,  a  weekly  newspaper 
(the  Commercial),  natural  gas  for  lighting  and  heating  purposes,  tele- 
graph and  express  offices,  and  an  international  money  order  postoffice 
with  3  rural  routes.     The  population  in  1910  was  reported  as  948. 

Cedar  Vale  was  located  in  1870  by  a  town  company  on  land  filed 
upon  by  E.  W.  Davis,  who  later  refused  to  de'ed  the  land  to  the  com- 
pany and  was  only  persuaded  to  do  so  under  threat  of  hanging.  The 
first  building  was  a  store  room  erected  by  J.  R.  Marsh,  Charles  Snyder 
and  O.  C.  Hill,  in  which  they  opened  a  small  stock  of  goods,  and  in 
which  the  postoffice  was  located.  The  next  was  a  hotel  built  b}'  a 
company  formed  for  the  purpose,  and  the  third  was  a  store  put  up- 
by  Riley  Bros.  Several  new  general  stores,  two  blacksmith  shops, 
another  hotel,  a  drug  store,  a  millinery  store  and  a  number  of  shops 
for  various  wares  completed  the  improvements  for  the  year  1870.  The 
postoffice  was  established  with  J.  R.  Marsh  as  postmaster.  The  town 
grew  rapidly  and  soon  outstripped  Osrow,  her  rival,  located  4  miles 
down  the  Big  Cheney  river.  A  grist  mill  was  built  in  187 1  by  D.  F. 
Taber,  and  was  run  by  A^-atcr  power,  Cedar  \'ale  being  on  the  Big 
Cheney. 

The  first  Fourth  cif  July  celebration  took  place  in  1870,  with  an  attend- 
ance of  1,000  people  or  qiore.  The  first  school  district  was  organized 
in  1871,  and  the  first  school  in  the  village  was  taught  liy  Miss  Lizzie 
Conklin  in  1872,  with  an  attendance  of  33  pupils.  The  first  religious 
services  were  held  in  the  same  year  by  "Old  Father  Record."  in  the 
school  building. 

Cedron,  a  money  order  post-Iiamlet  of  Lincoln  county,  is  located 
ill  the  township  of  the  same  name  on  the  headwaters  of  Spillman 
creek,  and  about  20  miles  northwest  of  Lincoln,  the  county  scat.  Lucas, 
on  the  I'nion  Pacific,  is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Cellar  Kitchen  Convention. — On  Dec.  23.  1857.  >i  large  number  of 
free-state  delegates  met  in  convention  at  Lawrence,  to  decide  on  the 
question  of  voting  on  the  Lecompton  constitution  and  electing  state 
officers  under  it.  In  an  address  before  the  Kansas  Historical  Society 
on  Jan.  17,  1882,  Richard  Cordley  said:  "The  discussion  proceeded 
for  two  days.  The  radicals  were  the  most  elcii)ucnl  and  high-toned; 
the  conservatives  were  the  most  experienced  and  shrewd.  The  radicals 
comprised  the  younger  men,  who  followed  impulse  and  conviction  ;  the 
conservatives  comprised  tJic  iiicnc  cautious  nun  .ind  ilie  political  man- 
agers.     As  the   discussion   progressed   the   brcacli    wiiiciicd   rather    thrin 


KANSAS    HISTORY  3O3 

Otherwise.  There  was  no  sjgn  of  agreement,  and  no  ground  of  com- 
promise was  found.  A  vote  was  reached  at  last,  and  the  radical  policy 
was  adopted  by  a  decided  majority.  The  conservatives  thereupon 
withdrew  to  the  basement  of  the  Herald  of  Freedom  office  and  organized 
another  convention,  which  was  known  as  the  "Cellar  Kitchen  Conven- 
tion." 

This  convention  nominated  candidates  for  state  offices  (see  Denver's 
yVdministration),  but  at  the  election  the  candidates  received  only  about 
half  the  votes  of  the  free-state  party.  The  failure  of  Congress  to  admit 
Kansas  under  the  Lecompton  constitution  settled  the  whole  matter, 
and  the  "Cellar  Kitchen  Convention"  has  been   almost  forgotten. 

Cement. — The  cement  of  commerce  may  be  divided  into  four  classes: 
I.  Hydraulic  lime,  which  is  made  from  limestone  containing  a  small 
proportion  of  clay  (8  or  lo  per  cent.)  by  burning  at  a  low  temperature 
and  slaking  the  product  with  water.  2.  Hydraulic  or  natural  rock 
cement,  made  from  an  impure  limestone,  containing  a  larger  percentage 
of  clay  than  that  used  for  hydraulic  lime,  by  being  burned  at  a  low 
temperature  and  then  ground  to  powder.  3.  Portland  cement,  which 
is  made  from  an  artificial  mixture  of  carbonate  of  lime — chalk,  ground 
limestone  or  marl — with  certain  proportions  of  clay,  burned  at  a  white 
heat,  and  the  clinker  ground  to  powder.  4.  Slag  cement,  which  is 
made  by  mixing  finely  ground  volcanic  ash  or  slag  from  a  blast  furnace 
with  a  small  proportion  of  slaked  lime. 

Of  these-  four  classes,  Portland  cement  is  by  far  the  most  impor- 
tant, and  the  manufacture  of  slag  cement  is  still  in  its  infancy  in  the 
United  States.  The  manufacture  of  cement  in  Kansas  began  at  Fort 
Scott  in  1868,  and  the  next  year  the  capacity  of  the  plant  was  increased 
lo  10  barrels  a  day,  and  the  amount  of  capital  invested  was  $4,000.  At 
that  time  the  nearest  source  of  supply  was  Louisville,  and  the  price  of 
ordinary  hydraulic  cement  was  $10  a  barrel.  The  Fort  Scott  com- 
pany cut  the  price  one-half,  and  soon  had  all  the  orders  it  could  fill. 
When  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  railroad  was  built  to  Fort  Scott, 
the  demand  increased,  railroad  companies  began  to  use  cement  in  con- 
struction of  their  lines,  and  in  1871  the  plant  was  enlarged  to  50  bar- 
rels a  day.  Still  the  market  widened  with  improved  transportation 
facilities,  and  in  1879  the  company  was  turning  out  700  barrels  daily. 
A  second  mill  was  erected  in  1887,  and  in  a  short  time  it  also  was 
turning  out  700  barrels  a  day,  though  the  price  had  dropped  to  less 
than  $1  a  barrel.  Improved  methods  were  introduced,  to  cheapen  the 
cost  of  production,  and  in  1900  Kansas  mills  had  a  capacit}^  over  125,- 
000  barrels  for  the  year,  which  had  been  increased  to  nearly  240,000 
in    1906. 

The  manufacture  of  Portland  cement  began  in  1899.  The  first  mill 
was  erected  at  lola  and  started  with  a  capacity  of  2,500  barrels  a  day, 
which  was  soon  doubled.  A  second  mill  was  established  there  in  1904. 
In  1905  mills  were  built  at  Independence  and  Neodesha.  Mills  are 
also    in    operation    at    Fredonia,    Humboldt,    Chanute,    Yocemento    and 


304  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Bonner  Springs.  In  1908  three  of  the  largest  mills  were  consolidated 
under  one  management — the  United  States  Portland  Cement  company, 
with  a  capital  of  over  $12,500,000.  The  industry  was  greatly  stimulated 
by  the  discovery  of  natural  gas,  and  in  1910  the  fifteen  mills  in  the 
Kansas  and  Oklahoma  gas  belt  turned  out  over  1,000,000  barrels  a 
month.  There  is  also  a  large  quantity  of  cement  plaster  manufactured 
in  Kansas.     (See  also  articles  on  Geology  and  Gypsum.) 

Cemeteries,  National. — There  are  three  national  cemeteries  in  Kansas 
— one  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  one  at  Fort  Scott,  and  one  at  Baxter 
Springs.  The  one  at  Fort  Leavenworth  was  established  in  1861,  and 
contains  an  area  of  15  acres,  inclosed  by  a  stone  wall.  It  is  a  portion 
of  the  government  reservation,  which  is  a  magnificent  natural  park. 
It  is  beautifully  located  half  a  mile  west  of  the  garrison,  which  ■  is 
approached  by  way  of  a  broad  macadamized  roadway  that  connects  the 
city  of  Leavenworth  with  the  fort.  The  view  of  the  government  reserva- 
tion from  the  cemetery  is  imposing  and  picturesque.  Water  for  the 
cemetery  is  supplied  by  cisterns  and  the  post  waterworks,  and  there  is 
fine  surface  and  underground  drainage.  The  lodge  is  a  six-room  stone 
building,  with  a  brick  out-building,  and  there  is  a  rectangular  rostrum. 
The  interments  in  the  Fort  Leavenworth  cemetery  number  3.174,  of 
which  1,729  are  known  and   1,445  ^^^  unknown. 

The  cemetery  at  Fort  Scott  is  located  about  one  and  a  half  miles 
from  the  heart  of  the  city.  The  grounds  were  established  as  a  cemetery 
by  the  government  on  Nov.  15,  1862,  with  an  area  of  10.26  acres,  inclosed 
by  a  stone  wall.  The  cemetery  is  rectangular  in  shape,  924  feet  long, 
extending  east  and  west,  and  478  wide,  north  and  south.  A  part  of 
the  ground  was  donated  by  the  city,  a  part  by  the  Presbyterian  church, 
and  the  rest  was  purcahsed  by  the  government,  for  $75.  Through  the 
stone  wall  mentioned  are  entrances  at  either  end  of  the  cemetery  made 
by  means  of  iron  folding  gates  swinging  from  stone  pillars.  The  sur- 
face of  the  ground  is  a  graceful  slope.  The  crest  of  the  slope  is  at 
the  east  end  and  for  a  short  distance  the  descent  is  extremely  light, 
but  soon  becomes  of  greater  fall,  extending  about  half  the  length  of 
the  grounds,  and  again  becomes  more  mild  reaching  to  the  other 
extremity  of  the  place.  The  main  entrance  is  in  the  center  of  the  west 
wall  at  the  foot  of  the  grade.  A  wide  driveway  passes  up  the  gentle 
slope  to  the  center  of  the  cemetery,  and  at  about  half  the  length  of 
the  grounds  divides,  branching  to  either  side  around  the  more  abrupt 
slope  to  the  summit,  enclosing  a  heart-shaped  plat,  tastefully 
ornamented  with  shade  trees.  At  regular  intervals  upon  the  margins 
of  this  plat  four  mounted  cannon  are  stationed  to  guard,  as  it  were, 
these  holy  and  sacred  precincts.  Immediately  upon  the  brow  of  the 
crest,  at  about  equal  angular  distances  from  the  superintendent's  resi- 
dence building  and  rostrum,  rising  out  of  a  large,  grass  covered  mound, 
is  the  tall  flag  stafi',  upon  Ihc  summit  of  which  the  national  emblem 
mournfully  keeps  untiring  watch  over  the  resting  place  of  its  defenders. 
At  the  other  end  of  the  cemetery  and  about  half  its  length,  separated 


KANSAS    HISTORY  3O5 

by  the  central  driveway  and  surrounded  by  a  driveway  on  the  remain- 
ing three  sides,  are  the  two  rectangular  plats  or  panels  occupied  by  the 
interments.  These  plats  of  equal  size  are  of  even  and  moderate  grade. 
Here,  side  by  side,  in  rank  and  file,  like  as  in  solid  phalanx  they  marched, 
the  veterans  lie  buried.  The  surface  of  these  plats  is  smooth  and  even, 
with  no  perceptible  marks  of  the  graves  except  the  little  block  of 
marble  standing  at  the  head  of  each.  The  entire  grounds,  excepting 
the  drives,  is  covered  with  a  blue  grass  sod,  and  the  whole  is  under- 
drained  with  tiling,  by  which  the  surface  is  always  kept  dry.  The 
enclosure  is  also  adorned  with  a  profusion  of  artistically  arranged  shade 
trees,  and  the  burying  plats  are  embellished  with  numerous  evergreens, 
through  whose  dark  green  foliage  may  be  seen  the  ghostlike  white- 
ness of  the  marble  blocks,  giving  the  whole  a  weird  and  mournful 
appearance.  There  are  666  interments  in  the  cemetery,  177  of  whom 
are  unknown.  At  different  places  among  the  graves  are  stanzas  of 
poetry  appropriate  to  the  place,  printed  in  enduring  letters  on  tablets. 
The  cemetery  is  reached  from  the  city  by  a  fine  macadamized  drive, 
alongside  of  which  is  a  walk,  and  on  either  side  of  both  a  row  of  shade 
trees.  This  improvement  was  made  during  the  year  1882  at  a  cost 
of  about  $18,000.  Upon  the  summit  of  the  grade,  at  the  east  end  of 
the  grounds  and  near  one  corner,  is  the  tasty,  two-story  brick  resi- 
dence of  the  superintendent,  and  back  of  this  building  in  the  corner 
are  the  stable  and  out-houses.     (See  Baxter  Springs.) 

Census. — The  first  census  taken  in  Kansas  was  in  accordance  with 
the  provisions  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill,  which  stipulated  that 
"Previous  to  the  first  election,  the  governor  shall  cause  a  census  or 
enumeration  of  the  inhabitants  and  qualified  voters  of  the  several  coun- 
ties and  districts  of  the  territory,  to  be  taken  by  such  persons,  and  in 
such  mode  as  the  governor  shall  designate  and  appoint." 

The  enumeration  taken  under  this  provision  was  completed  on  the 
last  day  of  Feb.,  1855,  and  showed  the  total  resident  population  of  the 
territory  to  be  8,501,  of  whom  2,905  were  qualified  voters;  151  were 
free  negroes;  192  were  slaves,  and  408  were  persons  of  foreign  birth. 
It  was  under  this  census  that  Gov.  Reeder  divided  the  territory  into 
districts  for  the  election  of  members  of  the  first  territorial  legislature. 
On  Jan.  21,  1858,  Gov.  Denver  approved  an  act  of  the  legislature  pro- 
viding for  a  census  to  be  taken  in  certain  districts,  viz:  Oxford  and 
Shawnee  townships  in  Johnson  county;  Walnut  township,  Atchison 
county ;  and  Tate  and  Potosi  townships  in  Linn  county.  The  act  also 
appointed  commisioners  to  take  the  census.  Each  commissioner  was 
to  receive  $5  for  his  w.ork,  and  was  required  "to  visit  every  dwelling, 
cabin,  tent  or  building  in  which  he  can  find  inhabitants,  and  take  the 
name  of  each  inhabitant,  as  provided  in  the  first  section,  specifying  the 
date  of  his  settlement."  The  act  was  passed  by  the  free-state  legisla- 
ture to  aid  in  the  investigation  of  frauds  committed  at  the  election  of 
Jan.  4. 

Section  26,  Article  2,  of  the  Wyandotte  constitution  provided  that 
(I-20) 


3o6  C^CLOl'EDIA    Ol'- 

"The  legislature  shall  provide  tor  taking  an  enumeration  of  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  state,  at  least  once  in  ten  years.  The  first  enumeration 
shall  be  taken  in  A.   D.   1865." 

Several  enumerations  were  made  in  the  j-ear  i860.  On  Feb.  7  a  com- 
mittee of  the  legislature  reported  the  population  as  being  97,570.  The 
census  made  to  and  reported  by  Gov.  Robinson  showed  a  population 
of  71,770.  In  June  the  marshal  caused  a  census  to  be  taken,  which 
showed  a  population  of  143,643,  and  the  official  United  States  census 
— the  first  ever  taken  in  Kansas — gave  the  number  of  inhabitants  as 
107,206.  The  first  state  census,  taken  under  the  provisions  of  the  Wyan- 
dotte constitution  mentioned  above,  was  made  in  May,  1865,  and  showed 
the  population  to  be  140,179,  of  whom  127,270  were  whites,  12,527 
were  negroes,  and  382  were  Indians. 

During  the  first  twenty  years  of  statehood  the  growth  of  population 
was  rapid.  In  1870  it  was  364,399,  an  increase  of  nearly  250  per  cent, 
during  the  preceding  decade,  and  in  1880  it  was  996,096,  an  increase 
of  nearly  175  per  cent,  over  1870.  Since  then  the  increase  has  not  been 
so  marked,  yet  Kansas  has  kept  pace  with  her  sister  states.  In  1890 
the  population  was  1,427,096.  This  had  increased  to  1.470,495  in  1900, 
and  in  1910,  the  last  United  States  census  year,  the  population  was 
1 ,690,949. 

Centennal    Exposition. —  (See    Expositions.) 

Center,  a  little  inland  hamlet  in  Chautauqua  county,  is  located  on 
North  Cheney  Creek  about  10  miles  north  of  Sedan,  the  county  seat, 
whence  it  receives  mail  daily  by  rural  route.  The  nearest  railroad 
station  is  Rodgers  on  the  Missouri  Pacific,  about  7  miles  south.  The 
population,  according  to  the  report  of  1910,  was  38. 

Centerville,  a  village  of  Linn  county,  is  situated  in  the  western  por- 
tion of  the  county  on  Sugar  creek  and  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas 
R.  R.  about  12  miles  northwest  of  Mound  City,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  a  money  order  posloffice,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  and  is  the 
shipping  and  supply  town  for  a  considerable  agricultural  district.  In 
1910  the  population  was  175. 

Central  City,  a  village  of  Anderson  county,  is  located  on  a  branch 
of  Scipio  creek,  about  8  miles  west  of  Garnett,  the  county  seat,  and 
4  miles  from  Harris,  on  the  Missouri  Pacific,  which  is  the  nearest  rail- 
road station.  The  population  was  ^j  in  iQio.  Mail  is  received  from 
Garnett  by  rural  deliver}-. 

Central  College,  located  at  Entcrjirisc,  Dickinson  county,  was 
foun<lrd  by  six  citizens  of  that  city,  who  ])urchased  the  site  and  erected 
a  three-stor}-  stone  huihling  (>5  by  ~^  feet,  in  which  was  ojieucd  "llar- 
rison  Normal  College."  On  July  10,  1891,  the  founders  met  with  the 
Central  College  Association,  to  which  the  property  was  transferred, 
and  the  charier  of  Central  College  was  filed  on  the  T6th.  The  institu- 
tion was  conducted  under  tlic  name  of  Central  ("ollege  until  in  i.Sq6, 
when  it  was  turned  oMr  to  the  western  conference  of  the  German 
Methodist  cliurch.  ami  the  name  was  changed  to  l-'nterprise  Normal 
Academy. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  307 

Central  Normal  College,  located  at  (aeat  Bend,  was  first  opened  in 
1888,  with  D.  E.  Sanders  as  president  and  William  Stryker  as  principal. 
Hazelrigg's  History  of  Kansas,  published  in  1895,  says  the  school  then 
enrolled  400  students.  In  1898  the  Central  Normal  College  company 
was  organized  and  purchased  the  property,  which  originally  cost  some- 
thing like  $40,000,  engaged  a  competent  faculty,  reorganized  the  institu- 
tion with  Porter  Young  as  president,  and  broadened  the  scope  of  the 
college.  Under  the  new  management  eight  courses  of  study  were  intro- 
duced, viz. :  Preparatory,  common  school  teachers',  special  science, 
scientific,  classical,  pedagogical,  oratorical  and  commercial.  There  is 
also  a   special   course   in  shorthand   and   typewriting. 

Centralia,  one  of  the  important  towns  of  Nemaha  county,  is  located 
10  miles  southwest  of  Seneca,  the  county  seat,  on  the  Missouri  Pacific 
R.  R.  which  runs  through  the  southern  part  of  the  county  east  and 
west.  It  is  also  on  the  Vermillion  river.  It  has  banking  facilities,  a 
public  library,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Journal),  telegraph  and  express 
offices,  and  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  four  rural 
routes.  All  the  main  lines  of  business  activity  are  represented.  The 
population  in  1910  was  665. 

A  settlement  known  as  Centralia  was  made  in  1859  a  mile  north  of 
the  present  town.  J.  ^^^  Tuller  erected  a  store  in  i860  and  shortly 
afterward  a  school  house,  a  drug  store  and  a  hotel  were  constructed. 
These,  with  a  law  oiifice  and  a  blacksmith  shop,  comprised  the  town  up 
to  1867.  When  the  railroad  came  through  the  site  was  moved.  The 
town  company  purchased  240  acres  of  land,  half  of  which  was  given 
to  the  railroad  for  building  a  depot.  The  first  building  erected  was 
a  store  by  I.  Stickel  in  1867.  Four  other  business  buildings  followed 
before  1871.  In  1873  a  $7,000  mill  was  built  by  John  Ingram.  The 
first  school  was  taught  in  a  frame  building  erected  at  a  cost  of  $2,500, 
J.  S.  Stamm  being  the  teacher.  The  first  marriage  occurred  in  i860 
between  Albert  Clark  and  Sara  Mitchell.  The  town  was  incorporated 
as  a  city  of  the  third  class  in  1882  and  the  first  election  held  the  same 
year. 

Centropolis,  one  of  the  oldest  settlements  of  Franklin  county,  is 
situated  on  Eight  Mile  creek  about  10  miles  northwest  of  Ottawa,  the 
county  seat,  and  8  miles  west  of  Norwood,  the  nearest  railroad  station. 
The  first  white  settler  on  the  town  site  was  Perry  Fuller,  who  estab- 
lished a  store  in  1855,  for  trade  with  the  Indians.  The  business  pros- 
pered and  Mr.  Fuller  was  the  prime  mover  in  the  formation  of  the 
Centropolis  Town  compan}-  in  1856.  The  men  who  formed  tne  organ- 
ization intended  that  it  should  not  only  be  the  seat  of  justice  of  the 
county,  but  also  aspired  to  have  it  the  capital  of  Kansas  Territory. 
It  was  therefore  named  Centropolis  at  the  suggestion  of  Joel  K.  Goodin, 
a  member  of  the  association.  A  number  of  business  houses  and  dwell- 
ings were  erected  during  1856.  The  following  year  the  town  company- 
built  a  large  sawmill,  and  during  that  year  Centropolis  reached  the 
height  of  its  importance.    The  first  school  in  the  town  was  taught  dur- 


308  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

ing  the  winter  of  1855  by  William  Cater.  The  first  school  house  was 
used  until  1877,  when  it  was  replaced  by  a  good  frame  building  with 
a  capacity  of  80  scholars.  The  first  newspaper  in  Franklin  county, 
excepting  that  issued  by  Jotham  Aleeker  at  the  Indian  mission,  was 
the  Kansas  Leader  of  Centropolis,  which  appeared  in  the  spring  of 
1857.  Centropolis  prospered  up  to  i860,  but  as  no  railroad  reached  the 
town  it  never  lived  up  to  the  great  expectations  of  its  founders.  Today 
it  has  several  general  stores,  a  money  order  postoffice,  is  the  supply 
town  for  a  considerable  district,  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  117. 

Cess,  a  rural  postoffice  in  the  extreme  southeast  corner  of  Morton 
county,  is  in  Cimarron  township  about  25  miles  from  Richfield,  the 
county  seat.     Hooker,  Okla.,  is  the  most  convenient  railroad  station. 

Chaffee,  a  small  hamlet  of  Rush  county,  is  located  about  8  miles 
northeast  of  Lacrosse,  the  county  seat  and  most  convenient  railroad 
station.  Mail  is  received  by  rural  delivery  from  the  postoffice  at  Bison. 
Chalk,  a  small  hamlet  in  the  extreme  southwest  curner  of  Wabaun- 
see county,  is  about  17  miles  south  of  Alma,  the  county  seat,  and  8 
miles  north  of  Comiskey  on  the  Missouri  Pacific,  which  is  the  nearest 
railroad  station.  Mail  is  delivered  to  the  people  of  Chalk  from  the 
postoffice  at  Eskridge. 

Chalk  Beds. — Not  until  the  early  '70s  was  the  existence  of  chalk 
known  in  the  U.  S.  About  that  time,  however,  it  became  known  in 
scientific  circles  in  Kansas  that  practically  limitless  beds  of  chalk  occur 
in  the  Cretaceous  formations  of  this  state,  the  discovery  having  been 
made  by  the  late  Dr.  Bunn,  while  a  student  at  the  University  of  Kansas. 
These  beds  have  been  found  in  a  luimber  of  Kansas  counties,  the 
chalk  once  forming  the  bed  of  the  Crelapeous  ocean.  Should  a  demand 
ever  arise  for  the  article  the  supply  would  be  practically  unlimited.  As 
a  rule  this  chalk  is  soft  and  fine  grained.  A  large  portion  of  it  is  slightly 
tingfed  with  yellow,  from  oxide  of  iron,  while  much  is  snowv  white.  It 
also  dififers  from  the  old  world  article,  in  that  the  Rhizopod  shells,  which 
sometimes  comprises  nearly  the  entire  makeup  of  the  latter,  are  entirely 
wanting  in  that  found  in  the  Kansas  beds.  The  amount  of  impurities 
in  llic  Kansas  chalk  rarel}-  amounts  to  more  than  15  or  i(S  per  cent. 

In  1909,  Charles  H.  Sternberg  of  Lawrence,  an  authority  on  the 
Kansas  chalk  beds,  issued  a  volume  entitled  "Life  of  a  Fossil  Hunter," 
in  which  the  following  description  of  conditions  in  one  of  the  Kansas 
chalk  beds  might  be  typical  of  others:  "Roth  sides  of  my  ravine  are 
Ijordered  with  cream-colored,  or  yellow,  chalk,  with  blue  lielow.  Some- 
times for  hundreds  of  feet  the  rock  is  entirely  denuded  and  cut  into 
lateral  ravines,  ridges,  and  mounds,  or  beautifully  scultptured  into  tower 
and  obelisk.  .Sometimes  it  takes  on  the  seml)lance  of  a  ruined  cily, 
with  walls  of  tottering  masonrj',  and  only  a  near  ajiproach  can  convince 
the  eye  that  this  is  only  another  example  of  that  mimicry  in  which 
nature  so  frequently  indulges.  The  chalk  beds  are  entirely  bare  of  vege- 
tation, with  the  exception  of  a  desert  shrub  that  'finds  a  foothold  in  the 
rifted  rock'  and  sends  its  roots  down  every  crevice.  .    .    .    .Sdmelimcs  T 


KANSAS    HISTORY  3O9 

come  upon  gorges  only  two  feet  wide  and  fifty  feet  deep ;  sometimes  for 
five  miles  or  more  the  sides  of  the  ravine  will  be  only  a  few  feet  high." 

These  chalk  beds  are  rich  in  specimens  of  extinct  animal  and  plant 
life  and  have  yielded  many  of  the  world's  finest  specimens  of  the  fauna 
and  flora  of  the  Cretaceous  period.  The  first  thorough  exploitation  of 
the  beds  was  in  1876,  when  expeditions  under  Prof.  Benjamin  F.  Mudge 
and  Mr.  Sternberg  went  out,  each  procuring  many  rare  specimens, 
During  subsequent  years  Mr.  Sternberg  has  been  an  assiduous  collector, 
finding  fossil  remains  of  the  mososaur,  ram  nosed  tylosaur,  giant  Cre- 
taceous fish.  Cretaceous  shark,  giant  sea  tortoise,  crinoids  and  fossil 
leaves.  The  most  of  his  specimens  were  obtained  in  the  counties  of 
Logan  and  Gove,  and  many  now  enrich  some  of  the  world's  most  noted 
museums,  including  the  British  Museum  of  Natural  History,  London; 
the  Royal  Museum  of  Munich;  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washing- 
ton ;  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York ;  Carnegie 
Museum,  Pittsburg,  Pa. ;  University  of  Kansas,  Lawrence,  and  other 
institutions.     (See  also  Geology  and  Paleontology.) 

Chance,  a  small  hamlet  of  Stockholm  township,  Wallace  county,  is 
situated  on  a  branch  of  Ladder  creek,  about  15  miles  southwest  of 
Sharon  Springs,  the  county  seat  and  most  convenient  railroad  station. 
It  has  a  money  order  postoffice  and  is  a  local  trading  center  for  the 
neighborhood. 

Chanute,  the  largest  town  in  Neosho  county  and  one  of  the  most 
important  in  southeastern  Kansas,  is  located  on  the  Neosho  river  in 
Tioga  township  at  the  junction  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  and 
the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  railroads,  14  miles  northwest  of  Erie,  the 
county  seat.  It  is  a  gas,  oil  and  manufacturing  center,  having  the  largest 
oil  and  gas  wells  in  the  state  located  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  Some 
of  the  industries  are  car  repair  shops,  of  which  the  monthly  pay  roll 
exceeds  $40,000,  brick  and  tile  works,  cement  plants,  zinc  smelter,  glass 
factories,  flour  mills,  oil  refinery,  planing  mill,  gas  engine  works,  boiler 
works,  egg  case  factory,  machine  shops,  broom  factories,  torpedo  manu- 
factory, an  ice. plant,  drilling  tool  factory  and  lime  plant.  Chanute  has 
an  electric  light  plant,  city  waterworks,  good  fire  and  police  depart- 
ments, an  opera  house,  4  banks,  4  newspapers,  fine  church  buildings  and 
excellent  schools.  Several  oil  and  gas  companies  have  their  head- 
quarters at  this  point.  There  are  express  and  telegraph  offices  and  an 
international  money  order  postoffice  with  six  rural  routes.  The  popu- 
lation in  1910  was  9,272. 

In  1870  when  the  Leavenworth,  Lawrence  &  Galveston  R.  R.  (now 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe)  crossed  the  Missouri,  Kansas  and 
Texas  line  within  the  limits  of  Neosho  county  four  rival  towns  sprang 
up,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  junction.  They  were  New  Chicago,  Chicago 
Junction,  Alliance  and  Tioga.  Two  years  of  the  most  bitter  animosity 
ensued  until  the  four  were  consolidated  in  1872,  and  the  name  of 
Chanute  given  it  in  honor  of  Octavius  Chanute,  a  railroad  civil  engi- 
neer.    The  business  buildings  of  the«other  three  towns  were  all  moved 


3IO  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

to  New  Chicago  and  this  location  forms  the  business  section  of  Chanute 
at  the  present  time.  At  the  time  of  the  consolidation  the  combined 
population  was  800.  The  next  year  the  town  was  incorporated  as  a 
city  of  the  third  class.  New  Chicago,  which  was  the  largest  of  the  four, 
had  been  organized  as  a  town  in  1S70  and  incorporated  as  a  city  of  <I:C 
third  class  in  1871,  with  C.  A.  Dunakin  as  mayor.  The  New  Chicago 
postoffice  was  established  in  1870  with  a  Mr.  Moore  postmaster.  The 
first  school  house  in  the  vicinity  was  a  large,  expensive  building  located 
in  the  south  end  of  New  Chicago.  A  bridge  was  built  over  the  Neosho 
about  1871,  which  the  citizens  of  New  Chicago  managed  to  have  placed 
in  a  position  to  their  own  advantage. 

In  1883  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  extended  its  line 
from  Chanute  to  Pittsburg,  thus  connecting  the  town  with  cheap  fuel. 
This  was  followed  by  a  general  growth  in  business  .and  population.  A 
particular  boom  was  experienced  by  the  discovery  of  oil  and  gas.  The 
Standard  Oil  company  in  1897  built  a  pipe  line  from  Benedict,  17  miles 
away,  at  a  cost  of  $37,000.  which  was  afterward  purchased  by  the  city 
of  Chanute  for  $65,000.  From  this  line  the  cit\-  derives  considerable 
revenue. 

The  first  newspaper  established  in  Chanute  after  the  consolidation 
was  the  Chanute  Democrat  which  was  started  in  1879  by  Bowen  & 
Hite.  There  were  two  papers  before  the  consolidation,  the  New  Chicago 
Transcript,  established  in  Sept.,  1870,  by  George  C.  Crowther,  and  the 
New  Chicago  Times,  established  in  1S72  by  A.  L.  Rivers,  the  name  being 
later  changed  to  Chanute  Times. 

Chaplin,  an  inland  hamlet  of  l^lk  county,  is  located  about  8  miles 
southwest  of  Howard,  the  county  seat,  whence  it  receives  its  mail  daily 
by  rural  route.  The  nearest  railroad  station  is  Grenola,  about  6  miles 
south  on  the  Atchison.  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe.  The  population  in  loio 
was  36. 

Chapman,  an  incorporated  city  of  Dickinson  county,  is  located  on  Ihe 
Smoky  Hill  river,  just  above  the  mouth  of  Chapman  creek,  and  is  a 
station  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  11  miles  east  of  Abilene,  the  county 
seal.  The  first  settlement  was  made  at  Chapman  in  1868,  and  the  same 
year  Jackman's  mill  was  built  on  (.  hai)man  creek  a  little  northeast  of 
the  present  town.  James  Streeter  and  S.  M.  Strickler  laid  out  the  town 
in  1871  and  the  growth  has  been  steady  from  that  time  to  the  present. 
Cliapman  has  2  banks,  a  weekly  newspa]>er  (the  Advertiser),  a  Hour 
mill,  some  well  stocked  mercantile  estahlishmcnls,  churches  of  the  lead- 
ing denominations,  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  four 
rural  routes,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  connections,  a  fine 
public  school  system  and  the  county  high  school.  It  is  the  most  import- 
ant shipping  point  between  Abilene  and  Junction  ("ily.  and  in  loio 
repniU'fl  a  pojiulation  of  781. 

Chardon,  a  rural  money  order  posloflice  of  Rawlins  county,  is  lucatod 
in  Clinton  townshij),  between  two  branches  of  Sappa  creek  and  aboiu  la 
miles  south  of  Atwood,  the  county  seat.  Tt  is  a  trading  point  for  that 
section  of  the  county. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  ^II 

Charities  and  Corrections. —  The  tendency  of  modern  j^overnment  is 
to  concentrate  power  and  responsibility  into  fewer  hands.  Prior  to 
1873  each  of  the  Kansas  benevolent  institutions  had  its  own  board  of 
trustees,  but  by  the  act  of  March  13,  1873,  the  blind,  deaf  and  dumb  and 
insane  asylums  were  all  placed  under  the  control  of  one  board  of  six 
trustees.  The  legislature  of  1876  created  a  "State  Board  of  Charities 
and  Corrections,"  to  consist  of  five  persons  to  be  appointed  by  the 
governor,  and  placed  under  the  control  of  this  board  the  same  institu- 
tions as  were  formerly  controlled  by  the  act  of  1873. 

The  first  board  of  charities  and  corrections,  appointed  by  Gov.  Osborn 
in  1876.  consisted  of  John  T.  Lanter,  J.  P.  Bauserman,  W.  B.  Slosson, 
John  H.  Smith  and  Thomas  T.  Taylor,  any  three  of  whom  were  to  con- 
stitute a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of  business. 

By  the  act  of  Feb.  27,  1901,  the  state  insane  hospitals,  the  feeble 
minded  school,  the  asylum  of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  the  school  for  the 
blind,  the  soldiers'  orphans  home  and  the  girls'  and  boys'  industrial 
schools  were  placed  imder  the  control  of  the  board,  which  in  1905  was 
superseded  by  the  Board  of  Control  (q.  v.). 

Charleston,  a  village  of  Gray  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka'  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  13  miles  west  of  Cimarron,  the  county  seat. 
Tt  has  a  money  order  postoffice.  does  some  shipping,  and  is  a  trading 
point  for  that  section  of  the  county. 

Charlotte,  a  discontinued  postofifice  of  Sherman  county,  is  located  on 
Beaver  creek  about  10  miles  north  of  Goodland,  the  county  seat,  from 
which  place  the  people  receive  mail  by  rural  delivery. 

Chase,  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  Rice  county,  is  a  station  on  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  .Santa  Fe  R.  R.  8  miles  west  of  Lyons,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route, 
express  and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  connections,  a  weekly  newspaper 
(the  Register),  a  hotel,  some  good  mercantile  establishments,  churches 
of  the  leading  denominations,  and  a  graded  public  school.  Chase  was 
incorporated  in  1902.  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  263. 

Chase  County,  organized  in  1859  and  named  for  Salmon  P.  Chase, 
chief  justice  of  the  Ignited  States  supreme  cotirt,  is  located  50  miles 
south  of  the  Kansas  river  and  100  miles  west  of  Missouri.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Morris  county ;  on  the  east  by  Lyon  and 
Greenwood ;  on  the  south  by  Greenwood  and  Butler,  and  on  the  west 
by  Marion.  The  earliest  settlement  was  made  in  1854.  when  Seth 
Hayes,'  an  Indian  trader  at  Council  Grove  located  a  cattle  ranch  on 
the  Cottonwood  river,  near  the  mouth  of  Diamond  Spring  creek.  Two 
years  later  Nathan  Corey.  Daniel  Holsinger  and  Gabriel  Jacobs  located 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county.  Among  those  who  came  in  1857 
were:  Dr.  M.  R.  Leonard,  B.  McCabe.  J.  Lane,  M.  Coyne,  A.  Howell, 
C.  T.  Hegwer,  William  Osmer,  William  Dixon,  Walter  Watson,  A. 
B.  Wentworth,  Milton  Ford,  James  Fisher,  and  several  families  from 
Illinois.  The  first  marriage  was  in  1857,  between  a  Mr.  Pine  and  Jane 
Wentworth.     The   first   school  house   was   erected  in   Bazaar  township 


312  CYCLOPEDIA   OF 

in  i860,  the  schools  previous  to  that  time  having  been  taught  in  private 
houses.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  George  Holsinger  in  1857.  The 
first  postoffice  was  located  in  Bazaar  township  in  i860,  with  George 
Leonard  as  postmaster.  The  first  death  was  that  of  Mrs.  M.  R.  Leon- 
ard in  1859.  The  Fratchet  grocery  store,  established  in  1859  ''^  Cot- 
tonwood township,  was  the  first  business  enterprise  in  the  county. 

There  were  549  people  in  the  county  when  it  was  organized  by  act 
of  the  legislature  in  1859.  It  was  formed  out  of  territory  taken  from 
Butler  and  Wise  (Morris)  counties.  Three  townships — Falls,  Bazaar 
and  Cottonwood — were  formed,  and  voting  places  fixed.  The  first 
election  was  held  on  March  26  and  resulted  as  follows :  M.  R.  Leonard, 
probate  judge;  A.  W.  Smith,  sheriff;  Sidney  A.  Breese,  register  of 
deeds;  R.  C.  Farnsworth,  superintendent  of  public  instruction;  J.  F.  R. 
Leonard,  surveyor;  J.  W.  Hawkins,  coroner;  C.  S.  Hill,  clerk  of  the 
board  of  supervisors;  Samuel  N.  Wood,  Augustus  Howell  and  Barnard 
McCabe,  supervisors.  There  were  72  votes  polled.  Chase  county  was 
located  in  the  Fifth  judicial  district  and  for  some  time  court  was  held 
in  the  Congregational  church  at  Cottonwood  Falls.  Unlike  many  of 
the  counties,  Chase  lived  within  her  means  and  did  not  vote  bonds  in 
extravagant  amounts  or  build  expensive  public  buildings  which  she 
could  not  afford.  The  first  court-house  was  a  log  building,  which  was 
bought  in  1863  from  George  W.  Williams  for  $175.  In  1871  $40,000 
were  voted  for  public  buildings,  and  two  years  later  the  present  court- 
house was  completed  at  a  cost  of  $42,600.  The  square  in  which  it  stands 
was  donated  by  the  city.  The  first  county  officers  served  without  pay. 
The  first  assessment  was  made  in  1859  and  the  total  valuation  of  prop- 
erty was  $71,536.  Lodges,  churches  and  societies  of  dilfeient  kinds 
were  organized  early  in  the  history  of  the  county. 

When  the  war  began  in  1861,  out  of  the  262  voters  of  Chase  county, 
72  enlisted  at  once.  Samuel  N.  Wood  was  made  captain  of  Company 
I,  Second  Kansas  infantry.  He  was  made  brigadier-general  of  the 
state  militia  in  1864.  and  a  number  of  other  Chase  county  men  achieved 
distinction  in  the  war  for  the  preservation  of  the  LInion. 

The  first  railroad  was  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe,  built  some 
time  in  the  early  '70s.  It  enters  the  county  from  the  east,  about  8  miles 
below  the  north  line,  runs  west  to  Strong  City  and  Cottonwood  Falls, 
thence  southwest  through  Elmdale  and  Clements  and  on  into  Marion 
county.  There  is  a  branch  of  the  same  line  operating  between  Strong 
City  and  Abilene  which  runs  northwest  from  Strong  City  and  leaves 
the  county  near  the  northwest  corner.  A  branch  line  connects  Cotton- 
wood Falls  with  Bazaar,  a  few  miles  to  the  south. 

The  county  is  divided  into  8  townships:  Bazaar,  Cedar,  Cutlonwood, 
Diamond  Creek,  Falls,  Matfield.  Strong  and  Toledo.  There  are  11  post- 
ofificcs  as  follows:  Cottonwood  Falls,  the  county  seat;  Bazaar,  Cedar 
Point,  Clements,  Elk,  Elmdale,  Homestead,  Hymcr,  Matfield  Green. 
Saffordville,  and  Strong  City. 

In  surface  the  county  is  somcwluil  broken  and  hilly,  especially  in  tlie 


KANSAS    HISTORY  313 

southern  ijurtioii,  while  in  the  north  are  gently  rolling  slopes.  In  some 
places  along  the  streams  the  slopes  terminate  in  abrupt  bluffs.  The 
Cottonwood  river  is  the  principal  stream  and  with  its  numerous  tribu- 
taries forms  the  water  system  of  the  county.  It  enters  the  county  from 
the  west  about  12  miles  from  the  southern  line,  flows  northeast  to 
Cottonwood  Falls  and  thence  east  into  Lyon  county.  Some  of  the  im- 
portant creeks  are  Diamond,  Fox  and  Middle  creeks  on  the  north,  and 
Fork  and  Cedar  on  the  south.  The  river  bottoms  average  over  2  miles 
in  width,  those  on  the  creeks  three-fourths  of  a  mile  and  together  com- 
prise about  one-eighth  of  the  total  area.  The  timber  belts  along  the 
streams  average  less  than  half  a  mile  in  width  and  contain  the  following 
varieties  of  wood  :  walnut,  cottonwood,  burr-oak,  sycamore,  ash,  hickory, 
hackberry,  box-elder,  redbud  and  buckeye.  Limestone  of  an  excellent 
quality  and  material  for  building-brick  is  found  in  abundance. 

Chase  is  strictly  an  agricultural  and  stock  raising  county.  Grazing 
lands  are  plentiful.  The  total  value  of  farm  products  in  1910  was  nearly 
$3,000,000,  of  which  live  stock  sold  for  slaughter  amounted  to  $1,500,000, 
and  corn,  the  largest  field  crop,  brought  $500,000.  Tame  grasses 
amounted  to  $250,000.     There  are  100,000  fruit  trees  of  bearing  age. 

The  population  of  the  county  according  to  the  census  of  1910  was 
7,527.  The  assessed  valuation  of  property  that  year  was  over  $18,000,000, 
which  makes  the  wealth  per  capita  nearly  $2,500. 

Chattel  Mortgages. — Every  mortgage  or  coriveyance  intended  to 
operate  as  a  lien  upon  personal  property,  which  is  not  accompanied  by 
immediate  delivery,  followed  by  an  actual  and  continued  possession  of 
the  propert}-  mortgaged,  is  absolutely  void  as  against  the  creditors  of 
the  mortgagor,  and  as  against  subsequent  purchasers  or  mortgagees  in 
good  faith,  unless  the  mortgage  or  a  true  copy  thereof  be  forthwith  de- 
posited in  the  office  of  the  register  of  deeds  in  the  county  where  the 
property  is  situated,  or  if  the  mortgagor  be  a  resident  of  some  other 
county  of  this  state,  then  of  the  county  of  which  he  is  a  resident.  As 
between  the  original  parties,  any  personal  property  that  may  be  sold 
may  be  mortgaged,  for  the  mortgage  is  at  least  a  contract  or  an  assign- 
ment. The  description  of  the  property  in  the  mortgage  must  be  suffi- 
ciently definite  to  enable  third  persons  to  identify  it.  If  the  mortgagor 
reserves  the  right  of  possession,  the  mortgagee  cannot  replevy  or  other- 
wise take  possession  before  conditions  are  broken.  After  conditions 
are  broken,  the  mortgagee  may  take  possession  or  obtain  it  by  replevin, 
but  possession,  however  obtained,  Avhether  by  replevin  or  consent,  or 
under  a  stipulation  in  the  mortgage,  does  not  give  the  mortgagee  an 
absolute  ownership,  though  he  may  sell  the  property  on  reasonable 
notice  to  the  mortgagor,  but  must  account  for  the  surplus  after  his  debt 
is  paid.  The  remedy  for  conditions  broken  is  like  foreclosure  of  real 
estate  mortgages  and  cuts  off  all  equities  of  redemption,  for  it  is  an 
enforcement  of  the  terms  of  the  mortgage. 

Every  mortgage  filed  is  void  as  against  the  creditors  of  the  person 
making  the  same,  or  against  subsequent  purchasers  or  mortgagees  in 


314  CVCLOrF.DIA    OF 

good  faith,  after  the  expiration  of  two  years  from  the  filing  tliereof.  un- 
less, within  30  days  next  preceding  the  expiration  of  the  term  of  two 
years  from  such  fiHng  and  each  two  years  thereafter,  the  mortgagee,  his 
agent  or  attorney,  makes  an  affidavit  exhibiting  the  interest  of  the  mort- 
gagee in  the  property  at  the  time  last  aforesaid,  claimed  by  virtue  of 
such  mortgage,  and,  if  said  mortgage  is  to  secure  the  pa\  ment  of  money, 
the  amount  yet  due  and  unpaid.  Such  affidavit  shall  be  attached  to  and 
filed  with  the  instrument  or  copy  on  file  to  which  it  relates.  If  such  affi- 
davit is  made  and  filed  before  any  purchase  of  such  mortgaged  property 
is  made,  or  other  mortgage  deposited,  or  lien  obtained  thereon  in  good 
faith,  it  is  valid  to  continue  in  effect  such  mortgage  as  if  the  same  had 
been  made  and  filed  within  the  period  provided.  A  copy  of  any  such 
original  instrument,  or  any  cop}'  thereof  so  filed,  including  any  affidavit 
made  in  pursuance  of  the  statute,  certified  by  the  register  in  whose  office 
the  same  is  filed,  will  be  received  in  evidence,  but  only  of  the  fact  that 
such  instrument  or  copy  and  such  affidavit  was-  received  and  filed  accord- 
ing to  the  indorsement  of  the  register  thereon.  When  the  mortgage  is 
paid  or  satisfied  due  entrj"  must  be  made  of  that  fact  on  the  record. 

Chautauqua,  one  of  the  incorporated  towns  of  Chautauqua  county,  is 
a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  in  Belleville  town- 
ship, in  the  southern  part  of  the  county,  7  miles  from  Sedan,  the  judicial 
seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  grist  mill,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Globe),  ex- 
press and  telegraph  offices,  and  a  money  order  postoffice.  It  is  the  ship- 
ping point  for  a  large  agricultural  area.  The  population  in  1910  accord- 
ing to  the  census  report  was  348.  The  chief  incentive  for  founding  a 
town  at  tliis  point  was  the  mineral  springs.  The  landscape  is  interesting 
and  pictures(|ue,  and  the  springs  are  said  to  have  great  curative  proper- 
ties. The  town  was  located  in  1881,  and  by  the  next  year  there  were  300 
inhabitants.  The  first  newspaper,  the  Chautauqua  Springs  Spy,  was 
estJiblished  in  1882  liy  C.  E.  Moore  and  I..  G.  V>.  McPherson.  It  had  .?s  ' 
subscribers.  .Some  of  the  early  business  men  who  came  in  during  the 
first  two  years  were:  B.  F.  Bennett,  drugs;  T.  J-  Johnson,  drygoods ; 
F.  M.  Fairbanks,  livery  barn ;  Thomas  Bryant,  drygoods ;  Bennett  & 
Rinns,  _grocery  store ;  George  Edwards,  drugs ;  Richard  Foster,  hard- 
ware: C.  C.  Purcell,  drugs:  James  Randall,  grocery  store;  Mrs.  Bush, 
millinery:  James  .Mlrcid,  who  owned  a  saw  mill;  Castleberry,  the  hotel 
man,  and'Six  others  who  esLublislicd  livcrx-  barns,  l)l;u-ksnii<b  -''ni-  aiul 
wagon  shops.    The  school  district  was  organized  in  1880. 

The  original  town  site  consisted  in  8n  acres,  belonging  to  I  )r.  (,}.  \V. 
Woolsey  and  Dr.  T.  J.  Dunn,  to  which  additions  were  made  by  J.  C. 
Kyles  and  Rinns  6v:  Bennett.  Chautauqua  was  incorporated  as  a  city 
of  llie  third  class  in  1882  and  the  following  officers  were  chosen  at  the 
first  election  :  mayor.  Thomas  Rryant ;  clerk,  S.  Rooth  :  treasurer,  I.  H. 
Wilson;  marshal.  R.  F.  Atkinson;  councilmen,  O.  1".  Slmuiip.  N.  M.  l.ec. 
F.  A.  Fairbanks,  F.  Moore  and  S.  Cheney. 

Chautauqua  County,  formerly  the  southern  half  of  Howard  county,  is 
Jncalcd  in  the  snnlhern  tier  r)f  counlies  and  is  llu'  fomlli   west   finni  the 


KANSAS    rilSTORV  3I5 

Missouri  line.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Elk  county,  on  the  cast  by 
Montgomery  county,  on  the  south  by  the  State  of  Oklahonia.  and  on 
the  west  by  Cowley  county. 

Chautauqua  county  was  not  settled  until  after  the  war,  the  first  white 
man  to  occupy'  land  being-  Richard  .Slater,  who  took  a  claim  in  Salt  creek 
valley,  Salt  Creek  township,  in  1868.  Although  the  land  still  belonged 
to  the  Osage  Indians  and  was  not  open  to  settlement  until  1870,  a  num- 
ber of  people  made  homes  in  the  vicinity  before  that  time.  Among  these 
pioneers  were  William  Bowcher,  in  Lafayette  township;  O.  Hanson, 
Harrison  township ;  H.  S.  Halliday,  Sedan  township ;  Alexander  Shaw- 
ver,  Caneyville  township ;  George  M.  Ross,  Summit  township ;  John  W. 
Morris  and  John  Sutton,  in  Belleville  township,  all  of  whom  came  in 
1869.  By  the  time  the  county  was  organized  in  1875,  the  population  was 
over  7,000.  The  first  marriage  was  between  Ebenezer  Horton  and 
Martha  Starks  of  Salt  Creek  township  in  1869,  the  first  birth  was  that 
of  Abigail  Slater  in  the  same  year,  in  the  same  township.  Elgin  in  Hen- 
dricks township  was  the  first  town.  , 

The  incorporation  of  Chautauqua  county  was  provided  for  by  act  of 
the  legislature,  to  take  effect  June  i,  1875,  and  Sedan  was  designated  as 
the  county  seat.  When  the  day  arrived  M.  B.  Light,  clerk  of  Chautau- 
qua county,  moved  to  the  place  appointed,  while  the  other  officers  were 
retained  at  Elk  Falls  until  the  constitutionality  of  the  division  could  be 
tested  in  the  courts.  The  court  upheld  the  division  and  the  necessary 
changes  were  made,  thus  bringing  to  a  close  a  bitter  and  expensive 
county  seat  war,  which  was  hindering  development.  The  debt  of  How- 
ard county,  most  of  which  was  incurred  in  useless  county  seat  elections, 
was  divided  equally  between  the  two  new  counties.  The  debt  of  Chau- 
tauqua county  at  the  beginning  was  therefore  $30,000.  In  order  to 
avoid  new  county  seat  troubles  Sedan  ofYered  to  build  a  court-house  and 
donate  it  to  the  county  in  consideration  that  the  county  seat  remain 
there.  The  building  was  put  up  by  private  donations  and  its  construc- 
tion was  fraught  with  the  greatest  difficulties  on  account  of  the  unset- 
tled condition  of  the  location  of  the  county  seat.  The  construction  was 
under  the  management  of  H.  B.  Kelly,  who  was  the  proprietor  of  the 
paper.  The  walls  and  roof  were  built  at  a  cost  of  $4,000  and  turned  over, 
to  the  county.  This  proved  satisfactory  and  Sedan  became  the  perma- 
nent county  seat.    A  jail  was  built  in  1877. 

The  first  school  building  was  erected  in  1870  at  Elgin.  A  number 
of  others  were  erected  in  1872  in  dififerent  parts  of  the  count}-.  In  1880 
the  school  population  was  over  2,000,  and  in  1881  the  money  raised  by 
taxation  for  school  purposes  was  over  $71,000.  The  school  population 
in  1882  was  double  that  of  1880,  and  the  valuation  of  school  property 
had  increased  from  $4,500  to  $52,200.  There  were  three  graded  schools 
in  the  county  at  that  time.  At  present  all  the  schools  are  graded.  The 
school  population  is  4,000,  the  number  of  districts  93,  all  of  which  are 
supplied  with  good  substantial  buildings,  in  most  cases  brick  or  stone. 

The  county  is  divided  into  12  civil  townships,  viz:  Belleville,  Cane}- 


3l6  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

ville.  Center.  Harrison,  Hendricks,  Jefferson,  Lafayette,  Little  Caney, 
Salt  Creek,  Sedan,  Summit  and  Washington.  The  towns  and  villages 
number  more  than  a  score,  the  principal  ones  being  Sedan,  the  county 
seat,  Brownsville,  Cedar  Vale,  Center,  Chautauqua,  Cloverdale,  Colfax, 
Elgin,  Farmersburg,  Grafton,  Hale,  Hewins,  Jonesburg,  Leeds,  Lowe, 
Monett,  Xiotaze,  Peru,  Rogers,  Sedan,  Spring  Creek  and  Wauneta. 

There  are  two  lines  of  railroads  in  the  county,  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe,  and  the  Missouri  Pacific.  The  former,  a  branch  diverging 
from  the  main  line  at  Cherryvale  in  Montgomery  county,  enters  the 
count}'  on  the  east  and  traverses  the  southern  portion,  the  line  terminat- 
ing at  Cedar  Vale  on  the  western  border.  The  Missouri  Pacific  crosses 
from  east  to  west  a  few  miles  south  of  the  center.  This  company  oper- 
ates a  line  which  enters  the  county  in  the  northeast  corner  and  con- 
nects with  the  first  at  Peru  Junction.  The  total  railroad  mileage 
is  94. 

The  surface  of  the  county  is  level  in  the  northern  part  and  hilly  toward 
the  south.  Bottom  lands  along  the  creek  beds  average  a  mile  in  width 
on  the  larger  streams  and  one-fourth  of  a  mile  on  the  small  streams, 
and  comprise  one-fourth  of  the  total  area.  The  streams  are  numerous 
with  the  watersheds  bearing  toward  the  south.  The  three  important 
branches  of  Caney  creek — Big  Caney,  Middle  Caney  and  North  Caney — 
are  the  larger  streams.  Salt  and  Bee  creeks  in  the  northeastern  portion 
are  next  in  importance.  These  streams  are  belted  with  thin  strips  of 
timber  native  to  Kansas  soil. 

Among  the  natural  products  of  the  county  are  sandstone  of  excellent 
quality  for  paving  and  building,  limestone  from  which  an  excellent 
quality  of  lime  is  produced,  and  marble  which  takes  a  high  polish  is 
found  in  the  hills  about  Sedan.  There  are  a  number  of  gas  wells  from 
which  all  the  important  towns  are  lighted  and  heated.  Coal  has  been 
found  along  the  streams.  This  is  one  of  the  leading  oil  producing  coun- 
ties of  the  state,  thousands  of  barrels  of  oil  being  carried  out  daily  by 
the  pipe  lines. 

There  are  over  416,000  acres  of  land  in  the  county,  of  which  250,000 
are  under  cultivation.  The  value  of  farm  products  in  1910  was  nearly 
$1,500,000,  of  which  Indian  corn  amounted  to  $167,000  and  Kafir  corn 
to  a  similar  figure.  The  field  crops  furnished  about  half  the  total  income 
and  barnyard  products  about  half. 

The  assessed  valuation  of  all  property  was  $13,930,000  in  1910.  The 
population  in  the  same  year  was  11,429. 

Chautauqua  Springs  are  situated  in  a  little  valley  south  of  the  village 
of  C  hantau(|ua  Sjirings,  Chautauqua  county,  and  the  waters  have  more 
than  a  local  rei)utation  on  account  of  their  freedom  from  salts  of  lime 
and  magnesium.  An  analysis  of  these  waters  show  them  to  contain  so- 
dium bicarbonate,  calcium  bicarbonate,  calcium  sulphate,  magnesium 
bicarbiinate,  iron  bicarbonate  and  silica. 

Chavez,  Antonio  Jose,  was  a  Mexican  merchant  engaged  in  trade  be- 
tween Santa  Ic  and  the  United  States.    In  Feb.,  1843,  ^c  left  Santa  Fe 


KANSAS    HISTORY  317 

with  5  servants,  2  wagons,  55  mules,  some  $10,000  or  $12,000  in  specie 
and  gold  bullion,  and  a  small  lot  of  furs.  Owing  to  the  early  season,  the 
Santa  Fe  trail  was  in  bad  condition  and  he  was  compelled  to  abandon 
one  of  his  wagons.  About  April  10,  while  encamped  on  the  Little  Arkan- 
sas river,  near  the  boundary  between  Rice  and  McPherson  counties, 
he  was  robbed  by  15  men  claiming  to  be  Texan  troops,  under  the  com- 
mand of  John  McDaniel.  After  the  booty  was  divided — amounting  to 
some  $400  or  $500  each — the  party  separated,  part  of  the  men  starting 
back  to  the  settlements.  Those  who  remained  behind  killed  Chavez 
and  found  a  considerable  sum  in  gold  concealed  on  his  person  and  about 
the'  wagon.  His  body  and  all  his  efifects  were  thrown  into  a  ravine,  the 
plunder  packed  on  some  of  Chavez's  mules  and  the  party  then  set  out  for 
the  States.  A  posse  of  citizens  from  Jackson  county,  Mo.,  led  by  George 
Buchanon,  sheriff  of  the  county,  met  the  gang  near  Council  Grove  and 
captured  several  of  the  men.  As  the  crime  was  not  committed  in  Mis- 
souri the  malefactors  were  turned  over  to  the  Federal  authorities.  In 
the  trial  which  ensued  three  of  the  men  were  found  guilty  of  murder 
and  hanged,  and  the  others  were  sentenced  to  various  terms  of  impris- 
onment. 

Chelsea,  a  hamlet  of  Butler  county,  is  on  a  branch  of  the  Walnut  river 
about  8  miles  northeast  of  Eldorado,  the  county  seat,  from  wliich  place 
mail  is  received  by  rural  delivery. 

Cheney,  an  incorporated  city  of  the  third  class  in  Sedgwick  county, 
is  located  in  Morton  township,  26  miles  west  of  Wichita,  and  is  a  station 
on  the  Wichita  &  Pratt  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
R.  R.  It  has  2  banks,  a  grain  elevator,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the 
Sentinel),  hotels,  mercantile  houses,  good  public  schools,  etc.  The  popu- 
lation in  1910  was  734.  From  its  international  money  order  postoffice 
three  rural  routes  emanate,  supplying  daily  mail  to  a  large  number  of 
inhabitants  of  the  Ninnescah  valley.  It  has  express,  telegraph  and 
telephone  facilities,  and  is  probably  the  most  important  shipping  point 
on  that  division  of  the  Sante  Fe,  with  the  exception  of  Kingman. 

Chepstow,  a  little  hamlet  of  Washington  county,  with  a  population  of 
25  in  1910,  is  situated  in  the  Coon  creek  valley,  about  16  miles  south- 
east of  Washington,  the  county  seat.  Mail  is  received  by  rural  delivery 
from  the  Greenleaf  postoffice.  Barnes,  on  the  Missouri  Pacific,  is  the 
nearest  railroad  station. 

Cherokee,  one  of  the  principal  incorporated  cities  of  Crawford  county, 
is  located  near  the  southern  boundary,  at  the  junction  of  the  St.  Louis 
&  San  Francisco  and  the  Missouri  Pacific  railroads,  12  miles  south  of 
Girard,  the  county  seat.  When  the  Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  &  Gulf 
R.  R.  was  under  construction,  supply  camps  and  boarding  "shanties" 
were  established  at  suitable  places  along  the  line  for  the  accommodation 
of  the  workmen.  A  building  of  this  nature  was  erected  by  William 
Sharp  on  the  site  of  Cherokee  early  in  the  year  1870,  which  was  the  be- 
ginning of  the  present  city.  The  land  had  been  entered  by  John  G. 
Knox  and  John  J.  Hoke,  but  it  was  donated  to  the  railroad  company, 


3l8  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

which  in  April.  1870,  laid  uut  the  town  and  began  selling  lots.  A 
school  house  was  erected  the  following  3'ear,  and  in  Ma\-,  1874.  W.  K. 
Goode  removed  his  newspaper  outfit  from  Girard  and  began  the  publica- 
tion of  the  Cherokee  Pharos,  which  was  the  first  newspaper. 

The  Cherokee  of  the  present  day  is  one  of  the  busy  cities  of  south- 
eastern Kansas.  It  has  two  national  banks,  flour  mills,  grain  elevators, 
an  ice  plant,  a  broom  factory,  a  telephone  exchange,  good  hotels,  churches 
of  the  principal  denominations,  a  graded  school  system,  telegraph  and 
express  ofifices,  a  number  of  first  class  mercantile  establishments,  and  a 
weekly  newspaper  (the  Sentinel).  The  postoffice  at  Cherokee  issues 
international  money  orders,  and  from  it  emanate  two  rural  delivery 
routes  which  supply  a  large  district  with  daily  mail.  Sheridan  town- 
ship, in  which  the  city  is  situated,  is  one  of  the  finest  agricultural  regions 
in  that  section  of  the  state,  and  Cherokee  is  the  shipping  point  for  large 
quantities  of  grain  and  live  stock.  Coal  of  fine  quality  is  extensively 
mined  near  the  city.  .According  to  the  U.  S.  census  for  1910,  the  popu- 
lation was  1,452. 

Cherokee  County,  located  in  the  extreme  southeastern  part  of  the 
state,  was  created  by  the  first  territorial  legislature  and  named  McGee, 
but  as  Mabillon  W.  McGee,  for  whom  it  was  named,  was  a  pro-slavery 
man,  the  free-state  legislature  of  i860  changed  the  name  to  Cherokee  in 
honor  of  the  Cherokee  Indians.  At  the  present  time  the  county  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Crawford  county  ;  on  the  east  by  the  State  of 
Missouri ;  on  the  south  by  the  State  of  Oklahoma,  and  on  the  west  by 
Labette  count3^     It  has  an  area  of  589  square  miles. 

The  general  surface  of  the  country  is  undulating  prairie,  considerably 
cut  up  by  shallow  draws.  A  water-shed  extends  through  the  county 
from  ninth  to  south  (li\iding  it  into  two  nearly  eijual  paits.  'V\tj  i-astcrn 
half  is  drained  b}'  Spring  river  and  its  tributaries,  the  most  important  of 
which  are  Cow,  Shawnee  and  Brush  creeks,  and  the  western  portion  is 
drained  by  the  Neosho  river  and  its  tributaries,  the  largest  of  which  are 
Lightning,  Cherry,  Fly  and  Four  Mile  creeks. 

The  county  is  divided  into  the  following"  townships:  Cherokee,  Craw- 
ford, Garden,  Lola,  Lowell,  Lj'on,  Mineral,  Neosho,  Pleasant  View, 
Ross,  Salamanca,  Shawnee,  Sheridan  and  Spring  Valle)-.  The  valleys 
of  the  streams  vary  from  a  half-mile  to  a  mile  in  width  and  in  the  aggre- 
gate comprise  about  a  quarter  of  the  area.  The  soil  is  of  a  dark  vege- 
table mould  underlaid  by  a  reddish  brown  clay  subsoil  and  is  very  fertile. 
Corn,  winter  wheat  and  oals  are  the  principal  crops,  but  the  county 
ranks  higli  in  horticulture,  having  about  _^oo,of)o  fruit  trees  of  bearing 
age,  more  than  250,000  rif  which  are  apple.  Limeslinie  is  plentihil  and 
is  found  in  nearly  all  of  the  ravines.  Sandstone  is  found  west  of  Spring 
river  near  the  tops  of  the  high  ridges,  and  both  kinds  of  stone  are  exten- 
sively quarried  for  local  use.  An  abundance  of  potter's  clay  is  found  in 
man}-  i)arts  of  the  county,  which  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  brick  and 
retorts  of  zinc  smelters.  Coal  of  an  excellent  (|ualit\'  luiderlies  a  large 
portion  of  the  county,  is  extensively  mined  both  for  local  demand,  and 


KANSAS     IIIS'IORY  .^l<; 

immense  qutintities  are  exported  tu  different  parts  of  the  state.  Cher- 
okee is  the  second  largest  coal  producing  county  in  Kansas.  The  south- 
eastern part  of  the  country  lies  practically  in  the  heart  of  one  of  the  rich- 
est and  most  productive  lead  and  zinc  regions  in  the  United  States  and 
the   output  of  this  distsict  amounts  to  several   million   dollars  a   year. 

Previous  to  1825  the  land  now  embraced  within  the  boundaries  of 
Cherokee  county  belonged  to  the  Osage  Indians.  By  a  treaty  made  that 
year  they  ceded  their  lands  in  Arkansas,  Missouri  and  those  lying  be- 
tween Texas  and  the  Kansas  river,  except  a  strip  50  miles  wide,  and 
running  as  far  west  as  the  Osages  had  formerly  claimed,  and  between 
this  strip  and  the  state  of  Missouri  a  tract  where  neither  Indians  nor 
white  settlers  were  allowed  to  remain.  In  1835  a  treaty  was  concluded 
between  the  government  by  which  the  Cherokees  were  granted  this 
neutral  land  and  the  strip  subsequently  became  known  as  the  "Neutral 
Lands"  (q.  v.),  which  were  opened  to  settlement  under  tlie  provisions 
of  the  treaty  of  1868. 

As  early  as  1820  a  Presbyterian  mission  was  established  on  the  Marais 
des  Cygnes  river  and  another  a  few  miles  south  on  the  Neosho,  the  mis- 
sionaries being  the  first  whites  in  the  locality.  The  first  settlers  came 
to  Cherokee  county  from  Georgia  in  1833.  They  were  quarter-breeds 
and  members  of  the  Cherokee  tribe.  David  M.  Harlan,  Richard  Fields, 
George  Fields,  John  Rogers  and  Dennis  Wolf,  who  had  trouble  with  the 
tribal  officers  in  the  Indian  Territory  and  withdrew  from  the  tribe,  came 
to  the  strip  to  settle.  John  Rogers  located  where  Lowell  now  stands ; 
the  Field  brothers  and  Wolf,  farther  north,  in  what  is  now  Garden  town- 
ship. A  Baxter,  for  whom  the  town  ofBaxter  Springs  was  named,  had 
a  claim  there  about  1858.  Another  man,  named  Commons,  located  about 
3  miles  northeast  of  Baxter.  A  fight  occurred  between  the  two  men 
over  Commons'  claim  and  Baxter  and  his  son-in-law  were  killed.  Their 
families  moved  away  and  were  not  heard  of  again.  In  1858  a  few  Avhites 
moved  in,  but  the  next  year,  by  solicitation  of  the  Indians,  President 
Buchanan  ordered  them  off  and  they  were  forced  to  leave  by  Uiiited 
States  troops  under  Capt.  Sturgis,  and  their  houses  burned. 

In  the  summer  of  1868,  the  first  school  house  was  erected  at  \\'irtonia. 
It  was  built  by  subscription  by  the  settlers  but  later  became  the  property 
of  district  number  32.  The  first  white  child  was  born  in  Cherokee  county 
as  early  as  1840,  in  what  is  now  Garden  township,  and  was  a  member 
of  the  Harlan  family  who  lived  there  for  a  time.  The  ifirst  marriage 
license  in  the  county  was  issued  to  Clark  Johnson  and  Vienna  Young, 
who  were  married  on  Nov.  6,  1867,  but  the  first  marriage  occurred  on 
Dec.  5,  1866,  when  John  N.  Burton  married  Mary  AVilson.  On  Oct.  20, 
1869,  the  first  session  of  the  Cherokee  county  teachers'  institute  was 
held,  and  on  Nov.  20,  1869,  the  Cherokee  county  agricultural  and  horti- 
cultural society  was  organized  at  Brush  Creek  school  house.  Spring 
Valley  township,  which  shows  the  attention  paid  to  agricultural  pur- 
suits at  this  early  day.  C.  W.  Willey  was  elected  president ;  H.  C. 
Vetch,  vice-president;  J.  Wallace,  secretary;  and  B.   L.  Devore,  treas- 


320  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

urer,  and  the  first  fair  was  held  the  next  year.  This  association  has 
become  one  of  the  weH  recognized  institutions  of  the  county. 

Religious  services  were  held  in  the  county  at  an  early  day,  as  the  set- 
tlers gathered  at  some  convenient  cabin  for  the  purpose  in  difi'erent 
townships.  The  Methodists  had  several  circuit,  riders  in  the  county  as 
early  as  1867,  and  the  first  church  was  organized  by  C.  C.  McDowell  at 
his  house  in  Shawnee  township  the  same  year.  Other  denominations 
followed  and  churches  were  erected  at  Baxter  and  Columbus,  where  the 
Baptist  church  was  organized  in  1870.  The  following  year  the  Presby- 
terians perfected  an  organization,  since  which  time  nearly  every  denomi- 
nation has  established  a  church. 

Immigration  into  the  county  was  rapid  during  the  decade  from  1865 
to  1875  and  it  was  estimated  that  by  the  latter  year  the  county  had  a 
population  of  nearly  13,000,  most  of  the  settlers  having  come  from  Illi- 
nois and  Indiana,  with  a  few  from  New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio. 
Before  the  war  there  were  but  two  settlements — one  at  the  crossing  of 
the  military  road  over  Shawnee  creek,  and  the  other  on  the  "mound" 
on  the  west  side  of  Spring  river.  Both  were  trading  posts  but  were 
demolished  during  the  war.  Baxter  Springs  (q.  v.)  claims  the  honor 
of  being  the  oldest  permanent  settlement  in  the  county.  John  Appleby 
located  at  Columbus  in  1868,  and  was  probably  the  first  actual  settler  in 
the  town.  He  was  followed  by  Judge  Fry,  who  built  a  house  and 
opened  a  hotel. 

By  the  act  of  creation  in  1855  Cherokee  county  was  attached  to  Bour- 
bon county  for  all  military  and  civil  purposes.  On  Aug.  3,  1866,  the 
governor  appointed  A.  V.  Peters,  Reese  Caldwalder  and  J.  \\^  Wallace, 
special  commissioners  and  Julius  C.  Petit  special  clerk  for  the  purpose 
of  organizing  the  county,  and  designated  Pleasant  View  as  the  tem- 
porary county  seat.  It  was  located  about  10  miles  northeast  of  the 
present  city  of  Columbus.  An  election  was  held  on  Nov.  6,  1866,  when 
the  following  officers  were  elected :  Representative,  D.  C.  Finn  ;  county 
commissioners,  J.  W.  Wallace,  U.  G.  Ragsdell  and  B.  F.  Norton ;  county 
clerk,  William  Little ;  probate  judge,  D.  C.  Finn  ;  clerk  of  the  district 
court,  F.  M.  Logan;  sheriff,  H.  B.  Pirown;  register  of  deeds,  F.  M. 
Logan;  surveyor,  C.  W.  Jewell;  county  attorney,  J.  A.  Smith;  treas- 
urer, D.  Callahan  ;  county  superintendent,  Sidney  S.  Smith  ;  coroner,  J. 
Miller.  .\t  the  general  election  on  Nov.  5,  1867,  the  location  of  the 
county  seat  was  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people.  Columbus — then 
known  as  Cherokee  Center — and  Baxter  Springs  were  the  contestants. 
Baxter  Springs  received  136  votes  and  Cherokee  Center  3.  The  com- 
missioners held  tlieir  last  meeting  at  Pleasant  View  April  10,  1868,  and 
the  first  at  Baxter  Springs  on  April  14.  The  new  location  of  the  seal 
of  justice  did  not  suit  the  people,  and  the  commissioners  were  petitioned 
to  call  another  election,  which  was  ordered  for  May  12,  1868,  when  the 
vote  resulted  as  follows:  Baxter  Springs,  600;  geographical  center  of 
tiie  county,  639;  Cherokee  Center,  i  ;  the  center,  95.  As  no  place  received 
a  majority  another  election  was  held  on  May  26,  when  Baxter  Springs 


KANSAS    HISTORY  32I 

received  965;  geographical  center,  920.  By  this  vote  Baxter  remained 
the  county  seat,  but  the  people  were  still  dissatisfied  and  on  Feb.  17, 
1869,  another  election  was  called  to  settle  the  matter.  It  was  believed 
that  if  a  fair  election  could  be  held  the  geographical  center  of  the  county 
would  be  chosen,  for  that  location  was  supported  by  every  precinct  in 
the  county.  Eventually  Columbus  was  chosen,  but  it  was  suspected  that 
both  the  supporters  of  Baxter  Springs  and  Columbus  had  practiced  fraud 
with  regard  to  the  ballots.  The  county  records  were  at  once  transferred 
to  Columbus  and  established  in  a  room  of  a  house  on  the  south  side  of 
the  public  square,  where  they  remained  until  a  temporary  court-house 
was  erected  in  the  spring  of  1871  on  the  northeast  corner  of  the  public 
square  at  a  cost  of  $1,500.  The  new  court-house  was  finished  in  1889  at 
a  cost  of  $70,000,  and  is  one  of  the  finest  buildings  of  its  kind  in  the 
state. 

The  first  newspaper  established  in  the  county  was  the  Baxter  Springs 
Herald.  It  was  owned  and  edited  by  B.  R.  and  N.  J.  Evans,  but  they 
had  only  a  meager  support  in  their  enterprise.  The  Cherokee  Sentinel, 
the  second  paper  in  the  county,  appeared  at  Baxter  Springs  in  Oct., 
1868,  edited  by  M.  W.  Coulter  and  D.  E.  Holbrook.  The  Columbus  Inde- 
pendent was  started  on  Sept.  i,  1870,  by  A.  T.  and  W.  J-  Lea. 

Cherokee  county  is  the  richest  county  in  Kansas  in  mineral  resources. 
The  existence  of  lead  and  zinc  ores  was  known  to  the  Indians  long  before 
white  settlement  began.  In  1872,  zinc  was  discovered  in  what  is  now 
Garden  township,  and  evidences  of  it  were  noted  near  Baxter  Springs, 
but  until  1876  it  was  not  known  that  the  ore  existed  in  sufficient  quan- 
tities to  be  of  commercial  value.  In  the  spring  of  1877  John  Shoe  and 
John  McAllen,  two  miners  from  Joplin,  Mo.,  made  some  examinations 
on  Short  creek  and  obtained  permission  from  a  man  named  NichoUs  to 
sink  a  shaft  on  his  land.  At  a  depth  of  15  feet  they  discovered  a  rich 
deposit  of  mineral.  The  land  was  bought  by  the  West  Joplin  Zinc  com- 
pany for  $1,000  and  the  land  near  was  laid  out  as  Empire  City.  A  Ger- 
man named  Moll  owned  160  acres  of  land  where  the  town  of  Galena  now 
stands.  Lead  was  discovered  there  in  the  spring  of  1877.  Other  rich 
deposits  were  located  during  the  spring  and  summer,  and  people  flocked 
to  the  locality  so  rapidly  that  on  June  19,  1877,  Galena  was  incorporated. 
The  first  coal  shaft  in  the  county  was  sunk  at  Scammon  in  1877.  It  was 
owned  and  operated  by  the  Scammon  brothers  and  was  the  first  coal 
shaft  opened  in  Kansas  south  of  the  Leavenworth  district.  Since  then 
various  companies  have  entered  thefield  and  opened  mines,  so  that  today 
Cherokee  county  ranks  second  in  production  and  value  of  coal. 

Late  in  1869  the  Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  &  Gulf  railroad  was  com- 
pleted to  Fort  Scott,  and  from  there  it  was  pushed  southward  toward 
Columbus,  being  completed  to  that  point  on  April  8,  1870.  A  branch 
of  the  same  road  was  finished  to  Baxter  Springs  that  year,  and  later  it 
was  extended  to  Galena.  In  1872,  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  railroad 
was  extended  through  Cherokee  county,  and  a  narrow  gauge  road  was 
built  from  Weir  Citv  in  the  northern  part  of  the  countv  to  Messer,  but 
(I-21) 


322  i^VCI.CI  EDIA    OF 

it  was  later  abandoned.  In  the  fall  of  187b,  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Fran- 
cisco was  completed  to  Columbus.  In  iSSb-S/  the  Nevada  &  ^linden 
railroad  (later  absorbed  by  the  Missouri  Pacific)  was  built  through  the 
county  from  the  center  of  the  northern  boundary  to  the  southwest 
corner,  and  in  1894,  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  extended  a  branch 
from  the  main  line  at  Parsons  to  Mineral  City.  In  1901  this  branch  was 
completed  through  Columbus  and  Galena  to  Joplin,  Mo.,  so  that  today 
excellent  transportation  facilities  are  afforded  by  a  perfect  network  of 
railroads  composed  of  the  main  and  branch  lines  of  these  systems. 

The  population  of  the  county  in  1910  was  38,162.  Although  the 
county  is  rich  in  mineral  resources,  agriculture  is. an  important  industry. 
The  value  of  farm  products  for  1910  was  $2,397,988.  The  five  principal 
crops,  in  the  order  of  value,  were:  corn,  $720,709:  wheat,  $498,381  ;  hay, 
$289,125;  oats,  262,828;  Irish  potatoes,  $59,500.  The  value  of  animals 
slaughtered  or  sold  for  slaughter  during  the  year  was  $251,914,  and  the 
value  of  the  dairy  products  was  $152,050. 

Cherokee  Strip. — ^The  tract  of  land  known  as  the  "Cherokee  Strip,"  or 
more  properly  speaking  the  Cherokee  Outlet,  lies  just  south  of  the 
southern  boundary  of  Kansas.  It  is  57  miles  wide  from  north  to  south, 
and  extends  from  the  Arkansas  river  on  the  east  to  the  Texas  panhandle 
on  the  west.  While  it  was  in  possession  of  the  Indians  its  beauty  and 
fertility  were  so  widely  advertised  that  many  thought  it  a  veritable 
paradise.  Consequently  several  efforts  were  made  to  have  the  strip 
opened  for  settlement,  but  without  avail.  About  1885  ''  railroad  com- 
pany began  the  construction  of  a  line  from  Arkansas  City,  Kan.,  toward 
Fort  Worth,  Tex.,  the  survey  passing  through  the  C  herokee  Strip.  The 
Indians  a]>|)ealed  to  the  courts  for  an  injunclinn.  hut  in  the  case  of  ihe 
Cherokee  Nation  vs.  the  Southern  Kansas  Railway  it  was  decided  that 
the  Inited  States  had  the  power  to  exercise  the  right  of  eminent  do- 
main over  Indian  lands,  and  the  railroad  went  through.  This  did  not 
please  the  Indians,  and  in  1892  the  strip  was  sold  to  the  T'nited  States. 
It  was  opened  to  white  settlers  on  Sept.  16,  1893. 

In  the  southern  part  of  Kansas  is  another  tract  of  land  once  known 
as  the  Cherokee  Strip,  or  at  least  it  was  frequently  called  by  that  name. 
It  was  ordered  to  be  sold  to  white  settlers  by  the  act  of  Congress,  ap- 
proved May  II,  1872.     (See  Neutral  Lands.) 

Cherryvale,  one  of  the  four  important  towns  of  Montgomery  county, 
is  located  near  the  east  line,  12  miles  northeast  of  Independence,  the 
county  seat.  It  is  a  railroad  center,  being  the  point  wliere  the  main  line 
of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  diverges,  one  line  running 
south  and  the  otiicr  southwest,  and  where  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco 
diverges  both  lines  running  eastward.  Cherryvale  is  a  manufacturing 
town.  It  has  a  large  zinc  smelter  which  handles  most  of  the  zinc  that 
comes  from  the  world  famous  Joplin-Galcna  district,  6  brick  and  tile 
plants,  iron  works,  glass  plant,  im])!cmcnt  factory,  oil  refinery,  foundry, 
machine  shops,  shovel  factory,  grain  elevators.  Hour  mills,  planing  mills, 
creamery,  ice  and  cold  storage  plant,  etc.     The  city  also  has  2  daily 


KANSAS    HISTORY  323 

and  weekly  newspapers  (the  Republican  and  the  Journal),  a  well 
equipped  fire  department,  an  electric  light  and  power  plant,  churches, 
lodges  and  schools,  and  good  banking  facilities.  Cherryvale  is  con- 
nected with  Independence  and  with  Cofl'eyville  by  an  electric  interurban 
railway.  It  is  supplied  with  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  has  an 
international  money  order  postoffice  with  6  rural  routes.  '!"hc  popula- 
tion in  1910  was  4,304. 

The  town  was  laid  out  in  187:  by  the  Kansas  City,  Lawrence  &  South- 
ern Kansas  Railway  company.  The  first  building  was  the  Grand  Hotel 
erected  by  a  Mr.  Dair.  The  first  store  was  opened  by  C.  A.  Clotfelter  and 
J.  P.  Baldwin.  A  number  of  business  enterprises  had  been  established 
by  1873,  when  the  town  was  swept  by  fire.  The  buildings  were  later 
replaced  by  brick  structures,  but  the  growth  of  the  town  was  slow  until 
1879,  when  a  large  increase  in  the  railroad  mileage  in  this  section  of  the 
country  opened  up  the  avenue  of  trade.  The  first  church  organization 
was  effected  in  1871  and  the  first  school  was  taught  in  1873  by  Miss 
Mary  Greenfield. 

Cherryvale  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third  class  in  1880.  The 
first  election  was  held  in  April  of  that  year  and  the  following  officers 
chosen;  mayor,  C.  C.  Kincaid ;  police  judge,  A.  Wood;  councilmen,  A. 
Buch,  J.  M.  Richardson,  Frank  Bellchamber,  J.  A.  Handley  and  A.  V. 
McCormick.  At  the  first  meeting  of  the  council,  the  following  officers 
were  appointed:  treasurer,  A.  Palp;  clerk,  M.  F.  Wood;  marshal,  J.  C. 
Cunningham ;  street  commissioner,  B.  F.  Hinds. 

In  1889  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $5,000  were  voted  for  use  in  prospect- 
ing for  coal.  Gas  was  found  instead  of  coal  and  later  oil  was  discovered. 
There  are  at  present  31  gas  wells  in  the  vicinity  from  which  the  total 
output  is  160,000,000  cubic  feet  of  gas  per  day,  the  largest  well  produc- 
ing 11,000,000  cubic  feet.  It  is  said  to  be  the  largest  gas  well  in  the 
state.  Cherryvale  has  a  live  commercial  club,  which  is  doing  a  great 
deal  to  promote  the  general  prosperity  of  the  town. 

Chester,  a  small  hamlet  in  the  extreme  southwest  corner  of  Gray 
county,  is  in  Montezuma  township  25  miles  from  Cimarron,  the  county 
seat,  and  about  16  miles  north  of  Plains,  which  is  the  nearest  railroad 
station.  Chester  was  formerly  a  postoffice,  but  the  people  there  now 
receive  mail  by  rural  delivery  from  Colusa. 

Chetolah,  an  extinct  town  of  Geary  county- — or  rather  a  projected 
town — was  located  near  the  mouth  of  Lyon  creek  in  1855  by  a  town 
company  cif  which  Dr.  William  A.  Hammond  was  president  and  Capt. 
Nathaniel  Lyon  was  secretary.  A  survey  was  made  by  Abram  Barry 
and  G.  F.  Gordon,  but  there  was  never  a  house  built  upon  the  site. 

Chetopa,  the  third  largest  incorporated  city  in  Labette  county,  is 
located  at  the  junction  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  and  the  Missouri,  Kan- 
sas &  Texas  railroads  10  miles  south  of  Chetopa,  the  county  seat.  It 
is  lighted  by  electricity  and  natural  gas,  and  has  waterworks  and  3.  fire 
department.  There  are  three  public  school  buildings,  an  opera  house, 
fine  church  buildings,  2  banks,  2  weekly  newspapers  (the  Advance  and 


324  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

the  Clipper),  flour  mills,  a  creamery  and  a  brick  plant.  It  has  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  six  rural  routes,  telegraph  and  express  offices, 
and  some  well  stocked  stores.     The  population  in  1910  was  1,548. 

The  site  of  Chetopa  was  located  by  Dr.  Lisle  for  a  colony  formed  at 
Powhatan,  Ohio,  in  1857.  ^^^  that  time  John  McMurtry  was  living  within 
the  present  limits  of  the  town.  The  place  was  named  for  Chetopa, 
the  Osage  war  chief,  who  was  living  in  the  vicinity  at  the  time,  and 
who  was  a  great  friend  of  Dr.  Lisle.  The  little  settlement  flourished 
until  the  war  broke  out.  In  1863  about  40  houses  in  and  about  Chetopa 
were  destroyed  by  the  United  States  troops  to  prevent  them  from 
falling  into  the  hands  of  the  Confederates.  After  the  war  was  over 
the  settlers  returned,  and  others  came  with  them  and  the  permanent 
settlement  was  begun.  The  Chetopa  town  company,  with  George  Lisle 
as  president,  met  at  Humboldt  in  1868  and  the  town  site  was  selected. 
A  charter  was  secured  in  March  of  that  year  and  the  sale  of  lots  began. 
The  first  building  on  the  new  site  was  the  Western  Hotel,  opened  by 
Perry  Barnes.  M.  H.  Dersham  erected  a  house  and  put  in  a  stock  of 
drugs.  Several  other  business  enterprises  were  started  that  year.  A 
weekly  stage  line  was  established  between  Fort  Scott  and  Chetopa  in 
1869,  which  was  soon  made  tri-weekly.  The  growth  of  the  town  was 
slow  until  the  railroad  boom,  which  began  in  Feb.,  1870,  when  $50,000 
bonds  were  voted  to  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  company,  which 
completed  its  line  to  Chetopa.  This  was  to  be  the  railroad  center  for 
this  part  of  the  country.  The  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  officials 
promised  to  build  their  shops  and  locate  their  offices  here,  and  people 
came  with  a  rush  to  get  in  on  the  "ground  floor."  Large  wholesale 
and  retail  enterprises  were  undertaken  on  borrowed  capital.  The 
National  Hotel  was  built  at  a  cost  of  $12,000,  costly  public  improve- 
ments, for  which  the  town  had  to  be  bonded,  were  erected,  the  public 
school  house  costing  $24,000.  Finally  a  disagreement  between  the  rail- 
road officials  and  persons  interested  in  the  town  caused  the  railroad 
support  to  be  entirely  withdrawn.  All  prospects  fell  with  a  crash.  Peo- 
ple moved  away,  property  became  a  drug  on  the  market  until  the 
assessed  valuation  of  all  property  was  less  Ihan  the  town's  bonded 
indebtedness. 

Chetopa  was  chartered  as  a  village  in  1869  and  became  a  city  of  the 
third  class  in  1870.  The  trustees  of  the  village  were  M.  G.  Pratt,  W. 
Gage,  Henry  Lisle,  Leander  Brown  and  A.  S.  Corey.  The  following 
were  the  first  officers  of  the  city :  Mayor,  F.  M.  Graham ;  councilmen, 
W.  B.  Gregory,  C.  H.  Ludlow,  W.  A.  Nix,  G.  A.  Degraff  and  Dr.  L. 
P.  Patty.  The  postoffice  was  granted  in  1859,  but  on  account  of  there 
being  no  mail  routes  it  was  of  no  value  to  the  town  until  1866,  when 
it  was  arranged  to  get  the  mail  weekly  from  Humboldt.  Col.  W. 
Doudna,  was  the  first  postmaster. 

The  first  bank  was  opened  in  1868  and  operated  for  two  years,  the 
next  was  opened  in  1870  by  Kctchem  &:  Co.,  and  was  succeeded  the 
next  vear   bv   the    National    Bank.     The    first    flour    mill    was    hnilt    hv 


KANSAS    HISTORY  325 

Gilbert   Martin    in    1869.      The    library    association    was    established    in 

1875- 
The   first   and   most   disastrous   fire   occurred    in    1871,   when   $25,000 

worth  of  property  was  destroyed.    Another  fire  in  1873  destroyed  prop- 

ert}'  to  the  extent  of  $4,000,  and  another  in   1882  burned  several  good 

business  houses.     A  hook  and  ladder  company  was  organized  in   1871, 

and  a  fire  company  in   1874. 

The  town  was  invaded  in  1873  by  the  Hiatt  boys  from  the  Territory, 
who  were  there  for  plunder  and  robbery.  They  were  driven  out  before 
any  damage  was  done. 

Cheyenne,  a  discontinued  postoffice  of  Osborne  county,  is  situated 
near  the  southeast  corner,  about  20  miles  from  Osborne,  the  count}'  seat. 
Mail  is  received  through  the  office  at  Luray  by  rural  free  delivery. 
Luray  is  the  most  convenient  railroad  station. 

Cheyenne  County. — On  March  6,  1873,  Gov.  Osborn  approved  an 
act  creating  a  number  of  new  counties  out  of  the  unorganized  territory 
in  the  western  part  of  the  state.  One  of  these  counties  was  Cheyenne, 
the  most  northwestern  county  of  Kansas,  the  boundaries  of  which  were 
defined  by  the  act  as  follows:  "Commencing  where  the  east  line  of 
range  2,^  west,  intersects  the  fortieth  degree  of  north  latitude;  thence 
south  with  said  range  line  to  the  first  standard  parallel ;  thence  west 
with  said  parallel  to  the  west  line  of  the  State  of  Kansas ;  thence  north 
with  the  state  line  to  the  fortieth  degree  of  north  latitude ;  thence 
east  with  said  parallel  to  the  place  of  beginning." 

A  survey  of  the  public  lands  in  the  county  was  made  in  1874,  and 
in  1876  the  first  cattle  ranch — the  "T"  ranch — was  located  about  9  miles 
above  Wano  on  the  Republican  river.  The  country  was  then  full  of 
Indians  and  buffalo  hunters.  The  first  actual  settlers  came  to  the 
county  in  1879,  when  the  Day  brothers  located  on  the  "Big  Timber," 
but  they  left  the  following  spring,  about  the  time  that  A.  M.  Brena- 
man,  L.  R.  Heaton  and  a  man  named  Bateham  came  with  their  families. 
Jacob  Buck  also  settled  in  the  county,  near  Wano,  and  in  the  spring  of 
1880.  By  Aug.  23  of  that  year  there  were  enough  settlers  to  justify 
the  establishment  of  a  postoffice  at  Wano,  with  A.  M.  Brenaman  as 
postmaster.  The  first  mail  was  carried  from  Atwood,  the  county  seat 
of  Rawlins  county,  on  Oct.  15,  1880.  Graham  &  Brenaman  opened 
the  first  store  in  Sept.,  1880,  in  a  sod  house,  and  it  said  their  stock 
of  goods  was  neither  large  nor  particularly  well  assorted,  consisting 
of  a  few  necessary  staple  articles,  such  as  a  frontier  settlement  de- 
manded. The  first  school  was  taught  at  Kepferle.  School  district  No. 
I  was  organized  on  Dec.  3,  1881,  and  the  following  subscriptions  were 
made  to  pay  a  teacher:  G.  T.  Dunn,  $5;  L.  R.  Heaton,  $5;  S.  O'dell, 
$5;  Jacob  Buck,  $8;  John  Quistorf,  $3;  F.  J.  Graham,  $3;  H.  Miller, 
W.  H.  Holcomb,  J.  A.  Hoffman  and  John  Long,  $2.50  each ;  G.  W. 
Howe,  $1.50,  making  a  total  of  $40.50,  in  addition  to  which  the  patrons 
agreed  to  board  the  teacher.  School  was  opened  on  Jan.  10,  1882,  in  a 
building  donated  by  F.  J.  Graham,  with  ten  scholars  in  attendance. 


326  CrtLorEDIA    OF 

In  the  wiiilC!"  ol  1883  Cheyenne  county  was  made  a  municipal  town- 
ship and  attached  to  Rawlins  county  for  judicial  and  revenue  pur- 
poses. It  was  organized  as  such  with  A.  M.  Brenaman  as  district 
clerk  and  cotinty  superintendent,  and  John  Long  as  sheriff  and  surveyor. 
Two  3-ears  later  (1885)  the  propert}^  of  Che3'enne  county  was  valued 
at  $150,000  for  taxation.  In  April  of  that  year  the  site  of  Wano  was 
selected  by  John  Dunbar.  W.  W.  McKay  and  John  Goodenberger,  in 
the  southwest  quarter  of  section  14,  township  3  south,  range  40  west, 
about  a  mile  northeast  of  the  present  town  of  St.  Francis.  The  name 
was  selected  by  .\.  M.  Brenaman  when  the  postoffice  was  established. 
Wano  is  a  Spanish  word,  meaning  "good,"  esto  w^ano  signifying  "very 
good." 

On  Sept.  7,  1885,  the  Cheyenne  County  Agricultural  Society  was 
organized  at  Wano,  with  the  following  directors:  A.  L.  Emerson, 
Jacob  Buck,  L.  R.  Heaton,  John  G.  Long,  W.  W.  McKay,  A.  M. 
Brenaman.  L.  P.  Rollins.  Dr.  J.  C.  Burton  and  John  Elliott.  At  the 
same  meeting  it  was  decided  to  hold  a  fair  on  the  ist  and  2nd  of  October. 
The  Cheyenne  Rustler  of  Oct.  9,  1885,  says:  "The  first  exhibit  of  the 
Cheyenne  County  Agricultural  Society  was  successful  beyond  the 
expectations  of  the  most  sanguine  friends  of  the  enterprise,"  and  pub- 
lishes a  list  of  the  prize  winners. 

The  first  newspaper  publislied  in  the  count}-  was  llic  Wano  Xews, 
which  was  established  by  A.  M.  Brenaman.  It  was  printed  at  Atwood, 
and  but  five  numbers  were  issued.  It  was  followed  by  the  Echo, 
which  lived  but  a  short  time.  The  Che}'enne  County  Rustler  was 
started  on  July  3,  1885,  and  was  soon  followed  h\-  the  Cheyenne  County 
Democrat  and  the  Bird  City  News. 

Toward  the  close  of  1885  an  agitation  was  started  I'or  llie  organiza- 
tion of  the  county.  There  was  some  oppcjsition  to  the  movement,  but 
on  March  10.  18S6,  a  petition  praying  for  an  independent  county  organ- 
ization was  presented  to  Gov.  John  A.  Martin,  who  appointed  Morris 
Stine  to  take  a  census  of  the  inhabitants  and  the  valuation  of  property. 
On  the  30th  of  the  same  month  Mr.  .Stine  made  his  report  to  the  gov- 
ernor, showing  a  population  of  2,607,  of  whom  855  were  householders. 
The  value  of  the  property  at  that  time,  exclusive  of  railroad  property, 
was  "$509,124,  of  which  $258,740  represented  the  value  of  iJie  real 
estate."  On  April  i,  1886,  Gov.  Martin  issued  his  proclamation  declar- 
ing Cheyenne  county  organized,  appointing  J.  M.  Ketcham,  W.  W. 
McKay  and  J.  F.  Murray  commissioners;  B.  W.  Knott,  county  clerk, 
and  designating  Bird  City  as  the  temporary  county  seal.  On  l''el).  26, 
1889,  an  election  was  held  to  determine  the  location  of  the  permanent 
county  seat.  The  town  of  St.  Francis  received  a  majority  of  tJie  votes, 
and  the  county  authorities  established  their  offices  there.  Within  a 
short  time  the  county  owned  lots  worth  $3,000  and  luiildiugs  worth 
$4,000  in  the  new  county  seat,  when  the  question  was  raised  as  to 
the  legality  of  the  election.  To  settle  the  matter  the  legislature  of 
|8')I    p.issed   an  act,    which    was  approved  by   Gov.,  llnniphrev   on    Feb. 


KANSAS    lirSTCIRV  32/ 

5,  declaring  "That  the  said  election  for  the  purpose  of  permanently 
locating  the  county  seat  of  Cheyenne  county,  held  Feb.  26,  1889,  l^c 
and  the  same  is  hereby  legalized,  and  the  town  of  St.  Francis  is  hereby 
declared  to  be  the  permanent  county  seat  of  said  county." 

It  was  also  provided  that  the  act  should  take  effect  and  be  in  force 
from  and  after  its  publication  in  the  official  state  paper.  Such  pub- 
lication was  made  on  Feb.  6,  1891,  the  day  following  the  approval  of 
the  act  by  the  governor.     (See  St.  Francis.) 

By  the  act  of  Feb.  25,  1889,  the  section  lines  in  the  county  were 
declared  to  be  public  highways,  and  roads  have  been  opened  and  im- 
proved on  a  number  of  these  lines.  The  count}'  has  but  one  line  of  rail- 
road— the  Orleans  &  St.  Francis  division  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington 
&  Quincy  system — originally  known  as  the  Burlington  &  Missouri  River 
railroad. 

On  Feb.  20,  1903,  the  legislature  passed  an  act  providing  that  when 
a  majority  of  the  electors  should  petition  the  count}-  commissioners 
for  a  county  high  school,  the  board  should  order  such  a  school  estab- 
lished at  the  point  designated,  if  the  school  district  would  guarantee 
to  furnish  a  suitable  building,  the  necessary  school  furniture,  etc.  lender 
the  provisions  of  this  act  the  county  high  school  was  located  at  St. 
Francis,  the  town  furnishing  a  modern  school  building  of  ten  rooms. 

The  surface  of  Cheyenne  county  is  generally  undulating,  with  a  few 
high  bluffs  along  some  of  the  streams.  The  bottom  lands  are  usually 
narrow.  There  is  not  much  native  timber,  but  a  large  number  of 
artificial  groves  have  been  planted  about  the  farm  houses.  The  soil 
is  largely  of  sandy  nature.  Cheyenne  is  one  of  the  leading  counties  in 
the  state  in  the  production  of  Kafir  corn,  broom-corn  and  spring 
wheat.  Corn,  barley  and  sugar  beets  are  important  crops.  The  Repub- 
lican river  flows  in  a  northeasterly  direction  across  the  county  and 
has  a  number  of  tributaries,  the  principal  ones  being  Bluff,  Cherry, 
Plum  and  Hackberry  creeks.  Little  Beaver  creek  flows  across  the 
southeast  corner,  and  about  3  miles  of  the  Big  Beaver  are  in  the  extreme 
southeastern  part.  Irrigation  ditches  have  been  constructed  along  the 
Republican  river,  and  hundreds  of  acres  of  land  are  under  irrigation. 
The  county  is  divided  into  the  following  civil  townships :  Alexander, 
Beaver,  Benkelman,  Bird  City,  Calhoun,  Cherry  Creek,  Cleveland  Run, 
Dent,  Eureka,  Evergreen,  Jaqua,  Jefferson,  Lawn  Ridge,  Nutty  Combe, 
Orlando,  Porter  and  Wano. 

According  to  the  U.  S.  census  of  1910,  the  population  of  Cheyenne 
county  was  4,248,  a  gain  of  1,608  during  the  preceding  decade.  The 
assessed  value  of  the  property  in  that  year  was  $6,486,668,  and  the 
value  of  all  farm  products,  including  live  stock,  was  $1,215,954.  The 
five  leading  crops,  in  the  order  of  value,  were :  wheat,  $325,302 ;  corn, 
$317,256;  barley,  $123,345":  hay  (including  alfalfa),  $101,737;  broom- 
corn,  $65,008. 

Cheyenne  county  has  an  altitude  of  over  3,000  feet.  It  was  named 
for  the   Chevenne  Indians,   and  was   crossed   bv  the  old   Leavenworth 


328  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

&  Pike's  Peak  express,  which  was  established  in  1859.  The  area  of 
the  county  is  1,020  square  miles.  It  is  in  the  39th  senatorial,  the  107th 
representative,  the  17th  judicial  and  the  6th  Congressional  districts. 
According  to  the  U.  S.  Postal  Guide  for  July,  1910,  there  were  at  that 
time  but  four  postoffices  in  the  county,  viz. :  Bird  Cit}',  Jaqua,  St. 
Francis  and  Wheeler. 

Cheyenne  Expedition  of  1857. — In  the  spring  of  1857  the  Cheyennes 
became  somewhat  troublesome  on  the  western  frontier.  On  May  18 
Col.  E.  V.  Sumner  despatched  Maj.  Sedgwick  with  four  companies  of 
cavalry  up  the  Arkansas  river,  and  two  days  later  left  Fort  Leaven- 
worth with  a  force  of  cavalry  and  infantry,  intending  to  meet  Sedgwick 
on  the  south  fork  of  the  Platte  on  July  4.  The  union  was  effected,  and 
after  leaving  two  companies  of  dragoons  at  Fort  Laramie  for  Gen. 
Harney's  Utah  expedition,  Sumner  moved  over  to  the  Solomon  river. 
On  July  29,  while  passing  down  the  Solomon  in  pursuit  of  the  Indians, 
he  came  upon  some  300  Cheyennes  drawn  up  in  battle  array.  Sum- 
ner charged  and  put  the  Indians  to  flight,  killing  9  and  wounding  a 
large  number,  with  a  loss  of  2  killed  and  9  wounded.  On  the  31st  he 
reached  the  Indian  village,  which  he  found  deserted,  with  171  lodges 
still  standing  and  nearly  as  many  more  taken  down  ready  for  removal. 
Everything  indicated  a  precipitate  flight,  and  after  destroying  the  vil- 
lage, Sumner  continued  the  pursuit  to  within  40  miles  of  the  Arkansas 
river. 

While  encamped  near  old  Fort  Atkinson,  on  Aug.  11,  he  received 
information  that  the  Cheyennes  refused  to  come  to  Dent's  fort,  where 
the  agent  was  waiting  to  distribute  their  annual  presents,  and  that 
they  had  notified  the  agent  that  he  would  not  be  permitted  to  take 
the  goods  out  of  the  country.  Sumner  wrote  to  the  adjutant-general 
of  the  United  States  army,  imparting  this  information,  and  adding: 
"I  have  therefore  decided  to  proceed  at  once  to  Bent's  fort  with  the 
elite  of  my  cavalry,  in  the  hope  that  I  may  find  the  Cheyennes  col- 
lected in  that  vicinity,  and,  b)'  further  blow,  force  them  to  sue  for  peace; 
at  all  events  this  movement  will  secure  the  agent  and  the  public 
property." 

Before  reaching  Bent's  fort,  Sumner  received  an  order  to  break  up 
the  expedition  and  send  four  companies  of  cavalry  to  join  Gen.  Har- 
ney's expedition.  The  latter  part  of  the  order  was  subsequently  coun- 
termanded, and  on  Sept.  16  the  expedition  reached  Fort  Leavenworth, 
having  traveled  over  1.800  miles. 

Cheyenne  Raid,  1878. — When  the  last  of  the  Indian  tribes  was 
removed  from  Kansas  to  the  Indian  Territory,  hope  was  entertained 
that  depredations  on  the  western  frontier  would  cease.  But  in  Sept., 
1878,  Dull  Knife's  band  of  northern  Cheyennes,  dissatisfied  willi  tlio 
rations  furnished  by  the  government,  decided  to  return  to  tlicir  former 
homes.  They  accordingly  left  the  reservation,  moved  northward  inta 
Kansas,  and  on  the  17th  attacked  the  cattle  camps  south  of  Fort  Dodge, 
where  lliey  killed  several   while  men  and  drove  olT  some  of  the  cattle. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  '      329 

News  of  the  event  reached  Gov.  Anthony  the  next  day  and  he  appealed 
to  Gen.  Pope,  commanding  the  department,  but  Pope  thought  it  was 
nothing  more  than  a  "scare."  The  governor  sent  Adjt.-Gen.  Noble 
to  Dodge  City  with  arms  and  ammunition,  but  the  Indians  had  moved 
on  northward.  Lieut. -Col.  William  H.  Lewis,  with  a  detachment  ,of 
troops  from  Fort  Dodge,  pursued  the  Indians  and  came  up  with  them 
at  a  canon  on  Famished  Woman's  fork.  In  the  fight  that  ensued  Lewis 
was  killed.  Telegrams  from  various  points  in  the  western  part  of  the 
state  poured  into  the  governor's  office  appealing  for  aid,  but  still  Gen. 
Pope  declined  to  act. 

On  Sept.  30  the  Cheyennes  appeared  in  Decatur  county.  Dr.  W. 
B.  Mead,  in  the  Kansas  Magazine  for  Nov.,  1909,  gives  an  account  of 
a  meeting  at  Oberlin  when  it  became  known  that  the  Indians  were  in 
in  the  county.  At  that  meeting  a  number  of  men  volunteered  and  were 
divided  into  three  small  companies  commanded  by  W.  D.  Street,  J.  W. 
Allen  and  Solomon  Rees.  They  went  in  different  directions,  scouring 
the  western  part  of  the  county,  but  Capt.  Rees'  company  was  the  only 
one  that  came  in  contact  with  the  savages.  A  running  fight  of  several 
miles  followed,  in  which  one  Indian  was  killed,  and  it  was  thought 
several  others  were  wounded.  All  together,  17  white  persons  were  killed 
in  Decatur  county.  The  Indians  were  finally  overpowered  and  returned 
to  the  reservation.  This  was  the  last  Indian  raid  of  any  consequence 
in  Kansas.  Hazelrigg's  History  of  Kansas  says :  "Of  the  many  In- 
dian raids  in  Kansas,  none  was  ever  characterized  with  such  brutal 
and  ferocious  crimes,  and  none  ever  excited  such  horror  and  indigna- 
tion as  the  Cheyenne  raid  of  1878." 

On  Nov.  II,  1878,  Gov.  Anthony  wrote  to  the  secretary  of  war 
demanding  the  surrender  of  the  chiefs  to  the  civil  authorities  to  be 
tried  on  the  charge  of  murder.  The  chief.  Wild  Hog,  and  six  others 
were  surrendered  in  December,  and  on  Feb.  15,  1879,  were  taken  from 
Fort  Leavenworth  to  Dodge  City  for  trial.  They  were  finally  tried  in 
Ford  and  Douglas  counties,  but  the  evidence  was  insufficient  to  con- 
vict, and  in  Oct.,  1879,  the  Indians  were  released  by  order  of  Judge 
Stephens  of  Lawrence. 

After  the  raid  the  government  established  a  cantonment  in  the  In- 
dian Territory,  on  the  north  fork  of  the  Canadian  river,  between  Fort 
Supply  and  Fort  Reno,  for  the  better  protection  of  the  settlers  in  west- 
ern Kansas.  The  post  was  occupied  by  five  companies  of  foot  soldiers 
and  one  company  of  mounted  infantry.  Steps  were  also  taken  by  the 
state  to  afford  security  to  the  western  settlements.  Gov.  St.  John, 
who  succeeded  Anthony  in  Jan.,  1879,  in  his  first  message  to  the  legis- 
lature, recommended  the  establishment  of  a  military  contingent  fund. 
The  act  of  March  12,  1879,  appropriated  $20,000  for  such  a  fund.  (See 
Frontier  Patrol.) 

The  legislature  of  Kansas  in  1909  appropriated  $1,500  to  the  board 
of  county  commisisoners  of  Decatur  county  for  the  purpose  of  erect- 
ing a  monument  to  the  memory  of  the  citizens  of  that  county  who  were 
killed  on  Sept.  30,  1878,  victims  of  the  Cheyenne  raid. 


^^0  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Chicago  Exposition,  1893. —  (See  Expositions.) 

Chicopee,  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  Crawford  county,  is  located 
in  Baker  township,  13  miles  southeast  of  Girard,  the  county  seat,  and 
4  miles  southwest  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  in  the  coal  fields,  and  the  chief 
occupation  of  the  people  is  mining  and  shipping  coal,  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  and  the  Missouri  Pacific  railroads  furnishing  excel- 
lent transportation  facilities.  The  town  has  a  money  order  postoffice, 
telegraph  and  telephone  facilities.  Catholic  and  Protestant  churches, 
good  public  schools,  some  well  stocked  stores,  and  in  1910  reported  a 
population  of  955. 

Chief  Justices. — The  chief  justices  of  Kansas  during  the  territorial 
regime  were  Samuel  D.  Lecompte  and  John  Pettit.  The  former  served 
from  Oct.  3,  1854,  to  March  g,  1859,  and  the  latter  from  March  9.  1859, 
to  the  establishment  of  the  state  government  on  Feb.  9,  1861. 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  chief  justices  since  the  state  was  admitted 
into  the  Union,  with  the  term  of  service  of  each :  Thomas  Ewing,  Jr., 
Fel>.,  1861.  to  Xov.  28.  1862,  when  he  resigned;  Xelson  Cob1i,  Xdw  28, 
1862,  to  Jan.,  1864;  Robert  Crozier,  Jan.,  1864,  to  Jan.,  1867;  Samuel  A. 
Kingman,  Jan.,  1867,  to  Dec.  30,  1876;  Albert  H.  Horton.  Dec.  31,  1876, 
to  April  30,  1895,  when  he  resigned ;  David  Martin,  April  30,  1895,  to 
Jan.,  1897;  Frank  M.  Doster,  Jan..  1897,  to  Jan..  1903;  ^^'illlam  A. 
Johnston,  Jan.  1903,  to  . 

Chikaskia  River,  a  tributary  of  the  Arkansas  river  system,  is  formed 
by  the  union  of  Sand  creek  and  another  small  stream  in  the  southern 
part  of  Kingman  county.  Its  general  course  is  southeast,  across  the 
southeast  corner  of  Harper  county  and  through  the  county  of  .'^uniner, 
crossing  the  southern  boundary  of  the  state  near  the  town  of  Munne- 
well,  and  finally  emptying  into  the  salt  fork  (if  the  .Arkansas  near  the 
town  of  Tnnkawa.  Okla. 

Children's  Aid  Societies. — \\'ilhin  recent  years  the  attention  of  the 
public  has  been  drawn  to  the  needs  of  dependent  or  neglected  children, 
particularly  the  latter,  who,  while  nominally  possessed  of  a  home,  are 
permitted  to  grow  up  in  an  environment  where  they  are  almost  cer- 
tain to  become  criminals  or  professional  paupers.  Many  of  the  states, 
proceeding  on  the  theory  that  it  is  easier  and  better  to  train  the  child 
than  to  reform  the  adult,  have  established  houses  of  detention,  juxenile 
courts,  and  similar  institutions,  and  have  given  great  encouragement 
to  private  societies  engaged  in  caring  for  such  children. 

In  this  work,  Kansas  has  kept  pace  with  the  more  progressive  ideas 
in  the  other  slates,  as  her  reformatory,  industrial  schools,  etc.,  bear 
witness,  while  from  the  early  days  of  settlement  in  the  state  various 
private  and  religious  societies  have  done  benexolcnt  work  of  a  most 
important  character  in  caring  for  and  providing  homos  for  dependent 
aiul  neglected  children. 

As  an  encouragement  to  such  societies,  an  act  was  jiassed  by  the 
legislature  on  March  15.  1901,  which  defined  "Children's  .\\d  Society," 
as   "any    duly   organized    and   incorporated    society,    which    had    for    its 


KANSAS   nisroKv  3.^1  - 

object  the  protection  of  children  fruni  cruelty,  and  the  care  and  con- 
trol of  neglected  and  dependent  children."  The  act  prov^ided  that  "any 
constable,  sheriff,  police  or  other  police  officer,  may  apprehend  with- 
out warrant"  and  bring  before  the  court,  as  neglected,  any  child — 
apparently  under  the  age  of  fourteen  years,  if  a  boy,  or  sixteen,  if  a 
girl — who  is  dependent  upon  the  public  for  support,  if  found  begging, 
receiving  alms,  thieving,  or  sleeping  at  night  in  the  open  air ;  or  who 
is  found  wandering  about  late  at  night,  not  having  any  home  or  set- 
tled place  of  abode  or  proper  guardianship;  or  who  is  found  dwelling 
with  a  thief,  drunkard  or  vagabond,  or  other  dissolute  person ;  or  who 
may  be  an  orphan  or  deserted  by  parents;  or  luning  a  single  parent 
undergoing  imprisonment  for  crime. 

Any  child  apprehended  by  an  officer  may  be  brought  before  the  proper 
court  within  three  days  and  the  case  investigated.  If  the  child  is 
found  to  be  neglected  the  court  may  order  its  delivery  to  "such  chil- 
dren's aid  society  or  institution"  as  in  his  judgment  is  best  suited  to 
care  for  it. 

By  this  act  the  court  has  authority  to  appoint  probation  officers, 
whose  duty  it  is  to  make  investigations  concerning  the  children  brought 
before  the  court,  report  the  same  and  take  charge  of  the  child  before 
and  after  the  trial.  When  a  child  is  placed  in  charge  of  an  aid  society, 
the  _society  becomes  its  legal  guardian,  and  is  "authorized  to  secure 
for  such  children  legal  adoption  in  such  families  as  may  be  approved 
by  the  society  on  a  written  contract  for  their  education  in  the  public 
schools."  These  contracts  cover  the  entire  period  of  the  child's  minor- 
ity, but  the  right  is  reserved  to  withdraw  the  child  from  custody  when- 
ever its  welfare  requires. 

The  trustees  of  charitable  institutions  may  transfer  children  to  aid 
societies,  in  order  to  have  the  socie'ty  find  homes  for  them. 

Any  person  over  the  age  of  sixteen  years,  who  has  charge  of  a  child, 
who  willfulh'  ill  treats,  neglects,  abandons  or  exposes  such  child  to 
ill  treatment  or  neglect,  is  subject  to  a  fine  or  imprisonment  at  the 
discretion  of  the  court.  If  it  is  suspected  that  a  child  is  being  ill 
treated,  the  proper  officials  may  authorize  any  person  to  search  for 
the  child  and  when  found,  take  it  to  a  place  of  safety  until  brought 
before  the  court.  When  any  county  board  commits  a  child  to  an  aid 
society  to  care  for  and  provide  with  a  home,  the  county  may  pay  the 
society  a  reasonable  sum,  not  to  exceed  $50,  for  the  temporary  care  of 
such  child. 

Section  13  of  the  act  provides  that  children  under  the  age  of  six- 
teen, who  are  charged  with  oflfenses  against  the  laws  of  the  state,  or 
brought  before  the  court  by  the  provisions  of  this  act,  are  not  "to 
be  confined  in  the  jails,  lockups  or  police,  cells  used  for  ordinary- 
criminals,"  and  the  tnunicipalities  are  required  to  make  separate  pro- 
vision for  their  custody.  No  societies,  except  those  incorporated  under 
the  laws  of  Kansas,  are  allowed  to  place  a  child  in  a  home  within  the 
the  state  unless  permission  to  do  is  first  obtained  from  the  proper  state 


332  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

autliorities.  Under  the  operations  of  this  law  a  number  of  children's 
aid  societies  have  been  formed  in  the  state,  and  by  their  careful  sys- 
tematic ■work,  hundreds  of  children  have  been  taken  from  unwholesome 
or  immoral  surroundings  and  placed  in  an  atmosphere  where  thej-  may 
become  useful  citizens. 

Children's  Home  Society  of  Kansas. — This  organization  is  very 
similar  to  the  Children's  Aid  Society.  The  National  Children's  Home 
Society  was  chartered  on  May  23,  1885,  at  Chicago,  and  the  Kansas 
branch  was  chartered  March  20,  1894,  at  Topeka,  with  J.  T.  Clark, 
president;  Jesse  Shaw,  vice-president;  S.  S.  Ott,  secretary;  Dr.  J.  E. 
Minney,  treasurer ;  and  Rev.  O.  S.  Morrow,  state  superintendent.  The 
aim  of  the  society  is  to  place  orphan  children  in  homes  where  they 
are  adopted  or  by  contract  and  indenture.  In  addition  to  the  general 
board  there  are  local  boards  in  different  towns  and  cities.  After  the 
children  are  placed  in  a  home,  they  are  looked  after  by  supervisor's, 
who  see  that  they  have  proper  care.  Some  1,300  children  have  been 
placed  in  good  homes  by  the  society,  which  is  chief!)'  maintained  by 
private  donations,  though  the  state  has  at  times  contributed  to  its  sup- 
port, notably  in  1893,  when  the  legislature  appropriated  $1,800  to  aid 
the  society's  work,  and  in  1897,  an  appropriation  of  $1,400  was  made 
for  a  like  purpose. 

Chiles,  a  post-village  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Miami  county,  is  a 
station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  11  miles  northeast  of  Paola,  the 
county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postofifice  and  telegraph  station.  In 
1910  the  population  was  100. 

Chingawassa  Springs. — These  springs  are  located  in  a  beautiful  nat- 
ural park  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Marion  county,  about  6  miles 
from  the  city  of  Marion,  and  not  far  from  Antelope  station  on  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  Within  a  radius  of  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  there  are  about  30  springs  that  bubble  out  of  the  blufifs.  the 
water  flowing  from  them  forming  quite  a  stream.  One  of  the  springs 
has  a  constant  flow  of  about  1,500  gallons  an  hour.  The  bottoms  and 
sides  of  some  of  them  are  encrusted  with  deposits  of  sulphur,  and  in 
a  few  the  odor  of  hydrogen  sulfid  is  pronounced.  About  1888  steps 
were  taken  to  improve  the  resort  by  building  a  hotel  and  constructing 
a  "dummy"  line  to  connect  with  the  railroad,  but  the  arrangements 
were  never  fully  carried  out.  The  park  is  a  favorite  place  for  picnic 
parties,  etc. 

Chisholm  Trail. — In  the  spring  of  1865  Jesse  Chisholm,  a  half-breed 
Scotch-Chcrokce,  an  adopted  member  of  the  Wichita  Indians,  who 
owned  a  ranch  on  the  creek  east  of  Wichita  bearing  his  name,  "located 
a  trail  from  his  ranch  to  the  present  site  of  the  Wichita  agency,  on 
the  Wichita  river,  Indian  territory,  distance  220  miles.  This  trail  sub- 
sequently became,  and  is  still  known  as  the  Chisholm  trail.  It  was 
established  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  the  traders  in  the  Arkansas 
valley  to  obtain  wagon  communication  with  the  Indians  in  the  Indian 
Territory,   and   the   trail   was    used    by   these   traders    for   years   in    the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  333 

transportation  of  merchandise  to  tribes  in  the  territory.  Afterward 
the  trail  was  used  by  Texas  cattle  drivers,  and  still  later  by  the  govern- 
ment in  the  transportation  of  supplies  to  Fort  Sill,  south  of  the  Wichita 
agency.  The  principal  points  on  the  trail  are  Wichita,  Clearwater, 
Caldwell,  Pond  Creek,  Skeleton  Ranch,  Buffalo  Springs,  Mouth  of 
Turkey  Creek,  Cheyenne  Agency,  Wichita  Agency  and  Fort  Sill."  The 
Rock  Island  railroad  now  follows  the  Chisholm  trail  from  Wichita  to 
the  north  fork  of  the  Canadian.  The  original  trail  started  at  Wichita 
and  ended  at  the  North  Canadian,  but  lengthened  out  it  reached  from 
Abilene,  Kan.,  to  San  Antonio,  Tex.  The  trail  is  now  a  thing  of  the 
past,  giving  way  as  settlers  occupied  the  lands. 

Cholera. — Pathologists  describe  the  malady  known  as  Asiatic  cholera 
as  "a  malignant  disease  due  to  a  specific  poison  which,  whein  received 
into  the  human  body  through  the  air,  water,  or  in  some  other  way, 
gives  rise  to  the  most  alarming  symptoms  and  very  frequently  proves 
fatal  to  life.  An  attack  of  cholera  is  generally  marked  by  three  stages, 
though  these  often  succeed  each  other  so  rapidly  as  not  to  be  easily 
defined.  There  is  first  a  premonitory  diarrhoea  stage,  with  occasional 
vomiting,  severe  cramps  in  the  abdomen  and  legs,  and  great  muscular 
weakness.  This  condition  is  succeeded,  and  often  within  a  remark- 
ably short  period,  by  the  second  stage,  which  is  one  of  collapse,  and 
is  called  the  algid  or  cold  stage.  This  is  characterized  by  intense  pros- 
tration, great  thirst,  feebleness  of  circulation  and  respiration,  with 
coldness  and  blueness  of  the  skin,  and  loss  of  voice.  Should  death  not 
take  place  at  this,  the  most  fatal  period,  the  sufTerer  will  then  pass 
into  the  third  or  reaction  stage  of  the  disease.  This,  though  very 
frequently  marked  by  a  high  state  of  fever,  with  a  tendency  to  con- 
gestion of  the  internal  organs,  as  the  brain,  lungs,  kidneys,  etc.,  is 
a  much  more  hopeful  stage  than  that  which  has  preceded  it,  and  the 
chances  of  recovery  are  very  much  increased." 

It  is  called  the  Asiatic  cholera  because  it  has  for  centuries  had  its 
home  in  the  East,  though  some  medical  writers  insist  that  under  another 
name  it  has  been  epidemic  in  other  parts  of  the  world.  In  his  History 
of  India,  Mill  sa3'S :  "Spasmodic  cholera  had  been  known  in  India 
from  the  remotest  periods,  and  had  at  times  committed  fearful  ravages. 
Its  effects,  however,  were  in  general  restricted  in  particular  seasons 
and  localities,  and  were  not  so  extensively  diffused  as  to  attract  notice 
or  excite  alarm.  In  the  middle  of  1817,  however,  the  disease  assumed 
a  new  form,  and  became  a  widely  spread  and  fatal  epidemic." 

This  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  great  cholera  epidemic  recorded 
in  history.  In  1830  the  disease  made  its  first  appearance  in  Europe, 
where  its  nature  was  recognized  the  following  year,  and  in  1832  it 
crossed  the  ocean  to  the  United  States.  The  coast  cities  in  the  north- 
ern states  were  the  first  to  suffer,  after  which  the  disease  extended 
westward  to  the  Ohio  river,  then  descended  that  stream  and  the 
Mississippi  to  New  Orleans,  where  it  wrought  fearful  havoc,  as  many 
as  500  deaths  occurring  in  one  day.     The   disease  also   reached   some 


331  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

of  the  western  tribes  of  Indians,  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  losing  man}'  of 
their  "braves"  through  cholera.  A  few  case's  appeared  along  the  rivers 
each  year  imtil  1835,  but  at  no  time  was  the  mortality  any  where  near 
as  great  as  in  1832. 

In  1848  there  was  another  visitation  of  cholera,  beginning  at  New 
Orleans  late  in  the  year.  In  April,  1849,  ^t  reached  St.  Louis,  and  before 
the  close  of  the  j'ear  over  4,000  deaths  from  cholera  were  reported 
in  that  city.  Gold  seekers,  on  their  way  to  California,  came  in  con- 
tact with  the  malady  at  St.  Louis,  and  several  of  the  steamboats  ascend- 
ing the  Missouri  carried  cholera  patients,  thus  aiding  in  the  spread 
of  the  disease.  One  of  these  boats,  the  ''Sacramento,''  arrived  at  St. 
Joseph  on  April  21  and  reported  one  death  on  the  trip.  The  "James 
Monroe"  left  St.  Louis  with  a  large  number  of  California  emigrants, 
but  by  the  time  Jefferson  City  was  reached  the  epidemic  on  board  had 
become  so  alarming  that  the  officers  and  crew  deserted  the  steamer, 
which  lay  at  Jefferson  City  for  several  months  before  being  taken  back 
to  St.  Louis.  In  September  the  news  was  received  at  St.  Louis  that 
the  cholera  was  raging  among  the  Indians  of  the  northwest  as  far 
north  as  the  headwaters  of  the  Mississippi.  The  Eighth  United  States 
infantry,  which  was  on  duty  in  the  West,  lost  about  one-third  of  its 
members.  Gen.  Worth  being  one  of  the  victims.  About  900  deaths 
from  cholera  occurred  at  St.  Louis  in  1850,  and  a  few  deaths  were 
reported  in  185 1.  Among  those  who  died  in  the  latter  year  was  Father 
Christian  Floecken,  the  Jesuit  missionary,  whose  death  occurred  on 
board  the  "St.  Ange"  while  ascending  the  Missouri  river  to  the  scene 
of  his  labors.  In  the  summer  of  1S55  the  steamboat  "Golden  State" 
left  St.  Louis  for  the  trip  up  the  Missouri  river  with  several  hundred 
Mormons  on  board.  Cholera  broke  out  in  the  steerage  and  a  number 
of  the  passengers  died. 

It  was  in  this  year  that  the  cholera  appeared  among  the  white  peo- 
ple of  Kansas  for  the  first  time.  On  Aug.  i,  1855,  a  case  was  dis- 
covered at  Fort  Riley.  The  disease  developed  rapidly,  and  on  the  2nd 
there  were  several  deaths.  Panic  seized  the  troops  and  the  citizens  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  fort,  and  all  who  could  get  away  left  at  the  first 
opportunity.  Even  the  surgeon  at  the  fort  abandoned  his  post,  leaving 
Maj.  Ogden  to  act  as  both  commander  and  surgeon.  ]'"iftcen  deaths 
occurred  on  the  3d,  among  them  the  gallant  Ogden.  His  remains  were 
later  taken  to  New  York,  but  the  attaches  of  the  fort  erected  a  monu- 
ment there  to  commemorate  his  fidelity  and  his  unscllish  efforts  in 
striving  to  check  the  ravages  of  the  disease  and  adniinislcr  comfort 
to  the  suiTerers.  Various  estimates  have  been  made  as  lo  llu'  number 
of  deaths,  but  at  this  late  day  accurate  figures  are  difficult  to  obtain. 
It  is  possible  thai  not  less  than  100  lost  their  lives  as  victims  of  the 
scourge  in  1855. 

Another  epidemic,  and  one  more  wide-spread  .nul  more  fatal  in  its 
results,  occurred  in  the  summer  of  1867.  ( )n  |nl\  1  the  first  case  was 
reported  at  Fort  Barker.     .At   that   tinie  the  population  of  the  town  of 


KANSAS    IIISTOKV  335 

.jLllswortli,  not  far  from  the  fort,  was  about  i,ooo.  As  soon  as  tlie 
news  reached  the  town  there  was  a  general  hegira,  and  in  a  few  days 
the  population  was  less  than  loo.  The  Eighteenth  Kansas  battalion 
was  at  the  fort,  and  Company  C  lost  13  of  its  members,  the  other  com- 
panies suffering  less  severely.  About  a  week  later  the  battalion  was 
ordered  to  the  southwest,  and  on  the  i6th  encamped  on  Walnut  creek, 
about  10  miles  above  Fort  Zarah.  Col.  H.  L.  Moore,  commanding  the 
battalion,  in  an  address  before  the  I-Cansas  Tlistorical  Society  on  Jan. 
19,  1897,  said : 

"The  day  brought  no  new  cases,  and  everybody  felt  cheerful,  hop- 
ing that  the  future  had  nothing  worse  in  store  than  a  meeting  with 
hostile  Indians.  B}^  8  p.  m.  supper  was  over,  and  in  another  hour  the 
camp  became  a  hospital  of  screaming  cholera  patients.  Men  were 
seized  with  cramping  of  the  stomach,  bowels,  and  muscles  of  the  arms 
and  legs.  The  doctor  and  his  medicines  were  powerless  to  resist  the 
disease.  One  company  had  been  sent  away  on  a  scout,  as  soon  as  the 
command  reached  camp,  and  of  the  three  companies  remaining  in 
camp  the  morning  of  the  17th  found  5  dead  and  36  stretched  on  the 
ground  in  a  state  of  collapse." 

That  morning  the  quartermaster  and  commissary  stores  were  thrown 
away,  the  sick  were  loaded  in  wagons,  and  the  battalion  resumed  its 
march.  Strange  as  it  may  appear,  not  a  man  died  during  the  day,  and 
when  the  command  went  into  camp  that  night  near  Pawnee  Rock 
some  one  shot  a  buffalo  calf,  from  which  soup  was  made  for  the  invalids. 
This  gave  them  additional  strength  and  hope,  and  a  little  later  they 
'vere  all  turned  over  to  the  surgeon  at  Fort  Larned. 

Concerning  the  epidemic  at  Fort  Hays  this  year  the  official  records 
)i  the  surgeon-general's  office  say :  "The  first  case  at  Fort  Hays  was 
a  citizen  who  had  just  arrived  from  Salina.  On  the  same  day,  July 
II,  a  colored  soldier  of  the  garrison  was  taken  sick  and  died  ne.xt 
day.  During  July,  August  and  September  33  cases  and  23  deaths  are 
reported  among  the  colored  troops,  whose  mean  strength  during  the 
three  months  was  215  men.  Sept.  i  a  white  soldier  was  attacked, 
but  recovered ;  the  rest  of  the  white  troops,  averaging  during  the  three 
months  34  men,  escaped." 

This  report  does  not  include  any  account  of  the  ravages  among  the 
citizens,  but  it  is  known  that  the  settlements  along  Big  creek  were 
stricken  with  terror  and  that  many  of  the  people  abandoned  their  homes. 
Rumors  of  the  fatality  have  no  doubt  been  greatly  exaggerated,  but 
the  epidemic  was  a  severe  one  all  over  the  western  part  of  the  state. 
R.  M.  \A'right,  in  his  "Personal  Reminiscences,"  in  volume  VH,  Kan- 
sas Collections,  says :  "The  cholera  was  perfectly  awful  that  summer 
on  the  plains ;  it  killed  soldiers,  government  employees,  Santa  Fe  traders 
and  emigrants.  Many  new  graves  dotted  the  roadsides  and  camping 
places,  making  fresh  landmarks." 

Gen.  Custer  was  at  Fort  Wallace  when  the  news  of  the  epidemic 
reached   him.      Fearing   for   the   safety   of  his   wife,   who   was    at   Fort 


336  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Rile}',  lie  left  his  regiment  under  command  of  a  subordinate  officer  and, 
with  an  escort  of  100  men,  under  Capt.  Hamilton,  hurried  toward  Fort 
Riley.  For  thus  abandoning  his  command  without  orders,  Custer  was 
tried  by  a  court-martial  and  sentenced  to  "loss  of  rank  and  pay  for  one 
year,"  though  part  of  the  sentence  was  afterward  remitted  upon  the 
recommendation  of  Gen.  Sheridan. 

The  disease  broke  out  among  the  Wichita  Indians,  where  the  city 
of  Wichita  now  stands,  and  in  what  is  now  the  northern  part  of  the 
city  early  settlers  found  over  100  Indian  graves,  one  being  that  of 
Owaha,  the  hereditary  war  chief.  About  the  middle  of  the  summer 
orders  came  from  Washington  for  the  Indians  to  remove  to  their  old 
homes  on  the  Washita,  but  they  refused  to  go  until  their  crops  were 
gathered.  In  the  fall  they  started  for  the  Washita,  but  the  scourge 
accompanied  them,  and  at  Skeleton  creek  so  many  of  their  dead  were 
left  unburied  that  their  bleaching  bones  gave  name  to  the  stream. 
Other  Indian  tribes  also  suffered.  The  cattle  trade  was  seriously  inter- 
fered with,  whole  herds  sometimes  being  left  without  any  one  able 
to  look  after  them  because  herders  were  stricken  witli  cholera.  This 
was  especially  true  along  what  was  known  as  the  Abilene  cattle  trail, 
and  also  along  the  old  Chisholm  trail. 

For  a  long  time  cholera  was  supposed  to  be  as  contagious  as  small- 
pox, but  in  the  latter  '80s  the  investigations  of  such  eminent  physicians 
as  Koch  and  Emmerich  of  Germany,  and  Jenkins  of  New  York,  have 
demonstrated  that  the  disease  is  due  to  certain  forms  of  bacilli,  that 
it  is  not  contagious,  and  that  it  can  easily  be  prevented  from  becom- 
ing epidemic  by  proper  sanitation  and  the  prompt  isolation  of  cases. 
The  theories  of  these  men  were  thoroughly  tested  in  1892,  when  four 
vessels  arrived  about  the  same  time  in  New  York  harbor,  each  report- 
ing deaths  from  "cholerine"  during  the  passage.  The  vessels  were 
detained  at  quarantine,  and  by  order  of  President  Harrison  a  large  num- 
ber of  tents  were  sent  to  Sandy  Hook  early  in  September  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  passengers  until  the  danger  was  past.  The 
epidemic  was  quite  severe  on  board  the  ships  and  in  the  isolation  camp, 
but  the  quarantine  officers  were  so  strict  in  the  enforcement  of  the 
regulations  established  that  only  two  deaths  were  reported  in  the  city 
of  New  York,  thus  demonstrating  the  efficacy  of  the  proposed  mclhods 
in  dealing  with  the  disease. 

While  the  above  mentioned  conditions  prevailed  at  New  York,  the 
Kansas  State  Board  of  Health  was  not  idle.  On  Sept.  15,  1892,  a  cir- 
cular was  sent  out  to  the  local  boards  of  health,  in  which  was  the  fol- 
lowing statement :  "Asiatic  cholera  is  today  kept  from  our  midst  only 
through  the  excellence  of  our  maritime  quarantine  service.  The  danger 
to  us  is  imminent.  If  it  does  not  eventually  elude  the  vigilance  which 
has  thus  far  kept  it  at  bay,  it  will  be  a  fortunate  exception  to  the  usual 
history  of  the  disease." 

As  precautionary  measures,  the  state  board  recommended :  ist. 
Thorough  sanitary  inspection  of  every  city,  town  and  village ;  2nd,  The 


KANSAS    HISTORY  337 

drainage  of  stagnant  ponds  and  low,  wet  grounds ;  3d,  Careful  cleansing 
and  disinfection  of  all  sewers,  public  drains,  privy  vaults,  slaughter 
houses,  pig  pens,  etc.;  4th,  The  destruction,  entire  and  complete.,  of 
all  accumulations  of  filth  that  may  be  discovered ;  5th,  Inspection  of 
markets  as  to  quality  of  food  offered  for  sale ;  6th,  Advising  the  people 
not  to  eat  unripe,  partially  decayed  or  indigestible  fruit  or  vegetables. 

On  March  10,  1893,  Gov.  Lewelling  approved  an  act  of  the  legislature 
then  in  session  authorizing  the  state  board  to  establish  and  maintain 
quarantine  stations  whenever  any  part  of  the  state  was  threatened 
with  Asiatic  cholera,  and  appropriating  $10,000  for  the  fiscal  years 
1894-95.  The  act  also  provided  severe  penalities  for  failure  to  observe 
the  regulations  prescribed  by  the  board  of  health.  The  stringency  of 
the  quarantine  at  New  York  prevented  the  disease  from  spreading  to 
the  interior,  and  by  the  act  of  Feb.  13,  1895,  the  Kansas  legislature 
ordered  the  unexpended  balance  of  the  cholera  appropriation  of  1893 
covered  into  the  general  fund.  Since  the  successful  quarantine  at 
New  York  but  little  has  been  heard  of  the  cholera  in  this  country,  and 
it  is  highly  improbable  that  the  United  States  will  ever  again  experience 
a  severe  epidemic — a  splendid  illustration  of  the  truth  of  the  old  adage, 
"Knowledge  is  power." 

Choteau,  a  hamlet  of  Johnson  county,  is  located  in  the  northern  part 
on  the  south  bank  of  the  Kansas  river  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fe  R.  R.  about  12  miles  southwest  of  Kansas  City.  It  was  named 
from  the  trading  post  established  in  this  locality  by  the  Chouteau 
brothers  about  1827,  but  has  never  lived  up  to  early  expectations.  The 
mail  for  the  town  is  received  at  Holliday,  about  three-quarters  of  a 
mile   east. 

Chouteaus,  The. — Among  the  early  French  traders  and  trappers  who 
operated  in  the  country  from  St.  Louis  west  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century  and  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth,  the  name  of 
Chouteau  stands  preeminent.  Auguste  Chouteau,  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  at  New  Orleans  on  Aug.  14,  1750.  In 
the  early  part  of  the  year  1764,  although  not  yet  14  years  of  age,  he  was 
sent  up  the  Missouri  river  from  Fort  Chartres  by  his  step-father,  Pierre 
Liguest,  with  a  company  of  30  men  to  select  a  site  for  trading  post,  and 
it  is  said  that  the  boy's  suggestions  led  to  the  selection  of  the  spot  where 
St.  Louis  now  stands.  After  Liguest's  death,  Auguste  succeeded  to  the 
business,  and  later  formed  a  partnership  with  John  Jacob  Astor  which 
was  the  inception  of  the  American  Fur  company.  In  1794  he  built  Fort 
Carondelet  in  the  Osage  country ;  was  commissioned  colonel  of  the 
militia  in  1808;  and  in  1815  was  appointed  one  of  the  commissioners  to 
make  treaties  with  the  Indians  who  had  fought  on  the  side  of  the  British 
in  the  War  of  1812,  the  other  two  commissioners  being  Ninian  Edwards 
and  William  Clark.  He  was  one  of  the  first  trustees  of  the  town  of 
St.  Louis;  served  as  justice  of  the  peace  and  as  judge  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas;  was  the  first  president  of  the  Bank  of  Missouri,  and  held 
other  important  positions.  His  policv  in  dealing  with  the  Indians  was 
fI-22) 


338  CYCLOPEDIA    Ol- 

io treat  them  fairl}  ,  and  he  enjoyed  the  confidence  and  friendship  of  the 
red  men  until  his  death,  which  occurred  on  Feb.  24,  1829.  His  tombstone 
in  the  CathoHc  cemetery  at  St.  Louis  bears  the  epitaph :  "Sa  vie  a  ete 
un  modele  de  vertus  civilles  et  Sociales." 

Jean  Pierre  Chouteau,  a  brother  of  Auguste,  was  born  at  New  Orleans 
on  Oct.  ID,  1758,  and  as  soon  as  he  was  old  enough  he  engaged  in  the 
fur  trade.  He  established  several  trading  posts  in  the  Indian  country, 
one  of  which  was  on  the  upper  Osage  river  in  what  is  now  southwestern 
Missouri.  Soon  after  Louisiana  was  ceded  to  the  United  States,  he  gave 
up  the  fur  trade  and  became  a  merchant  in  St.  Louis,  where  he  died 
on  July  ID,  1849. 

About  1825  Frederick,  Francis  G.  and  Cyprian  Chouteau,  three 
brothers  of  a  younger  generation,  received  a  license  to  trade  with  cer- 
tain Indian  tribes  west  of  the  Missouri  river,  and  immediately  set  about 
the  establishment  of  trading  posts  in  their  new  domain.  As  there  were 
no  roads  at  that  time,  their  goods  were  transported  through  the  woods 
on  the  backs  of  pack-horses.  Chittenden,  in  his  American  Fur  Trade, 
says  that  Francis  G.  Chouteau  started  a  post  on  an  island  3  miles  below 
Kansas  City,  but  that  the  flood  of  1826  washed  it  into  the  river.  He 
then  went  about  10  miles  up  the  Kansas  river  and  established  a  new 
post.  For  some  time  he  was  superintendent  of  the  trading  posts  of  the 
American  Fur  company.  In  1828  he  established  his  residence  in  Kansas 
City,  where  he  passed  the  remainder  of  his  life,  his  son,  P.  M.  Chouteau 
succeeding  to  the  business. 

Frederick  Chouteau  was  born  in  St.  Louis  in  1810.  When  ho  lirst 
came  to  the  Kansas  valley  in  1825,  he  and  his  brother  Cyprian  first  built 
trading  houses  about  5  miles  above  Wyandotte  (Kansas  City)  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Kansas  river,  where  they  traded  with  the  Shawnee 
and  Delaware  Indians.  A  little  later  another  post  was  established 
farther  up  the  river.  Daniel  Boone,  in  a  letter  to  W.  W.  Cone  of  Topeka, 
dated  Aug.  11,  1879,  says:  "Frederick  Chouteau's  brother  established 
his  trading  post  across  the  river  from  my  father's  residence  the  same 
fall  we  moved  to  the  agency,  in  the  year  1827."  Two  or  three  years 
later  Frederick  Chouteau  went  up  the  river  to  the  mouth  of  Mission 
creek,  about  10  miles  above  the  present  city  of  Topeka,  and  opened  a 
trading  house  there,  taking  his  goods  up  the  Kansas  river  in  keel  boats. 
Tliis  ])()St  was  maintained  until  about  1842,  when  it  was  .ibando.ned. 
and  a  new  one  was  started  on  Mill  creek  in  Johnson  county.  Mere  the 
floods  destroyed  practically  everything  he  had  in  1844  and  forced  him 
to  move  to  higher  ground.  He  was  then  engaged  in  the  Indian  u.ulr 
at  Council  Grove  until  1852  or  1853,  when  he  returned  to  Johnson  coun- 
ty. He  was  burned  out  by  Quantrill  in  1862,  but  rebuilt  and  passed  the 
remainder  of  his  life  in  that  county.  Frederick  Chouteau  was  married 
four  times,  two  of  his  wives  having  been  Indian  women,  and  by  his  four 
marriages  became  the  father  of  eleven  children. 

Pierre  Chouteau,  jr.,  a  grandson  of  Auguste,  was  born  at  St.  Louis 
on  Jan.   19,  \yR().     In   1813  he  entered  the  fin*  trade  in  partnership  with 


KANSAS    lilSTOR'i'  339 

a  man  named  Berthold,  and  later  was  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Bernard 
Pratte  &  Co.,  which  still  later  took  the  name  of  Pratte,  Chouteau  &  Co. 
This  firm  purchased  the  western  department  of  the  American  Fur  com- 
pany in  1834.  In  1831  Pierre  Chouteau,  Jr.,  was  a  passenger  on  the 
steamer  "Yellowstone"  up  the  Missouri  river.  About  the  last  of  May  the 
steamboat  was  compelled  to  tie  up  just  below  the  mouth  of  the  Niobrara 
river  on  account  of  low  water.  While  waiting  there  it  was  Mr.  Chou- 
teau's custom  to  go  ashore  each  day  and  pace  up  and  down  the  blufTs 
looking  for  signs  of  rain.  From  this  the  place  took  the  name  of  ''Chou- 
teau's Blufifs,"  by  which  it  is  still  known. 

Chouteau's  Island,  an  island  in  the  Arkansas  river,  was  one  of  the 
landmarks  of  the  old  Santa  Fe  trail.  It  may  seem  strange  that  a  land- 
mark of  such  a  character  would  get  lost,  but  Chouteau's  island  has  been 
located  in  several  places.  Probably  the  earliest  mention  of  it  in  any 
written  account  was  that  made  by  Jacob  Fowler  in  his  journal  of  Glenn's 
Expedition.  Coues,  in  a  note  on  page  32  of  Fowler's  journal,  says:  "If 
there  has  been  but  one  of  this  name,  Chouteau's  island  has  floated  a 
good  many  miles  up  and  down  the  river — at  least,  in  books  I  have 
sought  on  the  subject." 

Inman's  "Old  Santa  Fe  Trail"  (p.  40)  says:  "The  island  on  which 
Chouteau  established  his  trading  post,  and  which  bears  his  name  even 
to  this  day,  is  in  the  Arkansas  river  on  the  boundary  line  between  the 
United  States  and  Mexico.  .  .  .  While  occupying  this  island,  Chou- 
teau and  his  old  hunters  and  trappers  were  attacked  by  about  300 
Pawnees,  whom  they  repulsed  with  the  loss  of  30  killed  and  wounded. 
These  Indians  afterward  declared  that  it  was  the  most  fatal  afifair  in 
which  they  were  ever  engaged.  It  was  their  first  acquaintance  with 
American  guns." 

He  also  describes  the  island  as  a  "beautiful  spot,  with  a  rich  carpet 
of  grass  and  delightful  groves,  and  on  the  American  side  was  a  heavily 
timbered  bottom."  On  page  42,  in  referring  to  Beard's  party  being 
obliged  to  remain  for  three  months  "on  an  island  not  far  from  where 
the  town  of  Cimarron,  on  the  Santa  Fe  railroad  is  now  situated,"  he 
identifies  the  island  as  Chouteau's. 

Capt.  P.  St.  George  Cooke,  when  parleying  with  the  outlaw  Snively 
(See  Santa  Fe  Trail),  said:  "Your  party  is  in  the  United  States;  the 
line  has  not  been  surveyed  and  marked,  but  the  common  judgment  agrees 
that  it  strikes  the  river  near  the  Caches,  which  you  know  is  above  this ; 
some  think  it  will  strike  as  high  as  Chouteau's  island,  60  miles  above 
the  Caches." 

Thwaites,  in  his  "Early  Western  Travels,"  locates  the  island  "In  the 
upper  ford  of  the  Arkansas  river,  just  above  the  present  town  of  Hart- 
land,  Kearny  county,  Kan.,"  and  further  says :  "The  name  dates  from 
the  disastrous  expedition  of  1815-17,  when  Chouteau  retreated  to  this 
island  to  withstand  a  Comanche  attack."    (Vol.  19,  p.  185.) 

This  coincides  with  the  statement  of  Capt.  Cooke,  that  the  island  is 
60  miles  above  the  Caches.    In  the  notes  accompanying  Brown's  original 


340  CYCLOrEDIA    OF 

survey  of  the  Santa  Fe  trail  is  the  following  statement  regarding  this 
island :  "It  is  the  largest  island  of  timber  seen  on  the  river,  and  on  the 
south  side  of  the  river  at  the  lower  end  of  the  island  is  a  thicket  of  wil- 
lows with  some  cottonwood  trees.  On  the  north  side  of  the  river  the 
hills  approach  tolerably  nigh  and  on  one  of  them  is  a  sort  of  mound  con- 
spicuous at  some  miles  distant." 

From  this  description,  coupled  with  information  from  other  sources, 
the  island  has  been  located  by  later  writers  in  section  14,  township  25, 
range  2,7  west,  which  brings  it  near  the  town  of  Hartland,  as  suggested 
by  Thwaites,  and  which  is  no  doubt  the  correct  location.  There  is  also 
a  difference  of  opinion  as  to  whether  Chouteau  had  a  trading  post  on 
the  island.  Inman  states  positively  that  he  established  a  post  there,  and 
other  writers  make  the  same  statement,  but  Chittenden,  in  his  "Amer- 
ican Fur  Trade"  (p.  540),  says:  "Chouteau's  island  was  a  well  known 
point  on  the  upper  Arkansas.  The  name  dates  from  the  Chouteau-De 
Munn  expedition  of  1815-17.  While  on  his  way  to  the  Missouri  in  the 
spring  of  1816  with  the  furs  collected  during  the  previous  winter,  Chou- 
teau was  attacked  by  a  war  party  of  200  Pawnees  and  lost  i  man  killed 
and  3  wounded.  He  retreated  to  an  island  in  the  Arkansas  where  he 
could  more  effectually  defend  himself  and  the  name  arose  from  this 
incident.  Chouteau  did  not  have  any  trading  post  here,  as  asserted  by 
some  authorities." 

Christadelphians,  or  Brothers  of  Christ. — In  1S44  John  Tliomas  came 
to  America  from  England  and  soon  after  landing  in  the  New  World 
became  identified  with  the  Disciples  of  Christ  (q.  v.),  but  within  a  short 
time  his  views  on  religion  changed.  He  became  convinced  that  "the 
cardinal  doctrines  of  the  existing  churches  corresponded  with  those  of 
the  apostolic  church  predicted  in  the  Scripture;  that  the  only  authori- 
tative creed  was  the  Bible,  the  originals  of  which  were  inspired  of  God 
in  such  a  manner  and  to  such  an  extent  as  to  secure  absolute  truth- 
fulness; and  that  the  churches  should  strive  to  return  to  primitive 
Christianity  in  doctrine,  precept  and  practice." 

He  soon  began  to  publish  these  views  and  organized  a  number  of 
societies  in  the  United  States,  Canada  and  luigland.  Xo  name  was 
adopted  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war,  when  the  members  applied 
to  the  government  to  be  exempted  from  military  duty  because  of  con- 
scientious scruples,  and  finding  it  necessary  to  have  a  distinctive  name 
adnjjted  that  of  Christadelphians.  They  do  not  accept  the  doctrine  of 
the  trinity,  holding  that  Christ  was  son  of  God  and  son  of  man,  mani- 
festing divine  power  and  working  out  man's  salvation,  of  which  he  was 
the  only  medium ;  that  the  soul  is  by  nature  mortal  and  that  eternal  life 
is  given  by  God  only  to  the  righteous;  that  Christ  will  come  to  earth 
])ersonalIy  to  raise  and  judge  his  saints  and  set  up  a  Kingdom  of  God 
in  place  of  human  governments.  Admission  to  membership  is  upon  con- 
fession of  faith  in  the  doctrines  of  the  church  and  baptism  by  immersion. 
The  jiolicy  of  the  church  is  congregational,  each  congiegalion  conduct- 
ing its  own  affairs.    They  have  no  ordaiiiccl  ministers,  those  who  speak 


KANSAS    HISTORY  34I 

and  conduct  services  being  called  lecturing  or  serving  brethren.  Usually 
their  meetings  are  held  in  halls  or  private  residences.  There  are  no 
associations  of  the  congregatitjns  or  ecclesias  as  they  are  called,  although 
they  have  fraternal  gatherings.  In  1890  there  were  four  organizations 
in  Kansas,  one  each  in  Barber,  Cherokee,  Elk  and  Shawnee  counties, 
with  a  total  membership  of  39.  By  1906  the  organizations  had  dropped 
to  3  but  the  membership  had  increased  to  58. 

Christian  Church,  or  Diciples  of  Christ,  sometimes  called  Campbellites, 
is  one  of  the  distinctively  American  church  organizations.  It  grew  out 
of  a  great  revival  movement  which  began  in  northern  Tennessee  and 
southern  Kentucky  about  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century.  One 
of  the  centers  of  this  revival  was  Cane  Ridge,  Ky.,  and  John  Allen  Gano, 
one  of  the  earliest  of  the  disciples,  at  a  meeting  held  June  22,  1845,  said, 
"The  first  churches  planted  and  organized  since  the  great  apostacy,  with 
the  Bible  as  the  only  creed  or  church  book,  and  the  name  Christian  as 
the  only  name,  were  organized  in  Kentucky  in  the  year  1804.  Of  these 
the  Cane  Ridge  was  the  first." 

The  organizers  of  this  church  decided  to  take  the  Bible  as  the  standard 
of  faith  to  the  exclusion  of  all  creeds,  and  believed  the  name  "Christian" 
to  have  been  given  the  disciples  by  divine  authority.  Similar  move- 
ments took  place  in  other  sections  of  the  country  about  the  same  time. 
Thomas  Campbell,  a  Presbyterian  minister,  arrived  in  the  United  States 
and  began  to  preach  in  western  Pennsylvania,  where  people  of  various 
Presbyterian  denominations  resided  and  he  invited  all  to  his  communion. 
This  caused  dissention  and  charges  were  preferred  against  him.  He 
insisted  that  he  was  acting  according  to  the  Bible  and  began  to  preach 
a  restoration  of  apostolic  Christianity,  protesting  against  creeds  and 
advocating  the  sufficiency  of  the  scriptures,  but  at  no  time  advocated 
separation  from  the  fellowship  of  the  church.  Many  were  converted  to 
the  new  belief  and  the  Christian  Association  was  formed.  Campbell 
asked  for  admission  to  it  but  there  was  so  much  controversy  over  his 
admission  that  the  members  of  his  church  formed  an  independent  Church 
of  Christ  on  May  4,  1810,  under  the  name  of  "The  First  Church  of  the 
Christian  Association  of  Washington."  In  1812,  the  question  of  baptism 
came  up.  The  Campbells,  father  and  son,  were  immersed  and  at  the 
next  meeting  of  the  church  other  members  of  the  organization  expressed 
a  desire  to  be  immersed  upon  confession  of  faith.  From  that  time  the 
church  accepted  baptism  as  a  divine  ordinance  and  the  custom  has  been 
maintained. 

In  1831  a  union  of  the  Washington  and  Cane  Ridge  churches  was 
effected  which  was  the  beginning  of  an  era  of  great  progress  and  expan- 
sion of  the  Christian  church.  In  1900  there  were  10,000  churches  with 
1,250,000  communicants  in  the  United  States.  The  largest  and  strongest 
bodies  of  this  organization  are  found  in  the  newer  states  of  the  west  and 
southwest;  Missouri,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kentucky  and  Ohio  having  the 
largest  number  of  members.  The  first  work  of  the  Christian  church  in 
Kansas  was  begun  during  the  early  '60s,  though  services  were  held  at 


342  CVCLOI'EDIA    OF 

Centropolis,  Franklin  county,  as  early  as  1858.  One  of  the  first  organ- 
izations was  established  at  Helton,  Jackson  county,  July  13,  1862,  by 
Mr.  and  ]\Irs.  Allen,  B.  Scholes  and  three  others.  The  first  services  were 
held  in  the  court-house  by  Elder  A.  J.  Francis  but  no  building  was 
erected  until  ten  years  later.  A  Christian  church  was  organized  at  Erie, 
Neosho  county,  in  the  spring  of  1869  by  C.  F.  Stauber,  though  services 
had  been  held  previous  to  that  time  by  George  Booth.  The  same  year 
a  church  was  organized  at  Ottawa  by  Warren  Skells.  In  1869,  the 
Christians  organized  in  Jefferson  county  and  erected  a  church  within  a 
short  time  after.  A  year  later  a  church  was  organized  at  Girard,  Craw- 
ford county,  with  25  members  who  held  services  in  a  school  house  until 
1871,  when  a  church  building  was  erected.  Cherokee  county  was  opened 
to  white  settlement  in  1870,  and  in  October  of  that  year  a  Christian 
church  was  organized  there  with  40  members  by  J.  A.  Murray.  There 
were  a  few  Christians  among  the  early  settlers  of  Shawnee  county. 
They  met  in  a  hall  at  Topeka  under  the  leadership  of  elders,  with  an 
occasional  evangelist,  until  1870,  when  an  organization  was  perfected 
and  J.  W.  Mousen  called  as  the  first  pastor.  At  Fort  Scott,  Bourbon 
county,  a  church  was  started  in  the  fall  of  1871  by  Dr.  Franklin  of  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  with  10  members.  In  1876  a  church  was  started  at 
Hiawatha,  Brown  county,  by  James  McGuire  and  it  has  become  one  of 
the  leading  congregations  of  the  state.  With  the  spread  of  the  faith  and 
growth  of  the  church  it  has  become  divided  and  now  consists  of  the  Dis- 
ciples of  Christ,  or  Christian  church,  and  the  Churches  of  Christ. 

In  1880,  according  to  the  census,  there  were  54  Christian  church 
organizations  in  Kansas,  with  a  membership  of  18,570;  by  1890  the 
organizations  had  increased  to  394  with  190  church  edifices  and  a  mem- 
bership of  25,143,  and  by  1906  the  Christian  church  ranked  fourth  of 
all  denominations  in  Kansas,  with  a  membership  of  43,572. 

Christian  College. — Kansas  Christian  College  was  founded  at  Lincoln 
on  May  26,  1888.  It  is  conducted  under  the  auspices  of  the  Kansas  State 
Christian  Conference.  The  college  conducts  a  collegiate  department,  a 
business  department,  and  a  music  department.  The  total  value  of  the 
college  property  was  estimated  at  .$18,200  in   1900. 

Christians  (Christian  Connection). — Following  the  war  of  the  Ri\olu 
tion  there  was  a  period  of  general  spiritual  declension.  This  in  turn  was 
followed  by  a  period  of  revival  especially  in  the  southwestern  sections 
of  the  country.  In  many  cases  denominational  lines  were  ignored  and 
different  churches  united  both  in  evangelistic  and  sacramental  services. 
Efforts  were  made  to  enforce  ecclesiastical  discipline,  which  resulted  in 
revolt  in  some  cases,  while  in  others  independent  movements  were 
started.  The  pioneer  of  this  movement  was  James  O'Kelly,  a  Methodist 
minister  in  Virginia,  who  with  some  associates  withdrew  from  the 
church  and  perfected  an  independent  organization  under  tiic  name  of 
Republican  Methodists  l)ut  in  1794  resolved  to  become  known  as  Chris- 
tians finly,  taking  the  Bilile  as  their  guide  and  discijiline  and  accepting 
no  test  of  church  fellowshiii  other  than  thai   nf  (^hristi;in  character.     A 


KANSAS    HISTORY  343 

little  later  a  similar  movement  took  place  among  the  Baptists  in  New 
England,  headed  by  Abner  Jones,  a  Baptist  preacher  of  Vermont.  He 
was  soon  joined  by  many  others  and  the  movement  grew. 

In  1800  a  great  revival  took  place  in  the  Cumberland  valley  of  Tennes- 
see and  Kentucky.  It  was  confined  to  no  denomination  and  no  atten- 
tion was  given  to  the  doctrines  that  divided  the  churches.  In  the  Pres- 
byterian churches  this  was  regarded  with  concern  and  resulted  in  charges 
being  preferred  against  two  ministers,  who  with  three  others,  withdrew 
from  the  synod  of  Kentucky  and  formed  the  Springfield  presbytery, 
which  was  dissolved  within  a  short  time  and  its  members  adopted  prac- 
tically the  same  position  as  O'Kelly  and  Jones.  General  meetings  were 
held  in  New  England  in  1809  but  it  was  not  until  1819  that  the  first 
general  conference  was  held  in  New  Hampshire.  The  Southern  Chris- 
tian association  was  formed  in  1847  which  soon  gave  place  to  the  South- 
ern Christian  convention,  which  remained  a  separate  organization  until 
1890,  when  the  delegates  from  the  south  resumed  their  seats  in  the  con- 
vention.    The  Northern  Christian  connection  was  incorporated  in  1872. 

The  Christians  hold  to  the  general  principles  of  the  Christian  faith, 
insisting  that  the  name  Christian  is  the  only  one  needed.  They  uphold 
the  right  of  private  judgment  and  liberty  of  conscience.  They  teach 
baptism  of  believers  by  immersion  but  admit  all  believers  to  communion. 
The  general  policy  of  the  church  is  congregational  and  each  local  church 
is  independent  in  its  organization,  but  at  an  early  period  conferences 
were  organized  which  admitted  ministers  to  membership  and  in  which 
the  churches  were  represented  by  delegates.  At  first,  these  conferences 
were  advisory  only,  but  developed  into  administrative  bodies.  They 
have  the  oversight  of  the  ministry,  but  do  not  interfere  with  the  disci- 
pline of  the  churches.  Besides  the  local  conferences  there  are  state  con- 
ferences for  administrative  work.  Nearly  all  the  bodies  are  incorporated 
and  hold  property. 

The  church  has  become  well  established  in  the  valleys  of  the  Ohio 
and  Mississippi  and  it  was  settlers  from  these  regions  who  planted  the 
faith  in  Kansas  where  it  has  had  a  steady  growth.  In  1890  there  were 
49  chvirch  organizations  in  the  state  with  a  total  membership  of  1,445. 
During  the  decade  and  a  half  from  1890  to  1906  there  was  a  slight  de- 
cline, for  in  the  latter  year  there  were  but  26  organizations  reported 
with  n  membership  of  1,034. 

Christian  Union. — The  churches  forming  the  denomination  called  the 
Christian  Union,  trace  their  origin  to  the  great  revival  which  took  place 
in  the  first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century,  which  led  to  a  larger  liberty 
in  religious  thought,  a  greater  freedom  from  ecclesiastical  domination, 
and  a  closer  affiliation  of  the  people  of  different  creeds.  A  number  of 
organizations  arose  that  had  no  connection,  most  important  among  them 
being  the  Evangelical  Christian  Union,  which  consisted  of  seven  congre- 
gations in  Monroe  county,  Ind.  These  were  united  in  1857  by  Rev.  Eli 
P.  Farmer,  who  went  into  the  army  as  a  chaplain  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
Civil  war  and  as  a  result  some  of  the  congregations  were  broken  up. 


344  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

During  the  war  the  intensity  of  tlie  political  strife  became  reflected  in 
the  services  of  the  church  to  such  an  extent  that  many  persons,  both  lay 
and  clerg-y,  withdrew  from  different  denominations  and  joined  the  ranks 
of  those  who  were  impatient  under  the  restrictions  of  ecclesiastical  rule. 
Finally  a  call  was  issued  for  a  convention  to  be  held  by  all  who  favored 
"forming  a  new  church  organization"  on  broader  lines  than  those  of  the 
existing  denominations,  free  from  both  political  bias  and  ecclesiastical 
domination. 

The  convention  met  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  Feb.  3,  1863,  and  adopted 
resolutions  by  which  was  formed  a  religious  society  under  the  name  of 
Christian  Union.  In  1864  a  general  convention  was  held  at  Terre  Haute, 
Ind.,  attended  by  delegates  from  several  states,  at  which  the  action  of 
the  former  convention  was  reaffirmed  and  a  summary  of  principles  was 
adopted  as  follows :  The  oneness  of  the  Church  of  Christ ;  Christ  the  only 
head;  the  Bible  the  only  rule  of  faith  and  practice;  good  fruits  the  only 
condition  of  fellowship ;  Christian  Union  without  controversy ;  each  local 
church  self  governing;  political  preaching  discountenanced.  From  this 
time  the  movement  spread  rapidly,  some  of  its  best  known  leaders  being 
J.  F.  Given,  J.  V.  B.  Flack,  and  Ira  Norris.  On  his  return  from  the  army 
Eli  Farmer  joined  the  movement  and  remained  in  active  service  until 
his  death  in  1878. 

The  local  organizations  differ  somewhat  in  name,  those  in  tlie  middle 
west  being  known  as  the  Christian  Union  for  both  local  and  general 
organizations.  Some  of  those  farther  west  call  the  local  organization 
the  Church  of  Christ  and  the  general  organization  the  "Churches  of 
Christ  in  Christian  Union,"  but  while  they  differ  in  name  the  organiza- 
tions affiliate  and  recognize  one  another  as  parts  of  the  same  general 
movement,  while  the  general  council  in  all  the  states  is  known  as  the 
General  Council  of  Christian  Union.  Each  local  congregation  or  church 
is  absolutely  self  governing.  For  purposes  of  fellowship  and  the  trans- 
action of  business  various  councils  have  been  organized  which  meet 
annually.  Of  these  councils  there  are  four  classes — charge,  district,  state 
and  general.  The  church  now  has  organizations  in  ten  states,  the 
greater  majority  of  them  being  in  Ohio,  which  has  118  organizations. 
The  church  was  established  in  Kansas  in  the  '80s  by  immigrants  from 
the  older  communities  in  the  Ohio  valley.  In  1800  there  were  iCi  organ- 
izations in  the  state :  9  in  Bourbon  county,  i  in  Dickinson,  i  in  Doni])han, 
4  in  Riley  and  i  in  Wilson,  with  a  total  membership  of  50.  In  iqo6  the 
number  of  organizations  had  dropped  to  four  while  the  momborship  had 
increased  to  99. 

Church,  a  small  hamlet  of  Geary  county,  is  located  on  Humboldt 
creek  about  10  miles  southeast  of  Junction  City,  the  comity  seat  and 
most  convenient  railroad  station.  Mail  is  received  by  rural  delivery 
thrciuL'li  the  postoffice  at  Dwight. 

Church  of  Christ,  Scientist. — This  organization  was  founded  by  Mrs. 
Mary  I'.akcr  Eddy.  As  early  as  1862  she  had  written  and  given  to 
friends  some  of  the  conclusions  she  had  made  as  a  result  of  her  study 


KANSAS    HISTORY  345 

of  the  Scriptures.  In  1867  she  began  her  first  school  of  Christian  Science 
mind  healing  at  Lynn,  Mass.  Three  years  later  she  copyrighted  her  first 
work  on  Christian  Science  and  in  1875  she  published  her  Science  and 
Health  with  key  to  the  Scriptures.  In  Science  and  Health,  Mrs.  Eddy 
gives  the  principles  and  rules  whereby  the  sick  may  be  healed  and  the 
sinner  saved.  She  teaches  the  necessity  of  a  practical  Christianity  reviv- 
ing the  apostolic  healing  which  Jesus  enjoined. 

The  first  ChurcJi  of  Christ,  Scientist,  was  organized  by  26  students  of 
Mrs.  Eddy  and  was  incorporated  in  1879.  Two  years  later  Mrs.  Eddy 
became  the  pastor  of  the  First  Church  of  Christ.  In  1892  a  reorganiza- 
tion of  the  Boston  church  was  eflfected  under  the  name  of  First  Church 
of  Christ,  Scientist.  The  central  organization  of  the  church  is  the  mother 
church  in  Boston.  Branch  churches  have  been  established  throughout 
the  United  States  and  in  some  foreign  countries,  having  their  own  rules 
and  by-laws  and  managing  their  own  affairs.  There  are  also  Christian 
Science  societies  not  yet  organized.  There  are  no  pastors  in  the  sense 
in  which  that  term  is  used  in  other  religious  bodies,  the  sermon  lesson 
taking  the  place  of  the  clerical  address  usually  delivered  by  the  minister. 
The  sermon  lesson,  which  forms  the  principal  part  of  the  service,  is  pre- 
pared by  a  committee  connected  with  the  mother  church  in  Boston  and 
is  read  in  every  church  by  two  readers,  who  read  alternately.  The  first 
reader  from  Science  and  Health,  the  second  from  the  Bible. 

In  1890  there  were  15  organizations  in  Kansas  with  a  total  member- 
ship of  424.  During  the  next  sixteen  years  many  new  organizations 
vv-ere  established,  and  in  1906,  this  church  reported  31  societies,  with  a 
membership  of  1,131. 

Church  of  God  and  Saints  of  Christ. — This  religious  organization 
among  the  colored  people  was  started  by  William  S.  Crowdy,  a  negro, 
who  in  1896  claimed  to  have  had  a  vision  from  God,  calling  him  to  lead 
his  people  to  the  true  religion,  at  the  same  time  giving  him  prophetic 
endowment.  He  at  once  began  to  preach  in  Kansas  and  soon  organized 
the  Church  of  God  and  Saints  of  Christ  at  Lawrence.  Only  a  few  per- 
sons joined  him  for  some  time,  but  the  numbers  gradually  increased  and 
the  headquarters  were  established  at  Philadelphia.  Crowdy  w-as  ap- 
pointed bishop  of  the  new  body  and  two  white  men  who  were  associated 
with  him  in  the  work  were  subsequently  apponited  to  the  same  office. 

Believing  that  the  negro  race  is  descended  from  the  lost  tribes  of 
Israel,  Crowdy  taught  that  the  Ten  Commandments  and  a  literal  adher- 
ence to  the  teachings  of  the  Bible,  including  both  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ment, are  the  positive  guides  for  the  salvation  of  man.  In  order  to 
make  no  mistakes  in  the  commandments,  a  pamphlet  has  been  published 
imder  the  direction  of  the  church,  called  the  Seven  Keys,  which  gives 
references  and  authority  for  the  various  customs  and  orders  of  the 
church.  Members  are  admitted  to  the  church  upon  repentance  of  sin 
and  baptism  by  immersion.  The  Lord's  Supper,  the  washing  of  feet 
and  the  pledge  of  the  holy  kiss  are  observed. 

The  central  organization  of  the  church  is  an  e.xectitive  board  or  coun- 


346  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

cil  called  a  presbytei\v,  which  is  made  up  of  12  ordained  elders  and 
evangelists  whose  duty  it  is  to  look  after  the  general  business  of  the 
church.  The  prophet  (Crowdy)  is  not  elected,  but  holds  his  position  by 
virtue  of  a  divine  call.  He  is  presiding  officer  of  both  the  executive  board 
and  of  the  church.  The  followers  believe  that  the  prophet  is  in  direct 
■communication  with  God,  utters  prophecies  and  performs  miracles  by 
liis  will.  The  district  assemblies  are  composed  of  the  different  orders  of 
the  ministr}-  and  delegates  from  each  local  church.  The  ministers  hold 
office  during  good  behavior.  The  temporal  affairs  of  the  churches  are 
looked  after  by  deacons  under  the  general  supervision  of  the  assemblies. 
Since  the  founding  of  the  church  in  Kansas  it  has  had  a  somewhat  rapid 
growth  and  in  1906  had  48  organizations,  located  in  fourteen  states  and 
the  District  of  Columbia,  the  total  number-  of  communicants  in  the 
United  States  being  1.823.  In  Kansas  there  are  3  organizations  with  a 
membership  of  78. 

Church  of  the  New  Jerusalem. — (See  Swedenborgians.) 

Churches. — The  first  churches  in  what  is  now  the  State  of  Kansas 
were  established  while  it  was  still  unorganized  territory.  Missions  were 
established  among  the  Indian  tribes  during  the  first  quarter  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  by  various  denominations,  and  from  that  time  the  church 
and  the  mission  school  dwelt  side  by  side,  and  worked  hand  in  hand  for 
the  evangelization  and  education  of  the  red  man.  In  1854,  when  Kansas 
was  erected  as  a  territory,  the  Methodists  had  churches  at  .Shawnee 
mission  and  at  Wyandotte;  the  Baptists  had  a  mission  church  2  miles 
northwest  of  the  Shawnee  mission,  one  near  the  Delaware  postofifice  and 
still  another  in  what  is  now  Mission  township,  Shawnee  county;  the 
Friends  had  a  mission  and  school  west  of  the  Shawnee  mission,  and 
among  the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians  the  Presbyterians  had  located  a  mission 
and  school  near  the  present  site  of  Highland,  Doniphan  county.  Two 
missions  had  been  established  by  the  Catholics — St.  Mary's,  located  in 
what  is  now  Mission  township,  Shawnee  county,  with  three  stations 
within  a  radius  of  20  miles,  and  a  second  on  the  Neosho  river,  in  what 
is  now  Neosho  county. 

Nearly  all  the  free-state  settlers  had  belonged  to  churches  in  the  com- 
munities from  which  they  came,  and  one  of  the  first  provisions  they 
made  after  settling  in  the  territory  was  for  religious  services  and 
schools  for  their  children.  At  first  the  services  were  held  in  the  open 
air,  in  tents  or  rude  cabins,  but  as  settlements  increased  church  buildings 
were  erected,  many  of  which  are  used  to  the  present  day  in  different 
localities.  In  the  outlying  districts  where  settlement  was  ihiu,  the 
people  gathered  at  some  convenient  locality  and  were  ministered  to  b>' 
circuit  riders  or  missionaries.  Many  of  these  early  congregations  later 
became  permanent  and  prosperous  churches. 

The  earliest  available  record  of  churches  in  Kansas  is  that  taken  by 
the  state  board  of  agriculture  in  1875,  which  is  meagre  and  may  not 
accurately  give  an  idea  of  all  denominations,  but  it  gives  the  largest 
which  in  that  voar  wpro:  the  Catholic  church  with  202  organizations  and 


KANSAS    HISTORY  347 

a  membership  of  37,198;  the  Methodist  church  with  621  organizations 
and  a  membership  of  22,696;  the  Baptists  with  286  organizations  and  a 
membership  of  12,197;  the  Presbyterians  with  220  organizations  and  a 
membership  of  7,962,  and  the  Congregalionalists  with  121  organizations 
and  a  membership  of  4,458,  making  a  total  of  1,484  organizations  and 
85,924  communicants.  By  1880  the  number  of  organizations  had 
increased  to  2,155  and  the  membership  to  189,629,  or  more  than  twice 
that  of  1875.  As  settlement  has  passed  westward  across  the  state, 
churches  have  been  established  in  nearly  every  community  and  their 
growth  has  been  steady  and  satisfactory.  In  1890  the  proportion  of 
church  members  to  aggregate  population  in  Kansas  was  about  28  per 
cent.  There  were  4,920  organizations  with  a  membership  of  336,575. 
In  1906  there  were  994  church  organizations  in  the  state  with  a  total 
membership  of  458,190.  Of  the  organizations  reporting,  4,020  have 
church  edifices  and  602  use  halls  or  other  buildings  for  places  of  wor- 
ship. The  aggregate  value  of  the  church  piroperty  in  the  state  in  1906 
was  $14,053,454.  It  was  found  that  in  that  year  that  78.7  per  cent,  of 
all  church  members  in  the  state  belonged  to  Protestant  bodies ;  20.3  per 
cent,  to  the  Catholic  church ;  0.5  per  cent,  to  the  Latter-day  Saints ;  and 
0.5  to  all  other  bodies.  (For  information  concerning  any  particular 
church  look  under  the  denominational  head.) 

Churches  of  God  in  North  America. — This  religious  organization 
arose  as  a  result  of  the  revival  movement  which  spread  through  the 
United  Stafes  during  the  first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century.  One  of 
The  leaders  of  the  revival  movement  was  John  Winebrenner,  a  minister 
of  the  Reformed  church  at  Harrisburg,  Pa.  His  sermons  were  so  impres- 
sive that  some  of  his  congregation  became  alarmed  about  their  spiritual 
condition.  Revivals  were  a  new  thing  in  that  region  and  some  of  the 
members  became  so  dissatisfied  that  they  laid  the  matter  before  the 
synod  of  the  Reformed  church  which  met  at  Harrisburg,  Sept.  29,  1822. 
The  case  was  not  disposed  of  until  1828,  when  Mr.  Winebrenner's  con- 
nection with  the  Reformed  church  was  severed.  After  this  he  began 
to  labor  in  the  surrounding  districts  and  towns,  and  in  1829  he  organized 
an  independent  church  calling  it  only  the  Church  of  God.  Other  congre- 
gations soon  followed  in  and  around  Harrisburg,  each  assiuning  the 
name  Church  of  God,  and  adding  the  name  of  the  town  in  which  the 
congregation  organized,  as  Church  of  God  at  Hagerstown. 

These  churches,  in  which  all  members  had  equal  rights,  elected  and 
licensed  men  to  preach,  but  for  some  time  there  was  no  bond  or  general 
organization  or  directing  authority.  In  Oct.,  1830,  a  meeting  was  held 
at  Harrisburg  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  regular  system  of 
cooperation,  which  was  attended  by  six  licensed  ministers.  At  this 
meeting  an  eldership,  to  consist  of  an  equal  number  of  teaching  and 
ruling  elders,  was  organized  which  was  called  the  "General  Eldership 
of  the  Church  of  God,"  to  distinguish  it  from  the  local  church  eldership. 
The  movement  continued  to  spread  to  adjoining  counties  and  to  Mary- 
land, western  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio.    On  May  26,  1845,  delegates  from 


348  CYCLOPEDIA    OF  * 

the  three  elderships  met  at  Pittsburg.  Pa.,  and  organized  the  "General 
Eldership  of  the  Church  of  God  in  North  America,"  but  in  1896,  the 
name  was  changed  to  "General  Eldership  of  the  Churches  of  God  in 
North  America." 

In  doctrine  these  chtirches  are  evangelical  and  orthodox,  and  are 
Arminian  rather  than  Calvinistic.  They  hold  as  distinctive  from  other 
denominations,  that  sectarianism  is  antiscriptural ;  that  each  local 
church  is  a  church  of  God,  and  should  be  called  so;  that  in  general,  all 
Bible  things  should  be  called  by  Bible  names,  and  a  Bible  name  should 
not  be  given  to  anything  not  mentioned  in  the  Bible.  The  members  of 
the  Churches  of  God  believe  that  three  ordinances  are  obligatory — the 
Lord's  Stipper,  baptism  and  the  religious  washing  of  the  saint's  feet. 
They  have  no  written  creed  but  accept  the  Bible  as  their  rule  of  faith 
and  practice. 

In  policy  the  Churches  of  God  are  presbyterian.  Each  local  church 
votes  for  a  minister  but  the  annual  elderships  make  the  appointments 
within  their  own  boundaries.  The  congregation  elects  the  elders  and 
deacons,  who  with  the  minister  constitute  the  church  council  and  are 
the  governing  body,  having  charge  of  the  admission  of  members  and 
general  oversight  of  the  church  work.  The  minister  and  an  equal  num- 
ber of  laymen  within  a  certain  territory  constitute  annual  elderships, 
corresponding  to  presbyteries,  which  have  the  exclusive  right  to  ordain 
ministers.  The  different  annual  elderships  combine  to  form  the  Gen- 
eral Eldership  which  meets  once  in  four  years,  and  is  composed  of  an 
equal  number  of  ministers  and  lay  representatives  (elders)  elected  by 
the  annual  elderships. 

The  Churches  of  God  have  been  established  in  many  parts  of  the 
country  and  are  now  represented  in  sixteen  states.  They  were  estab- 
lished in  Kansas  by  the  settlers  who  came  from  the  older  communities 
in  the  east  and  brought  their  faith  with  them.  In  1890  there  were  26 
organizations  in  Kansas  with  a  membership  of  956.  Nearly  all  of  these 
churches  were  in  the  eastern  third  of  the  state.  In  1906  only  12  organ- 
izations were  reported  with  a  total  membership  of  613.  This  falling  off 
in  Kansas  is  doubtless  due  to  the  emigration  of  many  of  the  members 
to  Oklahoma  and  the  Indian  Territory,  where  good  cheap  land  was  to 
be  had. 

Churches  of  the  Living  God. — This  religious  organization  .imong  the 
negroes  was  organized  in  1899  at  Wright ville.  Ark.,  by  William  Chris- 
tian, with  about  120  members.  In  general  it  holds  to  the  articles  of 
faitli  of  the  Baptist  church  but  in  policy  is  more  like  the  Methodist 
church.  The  first  churcJi  became  very  successful  and  others  were  formed 
on  the  same  basis.  The  name  chosen  by  the  new  denomination  was 
Church  of  the  Living  God.  It  grew  rapidly  but  was  divided  because  of 
dissensions,  and  at  the  jirescnt  time  three  bodies  are  recognized  :  Church 
of  the  Living  God  (Christian  Workers  for  Friendship)  ;  Church  of  the 
Living  God  (Apostolic  Chinch)  ;  and  Church  of  Christ  in  God.  There 
are  now  44  organizations  located  in  12  states.  In  Kansas  the  church 
had  three  organizations  in  1906  with  ;i  uuiulKislii|)  of  135. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  349 

Cicero,  a  village  of  Harmon  township,  Sumner  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  7  miles  northeast  of  Welling- 
ton, the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  a  grain  elevator, 
some  good  general  stores,  telephone  connections,  etc.,  and  in  igio 
reported  a  population  of  48. 

Cimarron,  the  county  seat  and  largest  town  of  Gray  county,  is  located 
on  the  Arkansas  river  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe.  R.  R.  a 
little  northeast  of  the  center  of  the  county  and  18  miles  west  of  Dodge 
City.  It  was  first  settled  in  1878,  and  in  1910  was  the  only  incorporated 
city  in  the  county.  The  population  at  that  time,  according  to  the  U.  S. 
census  was  587.  Cimarron  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  express  and 
telegraph  offices,  2  banks,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Jacksonian),  tele- 
phone connections,  a  hotel,  Christian,  Methodist,  Presbyterian  and 
United  Brethren  churches,  good  public  schools,  and  a  grain  elevator 
operated  by  the  Farnlers'  Cooperative  Union.  It  is  the  most  important 
shipping  point  between  Dodge  City  and  Garden  City. 

Cimarron  River. — The  history  of  this  stream  discloses  the  fact  that 
early  map  makers  and  explorers  confused  it  with  the  one  known  as  the 
"Salt  Fork."  One  of  the  earliest  mentions  of  the  Cimarron  was  in  1807 
by  Pike,  who  called  it  the  "Grand  Saline"  or  "Newsewtonga."  In  Nut- 
tail's  narrative,  1818-20,  he  calls  the  stream  the  "Grand  Saline;"  Melish, 
1820,  the  "Jefiferson ;"  Tanner,  1823,  the  "Nesuhetonga  or  Grand  Sa- 
line;" Finlay,  1826,  the  "Grand  Saline;"  Gregg,  1840,  the  "Cimarron;" 
Mitchell,  1846,  the  "Cimarone  or  Salt  Fork;"  Tanner,  1S46,  the 
"Semarone,  Negracka,  or  Red  River;"  Mitchell,  1874,  as  "Cimmaron ;" 
and  "First  Red  Fork  of  the  Arkansas,"  "Red  Fork"  and  "Salt  River" 
attaching  at  various  times.  The  term  "Red  Fork"  was  undoubtedly 
applied  to  the  stream  on  account  of  the  red  tinge  of  its  waters,  received 
from  contact  with  the  red  clay  along  its  banks.  "Negracka"  is  probably 
of  Siouan  origin,  most  likely  an  Osage  word.  Cimarron  is  a  Spanish 
word,  meaning  "wild,  or  unruly."  The  name  Saline  and  Grand  Saline 
have  been  applied  indiscriminately  to  the  Cimarron  and  the  Salt  Fork  of 
the  Arkansas,  the  name  Grand  Saline  being  more  applicable  to  the 
Cimarron. 

The  Cimarron  has. its  source  in  the  mountains  of  Union  county,  N.  M. 
Flowing  in  an  easterly  direction  its  two  branches  enter  Kansas  in  the 
southvi'est  corner  county — Morton — the  north  fork  flowing  across  this 
county  and  the  southeast  corner  of  Stanton  county  and  entering  Grant. 
The  south  fork  crosses  Morton  county  and  the  northwest  corner  of 
Stevens  and  enters  Grant  county,  where  the  two  branches  unite,  the 
combined  Cimarron  then  flowing  in  a  southeast  direction  through 
Seward  county  and  the  extreme  southwest  corner  of  Meade  county  into 
Oklahoma.  A  few  miles  below  the  Kansas  line  the  stream  makes  a 
turn,  flows  east  about  25  miles,  again  enters  Kansas  in  Clark  county, 
flowing  across  the  southeast  corner  of  that  county  and  leaving  the  state 
from  the  southwest  corner  of  Comanche  county.  In  Oklahoma  the  river 
flows  about  two-thirds  the  distance  across  that  state  and  empties  into 
the  Arkansas  river  near  the  town  of  Leroy. 


353  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Probably  no  other  stream  in  Kansas  can  boast  the  natural  scenery  to 
be  found  along  the  Cimarron.  An  early  day  writer  has  said  that  the 
river  traversed  a  "country  remarkably  rugged  and  broken,  affording  the 
most  romantic  and  picturesque  views  imaginable.  It  is  a  tract  of  about 
75  miles  square  in  which  nature  has  displayed  a  great  variety  of  the 
most  strange  and  whimsical  vagaries.  It  is  an  assemblage  of  beautiful 
meadows,  verdant  ridges,  and  rude,  misshapen  piles  of  red  clay,  thrown 
together  in  the  utmost  apparent  confusion,  yet  affording  the  most  pleas- 
ant harmonies  and  presenting  us  in  every  direction  an  endless  variety 
of  curious  and  interesting  objects."  The  early  freighters  and  hunters 
have  made  mention  of  the  wild  fruits  they  found  in  abundance  along  the 
stream,  including  plums,  grapes,  choke  cherries,  gooseberries  and  cur- 
rants, of  which  there  were  three  kinds,  black,  red  and  white.  About  the 
ravines  and  in  the  marshy  ground  along  the  stream  there  were  several 
varieties  of  wild  onions,  resembling  garlic  in  flavor,  and  which  the  trav- 
elers found  very  acceptable  in  cooking,  to  season  meats.  The  Santa  Fe 
trail  struck  the  Cimarron  in  what  is  now  Grant  county,  and  from  there 
into  New  Mexico  closely  followed  the  stream.  The  Cimarron  is  about 
650  miles  in  length,  of  which  about  175  miles  are  in  Kansas. 

Circieville,  a  village  of  Jackson  county,  is  located  8  miles  northwest 
of  Holton,  the  county  seat,  on  the  Union  Pacific  and  Missouri  Pacific 
railroads.  It  has  banking  facilities,  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  a 
money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  mail  routes.  All  the  general  lines 
of  business  are  represented.  The  population  in  1910  was  325.  The 
town  was  founded  by  Maj.  Thomas  J.  Anderson  in  1863,  and  shortly 
after  the  survey  Rufus  Oursler  erected  a  store  and  put  up  a  combination 
grist  and  sawmill.  In  1865-66  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  erected 
a  $10,000  seminary  which  was  abandoned  later  for  the  reason  that  the 
church  became  interested  in  Baker  University  at  Baldwin.  For  many 
years  the  building  was  used  for  school  purposes.  At  the  time  the  town 
was  founded  the  people  had  to  go  to  Jefferson  for  their  mail,  but  later 
a  postoffice  was  established  at  Holton. 

Citizens'  Industrial  Alliance. — This  association  was  organized  at 
Topeka  in  Jan.,  1891,  and  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Kansas.  It 
suliscqucntK-  bccanu'  a  i)art  nf  the  l'"armers'  Alliance  mnxcmcnt.  (See 
Farmers'  Alliance.) 

Civil  Service. — A  standard  authority  defines  civil  service  as  "That 
branch  of  the  pul-lic  service  which  includes  all  executive  offices  not 
connected  with  the  army  or  navy."  The  same  authority  says:  "Owing 
to  the  complexity  of  modern  government  and  the  variety  of  its  functions, 
the  civil  service  has  become  very  complex,  and  the  jirnblcni  of  its  effec- 
tive administration  a  difficult  one." 

About  1830  what  is  known  as  the  "spoils  system"  was  engrafted  upon 
the  American  civil  service.  Political  parties  adopted  as  their  slogan  the 
cry  of  "To  the  victors  belong  the  spoils,"  and  appointments  to  public 
office  were  made  more  with  regard  to  political  activity  than  to  fitness 
for  tiic  (httics  to  be  discharged.     By    1835  the  conditions  bocinic  svich 


KANSAS    HISTORY  351 

that  Daniel  Webster  declared  in  Congress  that  "Offices  are  created,  not 
fur  the  benefit  of  those  who  fill  them,  but  for  public  convenience." 
Nearly  half  a  century  more  elapsed  before  any  steps  were  taken  to 
reform  the  civil  service  or  the  methods  of  making  appointments.  But 
in  Jan.,  1883,  Congress  passed  "An  act  to  regulate  and  improve  the  civil 
service  of  the  United  States,"  in  which  it  was  provided  that  the  "merit 
system"  should  determine  appointment  and  tenure  of  office  of  a  large 
number  of  employees  in  the  various  departments  of  the  government 
service. 

Since  that  time  a  number  of  states  and  cities  have  adopted  the  merit 
system  of  making  appointments  in  departments  where  the  work  is  purely 
of  an  executive  character,  Wisconsin  probably  leading  all  the  other 
states  in  the  thoroughness  with  which  the  system  is  applied.  Gov.  Click 
sought  to  have  the  educational,  charitable  and  reformatory  institutions 
of  Kansas  placed  under  this  system,  and  announced  in  one  of  his  mes- 
sages to  the  legislature  that,  "whether  you  so  amend  the  law  or  not,  the 
course  indicated  will  govern  the  present  executive  in  his  actions  and 
appointments,  so  that  none  of  our  state  institutions  shall  be  run  in  the 
interests  of  any  party  or  faction,  or  turned  into  a  political  machine." 

Nothing  was  done  at  that  time,  but  the  act  of  March  3,  1905,  provided 
that  "It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  governing  board  of  trustees  of  the 
institutions  hereinafter  named  forthwith  to  formulate  rules  and  regula- 
tions prescribing,  so  far  as  can  be  done,  the  qualifications  necessary  in 
order  to  secure  employment  in  their  respective  institutions,  together 
with  provision  for  ascertaining  whether  or  not  applicants  for  positions 
in  such  institutions  are  qualified  to  fill  the  same,  with  further  provision 
for  the  selection  of  those  most  capable  among  such  applicants." 

It  was  also  provided  that  such  rules  and  regulations,  once  established, 
should  be  strictly  followed  by  boards  in  making  appointments,  and  that 
assistants,  subordinate  officers  and  employees  might  be  appointed  by 
the  superintendent  or  other  chief  executive  officer,  and  removed  by  him 
for  cause,  provided  "that  no  political  action  or  political  affiliation  shall 
be  sufficient  cause  for  removal."  Any  superintendent  removing  any  one 
for  political  reasons  was  subject  to  forfeiture  of  his  position. 

The  institutions  named  in  the  act  were  the  schools  for  the  blind,  the 
deaf,  the  feeble  minded,  the  soldiers'  orphans  home,  the  industrial 
schools,  the  state  reformatory,  the  state  penitentiary,  "and  all  other 
charitable  and  penal  institutions  of  the  State  of  Kansas." 

In  all  cities  adopting  the  commission  form  of  government  under  the 
provisions  of  the  act  of  Feb.  10,  1909,  the  city  commissioners  must,  by 
ordinance,  appoint  three  civil  service  commissioners,  whose  duty  it  shall 
be  to  hold  examinations  and  determine  the  qualifications  of  applicants 
for  positions  under  the  city  government.  And  when  a  vacancy  occurs, 
the  civil  service  commission  shall  certify  to  the  city  commissioners  two 
names  from  the  eligible  list  for  every  vacancy  to  be  filled,  from  which 
names  the  city  commissioners  shall  select  the  person  for  appointment. 
No  removals  from  the  municipal  civil  service  shall  be  made  except  for 
cause. 


352  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

The  act  of  Feb.  12,  1908,  placed  the  fire  departments  of  cities  of  the 
first  class  under  civil  service  regulations,  by  providing  that  all  appoint- 
ments thereto  should  be  made  "solely  on  the  basis  of  merit  and  fitness 
for  service,"  and  that  no  removals  from  the  department  should  be  made 
to  make  places  for  other  men. 

Civil  War.— (See  War  of  1861-65.) 

Claflin,  an  incorporated  city  of  Barton  county,  is  located  in  Independ- 
ent township,  about  20  miles  northeast  of  Great  Bend,  the  county  seat. 
The  first  settlement  at  Claflin  was  made  in  1887,  and  in  1910  the  city 
reported  a  population  of  554.  It  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific 
R.  R.,  has  2  banks,  a  flour  mill,  a  creamery,  a  grain  elevator,  a  machine 
shop,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Clarion),  Catholic  and  Protestant 
churches,  a  good  public  school  system,  and  is  the  principal  shipping  and 
supply  point  for  a  large  agricultural  district,  to  the  people  of  which  its 
international  money  order  postoffice  supplies  mail  daily  by  two  rural 
routes.    The  Odin  school,  a  Catholic  institution,  is  located  at  Claflin. 

Claims. — At  various  periods  and  for  various  reasons  Kansas  has  pre- 
sented claims  against  the  United  States.  The  first  instance  of  this  char- 
acter was  in  1857,  while  Kansas  was  still  a  territory.  During  the  border 
troubles  many  of  the  settlers  suffered  losses  by  having  their  stock 
driven  off,  their  houses  burned,  etc.  In  his  message  to  the  legislature 
on  Jan.  12,  1857,  Gov.  Geary  said:  'Tn  traveling  through  the  territory 
I  have  discovered  great  anxiety  in  relation  to  the  damages  sustained 
during  the  past  civil  disturbances,  and  everywhere  the  question  has  been 
asked  as  to  whom  they  should  look  for  indemnity.  These  injuries — 
burning  houses,  plundering  fields  and  stealing  horses  and  other  property 
— have  been  a  fruitful  source  of  irritation  and  trouble,  and  have  impover- 
ished many  good  citizens.  They  cannot  be  considered  as  springing  from 
purely  local  causes,  and  as  such,  the  subjects  of  territorial  redress.  .  .  . 
In  adjusting  the  question  of  damages,  it  appears  proper  tliat  a  broad 
and  comprehensive  view  of  the  subject  should  be  taken ;  and  I  have 
•  accordingly  suggested  to  the  general  government  the  propriety  of 
recommending  to  Congress  the  passage  of  an  act  providing  for  the 
appointment  of  a  commissioner  to  take  testimony  and  report  to  Congress 
for  final  action,  at  as  early  a  day  as  possible." 

Acting  upon  the  governor's  recommendation,  the  legislature  on  Fell. 
23,  1857,  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  appointment  of  a  commissioner. 
Iliram  J.  Strickler  was  appointed  and  on  March  7,  1858,  he  filed  his 
report  showing  that  he  had  examined  claims  amounling  to  $301,225,  of 
which  he  had  awarded  $254,279.28.  His  report  also  gave  a  list  of  the 
claimants.  Marcus  J.  Parrott,,then  the  territorial  delegate  in  Congress, 
presented  a  bill  for  the  payment  of  these  claims,  Init  it  was  never  reported 
back  from  the  committee  to  which  it  was  referred. 

On  Feb.  7,  1859,  the  legislature  passed  an  act  providing  for  the 
appointment  of  three  commissioners — one  by  the  governor,  one  by  the 
council  and  one  by  the  house — to  investigate  the  claims  and  report,  and 
a    supplementary    act    autlmrizcd    tlic    commissioners    to    employ     ,\n 


KANSAS    HISTORY  353 

attorney.  The  governor  appointed  Edward  Hoogland,  the  council 
appointed  Henry  J.  Adams  and  the  house  appointed  Samuel  A.  King- 
man. William  McKay  was  engaged  as  attorney.  This  commission 
reported  claims  filed  amounting  to  $676,020.21,  of  which  $412,978.03  had 
been  allowed.  Subsequently  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $95,700  were  issued, 
covering  $5,400  of  legislative  warrants  and  $90,300  of  claim  warrants. 
The  territorial  legislature  of  i860  adopted  a  concurrent  resolution  asking 
Congress  to  assume  the  payment  of  these  bonds,  but  no  action  was 
taken  by  Congress,  and  the  last  territorial  legislature  in  1861  passed  an 
act  to  prevent  their  payment.  The  first  state  legislature,  which  met  in 
March,  1861,  passed  a  similar  act,  and  the  claims  for  losses  during  the 
border  war  have  never  been  paid. 

Kansas  was  admitted  into  the  Union  on  the  eve  of  the  great  Civil 
war.  The  machinery  of  the  state  government  had  been  in  operation  less 
than  three  months,  when  President  Lincoln  issued  his  call  for  volunteers 
to  suppress  a  rebellion.  Kansas  responded  promptly,  and  during  the 
war  the  state  was  at  heavy  expense  in  raising  and  subsisting  troops.  In 
addition  to  that,  the  general  government,  by  the  act  of  Congress, 
approved  on  Aug.  5,  1861,  levied  a  direct  tax  upon  the  states,  the  amount 
apportioned  to  Kansas  being  $71,743.33.  The  citizens  of  the  state  lost 
heavily  in  the  various  guerrilla  raids  and  the  Price  invasion  of  1864,  and 
at  the  close  of  the  war  filed  claims  for  damages  for  property  destroyed 
or  appropriated  by  the  contending  armies.  Immediately  following  the 
Civil  war,  the  state  incurred  heavy  expenses  in  suppressing  Indian 
uprisings  on  the  western  frontier — expenses  which  the  state  authorities 
felt  should  be  borne  by  the  United  States,  the  Indians  causing  the  trouble 
having  been  "wards  of  the  government."  Under  the  provisions  of  the 
Wyandotte  constitution  and  the  act  of  admission,  Kansas  was  to  receive 
sections  16  and  36  in  each  township  for  school  purposes,  certain  lands 
for  the  benefit  of  a  state  university,  and  five  per  cent,  of  the  proceeds  of 
all  public  land  sales  within  the  state,  but  while  the  war  was  in  progress 
these  provisions  were  apparently  forgotten. 

In  1877  Gov.  Anthony  submitted  a  statement  to  the  45th  Congress 
showing  that  the  United  States  was  indebted  to  the  State  of  Kansas  for 
miltar}'  expenses  to  the  amount  of  $470,726.15.  In  that  year  ex-Gov. 
Samuel  J.  Crawford  was  appointed  state  agent  to  look  after  the  collec- 
tion of  these  claims,  as  well  as  the  adjustment  of  the  school  lands  and 
the  recovery  of  the  five  per  cent,  of  the  public  land  sales.  Crawford's 
final  report  in  1892  shows  that  he  had  adjusted  claims  and  received  pay- 
ment of  the  following  sums  of  money  to  the  state : 

School  lands  (276,376  acres)  valued  at $  345,470.03 

Five  per  cent,  on  public  land  sales 755,919.81 

Military  claims   372,236.38 

Direct  tax  refund   7i •743-33 

Total    $1,545,369-55 

a-23) 


354  CYCLOPEDIA    UK 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  the  legislature,  approved  by  Gov. 
Crawford  on  Feb.  ii,  1865,  the  secretary  of  state,  adjutant-general  and 
attorney-general  were  appointed  a  commission  to  audit  the  claim  grow- 
ing out  of  the  Price  raid.  This  commission  reported  claims  allowed 
amounting  to  $342,145.99.  A  new  commission,  consisting  of  W.  N. 
Hanley,  W.  H.  Fitzpatrick  and  D.  E.  Ballard,  was  appointed  in  1867. 
This  commission  reduced  the  amount  allowed  by  the  former  one  to 
.'^240,258.77.  Section  2  of  the  act  of  Feb.  26,  1867,  provided :  "That  for 
the  purpose  of  settling  the  claims  audited  and  allowed  by  said  board  of 
commissioners,  certificates  to  be  known  and  designated  as  Union  mili- 
tary scrip,  shall  be  issued  in  sums  of  i,  5,  10,  20,  50,  100  and  1,000  dol- 
lars, as  the  claimants  may  desire,  in  an  amount  equal  in  the  aggregate 
to  the  amoimt  of  claims  allowed  by  said  board  of  commissioners." 

Under  the  act  of  Feb.  17,  1869,  Levi  Woodard,  David  Whitaker  and 
T.  J.  Taylor  were  appointed  a  third  commission  and  allowed  claims 
amounting  to  $61,221.87.  On  Feb.  2,  1871,  President  Grant  approved  an 
act  of  Congress  atithorizing  the  appointment  of  a  commission  to  investi- 
gate and  report  upon  the  Kansas  Price  raid  claims.  James  A.  Hardie, 
J.  D.  Bingham  and  T.  H.  Stanton,  three  officers  of  the  regular  army, 
were  appointed,  and  they  reported  claims  amounting  to  $337,054.38. 
which  sum  was  appropriated  by  Congress  by  the  act  of  June  8,  1872. 
Between  the  years  1878  and  1885,  ex-Gov.  Crawford,  as  state  agent,  col- 
lected $369,938.10  to  be  applied  on  these  claims,  and  in  Jan.,  1888, 
an  additional  sum  of  $237.01  was  received  through  Gov.  Martin,  making 
a  total  of  $707,229.49  allowed  by  the  general  government  for  the  pajr- 
ment  of  the  claims. 

A  joint  resolution  of  the  legislature,  adopted  on  March  5,  1887,  author- 
ized the  governor  to  appoint  a  stiitable  person  as  auditing  commis- 
sioner "who  shall  report  to  the  legislature  at  its  next  regular  or  extra 
session  a  full  and  complete  statement  in  detail  of  all  Price  raid  claims 
which  are  unpaid  and  which  have  been  audited  and  allowed  by  any  com- 
mission heretofore  appointed  by  authority  of  the  legislature  of  Kansas, 
and  upon  which  Union  military  scrip  has  been  heretofore  issued,  and 
also  all  claims  not  heretofore  audited  which  may  he  presented  to  him." 

Gen.  John  C.  Caldwell  was  appointed  commissioner  under  the  pro- 
visions of  this  resolution.  He  filed  his  report  with  the  legislature  of 
1889,  giving  an  alphabetical  list  of  the  original  holders  of  the  l^nion 
military  scrip,  of  which  the  total  issue  was  $584,035.20,  and  showing  that 
of  the  .$707,229.49  appropriated  by  Congress,  $26,604.05  was  credited  to 
the  state  on  accoimt  of  the  direct  tax.  He  also  showed  that  tjie  stale 
treasurer  had  paid  claims  amounting  to  $46,414.36  that  had  not  been 
allowed  by  any  commission,  and  had  left  unpaid  $19,352.44  of  claims 
tJiat  had  been  allowed.  Of  the  scrip,  certificates  amoimting  to  $336,817 
were  canceled  in  1873,  leaving  a  balance  of  $247,218.20.  The  report 
alludes  to  the  fact  that  the  state  legislature  appropriated  $130,000  in  1881 
for  the  payment  of  the  claims,  and  since  that  time  something  over 
$300,000  had  been  appropriated  by  the  general  government  for  the  same 
purpose. 


KANSAS    IllSTOKY  .555 

Jtist  before  the  opening  of  the  legislative  session  of  1905  an  effort  was 
made  to  have  Gov.  Hoch  recommend  an  appropriation  for  the  purpose 
of  settling  the  claims.  The  Topeka  Capital  of  Jan.  5,  1905,  said:  "Of 
the  sums  appropriated  by  Congress,  $26,604.05  was  illegally  used  to  pay 
the  government  direct  war  tax ;  $8,952.57  was  illegally  used  for  the  state 
militia,  and  $334,618.48  was  illegally  turned  into  the  state's  general  fund. 
The  total  amount  of  government  money  misued  by  the  state  was 
$372,175.  Most  of  the  original  claimants  are  dead,  and  the  bulk  of  the 
yellow  scrip  has  been  bought  up  by  a  few  speculators  for  a  cent  or  two 
on  the  dollar.  On  this  account,  perhaps,  there  is  a  lack  of  enthusiasm 
for  the  claims.  However,  there  are  a  few  old  men  and  women,  widows 
and  children,  who  have  held  to  the  scrip  as  it  came  into  the  family,  and 
they  are  making  a  strong  appeal  to  the  governor  and  the  men  who  will 
direct  the  legislature  this  winter." 

George  W.  Veale,  J.  L.  Allen,  R.  H.  Semple,  T.  P.  Moore,  A.  M.  Har- 
vey, L.  G.  Beal  and  J.  M.  Meade  were  appointed  a  legislative  commit- 
tee on  behalf  of  the  scrip-holders,  with  instructions  to  issue  an  address 
to  the  people  of  Kansas  on  the  subject.  The  address  was  issued  and 
considerable  influence  was  brought  to  bear  to  have  the  legislature  pro- 
vide for  the  final  redemption  of  the  scrip,  but  that  body  failed  to  act. 

The  act  of  the  legislature  of  Feb.  27,  1875,  authorized  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  commission  to  audit  and  certify  the  amount  of  losses  sustained 
by  the  citizens  of  Kansas  through  guerrilla  raids  at  the  time  of  the  war, 
chiefly  the  Ouantrill  raid  on  Lawrence  in  Aug.,  1863.  These  claims 
were  known  as  the  "Ouantrill  raid  claims."  The  commission  issued 
certificates  for  $882,390.11.  Under  the  act  of  March  5,  1887,  the  state 
assumed  the  payment  of  these  certificates,  but  a  compromise  was 
effected,  the  state  paying  $362,567.91  for  principal  and  $104,720.26  for 
interest,  a  total  of  $467,288.17,  which  amount  became  a  claim  against 
the  United  States. 

At  the  time  of  the  Spanish-.\merican  war,  Kansas  expended  $37,787.84 
in  raising,  transporting  and  subsisting  troops.  Of  this  amount  the 
United  States  refunded  $37,200.19.  Samuel  J.  Crawford  was  succeeded 
as  state  agent  by  W.  W.  Martin,  who  served  until  March  i,  1905,  but 
none  of  his  reports  can  be  found,  if  he  ever  made  any.  John  C.  Nicholson 
then  became  state  agent,  and  in  the  Kansas  Magazine  for  July.  1909,  he 
presents  the  following  recapitulation  of  Kansas'  account  with  the  United 
States,  the  first  column  showing  the  amount  paid  by  the  state,  and  the 
second  the  amount  reimbursed  by  the  United  States : 

Raising  troops.  Civil  war   $      52,202  $      49,052 

Interest  and  discount  on  above 101,938  97,466 

For  repelling  Indian  invasions   349,320  332,308 

Interest  and  discount  on  above 438,961  425,065 

Price   raid    336,817  336,817 

Ouantrill  raid   467,288 

Spanish-American    war    37.787  37,200 

Total  $1,784,313  $1,277,908 


356  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Mr.  Xicholson  also  shows  the  following  claims  allowed  by  authorized 
commissions,  but  unpaid: 

Territorial   period    $    412,972 

Price  raid,  balance    248,218 

Ouantrill   raid,   balance    415,102 

Total  $1,076,292 

Concerning  the  Price  raid  claims,  Mr.  Nicholson  says :  "The  unset- 
tled Price  raid  claims  have  been  for  many  years  a  source  of  great  annoy- 
ance and  dispute,  and  it  is  generally  admitted  that  the  state  ought  to 
pay  the  unsettled  claims  allowed  by  the  Hardie  commission.  The  dif- 
ficulty in  adjusting  the  matter  is  greatly  increased  by  the  fact  that 
duplicate  scrip  was  fraudulently  issued  for  part  of  the  claims." 

Clara,  a  village  of  Washington  county,  is  situated  about  12  miles 
southwest  of  Washington,  the  county  seat,  and  in  1910  reported  a  popu- 
lation of  40.  Mail  is  received  through  the  postoffice  at  Haddam,  which 
is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Clare,  a  village  in  the  central  part  of  Johnson  county,  is  located  on 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  5  miles  southwest  of  Olathe, 
the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph  and  express 
facilities  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  10. 

Clark  County. — On  Feb.  26,  1867,  Gov.  Crawford  approved  an  act 
of  the  legislature  defining  the  boundaries  of  a  number  of  new  coun- 
ties in  the  western  part  of  the  state.  Section  39  of  that  act  reads : 
"The  county  of  Clarke  shall  be  bounded  as  follows:  Commencing 
where  the  east  line  of  range  21  west  intersects  the  sixth  standard 
parallel,  thence  south  to  the  thirty-seventh  degree  of  north  latitude, 
thence  west  to  the  east  line  of  range  26  west,  thence  north  to  the  sixth 
standard  parallel,  thence  east  to  the  place  of  beginning." 

By  the  act  of  March  6,  1875,  the  northern  boundary  was  moved  north- 
ward 6  miles,  to  the  north  line  of  township  30  south,  and  the  western 
boundary  was  fixed  at  the  "east  line  of  range  27  west."  The  county 
was  named  for  Charles  F.  Clarke,  who  entered  the  volunteer  service 
in  the  Civil  war  as  a  captain  in  the  Sixth  Kansas  cavalry,  was  com- 
missioned assistant  adjutant-general  on  June  12,  1862.  and  died  at  Mom- 
phif^  Tenn..  on  the  loth  of  the  following  December.  In  the  original 
creative  act  the  name  is  spelled  with  the  final  "e,"  but  in  the  act  of 
1873  and  all  subsequent  legislation  aflfecting  the  county  the  last  letter 
was  dropped  from  the  name. 

As  an  iiiiiirganized  county.  Clark  was  attached  to  Ford  county  for 
judicial  purposes  only  until  Feb.  21,  1883,  when  Gov.  Click  approved 
an  act  including  Clark  in  Ford  county,  in  order  that  the  latter  might 
benefit  by  the  taxation  of  the  large  cattle  interests.  This  did  not  please 
the  few  settlers  in  Clark  county,  and  by  the  act  of  March  7,  1885.  Clark 
was  reestablished  with  its  present   boundaries,  extending  from  the  east 


KANSAS    HISTORY  357 

line  of  range  21  to  the  east  line  of  range  26  west,  and  from  the  north 
line  of  township  30  south  to  the  southern  boundary  of  the  state.  By 
the  same  act  the  county  was  attached  to  Comanche  for  judicial  purposes. 

Clark  county  has  an  altitude  of  nearly  2,000  feet,  Ashland,  the  county 
seat,  being  situated  1,950  feet  above  sea  level.  The  surface  is  gen- 
erally level  prairie,  sloping  gently  southward  toward  the  Cimarron 
river,  which  crosses  the  southern  boundary  near  the  center  and  flows 
in  an  easterly  direction  until  it  enters  Comanche  county  about  5  miles 
north  of  the  state  line.  All  the  streams  of  the  county  are  directly  or 
indirectly  tributary  to  the  Cimarron.  The  principal  creeks  are  Bluff, 
Beaver,  Bear,  and  Big  and  Little  Sand  creeks.  Near  the  center  of  the 
county  is  an  elevation,  to  which  H.  C.  Inman,  quartermaster  of  the 
Custer  expedition  in  1868  gave  the  name  of  "Mount  Jesus."  In  the 
winter  of  1868-69  ^  ti'ail  was  made  from  Fort  Dodge  to  Camp  Supply 
in  the  Indian  Territory,  over  which  government  supplies  were  taken 
to  the  latter  post.  It  passed  near  the  elevation  mentioned,  and  became 
known  as  the  ''Mount  Jesus  trail."  In  1870  a  new  trail  was  opened, 
over  which  the  cattle  drovers  passed  to  Dodge  City  and  the  northern 
ranges.  It  was  known  as  the  "Texas  Cattle  Drive,"  and  during  the 
ten  years  from  1876  to  1885  some  2,000,000  cattle  passed  over  this  trail. 
There  is  not  much  native  timber  in  the  county.  Along  the  streams  are 
narrow  belts  of  hackberry,  walnut,  mulberry  and  Cottonwood,  the  last 
named  being  the  most  common. 

The  settlement  of  the  county  was  slow  for  several  years  after  it 
was  established.  In  the  spring  of  1871  the  county  was  surveyed,  and 
in  1874  John  Glenn  built  a  road  ranch  where  Ashland  now  stands. 
Two  graves  were  found  there,  supposed  to  be  th^  graves  of  men 
killed  by  the  Indians  in  1871,  and  the  place  was  at  first  known  as 
"Soldiers'  Graves."  A  weekly  stage  route  from  Dodge  City  to  Camp 
Supply  was  established  in  1875  and  four  years  later  it  became  a  daily 
stage  line.  In  1876  a  large  cattleman  named  Driscoll  located  a  ranch 
in  Clark  county,  being  the  first  heavy  cattleman  in  that  part  of  the 
country.  The  following  winter  three  Benedictine  priests  came  to  a 
mound  about  3  miles  northeast  of  Ashland,  which  they  named  Mount 
Casino,  with  a  view  of  founding  a  college  for  invalids  and  establishing 
a  colony.  The  movement  was  discouraged  by  the  cattlemen,  the  priests 
lost  their  horses  through  an  Indian  raid,  and  after  a  few  months  aban- 
doned the  attempt.  Spencer  brothers  later  located  their  ranch  near 
Mount  Casino.  Two  men  came  to  the  Sand  creek  valley  in  the  spring 
of  1878  and  made  a  crop  there  that  season,  but  did  not  become  per- 
manent settlers. 

In  the  Cheyenne  raid  of  1878  (q.  v.)  some  of  the  Indians  entered 
the  state  near  the  southwest  corner  of  Comanche  county  and  passed 
through  Clark,  stealing  some  horses  from  Driscoll's  ranch.  One  In- 
dian was  killed  in  the  county.  In  the  spring  of  1879  a  man  named 
Dudley  came  from  Sumner  county  and  settled  on  Bear  creek.  Up  to 
this  time  there  had  been  nothing  but  cattle  ranches  in  the  county,  the 


35<^  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

principal  ones  being  Driscoll's  and  Evans'  ranches  on  Kiger  creek ; 
Lustrum's  and  Carlson's  below  Bluff  creek;  Dorsey's  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Red  Earth,  and  Collar's  on  Bluff"  creek.  It  was  the  value  of  these 
ranches  that  influenced  the  legislature  to  include  Clark  county  in  Ford, 
as  above  mentioned. 

Clark  City  was  laid  out  in  June,  1884,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  north 
of  the  present  city  of  Ashland.  The  first  number  of  the  Clark  County 
Clipper,  the  first  newspaper  in  the  county,  was  issued  at  Clark  City 
on  Sept.  18,  1884,  by  Marquis  &  Church.  Late  in  October  of  that  year 
Ashland  was  laid  out  by  a  company  of  Winfield  men,  of  which  W.  R. 
McDonald  was  president  and  Francis  B.  Hall  secretary.  The  new  town 
company  offered  for  a  certain  length  of  time  to  give  each  of  the  house- 
holders of  Clark  City  a  lot  and  remove  his  house  to  the  new  town 
site  free.  Quite  a  number  accepted  the  offer,  and  as  Ashland  went  up 
Clark  City  went  down,  until  it  finally  disappeared  entirely. 

About  the  time  that  Ashland  was  founded,  the  Clipper  said  in  an 
editorial :  "The  immigration  into  this  county  from  the  east  does  not 
seem  to  abate  because  of  the  approach  of  winter.  The  wagons  still 
pour  into  the  valleys  south,  southeast  and  southwest  of  here  at  a  rate 
never  before  equaled,  and  we  expect  to  see  them  continue  to  come  all 
winter.  ...  If  you  have  not  used  }i)ur  right  of  preeni])lioii.  wait 
no  longer,  as  in  all  probability  it  will  soon  be  forever  too  late." 

At  the  presidential  election  in  Nov.,  1884,  Blaine  received  85  votes 
in  the  county;  Cleveland,  70;  and  Butler,  14.  a  total  of  169  votes.  At 
the  same  time  J.  Q.  Shoup  was  elected  to  represent  the  county  in  the 
state  legislature.  When  the  news  reached  Ashland  in  March,  1885, 
that  Clark  county  was  again  made  an  independent  political  organiza- 
tion by  the  legislature,  it  was  received  with  demonstrations  of  joy.  On 
the  loth  a  meeting  was  held  at  the  office  of  Ayers  &  Theis  to  take  steps 
to  organize  the  county.  J.  W.  Ayers  presided  and  Robert  C.  Marquis 
acted  as  secretary.  .\  committee,  consisting  of  Messrs.  Likes,  McCart- 
ne}-  and  Berry,  was  appointed  to  attend  to  the  work  of  printing  and 
circulating  petitions  to  the  governor  asking  for  the  organization  of  the 
county. 

.\nother  meeting  was  held  on  April  17.  when  Robert  C.  Marquis 
offered  the  following  resolution;  "That  this  convention  temporarily 
divide  the  county  into  three  districts  of  ten  miles  each,  running  north 
and  south,  to  be  known  as  the  Eastern,  Western  and  Central  districts, 
and  that  the  representatives  present  from  each  district  select  a  com- 
mittee of  three  to  represent  their  district,  and  these  committees  from 
each  district  shall  meet  immediately  and  select  a  day,  place  and  man- 
ner whereby  the  several  districts  shall  select  a  man  to  be  recommended 
to  the  governor  for  appointment  as  county  commissioner  in  their  respec- 
ti\'e  districts,  and  also  a  person  for  county  clerk." 

The  resoluiton  was  adopted  and  the  following  committees  appointed: 
Eastern  district — C.  B.  Nunemacher,  D.  C.  Pitcher,  C.  C  Graham  ;  Cen- 
tral  district — F.   M.  .Sanderlin,   ].   AT.    Blv,    T.   M.    Lockhead ;   Western 


» 

} 


i 


KANSAS    HISTORY  359 

district — H.  W.  Henry,  A.  F.  Harmer,  Joseph  Hall.  This  committee 
of  nine  decided  on  April  25  as  the  date  of  an  election,  and  met  at  Ash- 
land on  the  27th  to  canvass  the  vote.  A.  F.  Harmer,  Daniel  Burket  and 
G.  W.  Epperly  were  chosen  for  county  commissioners  and  John  S. 
Myers  for  county  clerk,  and  these  men  were  recommended  to  the  gov- 
ernor for  appointment.  In  the  meantime  Thomas  E.  Berry  had  been 
appointed  on  March  20  to  take  a  census  of  the  county.  His  enumera- 
tion showed  a  population  of  2,042,  of  whom  877  were  householders. 
Upon  his  report  Gov.  John  A.  Martin  issued  his  proclamation  on  May 
5,  1885,  declaring  the  county  organized,  appointing  the  commissioners 
and  clerk  recommended  by  the  people  of  the  county  and  designating 
Ashland  as  the  temporary  county  seat. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  board  of  commisisoners  was  held  on  May 
II,  1885,  when  the  three  districts  authorized  by  the  resolution  of  April 
17  were  declared  civil  townships.  The  Eastern  district  was  named 
Liberty  township,  with  voting  places  at  Weeks'  ranch,  Kepler's  and 
Mendenhall's;  the  Central  district  was  named  Center  township,  with 
voting  places  at  Letitia,  Ashland  and  Edwards;  and  the  Western  dis- 
trict was  named  Vesta  township,  with  votintc  places  at  Appleton,  Vesta 
and  Englewood.  An  election  was  ordered  for  June  16,  for  the  election 
of  county  officers  and  the  selection  of  a  permanent  county  seat.  The 
officers  elected  were:  C.  D.  Perry,  representative;  John  S.  Myers,  clerk; 
S.  H.  Hughes,  treasurer;  J.  J.  Kennedy,  probate  judge;  J.  L.  Snodgrass, 
register  .of  deeds;  Michael  Sughrue,  sheriff;  W.  A.  McCartney,  county 
attorney ;  A.  F.  Harmer,  clerk  of  the  district  court ;  C.  C.  Mansfield, 
superintendent  of  education ;  J.  W.  Henderson,  surveyor ;  Dr.  S.  H. 
Parks,  coroner;  G.  W.  Epperly,  Daniel  Burket  and  B.  B.  Bush,  com- 
missioners. For  county  seat  Ashland  received  577  votes;  Englewood, 
257;  Fair  West,  98,  and  34  were  recorded  as  "scattering." 

The  first  school  in  the  county,  of  which  any  record  is  obtainable,  was 
a  three  months'  term  taught  at  Clark  City  by  W.  H.  Myers,  closing 
on  Nov.  29,  1884.  The  first  banking  institution  was  the  Clark  County 
bank,  which  opened  its  doors  for  business  on  June  24,  1885,  at  .Ash- 
land. 

Since  the  organization  of  the  county,  its  history  differs  but  little  from 
that  of  the  other  counties  of  the  state.  Constructive  work  has  gone 
forward  steadily,  highways  have  been  opened,  public  buildings  erected, 
school  districts  organized,  etc.  Two  lines  of  railroads  operate  in  the 
county.  The  Wichita  &  Englewood  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  system  enters  the  county  near  the  center  of  the  eastern 
boundary,  runs  west  to  Ashland  and  thence  southwest  to  Englewood, 
and  a  line  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  system  crosses  the 
northwest  corner  through  Minneola. 

According  to  the  U.  S.  census,  the  population  of  Clark  county  in 
1910  was  4,093,  a  gain  of  3,022  during  the  preceding  ten  years,  or  more 
than  200  per  cent.  The  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Ford  county ; 
on  the  east  by   the  counties   of   Kiowa  and   Comanche ;   on   the  south 


360  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

by  the  State  of  Oklahoma,  and  on  the  west  by  Meade  county.  It  is 
divided  into  ten  townships,  viz. :  Appleton,  Brown,  Center,  Cimarron, 
Edwards,  Englewood,  Lexington,  Liberty,  Sitka  and  Vesta.  The  value 
of  all  farm  products  in  1910,  including  live  stock,  was  $2,111,518.  The 
five  leading  crops  in  the  order  of  value  were:  wheat,  $936,387;  corn, 
$181,084;  Kaffir  corn,  $87,715;  oats,  $44,677;  sorghum,  $42,160.  Hay, 
barley,  milo  maize  and  broom-corn  were  also  important  crops. 

Clark,  William,  soldier  and  explorer,  was  born  in  Caroline  county, 
Va.,  Aug.  I,  1770.  When  fourteen  years  old  his  parents — John  and  Ann 
(Rogers)  Clark — removed  to  Kentucky  and  settled  where  Louisville 
now  stands,  and  where  his  brother,  George  Rogers  Clark,  had  built  a 
fort  in  1777.  William  grew  up  in  a  wild  region,  with  little  opportunity 
for  acquiring  an  education,  but  he  became  well  versed  in  Indian  traits 
and  habits.  He  was  with  Col.  John  Hardin  in  a  campaign  against  the 
Indians  north  of  the  Ohio  river  in  1789;  was  made  an  ensign  in  1791 ; 
promoted  to  lieutenant  in  March,  1792;  served  as  adjutant  and  quarter- 
master in  1793,  and  was  with  Gen.  Anthony  Wayne  in  his  Indian  cam- 
paigns of  1796.  Ill  health  forced  him  to  leave  the  army,  but  as  a  hunter 
and  trapper  he  regained  his  strength.  In  1804  he  went  to  St.  Louis,  and 
in  March  of  that  year  President  Jefferson  commissioned  him  a  second 
lieutenant  in  the  artillery  and  ordered  him  to  join  Capt.  Meriwether 
Lewis  for  an  exploring  expedition  through  the  Louisiana  purchase  and 
across  the  Rocky  mountains  to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river.  This 
expedition  passed  up  the  Missouri  river,  along  what  is  now  the  eastern 
boundary  of  Kansas,  and  some  of  the  streams  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  state  were  named  by  Lewis  and  Clark.  (See  Lewis  and  Clark's 
Expedition.)  On  Sept.  23,  1806,  the  expedition  reached  St.  Louis,  hav- 
ing been  for  more  than  two  years  engaged  in  exploring  the  Missouri 
river,  the  Rocky  mountain  region  and  the  Columbia  valley.  Con- 
gress granted  Lieut.  Clark  1,000  acres  of  land  for  his  services.  For  sev- 
eral years  he  was  Indian  agent;  was  appointed  governor  of  Missouri 
Territory  on  July  i,  1813,  by  President  Madison,  and  served  as  such 
until  the  state  was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1820.  Clark  died  at  St. 
Louis,   Mo.,  Sept.   i,   1838. 

Clarke,  Sidney,  nnc  of  the  carl_\-  members  of  Congress  frdin  Kansas, 
was  born  at  Southbridge,  Mass.,  Oct.  16,  1831.  He  was  not  given  the 
advantages  of  a  liberal  education,  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen  left  his 
father's  farm  to  work  in  a  general  store  in  Worcester.  While  thus 
employed  he  studied  nights,  and  within  a  short  time  began  to  write 
for  the  press.  He  soon  gained  recognition  as  a  versatile  and  forcible 
writer,  and  joined  a  young  men's  literary  society,  where  his  natural 
ability  as  a  debater  quickly  developed.  In  1854  he  returned  to  his 
native  town  and  started  a  weekly  newspaper  known  as  the  "South- 
bridge  Press,"  which  flourished  for  five  years.  He  became  an  active 
member  of  the  Free  Soil  party,  casting  his  first  vote  for  Hale  and 
Julian  in  1852.  In  the  campaign  of  1856  lie  actively  supported  Gen. 
I'rcmniii.      In    ilic  spring  of    1858  Mr.   Clark's   hcallli   liccamc   impaired 


KANSAS    HISTORY  ^()l 

and  upon  the  advice  of  his  physician  he  went  west,  locating  at  Law- 
rence, Kan.,  the  following  spring.  His  interest  in  politics  began  to 
assert  itself  immediately,  and  he  became  an  ardent  supporter  of  the 
Radical  wing  of  the  Free-State  party.  In  1862  he  was  elected  to  the 
state  legislature.  The  following  year  President  Lincoln  appointed  him 
adjutant-general  of  volunteers,  and  he  was  assigned  to  duty  as  acting, 
assistant  provost  marshal  general  for  the  District  of  Kansas,  Nebraska, 
Colorado  and  Dakota,  with  headquarters  at  Fort  Leavenworth.  The 
same  year  he  was  made  chairman  of  the  Republican  state  committee,  a 
position  previously  held  by  the  ablest  of  the  old  free-state  leaders. 
From  this  time  on  Mr.  Clarke  was  a  conspicuous  political  figure  in 
Kansas.  In  1864  he  was  elected  to  Congress  and  reelected  for  two- 
succeeding  terms.  He  was  always  alive  to  the  interests  of  his  con- 
stituency while  in  Congress,  and  was  an  able,  faithful  representative 
of  a  commonwealth  extensive  in  territory,  with  diversified  interests  and 
developing  resources.  In  Congress  Mr.  Clarke  was  chairman  of  the 
house  committee  on  Indian  affairs  and  a  member  of  the  Pacific  rail- 
road commission.  He  participated  in  all  the  leading  conflicts  which, 
made  th,e  history  of  Congress  memorable  during  the  six  years  he  served 
in  that  body.  The  defeat  of  the  Osage  Indian  treaty  and  the  passage 
of  the  Clark  bill  saved  to  Kansas  much  of  her  pul)lic  school  lands. 
During  his  three  terms  in  Congress  Mr.  Clarke  was  the  only  representa- 
tive from  Kansas  and  he  referred  proudly  to  himself  as  "the  sole  repre- 
sentative of  my  imperial  state."  He  was  in  Congress  at  the  time  of 
the  assassination  of  President  Lincoln,  of  whom  he  was  a  close  friend, 
and  was  placed  on  the  committee  that  accompanied  the  body  to  its 
last  resting  place.  He  was  defeated  for  election  to  Congress  in  1870, 
but  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature  in  1878  and  made  speaker  of 
the  house.  In  1898  he  removed  to  Oklahoma,  and  few  men  had  a  more 
powerful  hand  in  shaping  the  destinies  of  the  new  state.  He  united 
his  fortunes  with  the  west  at  an  early  day  and  was  an  ideal  pioneer 
in  both  Kansas  and  Oklahoma.  Mr.  Clarke  was  twice  married.  In 
i860  he  married  Miss  Henrietta  Ross  at  Lawrence,  and  four  children 
were  born  to  this  union :  George  Lincoln,  Sydne}',  Jr.,  Lulu  Louise 
and  Ella  Maria.  Mrs.  Clarke  died  in  1873  and  in  1881  Mr.  Clarke  mar- 
ried Miss  Dora  Goulding  of  Topeka.  One  daughter,  Josie,  was  born  to 
them.     Mr.  Clarke  died  in  Oklahoma  City,  Okla.,  June  19,  1909. 

Claudell,  a  village  of  Valley  township.  Smith  county,  is  located  on 
the  Solomon  river,  and  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  15 
miles  southwest  of  Smith  Center,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money 
order  postoffice,  a  good  local  trade,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population 
of  50. 

Clay  Center,  the  county  seat  and  largest  city  of  Clay  county,  is 
located  on  the  Republican-  river  at  the  junction  of  the  Chicago,  Rock 
Island  &  Pacific  and  two  lines  of  the  L^nion  Pacific  railroads,  a  little 
northeast  of  the  center  of  the  county.  The  first  settlement  at  Clay 
Center  was  made  in   May,    1862,  by  John   and  Alonzo   F.   Dexter   and' 


362  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Orville  Huntress.  When  it  was  proposed  to  make  Clay  Center  the 
county  seat,  Alonzo  F.  Dexter  donated  the  ground  for  a  court-house 
— a  fact  which  is  inscribed  on  the  corner-stone  of  the  building  erected 
in  1900.  Soon  after  that  court-house  was  completed,  Mr.  Dexter,  hav- 
ing grown  old  and  suffered  financial  reverses,  was  made  superintend- 
ent of  the  structure,  with  quarters  in  the  building.  On  June  11,  1875, 
Clay  Center  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third  class.  In  April, 
1880,  the  population  having  increased  to  over  2,000,  a  petition  was  pre- 
sented to  the  governor  to  make  it  a  city  of  the  second  class,  and  in 
July  Gov.  St.  John  issued  a  proclamation  to  that  effect. 

According  to  the  U.  S.  census  for  1910  the  population  of  Clay  Center 
was  then  3,438.  It  has  broad,  well  improved  streets,  a  fine  water- 
works system,  an  electric  lighting  plant,  a  fire  department,  sewers,  a 
telephone  exchange,  2  national  and  3  state  banks  with  a  capital  of 
$200,000,  an  opera  house,  lodges  of  the  leading  fraternal  organizations, 
a  number  of  fine  church  edifices,  good  hotels,  a  bottling  works,  a  broom 
factory,  grain  elevators,  foundries  and  machine  shops,  carriage  and 
wagon  works,  planing  mills,  flour  mills,  an  engraving  company,  brick 
and  tile  factories,  and  some  well  stocked  and  well  conducted  mercantile 
establishments.  From  the  international  money  order  postoffice  of  Clay 
Center  eight  rural  delivery  routes  supply  daily  mail  to  the  inhabitants 
of  a  rich  agricultural  region.  The  county  high  school  is  located  at 
Clay  Center,  and  the  public  school  buildings  of  the  city  are  as  fine 
as  those  of  an}'  city  in  Kansas.  The  press  is  represented  by  one  daily 
and  three  weekly  newspapers,  a  monthly  fraternal  magazine,  and  a 
religious  quarterly. 

Clay  County,  in  the  northeastern  pari  of  the  state,  is  in  the  second 
tier  of  counties  south  of  Nebraska,  and  its  eastern  boundar\-  is  about 
100  miles  west  of  the  Missouri  river.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Washington  county;  east  by  Geary  and  Riley;  south  by  Dickinson,  and 
west  by  Ottawa  and  Cloud,  and  has  an  area  of  660  square  miles.  By 
an  act  of  the  first  territorial  legislature  in  1855,  the  territory  embraced 
within  the  present  limits  of  Clay  count}'  was  attached  to  Riley  county 
for  all  revenue  and  judicial  purposes.  Subsequently  Clay  was  attached 
to  Geary  county.  In  1857  Clay  was  created  and  named  in  honor  of  the 
great  compromise  statesman,  Henry  Clay. 

The  first  white  men  to  visit  this  part  of  Kansas  were  the  I'rcncli.  who 
about  1724,  passed  up  the  rivers  seeking  to  open  up  trade  with  the 
Indians.  In  1830,  David  Atchison,  an  adventurous  pioneer,  jK-nctrated 
as  far  west  as  the  present  county  of  Clay.  Col.  John  C.  Fremont,  in  his 
expedition  to  the  Rocky  mountains  in  1843  crossed  what  is  now  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  county,  and  in  his  report  on  June  11,  1843, 
says,  "For  several  days  we  continued  to  travel  along  the  Republican 
...  on  the  morning  of  the  i6th,  the  parties  separated,  and  beaiing  a 
little  out  frfim  the  river  .  .  .  wc  entered  upon  an  extensive  and  high 
level  prairie." 

Among  the  first  jtermanent  settlers  were  the  Yoiinkiiis  brothers  from 


KANSAS    inSTORI'  363 

Pennsylvania,  who  in  April,  1856,  entered  land  on  Timber  creek.  Within 
a  short  time  they  were  followed  by  J.  i!.  Ouimby  and  William  I'aync. 
who  took  up  land  on  the  west  side  of  the  Republican  near  the  present 
site  of  Wakefield.  The  first  a!ctual  settler  on  the  site  of  Wakefield  was 
James  Gilbert,  who  located  there  in  1858.  Mrs.  Moses  Younkins  and 
Mrs.  Ouimby  were  the  first  white  women  in  the  county.  In  1857  John 
Gill,  Lorenzo  Gates  and  a  man  named  Mall  located  on  Deep  creek 
farther  up  the  river,  where  Gatesville  and  Mall  creek  commemorate 
them.  During  the  fall  of  1857  and  the  spring  of  1858  immigration  was 
steady,  some  of  the  best  claims  being  taken  up  by  the  new  settlers.  The 
first  wedding  occurred  on  Dec.  18,  1859,  when  Lorenzo  Gates  married 
Lucinda  Gill.  The  first  white  child  born  in  the  county  was  Edward  L. 
Younkins,  whose  birth  occurred  on  Dec.  2,  1858. 

The  drought  of  i860  almost  entirely  stopped  immigration  and  the 
population  of  the  county  increased  little  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
Then  a  second  era  of  progress  opened  and  many  settlers  entered  land 
for  permanent  homes.  When  these  pioneers  came  to  Clay  county,  they 
found  the  land  in  the  possession  of  the  Kaw  Indians,  who  were  com- 
paratively peaceful,  but  the  settlers  were  so  alarmed  by  reports  of  depre- 
dations in  adjoining  counties,  that  they  left  their  homes  and  fled  to 
places  of  safety.  During  the  war  between  the  Pawnees  and  Delawares. 
in  the  Smoky  Hill  valle}^  in  1857,  many  of  the  pioneers  sought  refuge 
in  Riley  county,  but  returned  when  they  were  assured  that  the  Indians 
would  not  wage  war  in  their  locality.  Late  in  the  summer  of  1864, 
Indian  troubles  in  Nebraska  again  frightened  the  settlers  in  Clay  county 
from  their  homes.  In  the  Historical  Map  Book  of  Clay  county  the  fol- 
lowing statement  is  made:  "In  Aug.,  1864,  the  Indians  made  a  raid  on 
the  settlers  living  on  the  Little  Blue,  in  Washington  and  Marshall  coun- 
ties. The  settlers  from  the  northern  part  of  Clay  and  the  southern  part 
of  Washington  county,  fled  from  their  homes  and  gathered  at  Huntress' 
cabin,  where  about  200  of  them  encamped  for  a  month.  .  .  .  During 
the  month  the  mail  went  no  farther  than  the  encampment ;  the  post- 
masters took  their  respective  mails  and  distributed  them  there."  In 
i  1868  the  Indians  left  their  reservations,  committed  depredations  in  Cloud. 
Washington  and  Republic  counties  and  the  frightened  settlers  hastened 
into  Clay  county  from  all  directions. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  Clay  was  still  an  unorganized  county, 
with  but  few  inhabitants,  hence  but  47  men  responded  to  the  calls  for 
volunteers  and  enlisted  in  the  Union  army.  The  settlers,  few  as  they 
were,  were  much  depleted  by  the  troublous  times  of  the  Civil  war.  In 
i860  there  were  eleven  families  in  what  is  now  the  Wakefield  district, 
but  by  1863  only  two  men  were  left,  J.  M.  Ouimby  and  Edward  Kerbv, 
while  the  only  men  left  on  Mall  creek  were  Lorenzo  Gates  and  John 
Butler. 

Dr.  Burt,  who  came  to  Kansas  in  1868,  gives  the  following  descrip- 
tion of  the  early  settlements  in  Clay  county:  "In  coming  from  Milford. 
the  first  house  after  leaving  Mr.  Hopkins'  this  side  of  the  river,  was  Mr. 


364  CVCLOrEDIA    OF 

Ouimb3-'s  log  cabin,  then  Air.  Todd's  stone  house,  then  an  old  fashioned 
log  cabin  where  Mr.  Paj'ne's  house  now  stands,  then  a  log  house  at 
what  is  now  Wakefield.  The  next  house  to  the  north  was,  I  think, 
Harvey  Ramse3''s,  and  the  next  ones  were  in  the  Avery  district,  which 
seemed  well  on  toward  Clay  Center.  In  Jan.,  1870,  there  were  no 
houses  between  Clay  Center  and  Fancy  creek,  between  Clay  Center  and 
Chapman's  creek,  nor  between  the  head  of  Chapman's  creek  and  Wake- 
field." 

Prior  to  1870,  nearly  all  the  settlements  were  made  along  the  streams, 
as  the  early  settlers  did  not  believe  farms  would  be  opened  on  the 
upland  during  their  lives.  But  in  the  fall  of  1869,  a  party  of  English 
colonists  located  on  the  prairie  between  the  Republican  river  and  Chap- 
man's creek,  where  they  entered  land  and  soon  developed  prosperous 
farms,  the  settlement  becoming  known  as  the  Wakefield  colony,  (q.  v.) 
The  first  blacksmith  shop  in  the  coimty  was  opened  there  in  1859.  The 
first  mail  route  in  Clay  county  was  established  in  1862.  The  route  ran 
from  Manhattan  to  Clifton  along  the  river  valleys.  The  first  postofiice 
was  on  Mall  creek,  and  the  first  postmaster  was  Lorenzo  Gates.  The 
second  was  at  Clay  Center,  with  Orville  Huntress  as  postmaster,  and 
the  third  at  Clifton,  near  the  northern  boundary,  was  kept  by  James 
Fox.  The  first  carrier  was  James  Parkinson,  who  made  his  initial  trip 
on  July  I,  1862.  At  first  the  service  was  weekly  but  soon  changed  to- 
tri-weekly,  and  Junction  City  became  the  southern  terminus. 

The  settlers  of  Clay  county  took  deep  interest  in  educational  mat- 
ters from  the  first,  and  in  1864  the  first  school  house  was  built  at 
Lincoln  creek  on  government  land.  It  was  a  rude  structure  of  logs  and 
was  nearly  completed  when  Samuel  Allen  went  to  the  land  office  at 
Junction  City  and  filed  on  the  land,  thus  appropriating  the  school  house 
as  his  personal  property.  This  made  it  necessary  to  secure  another 
school  house  and  a  log  cabin  was  bought  of  F.  Kuhnle.  Mrs.  Lack 
was  engaged  as  teacher  and  opened  the  first  school  in  1865  when  the 
first  district  was  organized.  The  first  physician  in  the  county  was  Dr. 
J.  W.  Shepperd,  who  located  there  in  1862.  Orville  Huntress  bought 
a  stock  of  goods  and  opened  a  store  in  i86r,  thus  becoming  llie  pioneer 
merchant  of  Clay  county.  About  the  same  time  he  started  the  first 
hotel,  where  the  military  road  crossed  Huntress'  creek.  In  1865  the 
first  sawmill  was  established  on  Timber  creek  by  H.  N.  Dawson,  and 
the  same  year  the  Dexter  brothers  started  the  first  steam  sawmill. 

Dissatisfaction  arose  in  1866  in  Clay  county  over  the  taxes  imposed 
by  the  authorities  of  Geary  county,  and  a  meeting  was  held  at  the 
school  house  in  Clay  Center  on  July  28  to  consider  the  question  of 
organizing  the  county.  At  this  meeting  Orville  Huntress  was  chosen 
chairman  and  George  D.  Seabury  clerk.  A  committee,  consisting  of 
Lnrciizr)  Gates,  William  Silvers,  Joseph  Ryan  and  John  G.  Haynes,  was 
appointed  to  draft  a  petition  and  affidavit  to  be  sent  to  the  governor 
as  required  by  law.  On  Aug.  10,  1866,  the  governor  appcunlcd  Lorenzo 
Gates,    William    Silvers    and    Tose]ili    P.    Rynn    counly    commissioners; 


KANSAS    HISTORY  365 

George  D.  Seabury,  clerk,  and  named  Clay  Center  as  the  temporary 
seat  of  justice.  At  the  first  election  on  Nov.  6,  1866,  the  county  seat 
was  permanently  located  at  Clay  Center.  The  county  officers  elected 
at  this  time  were  Thomas  Sherwood,  Henry  Avery  and  William  Silvers, 
comrnissioners ;  S.  N.  Ackley,  clerk;  Orville  Huntress,  treasurer;  S.  N. 
Ackley,  register  of  deeds;  J.  B.  McLaughlin,  surveyor;  Russell  Allen, 
sheriff;  James  Hemphill,  coroner,  and  Orville  Huntress,  assessor. 
Lorenzo  Gates  was  the  first  man  to  represent  Clay  county  in  the  lower 
house  of  the  state  legislature  and  L.  F.  Parsons  was  the  first  state 
senator. 

A  stone  court-house  was  erected  by  the  Dexter  brothers  in  1868,  and 
used  until  1875,  when  the  county  offices  and  records  were  moved  into 
the  Streeter  building.  For  a  number  of  years  the  building  used  as  a 
county  jail  was  rented. 

The  first  board  of  county  commissioners  divided  the  county  into  three 
civil  townships,  viz.:  Sherman,  in  the  northern  part;  Clay  Center,  in 
the  central,  and  Republican  in  the  southern  part,  each  extending  the 
full  width  of  the  county  east  and  west.  As  population  increased  the 
original  townships  have  been  divided  to  form,  Athelstone,  Blaine.  Bloom, 
Chapman,  Clay  Center,  Exeter,  Five  Creeks,  Garfield,  Gill,  Goshen, 
Grant,  Hayes,  Highland,  Mulberry,  Oakland,  Republican,  .Sherman 
and  Union. 

The  first  term  of  the  district  court  in  Clay  county  was  opened  by 
Judge  James  Humphrey,  Oct.  26,  1859. 

The  first  railroad  to  enter  the  county  was  the  Junction  City  &  Fort 
Kearney  (now  the  Union  Pacific),  completed  to  Clay  Center  on  March 
12,  1873,  and  terminated  there  until  1878.  It  crosses  the  eastern  bound- 
ary about  7  miles  north  of  the  southern  boundary  and  follows  the  river 
northwest  through  Clay  Center  to  Clifton.  The  Kansas  Central,  at 
first  a  narrow  gauge  road,  was  built  in  1883.  It  crosses  the  county 
from  east  to  west  about  the  center,  passing  through  Clay  Center,  and 
now  belongs  to  the  Union  Pacific.  Since  then  a  line  of  the  Chicago, 
Rock  Island  &  Pacific  system  has  been  built  from  southeast  to  north- 
west through  the  county,  following  the  general  course  of  the  Republican 
river.  The  Missouri  Pacific  crosses  the  northern  boundary  near  Vining, 
and  a  branch  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  crosses  the  south- 
west corner,  giving  the  county  over  95  miles  of  main  track  railroad 
within  its  boundaries. 

The  first  issue  of  the  Clay  County  Independent,  edited  by  Houston 
&  Downer,  appeared  on  Aug.  20,  1871,  being  the  first  paper  in  the  county. 
On  Jan.  11,  1873,  it  was  sold  to  J.  W.  Miller  who  changed  the  name  to 
the  Dispatch,  the  first  number  of  which  appeared  March  12,  1873. 

Rev.  R.  P.  West  of  the  Methodist  church  preached  the  first  sermon 
in  the  county,  but  the  Baptists  were  the  first  denomination  to  organ- 
ize a  permanent  congregation.  That  was  Aug.,  1868,  and  the  church 
was  dedicated  in  Oct.,  1874.  The  Presbyterian  church  of  Clay  Center 
was  organized  in  the  school  house  on  April  i,  187 1,  and  the  first  minister 


366  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

was  J.  D.  Perring.  Father  Tichler  established  the  Catholic  church  at 
Clay  Center  in  April,  1877..  Since  then  nearly  all  denominations  ha\e 
organized  and  erected  churches  in  the  county. 

The  surface  of  the  county  is  rolling  except  in  the  north  part  of  Oak- 
land and  the  southern  part  of  Five  Creeks  townships,  which  are  high 
and  rocky.  The  river  and  creek  bottoms  vary  from  half  a  mile  to  a 
mile  in  width  and  comprise  about  one-twelfth  of  the  area.  Timber  belts 
are  common  along  the  streams  and  consist  of  cottonwood,  red  and  white 
elm,  oak,  hackberry  and  locust.  Sandstone  and  magnesian  limestone 
are  abundant,  clay  for  brick  and  pottery  is  plentiful  and  red  ochre  and 
gypsum  are  also  found.  Agriculture  is  the  principal  occupation.  Corn, 
winter  wheat  and  oats  are  the  chief  crops,  while  in  1907  there  were 
150,000  bearing  fruit  trees,  peach  and  apple  being  the  leading  varieties. 
The  county  stands  well  to  the  front  in  stock  raising  and  dairy  products. 

Clay  Center,  on  the  Republican  river,  a  little  north  and  east  of  the 
center  of  the  county,  is  the  seat  of  justice  and  principal  town  and  is  the 
site  of  the  county  high  school.  Other  towns  of  importance  are  Green, 
Idana,  Industry,  Morganville,  Oakhill  and  Wakefield.  The  population 
of  the  coimty  in  1910  was  15,251,  and  the  value  of  the  agricultural 
products,  including  live  stock,  was  over  $4,000,000. 

Clayton,  a  town  in  Noble  township,  Norton  county,  is  a  station  on  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  17  miles  southwest  of  Norton,  the 
county  seat.  Clayton  was  incorporated  in  1907,  and  in  1910  reported  a 
population  of  191.  It  has  a  bank,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Vidette), 
0  creamery,  a  feed  mill,  a  hotel,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  three 
rural  routes,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  connections,  ^nd 
ships  large  quantities  of  grain  and  live  stock.  It  is  the  principal  trading 
point  for  a  rich  agriculttu'al  district  in  the  western  part  of  Norton  and 
the  eastern  jiart  of  Decatur  county. 

Clayton,  Powell,  soldier  and  diplomat,  was  born  at  Bethel,  Pa.,  Aug. 
7,  1833.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  and  at  the  Partridge 
Military  Academy  at  Bristol,  Pa.,  after  which  he  studied  civil  engineer- 
ing at  Wilmington,  Del.  In  1855  he  came  to  Kansas,  where  he  followed 
iiis  profession  of  civil  engineer  until  1861,  having  been  city  engineer  of 
Leavenworth  in  1859.  On  May  29,  1861,  he  enlisted  as  a  captain  in  the 
First  Kansas  infantry;  was  made  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Fifth  Kansas 
cavalry  on  Dec.  28,  1861 ;  promoted  to  colonel  on  March  7,  1862,  and  to 
brigadier-general  on  Aug.  i,  1864.  He  was  mustered  out  on  Aug.  24, 
1865,  and  from  1868  to  1871  was  the  reconstruction  governor  of  Arkan- 
sas. He  then  engaged  in  business  as  a  planter  in  Arkansas;  was  a  dele- 
gate to  every  national  Republican  convention  from  1872  to  1896;  was 
minister  to  Mexico  from  1897  to  1905,  and  since  then  has  Iicen  president 
and  general  manager  of  the  Eureka  .Springs  railway. 

Clearfield,  a  hamlet  in  the  southeastern  jlu  t  nf  Douglas  county,  is 
located  on  a  branch  of  the  Wakarusa  river,  4  miles  east  of  Vinland,  the 
nearest  railroad  town.  It  has  a  rural  free  delivery  from  Eudora  and  in 
1910  had  a  pcipulatinn  uf  less  than  20  inh.'ihil.inls. 


'KANSAS    lUSTOUY  367 

Clearwater,  an  incorporaled  town  of  Ninnescah  township,  Sedgwick 
county,  is  situated  17  miles  southwest  of  Wichita,  near  the  Ninnescah 
river,  and  at  the  junction  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  and  the  Atchison,  To- 
]jeka  &  Santa  Fe  railroads.  It  was  first  settled  in  1870,  was  platted 
as  a  town  in  1872,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  569.  Clearwater 
has  2  banks,  a  money  order  postofifice  with  three  rural  routes,  express 
and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  connections,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the 
Courant),  Baptist,  Christian,  Methodist  and  Presbyterian  churches,  good 
public  schools,  and  is  the  principal  trading  and  shipping  point  for  a 
rich  agricultural  district  in  the  Ninnescah  valley. 

Cleaverdale,  a  hamlet  of  Clark  county,  is  situated  in  the  Bluflf  creek 
valley  about  12  miles  north  of  Ashland,  the  county  seat,  and  10  miles 
southeast  of  Minneola,  which  is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  It  is  a 
postoffice  and  trading  center  for  that  part  of  the  county. 

Cleburne,  one  of  the  river  towns  o^  Riley  county,  is  located  in  Swede 
township  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  and  on  the  Big  Blue  river,  28  miles 
north  of  Manhattan,  the  county  seat.  It  is  supplied  with  a  bank,  tele- 
graph and  express  offices  and  an  international  money  order  postoffice 
with  one  rural  route.    The  population  in  1910  was  225. 

Clements,  a  little  town  of  Chase  county,  is  located  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  and  the  Cottonwood  river,  15  miles  southwest 
of  Cottonwood  Falls,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice 
with  one  rural  route,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  all  the  regular  line 
of  mercantile  establishments,  and  a  state  bank.  Live  stock,  hay,  grain 
and  produce  are  shipped  in  considerable  quantities  and  Clements  is  the 
trading  point  of  a  large  agricultural  district.  The  population  according 
o  the  census  of  1910  was  200. 

Cleveland,  a  village  of  Belmont  township,  Kingman  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  7  miles  south  of  Kingman, 
the  county  seat.  The  railroad  name  is  Carvel.  It  has  a  money  order 
postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  telephone  connections,  express  office, 
grain  elevator,  some  good  general  stores,  and  in  igio  reported  a  popula- 
tion of  75. 

Clifton,  an  incorporated  city  of  the  third  class  of  Washington  county, 
is  located  near  the  southwest  corner,  on  the  line  between  Clay  and 
Mulberry  townships,  and  about  20  miles  from  Washington,  the  county 
seat.  It  is  on  the  Republican  river,  at  the  junction  of  the  Union  Pacific, 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific,  and  the  Missouri  Pacific  railroads,  which 
gives  the  city  unsurpassed  shipping  facilities.  Clifton  has  2  banks,  a 
money  order  postoffice  with  five  rural  routes,  express  and  telegraph 
offices,  telephone  connections,  churches  of  various  denominations,  some 
first  class  mercantile  houses,  a  hotel,  a  good  public  school  system,  etc. 
Of  the  614  population  according  to  the  U.  S.  census  of  1910,  261  lived 
in  Clay  and  353  in  Mulberry  township. 

Climate. — Kansas  is  situated  between  37°  and  40°  north  latitude,  and 
94°  38'  and  102°  2'  west  longitude.  The  elevation  above  sea  level  ranges 
from  700  feet  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Montgomery  county  to  4.100 


368  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

feet  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Greeley  county.  Owing  to  its  location 
and  altitude,  the  state  escapes  the  severe  winters  of  those  farther  north, 
and  the  enervating  heat  of  the  summers  of  the  sotith.  Consequently, 
the  climate  of  Kansas  is  mild,  and  under  average  conditions  is  without 
tropical  heat  or  arctic  cold.  The  air  is  dry,  invigorating  and  particularly 
wholesome  in  western  Kansas,  and  extremes  of  temperature  are  usually 
of  short  duration. 

Beween  the  northern  and  southern  parts  of  the  state  there  is  a  dif- 
ference of  several  degrees  of  temperature  both  summer  and  winter.  The 
following  statistics,  covering  a  period  of  ten  years,  were  taken  from  the 
United  States  weather  bureau  reports.  The  mean  winter  temperattne 
ranges  from  28.5°  in  the  northern  counties  to  34°  in  the  southern.  The 
mean  summer  temperature  ranges  from  74°  in  the  northwest  counties 
to  79°  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state.  Over  a  large  portion  of 
Kansas  the  highest  temperature  recorded  exceeds  110°,  the  highest 
being  115°  in  i860,  1894  and  1896.  The  lowest  temperatures  recorded 
range  from  15°  below  zero  in  Morton  county  to  32°  below  zero  in 
Finney.  The  date  of  the  last  killing  frost  in  spring  ranges  from  April 
6,  in  the  extreme  southeastern  part  of  the  state  to  May  5,  in  the  north- 
west. The  first  killing  frost  of  autumn  ranges  from  Sept.  30  in  the 
northwest  to  Oct.  25  in  the  southeast.  The  average  number  of  growing 
days  between  these  killing  frosts  ranges  from  150  in  the  northwest  coun- 
ties to  200  in  the  southeastern. 

According  to  Indian  tradition  the  Kaw  river  remained  frozen  for  a 
month  during  the  winter  of  1796-7.  "All  streams  remained  frozen  for 
thirty  suns,"  while  Jan.,  1908,  according  to  the  United  States  weather 
bureau,  was  the  warmest  January  that  Kansas  ever  knew.  The  pre- 
vailing direction  of  the  wind  is  from  the  north  and  northwest  during  the 
winter.  During  March  it  is  from  the  southwest  and  for  the  rest  of  the 
year  generally  from  the  south.  The  source  of  rain  supply  is  mainly 
from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  average  winter  precipitation  which  in- 
cludes rainfall  and  water  from  melted  snows,  ranges  from  1.19  inches 
in  the  extreme  northwest  to  6.53  in  the  extreme  southeast.  The  average 
precipitation  for  spring  ranges  from  4  inches  in  the  western  part  of  the 
state  to  12  inches  in  the  east.  In  the  summer  the  range  is  8  to  14  inches 
for  the  same  localities,  and  for  the  fall  from  15  to  44  inches.  The  aver- 
age number  of  rainy  days  per  year  increases  from  40  in  the  extreme  west 
to  99  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state,  liie  annual  average  number  of 
days  with  thunder  storms  ranges  from  less  than  20  in  the  extreme  south- 
west to  over  40  in  the  eastern  coimties.  The  total  annual  prccijiitation 
in  tiie  dryest  recorded  year,  ranges  from  less  than  10  inches  in  the  west- 
ern coimties  to  26  inches  in  the  eastern,  and  in  the  wettest  year  from 
21.16  in  the  west  to  58.30  in  the  east.  The  average  snow  fall  ranges 
from  8.6  inches  in  Montgfimery  county  to  25.6  in  Alcbison.  .ind  in  ihe 
western  part  from  t8.i  inciies  in  'i'homas  C(iunt\  lo  ji.j  in  Morton. 
McPherson  has  tin-  heaviest  average  snow  fall  (24  inches)  for  the  ccnli'.il 
part. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  369 

Where  the  rainfall  in  Kansas  is  deficient  it  is  due  more  to  the  lack  of 
the  necessary  conditions  of  the  soil,  vegetation  and  local  evaporation 
than  to  the  lack  of  humicfity  in  the  aerial  currents,  as  the  same  influences 
which  bring  the  Mississippi  Valley  states  their  supply  of  moisture  also 
bring  it  to  Kansas.  The  conditions  necessary  to  bring  this  moisture 
from  the  atmosphere  are  deeply  plowed  ground,  well  cultivated  fields, 
growing  crops,  large  areas  of  trees,  ponds  of  water,  etc.  As  most  of 
these  conditions  are  lacking  in  westena  Kansas,  the  scarcity  of  moisture 
in  that  section  may  be  easily  accounted  for.  The  rainfall  is  graduated 
from  east  to  west  in  proportion  to  the  natural  fertility  of  the  soil  and  the 
area  of  cultivated  land. 

Commencing  at  the  Rocky  mountains  and  extending  eastward  almost 
to  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  rivers,  lay  the  "Great  American  Desert" 
or  "Staked  Plains"  of  some  sixty  years  ago.  At  that  time,  this  new  fer- 
tile region  was  almost  as  much  of  a  desert  as  are  the  barren  wastes  of 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona  today.  Then  all  of  Kansas  lying  west  of 
Topeka  was  what  the  Kansas  of  the  present  is  west  of  the  looth  merid- 
ian. Immense  herds  of  buffalo  tramped  the  earth  hard,  and  with  the 
sun  baking  process  it  underwent,  the  soil  became  almost  impervious  to 
water.  Prairie  fires  added  to  the  hardening  process,  by  burning  the 
scanty  vegetation.  The  earth's  surface  exposed  to  the  sun's  fierce  rays 
became  heated  and  by  radiation  gave  its  temperature  to  the  atmosphere. 
Hot  winds  were  the  result.  The  desert  gave  these  winds  birth,  and  only 
the  desert  could  nourish  them.  When  civilization  introduced  elements 
foreign  to  their  nature  they  became  so  much  milder  when  compared 
with  those  of  earlier  years,  that  the  present  generation  has  no  concep- 
tion of  this  terror  of  the  first  pioneers.  Then  the  principal  rain  supply 
of  the  summer  months  was  through  the  medium  of  thunder  storms  of 
great  severity.  Precipitation  took  place  at  a  high  level  and  was  very 
rapid,  slow  gentle  rains  being  extremely  rare. 

For  years  farming  in  Kansas  was  carried  on  under  the  greatest  diffi- 
culty, and  few  people  believed  that  the  frontier  would  ever  extend  much 
beyond  the  longitude  of  Topeka.  But  the  pioneers  were  not  daunted, 
step  by  step,  mile  by  mile,  year  by  year,  they  advanced  upon  the  "Great 
Desert,"  until  now  the  state  is  under  cultivation  practically  to,  and  in 
some  districts  beyond,  the  looth  meridian.  The  plow  has  done  its  work. 
Millions  of  acres  of  water  shedding  sod  have  been  broken,  and  by  this 
stirring  of  the  soil  it  has  been  placed  in  condition  to  conserve  the  rain- 
fall that  formerly  was  wasted.  Tree  claims  have  been  set  out,  fruit  trees 
have  been  planted,  and  these  groves  and  orchards  prove  valuable  acces- 
sories to  the  cultivated  soil  in  increasing  the  humidity  of  the  atmos- 
phere, and  a  more  general  dififusion  of  moisture  has  followed.  As  the 
tide  of  emigration  flowed  westward  the  blue  stemmed  grass  has  alwavs 
been  found  to  follow  closely,  and  has  passed  the  looth  meridian.  The 
sand  hills  of  Reno,  Barton,  Pawnee  and  Edwards  counties  are  rapidly 
becoming  grass  covered.. 

The  mirage,  due  to  light  reflected  through  several  strata  of  air  of 
(I-24) 


3/0  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

different  densities,  lifting  into  view  objects  lying  below  this  horizon, 
was  common  in  the  western  counties  in  early  days,  and  is  still  seen  oc- 
casionally on  the  hot  dry  days  of  summer,  wheii  there  is  little  radiation. 
The  hot  winds,  already  mentioned,  always  make  vegetation  wilt,  and 
when  they  move  with  great  velocity,  burn  the  vegetation.  Some  of  tiie 
most  destructive  winds  have  occurred  when  the  soil  was  saturated  with 
moisture.  Wheat  in  the  milk  and  corn  just  beginning  to  tassel  are  es- 
pecially liable  to  injury  by  these  winds.  When  there  is  sufficient  moist- 
ure in  the  ground  the  plants  usually  recover  at  night,  but  when  con- 
tinuous hot  winds  have  dried  the  ground  the  crops  are  often  completely 
destroyed  and  seldom  show  more  than  a  partial  recovery.  The  leaves 
of  the  trees  become  so  dry  that  they  crumble  when  touched.  But  as 
previously  stated,  the  hot  winds  have  become  toned  down,  and  a  few 
years  more  of  civilization  will  probably  cause  them  to  disappear  en- 
tirely. The  average  velocity  of  the  Kansas  wind,  according  to  the  gov- 
ernment weather  bureau  reports,  is  8.5  miles  per  hour.  Storms,  such 
as  the  "blizzards"  of  the  northwest  seldom  occiu',  and  cyclones,  notwith- 
standing the  common  belief  to  the  contrary,  are  equally  uncommon. 

Climax,  one  of  the  villages  of  Greenwood  cotmty,  is  located  on  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  and  on  Otter  creek,  10  miles  south- 
east of  Eureka,  the  county  seat.  It  has  good  churches  and  schools,  and 
several  of  the  leading  lines  of  business  activity  is  represented.  There 
are  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  a  money  order  postoffice.  The  popu- 
lation in  1910  v/as  100. 

Clinton,  one  of  the  early  settlements  of  Douglas  county,  is  located  in 
tlie  valley  of  the  \\^akarusa  river,  9  miles  southwest  of  T.awrence  and 
about  7  miles  northeast  of  Richland,  the  nearest  railroad  station.  The 
first  settlement  near  the  site  of  the  village  was  made  in  June,  1834.  The 
following  year  a  postoifice  was  established  about  a  mile  east  of  the 
present  town,  at  a  place  called  Bloomington,  but  on  Aug.  30,  1858,  it 
was  removed  to  Clinton,  J.  A.  Bean  becoming  the  first  postmaster.  Mr. 
Bean  had  opened  a  store  on  the  north  side  of  the  public  square  in  1854 
and  by  the  time  the  postoffice  was  established  several  other  general 
stores  had  been  opened,  houses  erected  and  the  town  became  so  pros- 
perous that  it  was  a  prominent  contestant  for  the  county  seat.  The 
Presbyterians  perfected  an  organization  in  the  town  in  i860  and  five 
years  later  erected  a  church  edifice.  No  railroad  has  ever  reached  the 
town  anfl  it  has  not  lived  u])  to  the  great  expectations  of  the  early  days. 
At  the  present  time  it  has  good  churches,  a  school,  several  stores,  ;i  black- 
smith and  wagon  shop,  a  money  order  postoffife,  and  in  kjkt  had  a  jiopu- 
latio  of  83. 

Clonmel,  a  village  of  Illinois  tovvnship,  .'^cdgwick  comity,  is  a  st.ition 
on  the  Kansas  City,  Mexico  &  Orient  R.  R.  15  miles  southwest  of  Wich- 
ita. It  is  a  comparatively  new  place,  has  a  postoffice,  a  general  store 
and  some  other  business  enterprises,  and  in  1910  reported  a  j)o])nlation 
of  40. 


£ 


KANSAS    HISTORY  37I 

Cloud  County,  located  just  west  of  the  6th  principal  meridian,  in  the 
second  tier  ul  counties  south  of  Nebraska,  was  created  out  of  unorganized 
territory  by  the  act  of  Feb.  27,  i860,  and  named  Shirley  (q.  v.).  On 
l'~eb.  26,  1867,  the  name  was  changed  to  Cloud  in  honor  of  William  F. 
Cloud,  colonel  of  the  Second  Kansas  cavalry. 

It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Republic  coiuity ;  on  the  east  by  Wash- 
ington and  Clay;  on  the  south  by  Ottawa;  on  the  west  by  Jewell  and 
Mitchell,  and  has  an  area  of  720  square  miles. 

On  Feb.  4,  1865,  the  boundary  lines  of  Washington  county  were  ex- 
tended to  include  the  counties  of  Shirley  and  Republic,  provided,  "how- 
ever, that  at  any  time  in  the  future,  when  the  territory  now  comprised 
either  in  the  county  of  Shirley  and  (or)  Republic  shall  contain  the  num- 
ber of  inhabitants  that  shall  entitle  them  to  a  county  organization,  they 
shall  be  authorized  to  organize  and  become  a  distinct  county." 

It  is  believed  that  the  first  white  men  to  visit  the  territory  now  in- 
cluded in  Cloud  county,  were  French  traders,  who  passed  up  the  Re- 
publican and  Solomon  rivers  early  in  the  i8th  century.  A  Spanish  ex- 
pedition from  New  Mexico,  passed  through  Cloud  and  Republic  coun- 
ties early  in  Sept.,  1806,  about  the  time  Pike's  expedition  (q.  v.)  was 
encamped  on  the  Solomon. 

There  has  been  much  discussion  as  to  who  were  the  first  permanent 
settlers  in  Cloud  comity.  According  to  J.  B.  Rupe  and  the  statements 
of  Lew  Fowler,  he  and  his  brother  and  John  and  Harlow  Seymore  came 
to  Cloud  county  in  1858  to  hunt  and  trap.  They  were  followed  by  C.  W. 
Brown.  The  Fowlers  were  single  men,  but  Brown  brought  his  family 
with  him.  At  the  time  these  men  came  to  Cloud  county,  they  are  sup- 
posed to  have  been  the  onh-  settlers  west  of  the  6th  principal  meridian. 
Within  a  short  time  the  Fowler  brothers  built  wliat  afterward  became 
known  as  the  "Conklin  House,"  platted  a  town  site  and  called  it  Eaton 
City.  This  was  the  first  real  house  in  the  county  and  was  located  in 
the  western  part  of  the  present  city  of  Clyde.  Brown  and  Seymore  set- 
tled first  on  Peach  creek  and  then  on  Elk  creek.  The  surveyors  who 
laid  out  Eaton  City  were  Sylvanus  Furrows  and  a  man  named  Starr, 
but  the  Fowlers  did  not  file  on  the  claims  before  they  enlisted  in  a 
Kansas  regiment  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war.  In  the  autumn  of 
1865,  they  returned  to  the  county  but  found  that  their  claims  had  been 
taken  by  others. 

Early  in  the  spring  of  i860,  John  Allen  of  Kentucky,  and  his  son-in- 
law,  Sutton  McWhorter,  took  up  claims  north  of  Lake  Sibley,  on  the 
military  road  to  Fort  Kearney,  and  laid  out  a  town  called  Union  City. 
Allen  brought  some  fine  blooded  cattle  with  him,  the  first  introduced  into 
that  locality.  Some  of  the  other  settlers  were  Thomas  Heffington,  who 
later  moved  to  Elk  creek,  Joseph  Finney  on  Elk  creek,  and  John  Sheets 
on  Elm  creek.  Philip  and  Carey  Kizer  and  Newton  Race,  with  their 
families,  some  hired  help  and  40  head  of  cattle  passed  up  the  Republican 
valley  and  located  on  White  Rock  creek  about  3  miles  from  the  mouth. 
Daniel  Wolf  and  several  sons  from  Pennsylvania  settled  a  few  miles 


372  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

south  of  the  present  city  of  Concordia,  on  a  creek  that  bears  their  name. 
Jacob  Heller  settled  on  Elk  creek,  and  was  followed  by  his  father  and 
brothers.  J.  M.  Hageman,  J.  M.  Thorp  and  August  Fenskie  made  im- 
prox'ements  on  their  land  at  once  and  were  the  first  to  raise  crops  that 
were  marketed.  In  July,  i860,  some  of  the  settlers  left  on  account  of 
an  Indian  scare,  and  as  the  population  was  estimated  to  be  only  80,  it 
fell  below  that  for  a  time.  In  Oct.,  i860,  the  first  white  child  was  born 
in  the  county — Augustus,  son  of  August  and  Ellen  Fenskie. 

In  1862,  Richard  Coughlen,  John  D.  Robertson,  Zachariah  Swear- 
ingen  and  their  families  joined  the  frontier  settlement.  During  the 
year  Charles  and  Peter  Conklin,  with  two  sisters  and  an  orphan  child, 
took  up  their  residence  in  the  log  house  built  by  the  Fowlers,  which 
was  the  best  in  the  county.  These  men  were  suspected  of  being  mem- 
bers of  an  organized  band  of  horse  thieves,  and  as  the  county  was  yet 
unorganized,  the  settlers  took  the  law  into  their  own  hands.  A  party 
of  some  30  men  of  Washington  and  Cloud  counties  was  organized  to 
h'nch  the  Conklins,  but  they  heard  of  the  design  and  escaped.  The  mob 
tore  down  the  house  sheltering  the  women  and  child,  who  soon  left 
the  county. 

The  Elm  creek  school  house,  the  first  in  the  Republican  valley,  was 
built  in  1864.  It  was  a  rude  structure  of  round  Cottonwood  logs,  14  by 
16  feet  in  size,  with  dirt  roof  and  floor  and  slabs  were  used  for  scats  and 
desks,  but  the  "three  R's"  were  well  taught  by  Rosella  Honey,  who  was 
the  first  teacher. 

During  the  summer  of  1864  occurred  the  second  great  Indian  scare. 
Early  in  the  spring.  Company  C,  Seventeenth  Kansas  state  militia,  had 
been  organized  in  this  locality,  with  Col.  J.  M.  Schooley  as  captain ;  J. 
A'l.  Hageman,  first  lieutenant ;  J.  C.  Chester,  second  lieutenant ;  David 
Meyers,  third  lieutenant ;  G.  D.  Brooks,  ensign,  and  30  privates.  This 
was  the  first  military  organization  in  the  county  and  first  saw  duty  in 
scouting  that  summer.  Rumors  were  circulated  that  the  savages  were 
making  war  against  the  whites  along  the  frontier  from  Minnesota  south- 
ward, and  though  this  report  was  not  true,  depredations  had  been  com- 
mitted in  southern  Nebraska.  The  settlers  in  Cloud  county  being  few 
and  defenseless,  the  appearance  of  the  Indians  in  Aug.,  1864,  caused 
most  of  those  living  along  the  creeks  to  flee  to  Washington  and  Clay 
counties,  where  they  banded  together  for  defense.  After  remaining  at 
Clay  Center  for  some  time,  the  fugitives  returned  as  far  as  Clifton,  and 
while  there  determined  upon  building  a  fort.  A  blockhouse  was  erected 
near  G.  D.  Brook's  claim  and  a  scouting  party  under  Capt.  Schooley  went 
as  far  as  the  White  Rock,  but  finding  no  Indians  returned.  The  people 
finally  returned  to  their  homes  though  a  few  abandoned  their  claims  en- 
tirely. 

The  next  year  the  Indians  killed  a  party  of  hunters  and  J.  M.  Hageman 
in  recounting  it  said,  "One  of  the  most  diabolical  crimes  committed  by 
savages  on  this  border  was  the  destruction  of  six  hunters  in  the  month 
of  May,  1865.    The  party  left  home  about  the  4th  of  May,  and  were  last 


KANSAS    HISTORY  373 

seen  by  the  white  men  near  Buffalo  creek  some  two  days  later.  Nothing 
more  was  ever  heard  of  them  except  the  finding  of  the  bodies,  but  evi- 
dences were  found  that  they  had  sold  their  lives  dearly." 

Parties  from  Cloud  county  assisted  in  the  search  for  Mrs.  Ward  after 
the  White  Rock  massacre  in  April,  1867.  In  1868  threatening  Indian 
bands  appeared  in  the  Solomon  valley,  and  on  Aug.  11,  an  outbreak  oc- 
curred. They  began  pillaging  on  the  farms  of  Henry  Hewitt  and  John 
Batchie,  who  lived  near  the  river.  By  a  ruse  the  Indians  suggested 
shooting  at  buffalo  heads  and  had  the  whites  shoot  first,  then,  when 
their  rifles  were  empty,  shot  them  down.  News  of  this  event  traveled 
through  the  settlement  and  the  people  began  organizing  for  defense. 
The  next  day  three  more  white  men  were  killed  at  Asher  creek,  and  while 
the  settlers  were  gathering  to  move  to  a  stockade  the  Indians  swept 
down  upon  them.  Two  Missel  boys  were  captured,  John  Wear  was 
killed,  and  Mrs.  Henry  Hewitt  wounded.  A  message  was  sent  to  Jennie 
Paxton,  who  was  teaching  school,  and  she  managed  to  get  all  the  pupils 
safely  to  a  house  near  by  except  Lewis  Snyder,  who  was  in  the  rear  and 
was  overtaken.  He  was  badly  hurt  by  the  Indians  and  left  for  dead, 
but  recovered.  Benjamin  White,  who  lived  on  Granny,  now  White's 
creek,  west  of  Concordia,  was  killed  on  Aug.  13,  and  his  daughter,  Sarah, 
carried  into  captivity.  A  Mrs.  Morgan  was  also  captured  by  the  same 
band  of  Indians  and  the  two  women  were  together  until  rescued  by  Gen. 
Custer,  after  a  winter  campaign. 

In  the  spring  of  1869  the  Cheyennes  and  Arapahoes  again  appeared 
in  the  Republican  valley.  Ezra  Adkins,  the  twelve-year-old  son  of 
Homer  Adkins,  who  lived  about  6  miles  up  the  Republican  from  Concor- 
dia, was  killed  by  Indians  within  a  short  distance  of  his  home  while  driv- 
ing home  some  cattle  he  had  been  herding  on  the  west  side  of  the  Repub- 
lican. The  Indians  then  destroyed  the  Nelson  house,  but  the  family 
had  escaped. 

The  first  attempt  to  organize  the  county  failed,  and  a  permanent  or- 
ganization was  not  effected  until  Sept.  6,  1866,  with  Moses  Pleller,  G. 
W.  Wilcox  and  Dr.  Lear  as  commissioners  and  N.  D.  Hageman  clerk. 
Elk  Creek  was  named  as  the  temporary  county  seat.  The  first  political 
convention  in  the  county,  held  on  Sept.  i,  1866,  nominated  John  B.  Rupe 
for  representative;  Quincy  Honey,  sheriff;  Zachariah  Swearingen,  treas- 
urer; Matthew  Wilcox,  clerk;  J.  M.  Hageman,  probate  judge;  John  Fow- 
ler, assessor;  Dr.  Lear,  superintendent  of  schools;  and  Lew  Fowler, 
Robert  Smith  and  William  English,  commissioners.  Moses  Heller  sub- 
sequently took  Smith's  place  on  the  ticket.  J.  M.  Hageman  was  elected 
a  delegate  to  the  state  convention  to  be  held  at  Topeka  on  Sept.  5. 

At  the  first  election  to  decide  the  location  of  the  county  seat  Towns- 
din's  Point  received  the  majority  of  legal  votes,  but  nothing  was  ever 
done  there.  In  the  summer  of  1867  the  town  of  Sibley  sprang  up,  and 
at  the  next  election  Sibley  and  Concordia  held  first  and  second  place 
with  Clyde  third.  Every  vote  south  of  the  Republican  river  was  for 
Concordia,  and  the  18  votes  from  Clyde  were  also  thrown  to  Concordia. 


374  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

The  county  business,  however,  continued  to  be  done  at  Elk  creek,  or 
Clyde,  until   1870. 

At  a  convention  in  Aug.,  1869,  at  Saunders'  sawmill,  a  lialf  mile  below 
the  site  of  the  proposed  city,  it  was  suggested  that  the  delegates  visit 
the  site.  This  was  done,  the  settlers  from  the  south  side  of  the  river, 
who  were  in  the  majority,  approved  and  H.  C.  Snyder  called  it  Con- 
cordia. The  incorporators  of  the  town  company  were  J.  M.  Hageman, 
G.  W.  Andrews,  William  McK.  Burns,  Amos  Cutler  and  S.  D.  Houston. 
The  charter  was  filed  with  the  secretary  of  state,  and  in  Sept.,  1869,  word 
was  received  that  the  United  States  land  office  had  been  located  there 
and  orders  issued  for  a  building  to  be  erected  for  the  purpose.  In  Jan.. 
1870,  the  commissioners  met  in  the  building  which  had  been  erected  and 
presented  to  the  county.  It  was  built  at  a  cost  of  some  $275  and  was 
used  until  the  present  court-house  was  erected. 

On  May  31,  1870,  Henry  Buckingham  issued  the  first  number  of  the 
Republican  Valley  Empire,  the  first  newspaper  in  Cloud  county  and  one 
of  the  earliest  in  the  Republican  valley.  It  was  started  at  Clyde,  but  was 
later  removed  to  Concordia.  In  1881,  the  Republican  Valley  Agricultural 
and  Stock  Fair  Association  was  organized.  It  has  since  become  one  of 
the  important  and  flourishing  institutions  of  the  county. 

The  northern  part  of  the  county  is  watered  by  the  Republican  river 
and  its  tributaries,  and  the  southern  portion  is  watered  by  the  Solomon 
river,  which  flows  in  a  southeasterly  direction  across  the  southwest  cor- 
ner. In  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county  there  are  some  salt  springs 
and  marshes.  Coal  is  found  near  the  center  of  the  county,  sotith  of  the 
Republican  river,  and  is  mined  to  some  extent  for  local  consumption. 
Magnesium  limestone  of  a  good  quality  is  found  in  abundance.  Good 
building  stone  is  quarried  in  the  vicinity  of  Concordia.  Potter's  clay 
is  plentiful  in  all  portions  of  the  county,  and  these  deposits  have  been 
extensively  worked  in  the  northeast  portion. 

The  county  is  well  supplied  with  railroads,  the  I'nion  Pacific,  the 
Missouri  Pacific,  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  and  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Quincy  companies  all  have  lines  centering  at  Concordia ; 
the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  crosses  the  northeast  corner  through 
Clyde;  a  line  of  the  Union  Pacific  crosses  the  southwest  corner;  a  branch 
of  the  same  system  runs  cast  from  Miltonvale,  and  a  hvancli  nf  tlu-  .Mis- 
souri Pacific  runs  southwest  from  Jamestown  into  Mitchell  county,  mak- 
ing a  total  of  over  125  miles  of  main  track  in  the  county. 

Cloud  county  is  divided  into  the  following  townships:  .\ricin.  Au- 
rora, Buffalo,  Center,  Colfax.  Elk,  Grant,  Uawrence,  Lincoln,  T.yon. 
Meredith,  Nelson,  Oakland,  Shirley,  Sibley,  Solomon,  l-^tar  and  .Sum- 
mit. The  population  of  the  county  in  1910  was  18,388,  and  tlu-  x.ihu'  of 
all  farm  products  for  that  3'ear,  including  live  stock,  was  nearly  $5,000,- 
000.     Corn,  wheat,  oats,  hay  and  Irish  potatoes  were  the  leading  crops. 

Cloud,  William  F.,  soldier,  was  born  near  ("olunibus.  Ohio,  March  _'3, 
1825.  His  .military  history  began  when  he  enlisted  at  Columbus  in 
1846,  in  a  com])any  which  became  a  part   of  the  Second  Ohio  infantry 


KANSAS    JJISTOEY  ,575 

in  the  war  with  Mexico.  He  was  promoted  to  first  sergeant  and  took 
an  active  part  in  all  the  battles  in  which  his  regiment  was  engaged.  At 
the  close  of  the  war  he  was  elected  captain  of  the  Columbus  Videttes. 
of  the  Ohio  vohinteer  militia,  but  resigned  in  1859,  when  he  removed  to 
Michigan.  After  a  short  residence  in  that  state  he  removed  to  Law- 
rence, Kan.,  but  later  went  to  Emporia.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil 
war  he  enlisted  in  the  Second  Kansas  infantry  and  participated  in  the 
hardest  engagements  of  the  Southwest,  especially  distinguisliing  him- 
self at  Wilson's  creek,  Mo.  At  the  expiration  of  his  first  enlistment  he 
assisted  in  organizing  the  Second  Kansas  cavalry  and  was  commissioned 
colonel  of  the  regiment,  which  took  part  in  the  engagements  of  the  Army 
of  the  Frontier  in  Missouri,  Arkansas  and  the  Indian  Territory.  Later 
he  was  transferred  to  the  Fifteenth^  Kansas  cavalry  and  served  in  the 
campaigns  against  the  Indians  in  western  Kansas  and  the  Indian  Ter- 
ritory. His  most  conspicuous  act  of  bravery  was  in  1862,  when  with  500 
men  he  attacked  an  enemy  of  5,000  at  Tallequah,  rescued  the  Indian 
agent  and  saved  the  money  held  for  payment  of  the  annuities  of  the  In- 
dian tribes.  The  legislature  of.  Kansas  changed  the  name  of  Shirley 
county  to  Cloud  in  his  honor.  Soon  after  the  close  of  the  war  he  lo- 
cated in  Carthage,  Mo.,  but  about  1889  removed  to  Kansas  City,  where 
he  resided  until  his  death  on  March  4,  1905.  Col.  Cloud  was  an  eloquent 
public  speaker  and  fluent  writer,  one  of  his  best  works  being  a  "His- 
tory of  Mexico  from  Cortez  to  Diaz." 

Clover,  Benjamin  H.,  member  of  Congress,  was  born  in  Franklin 
county,  Ohio,  Dec.  22,  1837,  and  was  educated  in  the  common  schools 
of  his  native  state,  after  which  he  engaged  in  farming.  He  was  a  man 
deeply  interested  in  all  questions  of  public  welfare  and  policy ;  served 
as  a  school  commissioner,  and  held  several  other  similar  offices.  When 
the  Farmers'  Alliance  was  organized  he  became  an  active  member ;  was 
twice  chosen  president  of  the  Kansas  Alliance  and  Industrial  Union,  and 
twice  vice-president  of  the  national  organization.  In  1890  he  was 
elected  to  Congress  from  the  Third  district  as  the  Alliance  candidate,  but 
was  defeated  for  a  renomination  in  1892.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term 
in  Congress  he  returned  to  Kansas  and  the  following  year  severed  his 
connection  with  the  Populist  party.  During  the  administration  of  Gov. 
Morrill  he  held  the  position  of  farmer  at  the  state  reform  school.  Sub- 
sequently he  removed  to  Douglass,  Butler  county,  where  he  committed 
suicide  on  Dec.  30,   1899. 

Cloverdale,  an  inland  village  near  the  west  line  of  Chautauqua  county, 
in  Caneyville  township,  is  located  on  Big  Caney  creek,  about  21  miles 
northwest  of  Sedan,  the  county  seat,  and  about  12  miles  south  of  Grenola 
in  Elk  county,  whence  it  receives  mail  by  rural  route.  The  nearest 
railroad  station  is  Cedar  Vale,  about  8  miles  south. 

Clyde,  an  incorporated  city  of  Cloud  county,  is  located  on  the  Repub- 
lican river  at  the  junction  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific,  the 
Missouri  Pacific  and  the  Union  Pacific  railways,  15  miles  east  of  Con- 
cordia, the  county  seat,  and  not  far  from  the  eastern  boundary  of  the 


3/6  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

county.  It  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  county,  the  original  site  of  40  acres 
having  ben  purchased  from  W.  H.  Page  early  in  1866  for  $300  and  soon 
afterward  the  town  was  laid  out.  Cowell  &  Davis  had  opened  a  store 
on  the  site  before  the  town  was  platted.  It  was  first  named  Shirlej', 
which  was  also  the  original  name  of  the  county,  but  in  a  little  while  the 
name  was  changed  to  Clyde.  For  a  time  the  growth  was  slow,  but 
since  the  advent  of  the  railroads  it  has  been  more  steady  and  substan- 
tial, and  in  1910  the  population  was  1,057. 

For  a  city  of  its  size,  Clyde  is  one  of  the  most  progressive  and  metro- 
politan in  character  in  the  state.  It  has  well  kept  streets,  an  electric  light 
plant,  waterworks,  a  fire  department,  a  sewer  system,  2  banks,  2  thea- 
ters, 2  weekly  newspapers  (the  Republican  and  the  Herald),  a  commer- 
cial club,  good  hotels,  a  graded  school  system,  several  fine  church  edi- 
fices, a  flour  mill,  a  creamery,  grain  elevators,  marble  and  granite  works, 
and  annually  ships  large  quantities  of  grain,  live  stock,  watermelons  and 
alfalfa.  Its  international  money  order  postoffice  has  five  rural  routes 
which  supply  a  large  district  with  daily  mail,  and  the  mercantile  es- 
tablishments of  the  city  enjoy  a  large  and  profitable  patronage.  Tele- 
phone connection  is  maintained  with  the  surroundine^  tnwna 

Coal. — Indications  of  coal  in  Kansas  were  first  observed  by  Mr.  Jessup, 
one  of  the  geologists  who  accompanied  Maj.  S.  H.  Long  on  his  expedi- 
tion through  Kansas  in  1819-20.  "Mr.  Jessup  noted  the  horizontal  po- 
sition of  the  strata  of  limestone  and  their  prolific  yield  of  fossils,  and 
their  connection  with  coal  strata."  In  his  report  he  concluded  that  the 
formations  were  of  secondary  age.  This  was  when  the  main  geologic 
divisions  were  known  as  primary,  secondary,  tertiary  and  alluvial.  A 
map  accompanies  the  report  and  a  line  on  it  through  what  are  now  the 
counties  of  Pottawatomie  and  Waubaunsee  is  designated  as  the  "west- 
ern limit  of  the  limestone  and  coal  strata  connected  with  the  Ozark 
mountains." 

Geological  observations  were  made  by  different  interested  persons 
up  to  the  time  Kansas  was  created  a  territory,  and  as  early  as  1857  the 
territorial  legislature  granted  incorporation  papers  to  mining  companies. 
One  of  these  was  the  Prairie  City  Coal  Mining  company  which  was  or- 
ganized "for  the  purpose  of  exploring  for  coal  within  the  space  of  5 
miles  north  and  south,  and  the  space  of  15  miles  east  and  west  from  the 
town  of  Prairie  City,  in  the  county  of  Shawnee,  in  the  territory  of  Kan- 
sas, and  for  mining  and  vending  the  same."  Another  company  incorpo- 
rated by  the  legislature  was  the  Newcastle  Coal  and  General  Mining 
company  which  organized  "for  the  purpose  of  exploring  for  coal  and 
other  minerals  in  Donii)han  and  Brown  counties,  and  for  mining  and 
vending  the  same." 

In  1858  Prof.  Swallow  and  Maj.  ¥.  llawn  ])ublishcd  an  article  en- 
titled, "The  Rocks  of  Kansas."  The  desire  of  Kansas  people  to  know 
somiething  of  the  mineral  resources  of  the  state  iniluciiced  the  legislature 
of  1864  to  ])rovidc  for  a  geological  and  mincralogical  survey  of  Kansas. 
'J'hc    investigations    of    the   state    geologists    determined    that    the    coal 


KANSAS    HISTORY  •  J^-JJ 

measures  of  Kansas  constitute  a  heavy  mass  of  rocks,  almost.  3,000  feet 
in  thici<ness,  composed  of  alternating  beds  of  limestones,  sandstones 
and  shales.  (See  Geology.)  The  coals  occur  in  the  various  shale  beds  and 
are  found  at  any  position  from  the  surface  of  the  ground  to  the  depth  of 
2,000  feet.  The  shales  are  classified  as  follows  :  Cherokee,  Pleasanton, 
Thayer,  Law^rence  and  Osage  shales. 

The  coal  measures  of  Kansas  are  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
state  and  cover  about  one-fourth  of  the  entire  area,  or  about  20,000 
square  miles.  The  western  parts  of  this  area  are  practically  barren, 
leaving  about  15,000  square  miles  of  productive  area,  and  only  a  small 
portion  if  this  is  worked.  The  mines  that  are  worked  the  most  exten- 
sively are  located  in  Crawford  and  Cherokee  counties  in  the  southeast- 
ern part  of  the  state  in  the  vicinity  of  Mineral,  Weir  City,  Ffeming, 
Pittsburg,  Frontenac-  and  Arcadia.  More  than  two-thirds  of  all  the 
coal  mined  in  the  state  comes  from  this  field.  A  little  to  the  north- 
west of  this  area  are  mines  at  Pleasanton,  Fort  Scott,  Mound  City  and 
Thayer.  Beyond  these  limits  there  is  another  belt  of  country  with  mines 
extending  northeast  and  southwest  reaching  from  near  Burlington  by 
way  of  Ransomville,  Pomona  and  Lawrence  to  Leavenworth  and  Atchi- 
son. Within  this  area  coal  has  been  found  in  the  following  counties : 
Atchison,  Bourbon,  Brown,  Chautauqua,  Cherokee,  CofTey,  Crawford, 
Douglas,  Elk,  Franklin,  Greenwood,  Jackson,  Jefiferson,  Labette,  Leav- 
enworth, Linn,  Lyon,  Montgomery,  Neosho,  Osage,  Shawnee,  Wabaun- 
see and  Wilson.  Passing  westward  to  the  north-central  part  of  the  state 
it  is  found  that  here  in  the  Dakota  formations  considerable  Cretaceous 
coal  exists,  which  is  now  being  mined  in  a  number  of  counties  and  serves 
a  good  purpose  in  the  way  of  supplying  the  local  trade.  Six  counties  in 
this  vicinity  have  produced  coal,  viz:  Cloud,  Ellsworth,  Lincoln,  Mitch- 
ell, Republic  and  Russell.  The  coal  seems  quite  uniform  in  quantit)'  and 
quality  throughout  the  whole  district. 

When  the  war  of  the  rebellion  closed,  thousands  of  young  men  and 
their  families  poured  into  Kansas  especially  into  the  southeastern  por- 
tion. In  1866-7  Cherokee  and  Crawford  counties  received  a  large  num- 
ber of  these  settlers  who  chose  homes  close  to  the  streams.  These  early 
settlers  began  mining  coal  in  the  fall  of  1866.  Their  attention  was  given 
entirely  to  the  surface  coal  that  could  be  plowed  up.  One  vein  of  coal 
Sibout  12  inches  thick  was  along  Brush  creek  in  Cherokee  county.  The 
surface  covering  wae  very  thin  so  with  a  plow  and  team  it  was  quite 
easy  to  uncover  the  vein  and  dig  out  whatever  was  needed.  This  sup- 
plied the  local  demand  and  also  furnished  some  for  the  adjoining  terri- 
tory in  Missouri,  to  which  market  it  was  conveyed  by  wagon.  That  the 
full  significance  of  this  surface  coal  was  not  at  that  time  understood  by 
the  people  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  &  Mem- 
phis Railroad  company,  which  owned  all  the  good  coal  lands  in  Chero- 
kee and  Crawford  counties,  sold  nearly  all  of  the  same  for  agricultural 
purposes,  without  reserving  the  mineral  rights,  never  suspecting  the  vast 
areas  of  coal  beneath  the  surface  of  the  land. 


3/8  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

The  heaviest  beds  in  Cherokee  county  are  operated  in  the  environs  of 
Weir  City.  Twenty-eight  mines  were  located  in  this  county  in  1895. 
Pittsburg  is  the  coal  center  of  Crawford,  the  largest  producing  county  of 
the  state.  The  statistics  of  1895  showed  53  mines  in  operation.  Another 
county  which  ranked  high  in  coal  production  is  Osage.  Coal  was  first 
discovered  in  Osage  county  in  1869  by  John  F.  Dodds,  who  began  mining 
about  2  miles  east  of  Carbondaie.  It  was  found  on  the  top  of  a  promi- 
nent hill  where  a  well  was  being  dug.  "The  coal  outcrops  along  the 
crests  of  the  hills  forming  a  long  line  from  Carbon  Hill  southwest  beyond 
Osage  City."  Mining  commenced  at  Osage  City  in  1869,  at  Scranton  in 
1874.  and  at  llurlinganie  in  1878.  In  1880  the  Santa  Fe  Railway  com- 
pany bought  some  property,  and  a  year  or  two  later  it  made  additional 
purchases  until  it  owned  20,000  acres.  The  Santa  Fe  mines  in  Osage 
county  supplied  the  whole  Santa  Fe  system  with  coal  for  all  points  east 
of  Colorado  from  their  date  of  their  purchase  in  1880  until  the  mines 
were  opened  in  Crawford  county. 

The  mines  in  Leavenworth  county  were  among  the  first  developed. 
In  1859  after  much  persistent  effort  and  close  examination  of  the  ter- 
ritory Alaj.  F.  Hawn  organized  the  Leavenworth  Coal  Mining  company. 
In  i860  the  compan)'  leased  20  acres  of  land  from  the  government  and 
commenced  prospecting.  The  Civil  war,  the  shortage  of  funds  and  lack 
of  confidence  led  the  company  to. abandon  the  enterprise  and  to  transfer 
all  its  rights  to  Maj.  Hawn.  Mr.  Hawn  continued  his  prospecting  as 
means  would  permit  and  in  1865  found  a  two-foot  vein  of  coal.  The  city 
of  Leavenworth  granted  him  the  privilege  of  mining  under  streets  and  al- 
leys. A  new  company  was  organized,  permission  to  mine  under  the 
military  reservation  was  obtained  from  the  government,  and  in  1868  Con- 
gress sold  to  the  coal  company  the  20  acres  that  had  been  leased.  In  i86g 
Maj.  Hawn  transferred  back  to  the  Leavenworth  Coal  Mining  company 
all  his  rights  in  the  mines  and  lands.  In  1870  the  shaft  reached  a  bed  of 
coal  at  713  feet.  For  two  years  the  mine  was  operated  at  a  loss.  It  had 
cost  $200,000. .the  stock  represented  .$300,000  face  value,  but  was  worth 
only  15  cents  on,  the  dollar  in  the  market.  In  1872  Lucien  Scott  pur- 
chased a  large  block  of  the  mining  stock  and  the  company  employed  as 
superintendent  J-  F,.  Carr,  a  practical  mining  engineer  of  wide  experience. 
The  mine  was  enlarged,  retimbered,  the  ventilation  im]iroved,  its  capac- 
ity increased  and  a  new  sliaft  was  sunk.  In  1885  cable  roads  sup()lanted 
the  mules  commonly  used  in  coal  mines. 

In  1879  the  legislature  authorized  the  officers  of  the  state  penitentiary 
to  sink  a  shaft  at  Lansing  and  appropriated  .$25,000  for  that  purjiosc.  On 
Nov. 20,  1S79,  under  the  direction  of  Oscar  F.  Lamm,  the  shaft  was  bcgim, 
and  on  Jan.  15,  1881,  coal  was  reached  at  713  feet.  Coal  has  been  mined 
at  Lansing  almost  continously  since  that  time.  In  1885  the  Riverside 
Coal  company  was  organized  in  Leavenworth.  '!1ic  city  voted  $10,000 
in  bonds  to  aid  the  company.  The  shaft  was  begun  on  Jan.  17,  18,96.  .-md 
coal  reached  cm  Sept.  17  of  the  same  year. 

fn  the  oth(M"  counties  mining  has  been  done  upon  ;i  less  extensive  scale. 


J 


KANSAS    HISTORY  3/9 

but  has  become  an  important  industry.  Three  varieties  of  coal  are  found 
in  the  state,  to  wit:  bituminous,  semi-anthracite,  and  the  lignite  of  the 
Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  deposits  of  central  and  western  Kansas.  The 
bituminous  coal  deposits  of  the  lower  coal  measures  yield  the  great  bulk 
of  coal  placed  upon  the  market. 

There  are  three  systems  of  mining  usually  employed  in  the  coal  fields 
of  the  state — the  long  wall  system,  the  room  and  pillar  system,  and  the 
strip  pit  system.  The  room  and  pillar  system  is  employed  for  all  under- 
ground mining  in  Cherokee  and  Crawford  counties.  The  long  wall  sys- 
tem is  used  elsewhere.  The  system  is  chosen  with  reference  to  the  lo- 
cality and  the  adaptability  to  existing  conditions.  The  long  wall  system 
is  employed  extensively  in  Leavenworth  and  Osage  counties.  It  is  so 
named  becatise  the  face  of  the  coal,  i.  e.  that  part  that  is  exposed  to  view 
in  the  mines  by  the  mining  operations,  is  in  the  form  of  a  long  wall,  pro- 
ducing an  approximately  circular  or  elliptical  figure  around  the  shaft  as 
a  center.  The  advantage  of  the  long  wall  system  is  the  ease  with  which 
the  waste  material  obtained  in  mining  the  coal  is  disposed  of,  it  being 
employed  in  sustaining  the  roof  of  the  mine.  The  room  and  pillar  system 
of  mining  is  employed  in  those  localities  where  the  coal  strata  are  com- 
paratively thick,  ranging  from  3  feet  upward.  There  are  two  methods 
generally  emploj^ed  in  this  system,  the  double  entry  and  the  single  en- 
try .  The  double  entry  is  considered  the  best  and  is  used  the  most  exten- 
sively. The  strip  pit  method  is  used  only  where  the  coal  is  quite  close  to 
the  surface.  In  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  state  near  the  outcrop  of 
the  main  coal  strata  where  the  coal  is  just  covered  by  shale  or  sandstone, 
it  can  be  "stripped"  at  very  little  expense.  The  average  paying  depth  of 
stripping  is  about  10  feet,  though  in  extreme  cases  as  much  as  20  feet  or 
22,  feet  have  been  removed. 

The  improvement  of  coal  mining  machinery  has  kept  pace  with  ma- 
chinery for  different  kinds  of  manufacturing  plants,  and  for  other  lines 
of  work.  From  the  crude  exhuming  with  spade  and  pick  in  the  early 
times  the  most  improved  and  economic  implements  have  been  developed, 
and  are  now  used.  There  are  two  classes  of  mining  machinery,  namely, 
pit  machinery  and  top  machinery.  Under  pit  machinery  may  be  consid- 
ered:  (i)  mining  machinery  proper;  (2)  drilling  machinery;  (3)  ma- 
chinery for  transferring  coal  from  the  face  of  the  coal  to  the  foot  of  the 
shaft ;  (4)  the  system  of  signaling  employed  between  the  "top"  and  the 
"pit."  Top  machinery  consists  of  (i)  hoisting  apparatus,  including  self- 
dump,  scales  and  other  mechanisms  for  weighing;  (2)  coal  sorting  ma- 
chinery; r3)  pumping  machinery;  ("4")  ventilating  machinerj^. 

The  development  of  underground  resources  has  necessitated  a  compil- 
ing of  laws  to  meet  the  problems  a,rising  from  new  conditions.  By  the 
statutes  of  1903  the  term  mining  was  held  to  mean  "the  prospecting  for 
and  obtaining  of  all  metallic  and  mineral  substances,  and  in  addition 
thereto  coal,  clay,  stone,  petroleum  and  natural  gas,  and  any  and  all  other 
valuableproductsformedorexisting  beneath  the  earth's  surface".  The  laws 
covering  the  subject  of  mining  are  quite  extensive  and  complete,  having 


380  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

been  formed  to  meet  the  ever  increasing  demands  for  government  juris- 
dition  in  mining  industries.  The  laws  covering  the  management  of 
coal  mines  regulate  the  surveying  of  mines,  the  protection  of  persons 
owning  coal  lands,  which  includes  the  power  and  proceeding  of  injunc- 
tion ;  airways,  stagnant  water,  obstructions,  ventilation,  etc.,  making  it 
unlawful  for  the  owner  or  operator  of  any  coal  mine  "to  employ  any  per- 
son at  work  within  said  coal  mine,  or  to  permit  any  person  to  be  in  said 
coal  mine  for  the  purpose  of  working  therein,  unless  they  are  in  commu- 
nication with  at  least  two  openings,  separated  by  natural  strata  of  not 
less  than  80  feet  in  breadth  if  the  mine  be  worked  by  shaft  or  slope,  and 
if  worked  by  drift  not  less  than  50  feet,  provided,  however,  that  such  coal 
mine  shall  not  exceed  100  feet  in  depth  from  the  surface  to  the  coal."  In 
case  the  coal  mine  does  exceed  100  feet  provision  is  made  for  its  ventila- 
tion. Further  the  law  outlines  the  duties  of  the  mine  boss,  employees, 
and  operators;  commands  the  use  of  explosives,  the  regulation  of  scales, 
organization  of  miners  into  societies,  and  the  protection  of  life  and 
miners. 

For  the  purpose  of  having  the  laws  obeyed  a  state  coal-mine  inspector 
is  appointed  by  the  governor.  The  legislature  of  1905  passed  an  act  to 
provide  for  the  health  and  safety  of  persons  employed  in  and  about  coal 
mines,  by  compelling  owners,  agents  and  operators  of  coal  mines  to  con- 
struct said  mines  upon  more  sanitary  principles  than  they  had  pre- 
viously been  constructed.  By  the  statutes  of  1883,  "no  person  under  the 
age  of  twelve  years  shall  be  allowed  to  work  in  any  coal  mine  nor  any 
minor  between  the  ages  of  twelve  and  sixteen  years  unless  he  can  read 
and  write  and  furnish  a  certificate  from  a  school  teacher,  which  shall  be 
kept  on  file,  showing  that  he  has  attended  school  at  least  three  months 
during  tlie  year;  and  in  all  cases  of  minors  applying  for  work,  the  agent 
of  such  coal  mine  shall  see  that  the  provisions  of  this  section  are  not  vio- 
lated ;  and  upon  conviction  of  a  willful  violation  of  this  section  of  this  act, 
the  agent  of  such  coal  mine  shall  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  to  exceed  fifty 
dollars."  The  laws  of  1898,  amended  in  1901,  provide  for  a  state  associa- 
tion of  miners,  with  power  to  elect  a  secretary  of  mining  industries,  who 
shall  succeed  to  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  state  mine  inspector. 

The  annual  output  of  coal  from  Kansas  mines  has  increased  from  550,- 
000  tons  in  1880  to  5,985,000  in  1900.  The  output  previous  to  1880  was 
300,000  tons  annually.  ,\s  a  by-])r()duct  of  the  coal  industry  has 
come  the  making  of  coke.  In  Cherokee  and  Crawford  counties,  where 
blasting  is  done  in  coal  mining,  a  large  amount  of  slack  coal  is  produced. 
This  is  used  for  making  coke  to  supply  the  zinc  smelters. 

Coalville,  a  small  hamlet  of  Crawford  county,  is  a  station  on  the  St. 
Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.  near  the  northeast  corner  of  the  county, 
and  about  12  miles  from  Girard,  the  county  seat.  Mail  is  received  by 
rural  free  delivery  from  Arcadia. 

Coats,  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  Pratt  county,  is  located  in  Grant 
township  about  12  miles  southwest  of  Pratt,  the  county  seat,  and  is  a 
station  on  the  Wichita  &  Englewood  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka 


KANSAS    HISTORY  381 

&  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  It  was  incorporated  in  1909,  and  in  1910  reported  a 
population  of  269.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural 
loute,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  connections,  a  grain  ele- 
vator, a  hotel,  and  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Courant). 

Cobb,  Nelson,  lawyer  and  second  chief  justice  of  the  State  of  Kansas, 
was  born  at  Windham,  N.  Y.,  March  19,  181 1.  He  received  a  liberal 
education,  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  came  to  Kansas 
in  1859  and  on  Nov.  28,  1862,  was  appointed  chief  justice  by  Gov.  Robin- 
son to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Gen.  Thomas  Ewing. 
He  served  on  the  supreme  bench  until  Jan.  5,  1864,  and  while  there  wrote 
the  opinions  of  the  court  in  sixteen  cases.  In  1864  he  was  one  of  the 
presidential  electors  on  the  Democratic  ticket,  and  in  1866  was  nominated 
b}'  the  National  Union  State  convention  for  chief  justice,  but  was  de- 
feated.   Mr.  Cobb  died  at  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  June  10,  1894. 

Cobb,  Stephen  Alonzo,  lawyer  and  member  of  Congress,  was  born  at 
Madison,  Me.,  June  17,  1833.  His  early  education  was  acquired  in  the 
common  schools  of  his  native  state.  When  seventeen  years  of  age  his 
father  removed  to  Minnesota,  where  Stephen  worked  at  the  lumber 
business  for  four  years,  carrying  on  his  studies  in  the  languages  and 
other  branches,  in  preparation  for  a  college  course.  He  entered  Be- 
loit  College  in  1854  but  was  a  student  there  only  two  years,  when  he 
went  to  Providence,  R.  I.,  and  completed  his  course  at  Brown  University, 
graduating  in  1858.  The  following  year  he  went  west  and  located  at 
Wyandotte  (now  Kansas  City),  Kan.,  and  commenced  to  practice  law. 
Mr.  Cobb  took  an  active  interest  in  politics  both  in  town  and  state.  In 
1862  he  was  mayor  of  Wyandotte  and  a  member  of  the  Kansas  state  sen- 
ate, but  gave  both  up  to  offer  his  services  to  the  Union  army  during  the 
Civil  war.  In  the  three  years  he  served,  Mr.  Cobb  was  rapidly  advanced, 
•  and  held  a  commission  as  lieutenant-colonel  when  mustered  out  of  the 
service  in  1865.  In  1868  he  was  again  elected  mayor  of  Wyandotte. 
From  1869-70  he  held  a  seat  in  the  state  senate  and  was  speaker  of  the 
house  of  representatives  of  Kansas  in  1872.  Mr.  Cobb  was  elected  repre- 
S'entative  from  Kansas  in  1872,  but  was  defeated  for  reelection  to  Con- 
gress in  1874. 

Cobum,  a  village  of  Franklin  county,  is  situated  in  the  northwestern 
part,  10  miles  west  of  Norwood,  the  nearest  railroad  station,  12  miles 
northwest  of  Ottawa,  the  county  seat,  and  4  miles  northwest  of  Centrop- 
olis,  from  which  it  has  rural  delivery. 

Cobum,  Foster  D.,  secretary  of  the  Kansas  State  Board  of  Agriculture, 
was  born  in  Jefferson  county,  Wis.,  May  7,  1846,  a  son  of  Ephraim  W. 
and  Mary  J.  (Mulks)  Coburn.  He  received  a  common  school  education, 
and  during  the  Civil  war  served  in  the  One  Hundred  and  Thirty-fifth 
and  later  the  Sixty-second  Illinois  infantry.  In  1867  he  located  in  Frank- 
lin county,  Kan.,  where  he  engaged  in  farming  and  stock  raising.  On 
Sept.  8,  1869,  he  married  Miss  Lou  Jenkins  of  that  county.  In  1882  he 
was  elected  secretary  of  the  state  board  of  agriculture,  but  served  only 
a  short  time.    In  1894  he  was  again  elected  secretary  of  the  board  and  has 


382  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

held  the  office  continuously  since  that  time.  Mr.  Coburn  has  been  three 
times  appointed  regent  of  the  Agricultural  College,  and  has  served  both 
as  vice-president  and  president  of  the  board  of  regents.  He  was  also 
president  of  the  State  Temperance  Union  for  four  terms.  For  about  six 
years  he  was  editor  of  the  Live  Stock  Indicator  of  Kansas  City,  and  he 
has  been  expert  judge  of  live  stock  in  numerous  fairs  and  expositions. 
At  the  Louisiana  Purchase  exposition  at  St.  Louis  in  1904,  he  was  chief 
of  the  live  stock  department.  He  is  the  author  of  books  on  Swine  Hus- 
bandry, Alfalfa,  etc.,  and  of  some  thirty  volumes  of  reports  and  bulle- 
tins which  he  has  issued  as  secretary.  His  reports  contain  much  inter- 
esting and  valuable  information  regarding  the  agricultural  industry  in 
Kansas. 

Codell,  a  thriving  little  town  of  Paradise  township.  Rooks  county,  is 
a  station  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  about  20  miles  southeast  of  Stock- 
ton, the  county  seat,  It  has  a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one 
rural  route,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  connections,  Bap- 
tist and  Methodist  churches,  good  public  schools,  and  does  considerable 
shipping.    The  population  in  1910  was  175. 

Codes  and  Statutes. — The  first  collection  of  the  laws  of  the  Territory 
of  Kansas  was  that  adopted  by  the  first  legislative  assembly  in  1855, 
and  usually  designated  and  known  as  the  "Bogus  Statutes."  At  the 
time  of  the  adoption  of  these  laws,  v/hat  was  known  as  the  pro-slavery 
party  had  entire  control  of  the  legisl.-iture.  The  free-state  party  having  a 
majority  in  the  legislative  assembly  in  1859,  a  board  of  commissioners, 
consisting  of  William  McKay  of  Wyandotte,  E.  S.  Lowman  of  Law- 
rence, and  James  McCahon  of  Leavenworth  was  elected  by  the  legisla- 
ture, "to  propose  an  entire  code  of  laws,  upon  all  subjects  of  general 
legislation  pertaining  to  the  interests  of  the  Territory  of  Kansas,  to  be 
.submitted  from  time  to  time  to  the  legislati\c  assembly,  for  their  action- 
upon  the  same."  These  commissioners  fulfilled  the  duties  of  then-  ap- 
pointment at  the  same  session,  and  upon  the  adoption  of  the  laws  ic- 
ported  by  them  the  laws  of  1855  were  repealed. 

The  general  laws  adopted  at  this  session,  with  some  few  exceptions, 
lemained  in  force  until  at  the  regular  session  of  the  state  legislature  in 
1862,  when  the  laws  then  in  force  were  compiled  by  a  joint  committee 
of  the  two  houses  and  subsequently  published  in  a  volume  which  is 
known  as  the  "Compiled  Laws  of  1862."  At  the  session  of  1867  an  act 
was  passed  authorizing  and  requiring  the  governor  to  appoint  three  com- 
missioners, "to  revise  and  codify  the  civil  and  criminal  codes  of  ])roced- 
lu-e,  and  all  laws  of  a  general  nature,  of  this  state,"  and  requiring  the 
commissioners  so  appointed  to  report  at  the  next  session  of  the  legisla- 
ture. In  pursuance  of  this  act,  the  governor  appointed  John  M.  Price  of 
.\tcIiison.  .SanuK-1  A.  I\iggs  nf  i.awrencc  (Ixilii  then  uicnibcrs  of  the 
senate),  and  James  McCahon  of  Leavenworth  as  such  commissioners, 
who  immediately  entered  upon  the  iierformance  of  llicir  duties,  and  at 
the  regular  session  of  1868  made  a  i)rinted  report  in  ilic  legislatin^e 
of  the  result  of    their  labors.    This  rci)ort  \vas  considcicd  ,il  ilie  same  si-?. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  383 

sion  and  adopted  with  bul  few  changes  or  alterations.  The  school  law, 
as  reported,  was  entirely  omitted,  and  the  laws  in  force  relating  to  com- 
mon schools  were  required  to  be  compiled  as  a  part  of  the  General  Stat- 
utes. Among  the  laws  enacted  was  one  declaring  what  should  consti- 
tute the  General  Statutes  of  the  state,  and  providing  for  their  publication 
in  a  volume  to  be  entitled  the  "General  Statutes  of  Kansas,"  under  the 
superintendence  of  the  commissioners  and  the  secretary  of  state. 

The  compilation  of  the  General  Statutes  of  Kansas,  in  two  volumes, 
appeared  in  1876,  and  was  the  work  of  C.  F.  W.  Dassler  of  the  Leaven- 
worth bar.  The  work  was  undertaken  by  him  at  the  suggestion  of  mem- 
bers of  the  legal  profession  throughout  the  state,  who,  appreciating  the 
reluctance  of  the  legislature  to  enter  upon  the  expense  of  a  revision,  were 
of  the  opinion  that  private  enterprise  must  supply  the  want.  This  com- 
pilation became  known  as  "Dassler's  Kansas  Statutes,  1876,"  and  the 
legislature  of  1879  agreeing  to  purchase  a  number  of  copies,  a  new  edi- 
tion was  published.  It  diiTered  from  the  former,  however,  in  that  it  was 
brought  down  to  a  later  day.  A  new  edition  of  the  General  Laws  of 
Kansas,  embracing  the  session  laws  of  1895,  was  published  in  that  year, 
with  Mr.  Dassler  as  the  editor. 

In  1890,  by  virtue  and  under  authority  of  an  act  passed  by  the  legisla- 
ture of  Kansas  in  1889,  the  "General  Statutes  of  Kansas,  1889,"  was  pub- 
lished and  was  made  the  official  statutes.  It  contained  all  laws  of  a  gen- 
eral nature,  including  the  laws  of  1889,  and  was  edited  by  Irwin  Taylo% 
of  the  Topeka  bar.  The  "General  Statutes  of  the  State  of  Kansas,  con- 
taining all  laws  of  a  general  nature  from  the  admission  of  the  State  in 
1861  to  the  8th  day  of  May,  1897,"  was  published  b)'  authority  of  the  leg- 
islature in  1897,  and  as  compiled  and  annotated  by  W.  C.  Webb,  of  To- 
peka. But  the  many  expressions  of  approval  and  commendation  from 
the  judiciary  and  members  of  the  bar  of  the  state,  of  the  several  editions 
of  the  "Statutes  of  Kansas"  edited  by  C.  F.  W.  Dassler,  induced  him  to 
prepare  another  edition  in  1899,  which  was  followed,  in  1901,  by  a  reprint 
edition,  added  to  which  were  the  amendments  and  new  laws  passed  at 
the  legislative  session  of  1901,  and  laws  that  had  been  repealed  were 
omitted.  This  edition  was  prepared  pursuant  to  Chapter  10  of  the  ses- 
sion laws  of  1901,  authorizing  the  same.  The  general  arrangement  has 
been  continued  in  two  subsequent  editions — 1905  and  1909. 

The  civil  code,  as  modified  by  the  laws  of  France  and  the  regulations 
of  Spain,  was  the  law  by  which  Louisiana  was  governed  prior  to  its  ces- 
sion to  the  United  States  in  1803,  ^"^  ^s  the  territory  comprised  within 
the  limits  of  Kansas  was  part  of  that  great  domain,  theoretically  it  was 
then  governed  by  the  Civil  Code.  But  this  fact  exists  only  in  theory,  as 
at  that  time  there  existed  not  a  single  settlement  of  civilized  inhabitants 
within  the  territorial  limits  of  the  state.  On  March  26,  1804,  an  act  was 
passed  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  dividing  the  province  into 
two  distinct  territories  by  a  line  corresponding  with  the  33d  degree  of 
north  latitude,  and  all  north  of  that  parallel  was  called  the  "District  of 
Louisiana."    On  Jan.  19,  1816,  a  most  important  act  was  passed,  by  which 


I 


384  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

the  common  law  of  England,  and  the  statutes  passed  prior  to  the  4th  year 
of  James  I,  of  a  general  nature,  were  adopted  as  the  law  of  the  territory, 
provided  the  same  were  not  in  conflict  with  the  laws  of  the  United  States 
and  the  local  statutes.  By  this  act,  the  Civil  Law  was  repealed  and 
ceased  to  be  the  groundwork  of  the  law  of  the  territory. 

Cody,  William  F.— (See  Buffalo  Bill.) 

Coffey  County,  in  the  third  tier  of  counties  from  the  Missouri  line,  and 
the  fourth  tier  from  Oklahoma,  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Osage  coun- 
ty ;  on  the  east  by  Franklin  and  Anderson ;  on  the  south  by  Woodson, 
and  on  the  west  by  Greenwood  and  Lyon.  Its  area  is  648  square  miles, 
and  it  was  named  for  Col.  A.  M.  Coffey,  a  member  of  the  first  territorial 
legislature. 

The  first  known  settlement  of  white  men  within  the  count)^  was  made 
in  the  Neosho  valley  in  1834  by  Frederick  Troxel,  who  built  a  log  cabin 
on  the  old  Indian  trail  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  south  of  the  present 
town  of  Le  Roy  and  moved  there  with  his  family.  Mrs.  Troxel's  brother, 
Gen.  John  B.  Scott,  the  founder  of  Le  Roy,  was  at  that  time  an  Indian 
trader  at  the  Sac  and  Fox  agency.  The  Indian  trail  extended  from  the 
agency  southwest  through  Coffey  county,  crossing  the  Neosho  river 
where  Burlington  now  stands,  where  the  Indians  had  a  burial  ground, 
and  continuing  to.  the  Buffalo  hunting  grounds  in  the  Indian  Territory. 
A  small  colony  from  Xevv  York,  including  Ahijah  Jones  and  his  son, 
(Seorge,  William  R.  and  Alban  Saunders,  settled  at  the  present  location 
of  Le  Roy  in  Dec,  1854.  They  brought  their  families  the  next  year. 
Washington  Vickery  and  Levi  Heddens  (who  is  said  to  have  been  the 
first  man  to  cross  the  Neosho  river  in  a  wagon)  were  here  in  1854,  but 
did  not  locate  until  1855.  Others  who  came  in  1855  were.  Dr.  Hamilton 
Smith,  a  free-state  man  prominent  in  territorial  struggles,  Morgan  Dix, 
Simpson  Des])ain.  Hiram  Hoover,  Judge  Strawn  and  Joe  Lebo,  all  of 
whom  settled  near  the  present  site  of  Ottumwa,  and  Mr.  Crall  on  Lebo 
creek,  also  the  "Flampden  Colony"  consisting  of  100  nicii  and  women 
from  Hampden,  Mass. 

This  colony  founded  a  town  across  the  river  from  the  present  city  of 
Burlington.  Its  promoters  expected  to  make  it  the  leading  commercial 
center  of  southeastern  Kansas.  They  put  up  business  establishments 
and  organized  a  county  court,  but  the  founding  of  Burlington  was  a 
serious  check  to  it,  and  with  the  permanent  location  of  the  county  seat 
at  the  latter  place  in  1865,  Hampden  faded  from  view  entirely.  Le  Roy 
and  Ottumwa  were  located  in  1855,  and  the  county  was  pretty  well  set- 
tled by  the  end  of  1856. 

The  boundaries  of  the  county  were  fixed  by  act  of  the  legislature  in 
July,  1855,  'i^  follows:  "Beginning  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Weller 
f Osage)  county,  thence  south  24  miles;  thence  west  24  miles;  thence 
north  24  miles,  and  thence  east  24  miles  to  the  place  of  beginning." 
Although  the  county  was  not  yet  organized  a  court  was  establised  at 
Hampden  under  Judge  Cato,  which  the  next  year  was  moved  to  Le 
Roy.     When  the  legislature  officially  organized  the  county  in  1857  Le 


KANSAS    UJSTOKY  .  385 

Roy  was  made  the  temporary  county  seat,  and  the  following  officers 
were  appointed:  E.  C.  Amsden,  sheriff;  John  Woolman,  probate  jud^e; 
Richard  Burr  and  Samuel  Lock,  commissioners.  An  election  for  com- 
missioners was  held  in  September  and  resulted  in  the  choice  of  John 
Evans,  John  Wooster  and  Enos  Strawn.  Efiforts  were  made  by  the  Bur- 
lington town  company  to  secure  the  county  seat,  but  Wooster  and  Evans 
being  favorable  to  Le  Roy  it  was  located  at  that  place.  The  legisla- 
ture of  1858  changed  the  seat  of  justice  to  Burlington  and  provided  for 
an  election  on  the  matter  in  Oct.,  1858.  In  the  meantime  the  board  of 
supervisors  met  at  Hampden,  where  the  county  clerk,  Silas  Pearl, 
lived,  the  other  officers  retaining  their  offices  at  Le  Roy.  The  first 
meeting  of  the  supervisors  to  be  held  at  Burlington  was  on  Oct.  5,  the 
next  day  after  the  election.  Although  Le  Roy  received  the  largest 
number  of  votes  for  county  seat,  it  was  never  officially  recognized.  The 
county  officers  were  retained  there  until  Judge  Rush  Elmore  came  to 
Burlington  to  hold  a  session  of  court  for  Cofifey  county.  He  ordered  the 
county  recorder  to  move  his  office  to  Burlington,  and  court  was  held 
at  that  place. 

In  1861  another  election  was-  held  to  decide  the  county  seat  question. 
Le  Roy  received  the  largest  number  of  votes,  but  not  a  majority,  and 
the  county  seat  was  still  maintained  at  Burlington.  Considerable  trouble 
was  experienced  in  getting  the  county  officials  to  move  from  Le  Roy, 
and  in  some  instances  legal  proceedings  were  instituted  to  compel  re- 
moval. In  May,  1863,  another  county  seat  election  was  called  in  which 
Hampden  received  a  majority  of  all  votes  cast  and  was  declared  the 
county  seat.  Another  election  for  the  same  purpose  was  held  in  Nov., 
1865.  After  two  ballots  Burlington  was  finally  successful  and  was  de- 
clared to  be  the  permanent  judicial  seat  by  the  commissioners  at  their 
meeting  in  Jan.,  1866.  However,  the  people  were  not  yet  satisfied  and 
a  final  election  was  held  in  October  of  that  3'ear,  which  resulted  in  a 
majority  for  Burlington. 

When  the  Civil  war  broke  out  nearly  all  the  able  bodied  men  in  the 
county  enlisted,  leaving  only  about  100  to  protect  the  homes  and  to 
act  as  a  reserve  in  case  of  border  troubles.  Company  G,  Fifth  Kansas 
cavalry,  was  mostly  made  up  at  Ottumwa  and  Le  Roy,  and  Company 
E  of  the  same  regiment  was  made  up  at  Burlington  and  vicinity.  In 
1861  Gen.  Lane  sent  out  horsemen  over  the  territory  of  eastern  Kansas 
for  help  to  repel  the  Price  invasion  in  Bourbon  county,  which  was 
threatening  some  of  the  valuable  Federal  supplies.  The  word  reached 
Ottumwa  on  Saturday  afternoon,  and  the  next  morning  earlj  104  men 
left  that  point  to  reinforce  Lane's  command  at  Fort  Lincoln.  Here 
they  defended  the  fort  and  labored  on  the  earthworks  while  Gen.  Lane 
was  at  the  front.  In  May,  1862,  the  First  and  Second  Indian  regiments 
were  organized  at  Le  Roy  from  refugee  Indians.  Col.  Coffin,  who  was 
at  that  time  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs  for  that  section  of  the 
country,  including  the  Indian  territory,  had  his  headquarters  removed 
from  Tallequah  to  Le  Roy  on  account  of  the  turbulent  conditions  in 
(I-25) 


^g(3  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

the  Indian  territory.  Here  he  received  the  Indians  who  were  driven 
from  their  homes,  numbering  some  8,000  persons  belongmg  to  the 
Cherokee,  Choctaw.  Creek.  Seminole,  Chickasaw.  Cchee.  Ouapaw. 
Keechi,  Southern  Shawnee  and  Southern  Delaware  tribes.  It  was  from 
these  that  the  Indian  regiments  were  organized  and  officered  by  white 
men.  (See  Indian  Brigade.)  From  lack  of  military  discipline  over  one- 
half  of  the  first  Indian  regiment  deserted  and  came  back  to  Le  Roy,  but 
were  induced  by  Lieut.  Proudy  to  reenter  the  service. 

As  a  pioneer  'country  and  a  border  district  a  good  many  tragedies  and 
disasters  of  various  kinds  happened,  but  there  was  only  one  hanging 
and  that  was  of  a  semi-lesral  nature,  being  ordered  by  an  improvised 
court  of  citizens,  just  south  of  the  old  Indian  cemetery  at  Burlington 
lived  a  family  by  the  name  of  Claywell.  Different  members  had  been 
repeatedlv  arrested  but  there  being  no  jails,  they  always  managed  to 
escape  Horse  stealing  was  the  particular  oflfense  of  the  two  grown 
sons  and  the  citizens  decided  that  the  next  time  any  of  them  committed 
a  crime  they  would  take  things  into  their  own  hands.  A  short  time  after 
this  conclusion  had  been  reached  one  of  the  young  men  stole  a  horse 
from  Le  Rov  and  was  arrested.  Word  was  sent  out  and  the  citizens 
formed  a  court,  with  judge,  jury,  attorney  for  the  defendant  and  attor- 
nev  for  the  state.  He  was  found  guilty  and,  on  vote  of  the  mass  who 
attended  the  trial,  was  hanged  at  Le  Roy  in  presence  of  a  vast  throng  of 
witnesses.  This  happened  in  1858.  Numerous  murders  were  committed 
in  the  first  ten  vears  of  the  county's  existence. 

The  first  postoffice  was  established  at  Le  Roy,  the  mail  being  carried 
from  the  Sac  and  Fox  agency  by  private  conveyance  until  postoffices 
were  established  at  Burlington  and  Ottumwa,  when  a  mail  route  was 
put  in  operation.  The  first  marriage  was  between  John  Bowen  and  a 
Miss  Grail  in  1856.  The  first  birth  was  that  of  John  Whistler.  The 
first  school  was  Burlington  district  No.   i,  organized  m   1858. 

The  history  of  the  railroads  of  Coffey  county  begins  with  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Neosho  division  of  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  in  1870, 
though  several  roads  were  projected  before  the  war.  This  road  enters 
the  county  on  the  west  and  runs  in  a  southeasterly  direction  into  Wood- 
son county,  passing  through  Burlington  and.Le  Roy  junction.  The  Mis- 
souri Pacific,  which  runs  through  the  southern  part  of  the  county  from 
east  to  west,  was  built  in  1880.  The  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  was 
built  in  1878  It  extends  from  the  northeast  corner  of  the  county  south- 
west to  Gridley.     Another  branch   of  this  road   crosses  the  county   m 

the  northwest  corner.  ,  .        t,  ^      ■ 

The  county  was  originally  divided  into  7  townships,  Pottawatomie, 
Ottumwa,  California,  Avon.  Burlington,  Le  Roy  and  Neosho.  This 
division  was  made  bv  the  countv  commissioners  in  1858,  who  the  next 
year  reduced  the  number  to  four.  Avon,  Le  Roy,  Burlington  and 
Ottumwa.  Tn  i8r,o.  the  original  7  were  reestablished.  Rock  Creek  was 
added  in  1870.  Pleasant.  Hampden  and  Liberty  in  1871,  Spring  Creek 
in  1872,  Kcv  West  and  Star  in  1874.     Lincoln  has  been  added  since. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  387 

The  towns  and  villages  of  Coffey  county  are  as  follows :  Burlington, 
the  county  seat,  Agricola,  Aliceville,  Crandall,  Hall  Summit,  Kong, 
Lebo,  Le  Roy,  Ottumwa,  Patmos,  Pottawatomie,  Sharpe,  Strawn  and 
Waverly. 

Coffey  is  an  agricultural  county.  The  general  surface  is  rolling  prairie, 
and  the  bottom  lands,  averaging  one  to  two  miles  in  width,  comprise 
one-eighth  of  the  total  area.  The  native  trees  are  oak,  hickory,  hack- 
berry,  elm,  black  walnut,  sycamore,  soft  maple,  box  elder,  ash,  locust  and 
pecan.  Sandstone,  red  ocher  and  clay  for  brick  and  tile  are  found  in 
commercial  quantities.  Salt  springs  and  marshes  are  plentiful  along 
the  Neosho.    The  county  is  underlaid  with  natural  gas. 

The  Neosho  river,  the  principal  stream,  enters  the  county  on  the 
west  several  miles  below  the  northwest  corner,  crosses  in  a  south- 
easterly direction,  leaving  near  the  southeast  corner.  Its  tributaries 
from  the  north  are,  Lebo,  Hickory,  Wolf,  Long,  Crooked  and  Spring 
creeks,  and  from  the  south.  Duck,  Turkey,  Big,  Rock,  Otter  and  Eagle 
creeks. 

The  total  value  of  farm  products  for  1910  was  $5,000,000.  The  wheat 
and  corn  crops  went  considerably  over  $1,000,000  each.  Other  impor- 
tant products  are  oats,  hay,  poultry,  dairy  products  and  live  stock.  The 
population  in  1910  was  15,205,  and  the  assessed  valuation  of  property 
was  $23,082,616,  making  the  wealth  per  capita  average  over  $1,500.  This 
shows  Coffey  county  to  be  in  the  first  rank  among  the  wealth}'  coun- 
ties of  the  state. 

Coffeyville,  the  largest  city  in  Montgomery  county  and  one  of  the  im- 
portant cities  of  southeastern  Kansas,  is  located  on  the  Verdigris  river 
near  the  Oklahoma  state  line,  15  miles  southeast  of  Independence,  the 
county  seat.  Four  railroads  converge  at  this  point — the  Atchison,  To- 
peka  &  Santa  Fe,  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas,  the  Missouri  Pacific, 
and  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco.  It  is  located  in  the  natural  gas 
fields,  the  wells  in  the  vicinity  yielding  about  1,000,000,000  cubic  feet  of 
gas  per  day.  This  is  furnished  to  the  factories  for  three  cents  per  1,000 
feet,  which  has  resulted  in  building  up  extensive  manufacturing  inter- 
ests among  which  are,  9  glass  factories,  6  brick  plants,  an  oil  refinery, 
4  foundries,  a  plow  factory,  2  box  factories,  2  planing  mills,  carriage  and 
wagon  factory,  paper  factory,  zinc  smelter,  pottery  works,  excelsior  fac- 
tory, plaster  factory,  roof  tile  works,  wire  fence  factor}',  egg  case  fac- 
tory, novelty  works,  and  implement  works.  Other  manufacturing  plants 
are  under  process  of  construction.  The  Missouri  Pacific  railroad  shops 
are  located  here. 

The  town  is  advanced  in  the  matter  of  public  improvements,  having 
a  sewer  system,  waterworks,  fire  department,  police  department,  9  public 
school  buildings,  street  railway,  public  parks  and  electric  lights.  There 
are  5  banks,  4  theaters,  a  hospital,  3  daily  and  3  weekly  newspapers,  4 
flour  mills,  , grain  elevators,  several  wholesale  jobbing  houses,  2  ice 
plants,  a  packing  house  and  all  lines  of  retail  trade.  Coffeyville  is  also 
an  important  grain  market  and  a  shipping  point  for  all  kinds  of  farm 


388  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

produce.  It  is  connected  with  CherrAvale  and  Independence  by  means 
of  interurban  electric  lines.  The  town  is  supplied  with  telegraph  and 
express  offices  and  has  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  4 
rural  routes.  The  population  according  to  the  census  of  1910  was  12,- 
687,  which  is  nearly  treble  the  population  of  1900. 

Cofl'eyville  was  founded  in  the  fall  of  1869,  by  Gol.  Coflfey,  N.  B. 
Blanton,  Edward  Fagan,  John  Clarkson  and  William  Wilson.  This 
town  was  later  absorbed  b}'  another  of  the  same  name  located  a  mile 
north  and  promoted  by  the  railroad  company  in  1871,  as  the  terminus 
of  the  first  railroad  built  in  the  county.  The  towns  of  Westralia,  Par- 
ker, Verdigris  City  and  Claymore  were  all  eventually  absorbed  by 
CoiTeyville.  The  postoffice  was  established  in  1871  at  the  original  town, 
and  Col.  Coffey  was  made  postmaster.  The  next  year  it  was  moved  to 
the  new  town.  Coffeyville  was  organized  and  incorporated  as  a  city  of 
the  third  class  in  1872,  with  the  following  officers:  Mayor,  A.  B. 
Clark;  clerk,  I.  N.  Neeld ;  treasurer,  T.  B.  Eldridge ;  police  judge,  G.  A. 
Dunlap ;  marshal,  Peter  Flynn ;  councilmen,  G.  J.  Tallman,  David  Blair, 
G.  W.  Curry,  W.  H.  Bowers  and  E.  S.  Eldridge.  The  first  school  was 
taught  in  a  store  building  on  the  old  town  site  in  1871  by  J.  T.  Cres- 
well.  The  Coffeyville  Journal  was  established  in  1875  by  W.  A.  Peffer. 
The  first  banking  house  was  opened  in  May,  1880,  by  Ayres  &  Steel.  A 
board  of  trade  was  organized  in  1884,  and  on  July  20,  1887,  Coffeyville 
was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  second  class  by  proclamation  of  Gov. 
Martin. 

In  1888  an  incident  occurred  in  Coffeyville  which  startled  the  whole 
state  and  led  to  an  investigation  by  the  state  officials.  A  package 
directed  to  Winfield  was  left  at  the  express  office  on  Oct.  18.  While 
still  in  custody  of  the  express  agent  it  exploded  and  killed  Mrs.  I'pham 
and  her  daughter,  Mabel.  It  was  a  package  of  dynamite  and  a  political 
murder  was  intended  by  the  party  who  prepared  it. 

In  1892  occurred  the  famous  Dalton  raid  at  Coffeyville.  The  Daltons 
with  two  accomplices,  comprising  a  band  of  five,  came  into  the  town  with 
the  intention  to  rob  the  banks  and  commit  as  many  murders  as  necessary 
in  the  process.  While  robbing  the  bank  of  Condon  &  Co.,  the  ruffians 
were  attacked  by  the  citizens  and  one  of  them  wounded  so  that  he 
could  not  shoot.  Undismayed  by  the  rain  of  bullets,  they  took  all  the 
currency,  amounting  to  $11,000,  and  went  to  the  First  National  bank, 
where  they  secured  $20,000  and  went  out  into  the  alley,  by  which  they 
expected  to  escape.  Here  they  were  fired  upon  by  the  citizens  and  a 
battle  began,  which  lasted  12  minutes.  When  it  was  over  four  of  the 
robbers  were  dead  and  one  seriously  wounded.  Out  of  the  ten  citizens 
who  took  part  4  were  killed  and  2  wounded.  The  wountled  robber  was 
Emmet  Dalton,  who  was  at  that  time  16  years  of  age.  He  never  fully 
recovered  from  his  wounds.  After  serving  a  number  of  years  in  the 
state  penitentiary  he  was  released  in  1909. 

Coin,  a  rural  money  order  postoffice  of  Gove  county,  is  located  in 
Gacland  township  on  Plum  creek,  and  about  15  miles  southwest  of  Gove, 


KANSAS    HISTORY  389 

the  county  seat.    Campus,  on  the  Union  Pacific,  is  the  must  convenient 
railroad  station. 

Cokedale,  a  village  of  Cherokee  county,  is  located  at  the  junction  of 
the  Missouri  Pacific  and  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  railroads,  about 
6  miles  northwest  of  Columbus,  the  county  seat,  from  which  place  mail 
is  received  by  rural  free  delivery. 

Colbert,  a  little  hamlet  of  Lincoln  county,  is  situated  on  East  Elkhorn 
creek,  about  6  miles  southeast  of  Lincoln,  the  county  seat,  from  which 
place  mail  is  received  by  rural  free  delivery. 

Colby,  the  county  seat  and  principal  city  of  Thomas  county,  is  cen- 
trally located  on  Prairie  Dog  creek,  at  the  junction  of  the  Chicago, 
Rock  Island  &  Pacific,  and  two  divisions  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroads. 
Prior  to  1907  it  was  a  part  of  Morgan  township,  but  in  that  year  it  was 
made  an  independent  corporation.  Colby  has  2  banks,  4  grain  elevators, 
a  flour  mill,  a  creamery,  2  weekly  newspapers  (the  Tribune  and  Free 
Press),  a  public  park,  graded  schools,  the  county  high  school  and 
churches  of  five  different  denominations.  The  city  and  high  school 
buildings  were  erected  at  a  cost  of  over  $40,000.  Colby  also  has  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  three  rural  routes,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  a 
hotel,  some  good  stores,  an  opera  house,  and  is  said  to  have  more  miles 
of  cement  sidewalk  than  any  city  in  western  Kansas.  The  growth  dur- 
ing the  last  census  decade  was  almost  phenomenal,  the  census  of  1900 
showing  a  population  of  641  and  that  of  1910  reporting  1,130.  A  United 
States  land  ofiSce  was  opened  at  Colby  on  Feb.  5,  1894. 

Coldwater,  the  county  seat  of  Comanche  county,  is  situated  a  little 
northwest  of  the  center  of  the  county,  and  is  one  of  the  most  important 
towns  on  the  Wichita  &  Englewood  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fe  railway  system.  It  has  an  elevation  of  2,089  ^^^''-  ^"d  'S  beau- 
tifully located  in  the  valley  of  Cavalry  creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Arkan- 
sas river.  Coldwater  was  established  as  the  county  seat  soon  after  the 
county  was  organized,  and  in  the  matter  of  growth  it  has  had  its  ""ups 
and  downs."  The  census  of  1890  showed  a  population  of  480,  which 
had  dwindled  to  263  in  1900.  (For  the  cause  of  this  decline  see  Comanche 
Count}^)  Then  came  a  turn  for  the  better,  and  in  1910  the  population 
was  684.  The  improvement  during  these  latter  years  is  of  a  permanent 
character.  Coldwater  has  2  banks,  3  grain  elevators,  2  weekly  news- 
papers (the  Talisman  and  the  Western  Star),  an  international  money 
order  postoffice,  express,  telegraph  and  telephone  facilties,  and  is  the 
commercial  center  for  a  large  and  prosperous  agricultural  district. 

Colfax,  a  mail  distributing  hamlet  of  Chautauqua  county,  is  located  in 
the  northeastern  corner  and  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R. 
15  miles  northeast  of  Sedan,  the  county  seat,  and  6  miles  west  of  Elk 
City,  Montgomery  county,  whence  it  receives  mail  by  rural  route.  The 
population  in  1910,  according  to  the  census  report  was  38. 

College  of  the  Sisters  of  Bethany,  commonly  called  "Bethany  College," 
located  at  Topeka,  Kan.,  has  a  history  coincident  with  that  of  the  Epis-' 
copal  diocese  of  Kansas.     In  1859,  Bishop  Kemper  called  a  convention 


39-3  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

to  organize  the  diocese,  and  in  the  report  of  the  educational  committee 
is  found  the  following  statement :  "There  is  a  female  seminary  duly 
incorporated  at  Tecumseh,  Shawnee  county.  Liberal  donations  have 
been  secured  and  a  building  is  being  erected  to  be  used  in  Sept.,  i860." 

The  convention  adopted  resolutions  approving  the  erection  of  a 
female  seminar}^  and  recognized  it  as  one  of  the  church  institutions  of 
the  diocese.  The  location  at  Tecumseh  proved  unsatisfactory,  and  it 
was  not  long"  until  the  institution  was  removed  to  Topeka.  Through 
the  influence  of  the  rector  of  Grace  Church,  Topeka,  a  seminary  build- 
ing was  commenced  on  a  plat  of  ground  bounded  by  Eighth,  Tenth  and 
Polk  streets,  and  Western  avenue. 

"The  Episcopal  Seminary  of  Topeka"  was  organized  under  a  charter 
granted  by  the  territorial  legislature  on  Feb.  2,  1861,  giving  it  the  rights 
of  a  college.  The  first  session  of  the  school  opened  on  June  10,  1861, 
with  Mr.  Preston  as  principal,  two  assistant  instructors  and  35  pupils. 
In  1865  the  school  reopened  with  Rev.  J.  N.  Lee  as  principal  and  a  staff 
of  five  assistants.  Five  years  later  the  management  decided  to  abandon 
the  old  charter  and  a  new  one  was  obtained  under  the  state  laws  on  Feb. 
4,  1870.  The  property  which  had  been  held  by  Wilson  Shannon  as  trus- 
tee was  turned  over  to  a  hoard  of  trustees,  and  on  July  10,  1872.  the 
name  of  the  institution  was  changed  to  the  College  of  the  Sisters  of 
Bethany.  This  name  does  not  refer  to  an}'  order  of  sisters,  but  to  the 
scriptural  model  of  the  two  sisters  of  Bethany — Mary  and  ]Martha. 

In  1900  the  college  received  a  legacy  of  over  $35,000  from  Phclix  R. 
Brunot  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  in  1907  opened  a  school  for  boarding 
pupils  between  the  ages  of  seven  and  twelve  years  in  a  separate  build- 
ing from  the  college.  The  main  building,  Wolf  Hall,  was  erected  at  a 
cost  of  $70,000  in  1872.  In  1875  two  stone  buildings,  a  laundry  and  a 
barn  were  built  at  a  cost  of  $10,000.  Holmes  Hall,  built  in  1881,  cost 
$18,000  and  Burr  Hall,  an  addition  to  Wolf,  was  built  in  1884.  In  addi- 
tion there  is  a  stone  boiler  house  and  chaplain's  residence.  The  courses 
of  the  school  include  a  kindergarten,  primary  and  intermediate  depart- 
ments;  a  four-year  college  preparatory  course;  four-year  academic 
course  for  pupils  who  do  not  intend  to  enter  college,  and  a  college  course 
equivalent  to  the  first  two  years  of  work  in  the  Ihiiversity  of  Kansas. 
There  is  a  two-year  kindergarten  training  course  and  work  done  here 
receives  credit  at  the  Chicago  Kindergarten  College,  Chicago,  111.  Spe- 
cial courses  are  offered  in  music,  art  and  elocution.  The  college  is 
under  the  supervision  of  Rt.  Rev.  Frank  R.  Millspaugh,  bishop  of  the 
diocese,  who  acts  as  president  of  the  school.  Meliora  C.  Hambletin  is 
the  principal,  assisted  by  a  staff  of  sixteen  instructors.  The  institution 
is  supported  by  tuilinn  and  the  iiu-onu-  from  its  endowment  fund.  Tlic 
property  is  valued  at  about  $400,000.  Bethany  is  one  of  the  few 
women's  colleges  in  Kansas. 

Collyer,  one  of  the  ])rincipal  towns  of  Trego  county,  is  located  in  the 
township  (jf  the  same  name  and  is  a  station  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R. 
14  miles  west  of  Wakecney,  the  county  seat.     Tl   has  .1  b.ink,  a  money 


KANSAS    HISTORY  3yi 

order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  tele- 
phone connections,  Baptist,  Catholic  and  Congregational  churches,  good 
public  schools,  well  stocked  general  stores,  a  lumber  yard,  etc.  Collyer 
-was  first  settled  in  1879,  ^""i  '"  ujio  reported  a  population  of  300. 

Coloma,  an  inland  hamlet  of  Woodson  county,  is  located  about  4 
miles  north  of  Yates  Center,  the  county  seat,  from  which  place  it  receives 
its  mail.    The  population  in  1910  was  57. 

Colony,  an  incorporated  city  in  Ozark  township,  Anderson  covmty, 
is  located  near  tlie  southern  boundary  of  the  county,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Missouri  Pacific  and  two  divisions  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe  railway  systems,  16  miles  south  of  Garnett,  the  county  seat.  The 
history  of  the  town  begins  with  the  construction  of  the  first  railroad 
over  the  site,  the  plat  being  filed  on  Aug.  2,  1872.  Two  years  later  a 
number  of  members  of  a  colony  formed  in  Ohio  and  Indiana  settled  in 
the  new  town,  and  these  gave  it  the  name  it  bears  to  this  day.  Many 
of  these  colonists  stayed  but  a  short  time,  and  for  several  years  the 
growth  of  the  town  was  slow.  In  Aug.,  1881,  several  of  the  best  build- 
ings were  destroyed  by  fire,  and  since  that  time  the  growth  has  been 
more  substantial.  Colony  has  a  bank,  an  international  money  order 
postoffice  with  three  rural  routes,'  grain  elevators,  a  hotel,  an  opera 
house,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Free  Press),  telegraph,  telephone  and 
express  accommodations,  churches  of  several  of  the  leading  denomina- 
tions, good  public  schools,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  530. 
A  number  of  gas  wells  in  the  immediate  vicinity  furnish  both  light  and 
heat  for  the  inhabitants. 

Columbian  Exposition. — (See  Expositions.) 

Columbus,  the  county  seat  of  Cherokee  county,  is  centrally  located 
at  the  junction  of  two  divisions  of  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  and 
the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  railroads.  The  first  settler  in  the  city 
was  John  Appleby,  who  located  there  in  Feb.,  1868.  In  the  spring  fol- 
lowing a  town  company  was  organized.  Among  the  members  were  Wil- 
liam Little,  John  Hanson,  John  Appleby  and  Dr.  Bailey.  A  town  was 
laid  ofif  in  the  southwest  quarter  of  section  13,  but  later  in  the  season  a 
second  company,  consisting  of  John  Appleby,  F.  Fry,  H.  and  H.  A. 
Scovell,  was  organized.  These  four  men  each  owned  a  quarter  of  section 
13,  and  each  donated  25  acres,  so  that  the  new  plat  consisted  of  100 
acres  m  the  center  of  the  section.  Columbus  was  incorporated  as  a  town 
on  April  11,  1870,  and  at  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Fry  was  named  for 
Columbus.  Ohio.  A  two-story  school  building  was  erected  late  in  the 
year,  and  in  April,  1871,  Columbus  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third 
class  with  a  population  of  700.  In  Jan.,  1873,  owing  to  the  high  price 
asked  for  lots  by  the  founders  of  the  town,  a  joint  stock  company  was 
formed  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  new  site  half  a  mile  east.  This 
had  the  effect  of  reducing  the  price  of  lots,  and  the  growth  was  so  rapid 
that  in  the  spring  of  1882  Columbus  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the 
second  class  with  a  population  of  about  2,000.  On  Jan.  3,  1883,  ten 
buildings  on  the  south  side  of  the  public  square  were  destroyed  by  fire. 


392  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

the  total  loss  being  about  $20,000,  but  these  buildings  were  almost  imme- 
diately replaced  by  structures  of  a  more  substantial  character. 

In  1910  the  population  of  Columbus  was  3,064,  an  increase  of  754  dur- 
ing the  preceding  decade.  The  city  is  divided  into  five  wards.  It  has 
the  largest  water  power  electric  plant  in  the  west  (11,000  horse  power), 
a  $25,000  high  school  building,  a  public  library,  a  fine  waterworks  system, 
natural  gas,  carriage  and  wagon  works,  a  canning  factory,  brick  and  tile 
works,  the  largest  cigar  factor)'  in  Kansas,  a  bottling  works,  machine 
shops,  three  weekly  newspapers,  an  opera  house,  flour  mills,  2  national 
and  2  state  banks,  and  some  of  the  best  mercantile  houses  in  southeast- 
ern Kansas.  It  also  has  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with 
eight  rural  routes,  a  telephone  exchange,  express  and  telegraph  offices, 
etc.  Coal  of  fine  quality  is  found  in  abundance  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
arjd  forms  one  of  the  principal  articles  of  export.  Grain,  flour,  live  stock, 
flax  seed  and  castor  beans  are  also  shipped  in  large  quantities. 

Colusa,  a  small  hamlet  of  Gray  county,  is  situated  in  Salem  township 
near  the  western  boundary  of  the  county,  and  about  20  miles  southwest 
of  Cimarron,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postofiice  and  some 
local  trade.     Pierceville  is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Colwich,  a  town  in  Union  township,  Sedgwick  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  14  miles  northwest  of  Wichita.  It  was  set- 
tled in  1887,  was  incorporated  some  years  later,  and  in  1910  reported  a 
population  of  258.  Colwich  has  a  bank,  a  grain  elevator,  an  alfalfa  mill, 
a  hotel.  Catholic  and  Methodist  churches,  a  money  order  postoffice  with 
two  rural  routes,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  connections, 
and  is  the  shipping  and  supply  point  for  a  large  agricultural  district 
in  the  Arkansas  valley. 

Comanche  County,  one  of  the  southern  tier,  is  the  sixth  county  east 
of  the  Colorado  slate  line.  It  was  created  by  an  act  of  the  state  legis- 
lature in  1867,  which  provided  for  the  division  into  counties  of  all  the 
unorganized  part  of  the  state  east  of  range  line  26  west,  and  was  named 
for  the  Comanche  tribe  of  Indians.  The  act  provided  the  following 
bounds  for  Comanche  county :  "Commencing  where  the  east  line  of 
range  16  west,  intersects  the  6th  standard  parallel,  thence  south  to  the 
37th  degree  north  latitude,  thence  west  to  the  east  line  of  range  21, 
thence  north  to  the  6th  standard  parallel,  thence  east  to  the  place  of 
beginning."  By  political  divisions,  it  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Kiowa 
county;  east  by  Barber;  south  by  the  State  of  Oklahoma,  and  west  by 
Clark  county.     Its  area  is  795  square  miles. 

Before  the  county  could  be  organized  it  was  required  by  an  act  of 
June  4,  1861,  that  a  census  be  taken  and  that  the  county  siiould  show 
a  population  of  "600  inhabitants,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  and  who 
are  bona  fide  residents  of  the  county  and  the  United  States." 

Actual  settlement  was  slow.  The  first  real  settlers  entered  land  during 
the  spring  and  summer  of  1873,  but  only  a  few  attem])tcd  farming.  A 
number  of  "cow  men"  took  possession  soon  after  the  land  was  ceded  to 
the  govcrnnuMil   by  the  Osage  Indians,  and   ranged   Ihousands  of  head 


KANSAS    HISTORY  393 

of  cattle  over  this  and  adjoining'  counties.  Some  of  the  stockmen 
organized  a  company  which  became  well  known  as  the  "Comanche 
Pool."  Very  few  men  took  up  land  for  agricultural  purposes  until  the 
spring  of  1884,  when  a  rush  for  the  most  desirable  land  began.  This 
influx  of  homesteaders,  who  broke  and  in  many  cases  fenced  their  land, 
ended  the  career  of  the  "cow  men."  By  the  close  of  1885  practically  all 
the  good  claims  in  the  county  had  been  tqken  up.  A  majority  of  these 
pioneers  were  men  of  small  means,  who  came  into  the  county  to  lay  the 
foundations  of  their  fortunes. 

In  1884  G.  W.  Vickers  of  Harper.  Kan.,  conceived  the  idea  of  laying 
out  a  town  in  the  northern  part  of  Comanche  county,  in  company  with 
Timothy  Shields,  J.  P.  Grove,  Samuel  Sisson,  C.  M.  Cade  and  C.  D.  Bick- 
ford,  all  from  Harper  county.  They  preempted  a  section  of  land,  had  it 
platted  off  as  a  town  site  and  named  it  after  the  town  of  Coldwater, 
Mich.  Early  the  following  year  the  county  had  the  required  number  of 
inhabitants,  who  petitioned  the  governor  for  its  organization,  and  on 
Feb.  27,  1885,  it  was  organized  with  Owen  Connaughton,  George  M. 
Morris  and  David  T.  Mclntire,  commissioners  and  R.  A.  Grossman, 
clerk.     Coldwater  was  designated  as  the  county  seat. 

In  1887  a  branch  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  railroad  was 
built  across  the  northwest  corner  of  the  county,  from  northeast  to  south- 
west, through  Coldwater.  It  turned  the  tide  of  emigration  to  Comanche 
county,  and  added  materially  to  the  population.  This  is  the  only  line 
in  the  county  and  farmers  in  the  southeastern  portion  have  to  drive  a 
considerable  distance  to  market  produce  and  ship  cattle. 

When  news  reached  Comanche  county  that  part  of  the  Indian  Terri- 
tory was  to  be  thrown  open  to  settlement  in  April,  1889,  the  same  rest- 
less, adventurous  spirit  that  brought  many  of  the  settlers  there  in  1884 
impelled  them  to  take  their  worldly  possessions  and  move  to  the  new 
land  of  promise.  When,  in  the  spring  of  1892,  the  Cheyenne  and 
Arapahoe  country  was  thrown  open  the  depopulation  of  the  county  con- 
tinued. In  1888  the  assessors'  report  showed  a  population  of  5,636,  while 
that  of  1890  was  only  2,498.  Hard  times  came  with  the  dry  years  from 
1891  to  1897,  when  crops  were  either  a  complete  or  partial  failure,  and 
the  retrogression  of  the  county  reached  its  climax  in  1896,  when  the 
population  fell  to  onl}'  1,269.  During  these  years  when  the  settlers  were 
leaving,  fields  lay  untilled,  homes  were  abandoned  and  property  values 
depreciated.  The  so-called  "Cattle  Barons"  fenced  in  all  the  land  within 
reach  for  pasture.  They  paid  light  taxes,  owned  little  land  and  ranged 
large  herds  at  will.  The  many  streams  afforded  fine  water  for  the  stock, 
cattle  brought  a  good  price,  and  these  may  be  called  the  palmy  days  of 
the  second  generation  of  the  "cow  men,"  some  of  whom  held  the  land 
so  long  that  they  seemed  to  think  they  had  an  indisputable  right  to  it. 
By  their  influence  and  activity  in  local  politics,  they  managed  to  secure 
the  election  to  the  principal  county  offices  men  who  were  friendly  to 
their  claims,  and  the  homesteader  who  wished  to  locate  in  the  county 
found  everything  against  him.    This  domination  of  the  cattle  men  lasted 


394  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

until  late  in  the  "90s,  when  gradually  but  surely,  the  farmers  began  to 
gain  in  numbers  and  influence,  and  resettlement  b}'  small  landholders 
began  in  earnest  in  the  spring  of  1905.  Men  in  adjacent  counties  who 
had  not  sufficient  land,  removed  to  Comanche,  which  is  becoming  one 
of  the  leading  agricultural  comities  of  southwestern  Kansas,  and  ranks 
especially  high  in  stock  raising. 

The  pioneer  papers  of  Comanche  county  were  the  Western  Star, 
edited  by  \\".  M.  Cash  and  W.  T.  Willis,  and  the  Coldwater  Review, 
owned  and  edited  by  Edward  C.  Austin.  The  first  churches  in  the  county 
were  the  Methodist  and  Presbyterian.  George  M.  Norris  and  Dr.  Lam- 
bart  were  the  pioneer  merchants.  The  county  is  divided  into  the  fol- 
lowing townships:  Avilla,  Coldwater,  Irwin,  Logan,  Nescatunga, 
Powell,  Protection,  Rumsey,  Shinier  and  Valley.  Coldwater,  the  county 
seat,  is  the  largest  town  and  commercial  center.  It  is  a  few  miles  north- 
west of  the  center  of  the  county. 

The  general  contour  of  the  county  is  level  except  where  the  land 
breaks  into  bluffs  along  some  of  the  larger  streams.  The  valleys  and 
second  bottom  lands  are  alluvial  deposits  and  very  fertile.  The  many 
sl^reams  are  fringed  with  narrow  belts  of  timber,  chiefly  cedar,  walnut, 
elm  and  cottonwood.  Sandstone,  mineral  paint  and  gypsum  are  plentiful, 
while  salt  springs  are  numerous  in  the  southwestern  portion.  The 
Cimarron  river  flows  southeast  across  the  southwest  corner  of  the 
coimty.  Its  principal  tributaries  in  the  county  are  Calvary  creek,  which 
flows  south  through  the  western  part.  The  eastern  portion  is  well 
drained  by  Mustang,  Nescatonga,  Indian  and  Big  Mule  creeks,  all  of 
which  are  tributary  to  the  salt  fork  of  the  Arkansas  river.  A  pamphlet 
issued  by  the  state  department  of  agriculture,  entitled,  "Kansas,  Her 
Story  and  Statistics,"  stated  that  in  1907  there  were  32  organized  school 
districts  in  the  county  and  a  school  population  of  597.  The  population 
in  1910  was  3,281,  a  gain  of  1,682  during  the  preceding  ten  years,  or 
more  than  100  per  cent.  The  assessed  value  of  property  was  $9,242,328, 
a  per  capita  wealth  of  over  $3,200,  and  the  value  of  farm  products  for 
the  year  was  $1,491,801. 

Comiskey,  a  postoffice  of  Lyon  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri 
Pacific  R.  R.  in  Agnes  township  25  miles  northwest  of  Emjioria,  the 
county  seat.  There  are  telegraph  and  express  offices,  some  mercantile 
interests,  and  the  population  according  to  the  census  of  1910  was  28. 

Committee  of  Safety. — The  Committee  of  Safety  was  called  into  exist- 
<'nce  by  the  same  chain  of  circumstances  that  inaugiu-ated  the  Wakarusa 
war.  .Shortly  after  the  capture  and  rescue  of  Jacoh  llranson  the  border 
ruffians  began  to  menace  Lawrence,  and  the  people  of  that  city  held  a 
meeting  on  Nov.  27,  1855,  to  consider  what  was  the  best  course  to 
pursue.  As  a  means  of  preventing  an  attack  by  the  pro-slavery  forces, 
some  suggested  thai  all  who  had  taken  part  in  the  rescue  of  Branson 
should  be  compelled  In  leave  the  town,  and  a  partial  order  to  that  effect 
was  issued.  George  P.  Lowery  moved  that  a  committee  of  icn  citizens 
be   appointed   "to  provide   for  tlio  protection   nf   the   town   ag.'iinst    ;\iiy 


KANSAS    IIISTOUV  395 

armed  force,"  and  uimjii  the  adupliun  nl  llic  niolidii  Mr.  Luwrey  was  made 
chairman  of  the  committee,  liis  associates  were  G.  W.  Hutchingson, 
Charles  Robinson,  George  W.  Deitzler,  C.  W.  Babcock,  George  \V. 
Brown,  Robert  Morrow,  Josiah  Miller,  A.  H.  Mallory  and  J.  S.  Emery. 

Holloway  says:  "It  was  the  express  understanding  that  this  com- 
mittee was  to  provide,  not  for  the  purpose  of  aggression  nor  to  shield 
any  person  from  deserved  punishment,  hut  to  protect  the  town  against 
armed  invaders  then  assembled  around  Lawrence." 

One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  committee  was  to  appoint  Charles  Rob- 
inson commander-in-chief  of  all  forces  raised  for  the  defense  of  the  city, 
and  Col.  James  H.  Lane  was  made  second  in  command.  As  commander 
and  vice-commander,  Robinson  and  Lane  signed  the  treaty  of  peace  with 
Gov.  Shannon  on  Dec.  8,  1855.  (See  Shannon's  Administration.) 
Although  that  treaty  ended  the  immediate  danger,  the  committee  did  not 
at  once  disband,  but  continued  to  act  in  an  advisory  capacity  for  some 
time,  holding  itself  in  readiness  to  exercise  the  authority  originally  con- 
ferred upon  it  should  occasion  require. 

Commonweal  Army. — In  the  summer  of  1892  began  a  distressing 
series  of  events  which  widened  into  all  departments  of  American  indus- 
try, blasting  the  fruits  of  labor  and  indicating  in  the  industrial  society 
of  the  United  States  the  existence  of  profound  and  dangerous  vices.  In 
June  of  that  year  the  managers  of  the  great  iron  works  at  Homestead, 
a  short  distance  from  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  apprehending  a  strike  of  their 
operatives  on  account  of  a  reduction  of  wages,  declared  a  lockout  and 
closed  the  estabhshment.  The  operatives,  deeming  themselves  wronged, 
assumed  a  threatening  attitude  and  the  trouble  increased  until  the 
Pennsylvania  National  Guard  to  the  number  of  8,500  was  called  out  by 
proclamation  of  the  governor,  and  on  July  12  a  military  occupation  was 
established.  This  was  maintained  for  several  weeks  and  the  restoration 
of  order  was  extremely  difficult. 

About  the  same  time  the  miners  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  region  in  far-off 
Idaho  rose  against  a  body  of  non-union  workingmen,  who  had  been 
introduced  into  the  mines,  killed  several  and  drove  away  the  remaining 
-ones.  Railroad  bridges  and  other  property  were  destroyed  and  a  reign 
of  terror  was  established.  It  was  not  until  July  17  that  military  rule 
prevailed  over  the  rioters,  whose  leaders  were  arrested  and  imprisoned. 

A  short  time  thereafter  scenes  of  violence  were  enacted  at  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.,  on  account  of  a  strike  of  the  switchmen  of  the  Erie  &  Lehigh. 
Valley  railway.  When  an  attempt  was  made  to  coerce  the  strikers  they 
attacked  the  loaded  freight  trains  standing  on  the  sidetracks  and  burned 
the  cars  by  hundreds.  On  Aug.  18  the  whole  National  Guard  of  New 
York  was  summoned  to  the  scene  and  the  strikers  were  finally  overawed 
and  dispersed. 

In  the  spring  of  1893  came  the  precipitation  and  intensifying  of  the 
financial  panic  and  universal  prostration  of  business,  the  parallel  of 
which  had  never  before  been  witnessed  in  our  country.  The  industrial 
•  depression,  the  discontent  and  suffering  of  the  people,  led  to  the  most 


396  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

alarming  consequences.  Strikes  and  lockouts  became  the  order  of  the 
day.  Business  failures  resounded  through  the  land  like  the  falling  of  a 
forest.  Commerce  virtually  ceased.  In  the  latter  part  of  April,  1894, 
some  130,000  miners  stopped  work  and  were  joined  immediate!}-  after- 
ward by  fully  25.000  others.  Nearly  all  the  coke  plants  in  western 
Pennsylvania  were  closed.  Meanwhile,  the  discontented  people  began 
to  show  their  desires  and  passions  in  a  way  never  hitherto  displayed  in 
the  United  States.  Those  who  had  been  thrown  out  of  employment 
began  to  combine,  without  knowing  why,  into  what  was  known  as  the 
army  of  the  Commonweal.  One  such  army,  under  the  leadership  of 
Jacob  S.  Coxey  of  Massillon,  Ohio,  marched  on  Washington  City,  to 
demand  employment  from  the  national  government.  Another  band  came 
on  from  the  far  West,  under  the  leadership  of  their  so-called  "Gen. 
Kelley."  Railway  cars  were  appropriated  here  and  there  for  transpor- 
tation. Collisions  occurred  between  divisions  of  the  army  and  various 
bodies  of  troops.  On  May  30,  1894,  these  men  of  the  Commonweal  made 
a  demonstration  on  the  steps  of  the  capitol  at  Washington.  The  author- 
ities of  the  District  of  Columbia,  on  the  alert  for  some  excuse,  found  the 
leaders  of  the  army  on  the  capitol  grounds  in  a  place  forbidden.  Coxey 
and  Carl  Brown  were  arrested  for  trespassing,  convicted  and  imprisoned. 
Throughout  the  summer  of  1894  these  strange  movements  of  the  under 
men  of  the  United  States  continued.  Serious  disturbances  occurred 
among  the  miners  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Illinois  and  Kansas.  In  many 
places  the  state  militia  was  called  out  and  petty  fights  occurred.  At 
Cripple  creek.  Col.,  a  great  riot  took  place,  prominent  citizens  being 
seized  and  held  for  some  time  as  hostages. 

The  hard  times  of  1893  affected  Kansas  in  common  with  other  stales. 
Several  prominent  banks  failed  and  numerous  business  concerns  were 
forced  to  suspend.  Many  workingmen  were  thrown  out  of  employ- 
ment, and  some  of  ihem  became  recruits  to  the  ".\rmy,"  with  the  inten- 
tion of  marching  to  AVashinglon  and  demanding  a  redress  of  grievances. 
A  detachment  of  this  industrial  army,  under  "Gen.  Sanders,"  was  brought 
lo  Topeka  by  ofificers  of  the  law.  The  men  were  charged  with  the  cap- 
ture of  a  railroad  train  and  cited  to  appear  for  trial  before  the  Ignited 
States  court  at  Leavenworth. 

Concord,  a  small  hamlet  of  Sumner  county,  is  about  10  miles  south 
of  Wellington,  the  county  seat,  and  2  miles  southeast  of  Rome,  the  near- 
est railroad  station,  from  which  mail  is  supplied  by  rural  delivery. 

Concordia,  the  county  seat  and  largest  city  of  Cloud  county,  is  beau- 
lifuly  situated,  a  little  north  of  the  center  of  the  countjr,  on  the  Repub- 
lican river  and  at  the  junction  of  the  Atcliison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe,  the 
Missouri  Pacific,  the  Union  Pacific,  and  the  Chicago,  Burlington  & 
Quincy  railroads.  When  the  county  seat  was  located  here  by  vote  of 
the  pc(>i)le  in  the  fall  of  1869,  there  was  not  a  building  of  anv  kind  on  the 
site  of  the  present  city.  That  winter  a  one-story  building  16  by  jo  feet 
was  erected  for  the  use  of  the  county  commissioners,  but  only  two  meet- 
ings were  held  there,  the  bo.-ird  adjourning  lo  Clyde,  where  better  acconi- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  39/ 

modations  could  be  secured.  Two  town  companies  were  organized  soon 
after  the  election  of  1869.  The  first,  which  was  composed  of  G.  W. 
Andrews,  S.  D.  Houston,  Sr.,  and  J.  M.  Hagaman,  owned  what  was 
known  as  the  deeded  part  of  the  site,  and  the  second,  consisting  of  S.  D. 
Houston,  J.  J.,  W.  M.  and  Frank  Burns,  owned  the  Congressional  site. 
Two  surveys  were  made  before  the  plat  was  finally  adjusted  to  the  satis- 
faction of  all  parties.  In  July,  1870,  a  United  States  land  office  was 
opened  at  Concordia  and  remained  in  operation  there  until  consolidated 
with  the  Topeka  office  in  Feb.,  1889.  There  was  a  rush  of  applicants 
for  lands,  and  the  town  grew  accordingly.  In  Jan.,  1S71,  Henry  Buck- 
ingham removed  the  publication  office  of  the  Republican  Valley  Empire 
from  Clyde  to  Concordia.  On  Aug.  6,  1872,  Concordia  was  incorporated 
as  a  city  of  the  second  class,  with  R.  E.  Allen  as  the  first  mayor. 

The  Concordia  of  the  present  day  is  one  of  the  prettiest  and  busiest 
cities  of  its  size  in  the  state,  as  well  as  one  of  the  most  progressive  in 
the  matter  of  civic  improvements.  Its  streets  are  well  kept,  and  it  has 
an  electric  lighting  plant,  a  good  sewer  system,  waterworks,  a  telephone 
exchange,  a  fire  department,  etc.  The  early  settlers  were  mostly  people 
from  the  eastern  states,  who  understood  the  advantages  resulting  from 
good  schools,  and  it  is  due  to  their  influence  that  the  city  has  three  fine 
graded  public  school  buildings.  A  Catholic  school  and  convent  are  also 
located  there.  The  commercial  and  industrial  enterprises  include  3 
l)anks,  3  grain  elevators,  a  flour  mill,  a  creamery,  brick  and  tile  works, 
marble  and  granite  works,  a  broom  factory,  ice  and  cold  storage  plant, 
cigar  factories,  planing  mills,  hotels,  well  stocked  stores,  etc.  Concordia 
also  has  a  Carnegie  library  of  over  5,000  volumes,  express  and  telegraph 
offices,  and  an  international  money  order  postoffice,  from  which  six  rural 
routes  supply  daily  mail  to  the  inhabitants  of  a  rich  and  populous  agri- 
cultural district.  The  population  of  the  city  in  1910  was  4,415,  a  gain 
of  1,014  during  the  preceding  decade. 

Congregational  Church. — This  name  is  applied  to  a  religious  denom- 
ination in  the  United  States  and  the  English  colonies  which  assumes  to 
follow  the  New  Testament  with  regard  to  church  administration,  and 
the  idea  of  the  primitive  and  apostolic  church.  The  doctrine  of  the  early 
Congregationalists  was  a  kind  of  general  Puritan  or  Presbyterian  Cal- 
vinism, while  that  of  the  modern  church  may  be  classed  under  the  gen- 
eral head  of  Evangelical,  but  holding  broadly  to  the  general  character- 
istics of  the  older  Protestantism.  Although  no  ci^ed  statement  is  bind- 
ing on  a  local  church,  except  that  which  it  voluntarily  adopts,  the  Congre- 
gationalist  gatherings  have  adopted  confessions  of  faith. 

The  Congregational  church  is  based  on  local  organization,  each  congre- 
gation being  competent  to  elect  its  officers,  admit  members,  make  rules 
for  church  discipline,  state  its  faith  and  order  its  worship  in  a  manner 
best  adapted  to  the  local  needs,  and  its  affairs  are  decided  by  the  vote 
of  the  congregation,  under  the  moderatorship  of  a  minister,  if  there  be 
one  in  office.  In  the  United  States  the  Congregational  churches  are 
united  by  three  permanent  representative  bodies :  the  local  association 


398  CYCLOPEDIA    OJ'" 

or  conference,  the  state  association,  and  the  national  council,  while  the 
muttia!  fellowship  that  exists  between  the  churches  was  strengthened 
by  the  formation  of  the  International  Congregational  Council,  with 
appointed  delegates  from  the  churches  of  all  lands,  which  met  first  in 
London  in  1891. 

The  rise  of  this  religious  organization  began  with  the  dissensiLins  dur- 
ing the  EngHsh  Reformation,  and  though  Luther  saw  a  system  similar 
to  Congregationalism  in  the  New  Testament,  the  time  did  not  come 
during  his  life,  when  the  reformed  church  could  lay  aside  civil  authority 
in  its  struggle  against  Rome.  In  1567  a  body  of  men  and  women  met 
in  London  and  formed  a  rudimentary  type  of  Congregational  church, 
and  though  it  did  not  last,  the  Congregational  system  was  set  forth  so 
as  to  come  to  the  attention  of  Robert  Browne,  a  student  at  Cambridge, 
who  established  a  Congregational  church  at  Norwich  in  1580,  but  meet- 
ing with  opposition,  the  church  members  emigrated  from  England  and 
located  in  Holland.  Other  Congregational  churches  were  established  in 
England,  but  the  real  founder  of  the  church  was  John  Smith,  who 
gathered  a  congregation  in  1602  at  Gainsborough.  Other  churches  soon 
formed  on  this  model,  the  most  important  at  Scrooby  under  John  Rob- 
inson. Both  these  churches  sought  refuge  in  Holland  and  from  there 
in  1620,  came  to  New  England  and  formed  the  Plymouth  colony  of 
Massachusetts  bay.  From  the  arrival  of  the  first  in  1620  to  the  last  of 
the  Leyden  associates  nearly  ten  years  later,  the  colony  in  all  numbered 
onl}'  about  300  souls.  The  Puritans  came  to  America  in  1629  to  avoid 
persecutions  in  England,  and  located  at  Salem,  Mass.,  where  the  first 
Puritan  church  was  erected  as  a  Congregational  church,  the  second  in 
New  England.  The  Puritan  immigration  continued  until  1640,  and  in 
1643  the  four  Congregational  colonies  united  in  a  confederacy.  With 
settling  up  of  New  England,  educational  institutions  were  established 
by  the  church — notably  Harvard  and  Yale  Colleges — and  missionary 
work  was  begun  among  the  Indians. 

The  first  Congregational  synod  was  held  at  Boston  in  1837.  It  was 
a  representative  bod}-  and  had  lay  delegates,  which  distinguished  it  from 
the  ministerial  convention  and  marked  its  democratic  character.  The 
Westminster  Confession,  previously  approved  at  Cambridge,  was  super- 
seded or  modified  in  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut  and  subsequently 
in  the  other  colonies. 

A  great  revival  too|j  place  about  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth'centur\ 
and  at  the  same  time  emigration  from  New  England  began  to  take  set- 
tlers bej'ond  the  mountains  and  these  people  carried  tlieir  faith  witli 
them,  which  ultimately  led  to  the  planting  of  Congregational  churches 
in  the  great  valleys  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  and  from  there  spread 
across  the  continent  to  the  western  states  on  the  coast.  When  migration 
first  began  from  New  England  ciiurches  were  first  established  in  western 
New  York,  then  followed  down  the  Ohio  and  the  multiplication  of 
organizations  kept  pace  with  opening  up  of  the  new  territory  in  the 
northwest  and  northern  states.    In'iti/i,  the  national  council  of  Congre- 


I 


KANSAS    HISTORY  399' 

srational  churches  in  the  United  States  was  formed,  which  usually  meets 
every  third  year,  though  special  sessions  may  be  called. 

Missionaries  were  sent  to  Minnesota  and  Missouri  and  Congregational- 
ism introduced  there  early  in  the  nineteenth  century.  From  there  it 
moved  on  westward  and  when  the  territories  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska 
were  organized  in  1854,  the  Congregationalists  were  among  the  first  to 
become  established  in  the  newly  organized  territories.  The  first  Congre- 
gational church  organization  in  Kansas  was  perfected  at  Lawrence  in 
Sept.,  1854,  by  S.  Y.  Lum,  a  missionary  from  New  York.  The  first 
.^^ermon  was  preached  on  Oct.  i,  1854,  a  few  months  after  the  first  free- 
state  settlers  had  located  in  the  town.  Two  years  later  Plymouth  church 
was  organized  in  the  spring  and  a  church  building  started  which  was 
completed  in  1862,  this  being  the  first  church  edifice  of  this  organiza- 
tion in  the  state.  Most  of  the  early  Congregational  societies  were  estab- 
lished by  immigrants  who  had  belonged  to  the  church  in  the  east.  In 
1871,  Richard  Cordley,  for  years  pastor  of  the  Congregational  church  at 
Lawrence,-  wrote :  "All  denominations  are  represented  in  Kansas.  The 
Congregationalists  have  some  strong  societies,  especially  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  state." 

The  first  sermon  in  Shawnee  county  was  preached  in  Topeka  by  Sam- 
uel Lum  in  1854.  The  members  of  the  congregation  met  in  a  log  cabin 
of  James  Cowles  on  Oct.  14,  1855,  to  consult  with  regard  to  the  forma- 
tion of  an  anti-slavery  Congregational  church,  and  an  organization  was 
perfected  on  July  14,  1856.  The  town  company  of  Topeka  donated  lots 
and  a  building  was  soon  erected.  Lewis  Bodwell  was  the  first  pastor. 
The  Congregational  church  at  Manhattan  was  established  on  April  22, 
1855,  being  the  second  of  the  denomination  between  the  Mississippi  river 
ind  the  Rocky  mountains,  Lawrence  being  the  first.  The  first  services 
at  Manhattan  were  held  in  a  tent,  which  was  succeeded  by  a  log  cabin, 
and  it  in  turn  was  followed  by  a  frame  building,  the  material  for  which 
was  brought  up  the  river  by  boat.  On  Jan.  6,  1856,  the  church  was 
formally  opened  at  the  home  of  Dr.  Amory  Hunting.  Forty  town  lots 
were  contributed  to  the  church  which  gave  it  a  good  start  and  the  build- 
ing was  dedicated  on  July  24,  1859,  when  Charles  E.  Blood  became  the 
first  regular  minister.  A.  L.  Adair  organized  a  church  at  Osawatomie 
in  April,  1856,  and  services  were  held  in  a  school  house  until  1861,  when 
a  church  was  erected.  As  early  as  June,  1857,  services  were  held  at 
Atchison  by  J.  H.  Byrd,  a  Congregational  minister,  and  on  March  20, 
1859,  a  church  organization  was  perfected  there.  In  Jefiferson  county, 
the  first  Congregational  church  was  organized  in  1857  with  eight  mem- 
bers, the  first  pastor  being  O.  L.  Woodford,  and  the  following  year  a 
church  building  was  erected.  In  1858  churches  were  organized  at 
Leavenworth,  with  27  members ;  Wyandotte,  where  S.  D.  Storrs,  a  mis- 
sionary from  Quindaro,  had  preached  for  some  time ;  at  Emporia,  I_.yon 
county,  where  in  1859  a  building  was  erected. 

By  187s  there  were  157  Congregational  church  organizations  in  the 
state,  with  59  church  edifices  and  a  membership  of  5,620.     In  1886  there 


400  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

were  132  organizations,  122  church  buildings  and  an  aggregate  member- 
ship of  9,361.  The  increase  in  the  next  four  years  was  rapid,  as  in  1890 
there  were  202  organizations,  with  a  membership  of  12,053  members. 
In  1906  the  Congregational  church  ranked  eighth  in  Kansas  in  number 
of  members,  having  15,247  communicants. 

Congressional  Districts. — Kansas  had  but  one  representative  in  Con- 
gress until  after  the  census  of  1870,  which  showed  that  the  state  was 
entitled  to  three  members  of  the  lower  branch  of  the  national  legislature. 
In  1872  three  Congressmen  at  large  were  elected,  but  by  the  act  of 
]\Iarch  2,  1874,  the  legislature  divided  the  state  into  three  districts. 

The  first  district  was  composed  of  the  counties  of  Leavenworth,  Doni- 
phan, Brown,  Nemaha,  Marshall,  Washington,  Republic,  Jewell,  Smith, 
Phillips,  Norton,  Graham,  Rooks,  Osborne,  Mitchell,  Cloud,  Clay, 
Ottawa,  Ellis.  Ellsworth,  Russell,  Saline,  Dickinson,  Lincoln,  Riley, 
Pottawatomie,  Jackson,  Jefferson,  Atchison,  Davis  (Geary),  "and  all 
that  territory  lying  north  of  the  second  standard  parallel." 

The  second  district  included  the  counties  of  Montgomery,  Wilson, 
Labette,  Cherokee,  Crawford,  Neosho,  Bourbon.  Allen,  Anderson-,  Linn, 
Miami,  Franklin,  Johnson,  Douglas  and  Wyandotte. 

The  third  district  included  "all  that  part  of  the  state  not  included  in 
the  first  and  second  districts."  This  made  the  third  district  larger  than 
both  the  other  two.  Along  the  eastern  border  of  it  lay  the  counties  of 
Shav.-nee,  Osage,  Cofiey  and  Woodson,  and  it  embraced  all  the  terrt- 
tory  west  of  these  counties  and  south  of  the  first  district. 

No  change  was  made  in  the  apportionment  thus  established  until  after 
the  census  of  1880,  which  gave  the  state  seven  Congressmen.  At  the 
election  of  1882  three  representatives  were  elected  from  the  old  districts 
and  four  from  the  state  at  large.  On  March  5,  1S83,  Gov.  Glick  approved 
an  act  of  the  legislature  which  provided  for  the  following  districts : 

First — the  counties  of  Nemaha,  Brown,  Doniphan,  Pottawatomie, 
Jackson,  Atchison,  Jefferson  and  Leavenworth. 

Second — the  counties  of  Wyandotte,  Johnson,  Douglas,  Miami, 
Franklin,  Anderson,  Linn,  Allen  and  Bourbon. 

Third — the  counties  of  Crawford,  Cherokee,  Neosho.  Labette.  Wilson, 
Montgomery,  Elk,  Chautauqua  and  Cowley. 

Fourth — the  counties  of  .Shawnee,  Wabaunsee,  Osage.  Lyon,  Coffey, 
Woodson,  Greenwood,  Butler.  Chase,  Marion  and  Morris. 

Fifth — the  counties  of  Marshall,  Washington,  Republic.  Cloud,  Clay, 
Riley, "Ottawa,  Saline,  Dickinson  and  Davis  fGeary). 

Sixth — the  counties  of  Jewell,  Mitchell,  Lincoln,  Ellsworth,  Russell, 
Osborne,  Smith,  Phillips,  Rooks,  Ellis,  Trego,  Graham,  Norton,  Decatur, 
Thomas,  Sheridan,  Gove,  St.  John  (Logan),  Rawlins.  Cheyenne.  Sher- 
man and  Wallace. 

.Seventh — the  counties  of  McPherson,  Harvey,  Sedgwick,  Sumner, 
Harper,  Kingman.  Reno,  Rice.  P.arlon,  Stafldrd.  Pralt.  Barbour, 
Comanche,  Edwards,  Pawnee,  Rush,  Ness.  Hodgeman,  Ford,  Lane, 
Scott,  Finney,  Seward,  Wichita,  Greeley  and  Hamilton. 


I 


KANSAS    HISTORY  4OI 

This  apportionment  was  amended  by  the  act  of  March  13,  1897,  which 
placed  Shawnee  county  in  the  iirst  district  and  Pottawatomie  county 
in  the  fourth. 

Although  the  census  of  1890  showed  the  population  of  Kansas  to  be 
large  enough  to  entitle  the  state  to  eight  Congressmen,  no  additional 
district  was  created  until  in  1905,  seven  representatives  being  elected 
from  the  old  districts  and  one  from  the  state  at  large.  By  the  act  of 
March  9,  1905,  the  state  was  divided  into  eight  districts. 

The  first  district  embraced  the  counties  of  Nemaha,  Brown,  Doniphan, 
Jackson,  Atchison,  Jefferson,  Leavenworth  and  Shawnee. 

The  second  district  was  composed  of  the  counties  of  Wyandotte,  John- 
son, Douglas,  Miami,  Franklin,  Anderson,  Linn,  Allen  and  Bourbon. 

The  third  district  included  the  counties  of  Crawford,  Cherokee, 
Neosho,  Labette,  Wilson,  Elk,  Chautauqua,  Cowley  and  Montgomer}'. 

The  fourth  district  included  the  counties  of  Pottawatomie,  Wabaun- 
see, Osage,  Lyon,  CoiTey,  Woodson,  Greenwood,  Chase,  Marion  and 
Morris. 

The  fifth  district  embraced  the  counties  of  Marshall,  Washington, 
Republic,  Cloud,  Clay,  Riley,  Ottawa-,  Saline,  Dickinson  and  Geary. 

The  sixth  district  was  made  to  consist  of  the  counties  of  Jewell, 
Mitchell,  Lincoln,  Ellsworth,  Russell,  Osborne,  Smith,  Phillips,  Rooks, 
Ellis,  Trego,  Graham,  Norton,  Decatur,  Sheridan,  Gove,  Logan,  Thomas, 
Rawlins,  Cheyenne,  Sherman  and  Wallace. 

The  seventh  district — frequentl}'  referred  to  as  the  "Big  Seventh" — 
was  composed  of  the  counties  of  Harper,  Kingman,  Reno,  Rice,  Barton. 
Stafford,  Pratt,  Barber,  Comanche,  Edwards,  Pawnee,  Rush,  Ness, 
Hodgeman,  Ford,  Lane,  Scott,  Finney,  Seward,  Wichita,  Greeley,  Hamil- 
ton, Clark,  Grant,  Gray,  Haskell,  Kearny,  Kiowa,  Meade,  Morton,  Stan- 
ton and  Stevens. 

The  eighth  district  included  the  counties  of  McPherson,  Harvey, 
Sedgwick,  Sumner  and  Butler. 

At  the  election  in  1910  the  Republican  candidate  was  elected  in  each 
of  the  eight  districts.  In  the  first  district  D.  R.  Anthony  defeated  J.  B. 
Chapman  by  a  vote  of  21,852  to  7,486;  in  the  second  district  Alexander 
C.  Mitchell  was  elected  over  John  Caldwell,  23,282  to  19,852;  in  the  third 
district  Philip  P.  Campbell  defeated  Jeremiah  D.  Botkin,  20,771  to 
19,943;  in  the  fourth  district  Fred  S.  Jackson  defeated  H.  S.  Martin, 
17,111  to  14,051;  in  the  fifth  district  Rollin  R.  Rees  was  elected  over 
G.  T.  Helvering,  17,680  to  15,775;  in  the  sixth  district  L  D.  Young 
defeated  F.  S.  Rockefeller,  21,020  to  18,985;  in  the  seventh  district  E.  H. 
Madison  defeated  George  A.  Neeley,  24,925  to  20,133;  in  the  eighth  dis- 
trict A^ictor  Murdock  defeated  George  Burnett  by  a  vote  of  16,239  to 

2,354- 

Congressional  Representation. — Kansas    was    first    represented    as    a 

territory  of  the  United  States  in  the  Thirty-third  Congress   (elected  in 

1852)  by  John  W.  Whitfield,  who  was  elected  delegate  on  Nov.  29,  1854, 

and  served  until  Aug.  i,  1856,  when  his  seat  was  declared  vacant.     He 

(I-26) 


402  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

was  succeeded  in  the  Thirty-tifth  Congress  (elected  in  1856)  by  Marcus 
J.  Parrott,  who  continued  to  serve  as  delegate  until  the  admission  of 
Kansas  into  the  Union  as  a  state. 

The  Thirty-seventh  Congress  was  elected  in  i860  for  the  term  begin- 
ning on  March  4,  1861.  Before  the  commencement  of  the  term,  Kansas 
was  admitted  into  the  Union  (Jan.  29,  1861,)  and  became  entitled  to 
representation  in  both  branches  of  the  national  legislature.  Conse- 
quently, Gen.  James  H.  Lane  and  Samuel  C.  Pomeroy  were  elected  to 
represent  the  state  in  the  United  States  senate,  and  Martin  F.  Conway 
was  chosen  representative.  Since  that  time  the  representation  has  been 
as  follows : 

Thirty-eighth  Congress  (elected  1862) — Senators,  James  H.  Lane  and 
Samuel  C.  Pomeroy;  Representative,  A.  Carter  Wilder. 

Thirty-ninth  Congress  (elected  1864) — Senators,  James  H.  Lane  and 
Samuel  C.  Pomeroy  until  the  death  of  Gen.  Lane  on  July  11.  1866,  when 
the  vacancy  was  filled  by  the  appointment  of  Edmund  G.  Ross ;  Repre- 
sentative, Sidney  Clarke. 

Fortieth  Congress  (elected  1866) — Senators,  Samuel  C.  Pomeroy  and 
Edmund  G.  Ross;  Representative,  Sidney  Clarke.  The  representation 
was  tlie  same  in  the  Forty-first  Congress,  elected  in  1868. 

Forty-second  Congress  (elected  1870) — Senators,  Alexander  Caldwell 
and  Samuel  C.  Pomeroy ;  Representative,  David  P.  Lowe. 

Forty-third  Congress  (elected  1872) — Senators,  Alexander  Caldwell' 
and  John  J.  Ingalls ;  Representatives.  Stephen  A.  Cobb,  David  P.  Lowe 
and  William  A.  Phillips.  This  was  the  first  Congress  in  which  Kansas 
had  more  than  one  representative  in  the  lower  house.  Some  changes 
occurred  in  the  senate  during  the  term.  Alexander  Caldwell  resigned 
on  March  24,  1873.  and  the  governor  appointed  Robert  Crozier  to  fill 
the  vacancy.  Mr.  Crozier  served  until  James  M.  Harvey  was  elected  by 
the  legislature,  taking  his  seat  on  Feb.  12,  1874. 

Forty-fourth  Congress  (elected  1874) — Senators,  James  M.  Harvey 
and  John  J.  Ingalls:  Representatives.  William  R.  Brown,  Jolin  R.  Goodin 
and  William  A.  Phillips. 

Forty-fifth  Congress  (elected  1876) — Senators,  John  J.  lnf;;ills  and 
Preston  B.  Plumb;  Representatives,  Dudley  C.  Haskell,  William  .\. 
Phillips  and  Thomas  Ryan. 

Forty-sixth  Congress,  (elected  1878) — Senators,  Jolin  J.  Tni^alls  and 
Preston  R.  PlumlD;  Representatives,  John  A.  Anderson,  Tliomas  Ryan 
and  Dudley  C.  Haskell.  The  representation  was  the  same  in  the  Forty- 
seventh  Congress  (elected  in  1880). 

Forty-eighth   Congress    (elected   in    1882) — Senators,  John   J.    Tngalls 
and  Preston  R.  Phunb ;  Representatives,  Edward  N.  ATorrill.  Samuel  R. 
Peters,  John  A.  Anderson,  Thomas  Ryan,  Lewis  Hanback,   Bishop  W 
Perkins  and  Dudley  C.  Haskell.    Mr.  Haskell  died  on  Dec.  16,  1883,  and 
Edward  H.  Funston  was  elected  for  the  unexpired  term. 

Forty-ninth  Congress  (elected  1884) — Same  as  in  the  Forty-eighth 
Congress  after  Mr.  Funston  succeeded  Mr.  Haskell. 


KANSAS    UlSTOKV  4O3 

Fiftieth  Congress  (elected  1886) — Senators,  John  J.  Ingalls  and  Pres- 
ton B.  Plumb;  Representatives,  Edward  N.  Morrill,  Samuel  R.  Peters, 
John  A.  Anderson,  Thomas  Ryan,  Erastus  J.  Turner,  Bishop  W.  Perkins 
and  Edward  H.  Funston. 

Fifty-lirst  Congress  (elected  1888) — Senators,  John  J.  Ingalls  and 
Preston  B.  Plumb;  Representatives,  Edward  N.  Morrill,  Bishop  W.  Per- 
kins, John  A.  Anderson,  Samuel  R.  Peters,  Erastus  J.  Turner,  Edward 
H.  Funston  and  Thomas  Ryan.  Mr.  Ryan  resigned  before  the  expiration 
of  the  term  and  was  succeeded  by  Harrison  Kelley,  who  look  his  seat 
on  Dec.  2,  1889. 

Fifty-second  Congress  (elected  1890) — Senators,  Preston  B.  Plumb 
and  William  A.  Peffer;  Representatives,  Case  Broderick,  B.  H.  Clover, 
John  Davis,  Jeremiah  Simpson,  Edward  H.  Funston,  John  G.  Otis  and 
William  Baker.  Senator  Plumb  died  in  office  and  the  governor  appointed 
to  succeed  him  Bishop  W.  Perkins,  who  took  his  seat  on  Jan.  i,  1892. 

Fifty-third  Congress  (elected  1892) — Senators,  William  A.  Peffer  and 
John  Martin ;  Representatives,  William  Baker,  William  A.  Harris, 
Charles  Curtis,  Jeremiali  Simpson,  Case  Broderick,  Thomas  J.  Hudson, 
John  Davis  and  Edward  H.  Funston.  Mr.  Funston's  election  was  suc- 
cessfully contested  b}'  Horace  E.  Moore,  who  took  his  seat  in  the  house 
on  Aug.  2,  1894. 

Fifty-fourth  Congress  (elected  1894J — Senators,  William  A.  Peiifer 
and  Lucien  Baker;  Representatives,  Richard  W.  Blue,  Orrin  L.  Miller, 
Charles  Curtis,  William  Baker,  Case  Broderick,  Snyder  S.  Kirkpatrick, 
William  A.  Calderhead,  Chester  I.  Long. 

Fifty-fifth  Congress  (elected  1896) — Senators,  Lucien  Baker  and  Wil- 
liam A.  Harris;  Representatives,  Jeremiah  D.  Botkin,  Marion  S.  Peters, 
Charles  Curtis,  N.  B.  McCormick,  Case  Broderick,  Edwin  R.  Ridgely, 
William  D.  Vincent  and  Jeremiah  Simpson. 

Fifty-sixth  Congress  (elected  1898) — Senators,  Lucien  Baker  and  Wil- 
■liam  A.  Harris;  Representatives,  Willis  J.  Bailey,  J.  DeWitt  Bowersock, 
James  M.  Miller,  William  A.  Reeder,  Charles  Curtis,  Edwin  R.  Ridgely, 
William  A.  Calderhead  and  Chester  I.  Long. 

Fifty-seventh  Congress  (elected  1900) — Senators,  William  A.  Harris 
and  Joseph  R.  Burton  ;  Representatives,  Charles  F.  Scott,  Charles  Curtis, 
J.  DeWitt  Bowersock,  Alfred  M.  Jackson,  James  M.  Miller,  William  A. 
Calderhead,  William  A.  Reeder  and  Chester  L  Long. 

Fifty-eighth  Congress  (elected  1902) — Senators,  Joseph  R.  Burton 
and  Chester  L  Long;  Representatives,  Charles  F.  Scott  (at  large), 
Charles  Curtis,  J.  DeWitt  Bowersock,  Philip  P.  Campbell,  James  M. 
Miller,  William  A.  Calderhead,  William  A.  Reeder  and  Victor  Murdock. 

Fifty-ninth  Congress  (elected  1904) — Senators,  Chester  I.  Long  and 
Alfred  W.  Benson,  the  latter  appointed  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by 
the  resignation  of  Senator  Burton  ;  Representatives,  Charles  F.  Scott, 
Charles  Curtis,  J.  DeWitt  Bowersock,  Philip  P.  Campbell,  James  M. 
Miller,  William  A.  Calderhead,  William  A.  Reeder,  Victor  Murdock. 

Sixtieth    Congress    (elected    1906) — Senators,    Chester  L  Long  and 


404  CYCLOPEDI.A    OF 

Charles  Curtis ;  Representatives,  Daniel  R.  Anthony,  Charles  F.  Scott, 
Philip  P.  Campbell,  James  M.  Miller,  William  A.  Calderhead,  William 
A.  Reeder,  Edmond  H.  Madison,  Victor  Murdock. 

Sixty-first  Congress  (elected  1908) — Senators,  Charles  Curtis  and 
Joseph  L.  Bristow;  Representatives,  Daniel  R.  Anthony,  Charles  F. 
Scott,  Philip  P.  Campbell,  James  M.  Miller,  William  A.  Calderhead, 
William  A.  Reeder,  Edmond  H.  Madison,  Victor  Murdock. 

Sixtj'-second  Congress  (elected  1910) — Senators,  Charles  Curtis  and 
Joseph  L.  Bristow;  Representatives,  Daniel  R.  Anthony,  Alexander  C. 
Mitchell,  Philip  P.  Campbell,  Fred  S.  Jackson,  Rollin  R.  Rees,  I.  D. 
Young,  Edmond  H.  Madison,  Victor  Murdock. 

Connelley,  William  Elsey,  writer  of  historical  works  on  the  West, 
was  born  in  Johnson  county,  Ky.,  March  15,  1855.  The  family  was 
founded  in  Kentucky  by  Capt.  Henry  Connell}*,  a  soldier  in  North 
Carolina  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  Mr.  Connelley's  father,  Constantine 
Conlejr,  Jr.,  was  in  the  Union  army  and  his  property  was  destroyed  in 
the  Civil  war,  which  made  it  necessary  for  the  young  man  to  make  his 
own  way  in  the  world.  With  such  help  as  he  could  get  he  qualified 
himself  to  teach  in  the  common  schools,  teaching  his  first  school  when 
seventeen.  He  continued  in  this  work  ten  years  in  Kentucky,  when  he 
came  to  Kansas,  settling  at  Tiblow  (now  Bonner  Springs),  Wyandotte 
county,  in  April,  1881.  He  taught  one  year  at  Tiblow,  then  secured  the 
position  of  deputy  county  clerk.  In  1883  he  was  elected  county  clerk 
of  Wyandotte  county,  and  in  1885  was  reelected.  In  1888  he  engaged 
in  the  wholesale-  lumber  business  at  Springfield,  Mo.,  in  which  he  con- 
tinued four  years.  He  engaged  in  the  banking  business  in  Kansas  City, 
Kan.,  in  1893,  but  in  the  panics  which  followed  he  lost  all  his  jiroperty. 
He  moved  to  Beatrice,  Neb.,  in  1897,  and  took  up  the  business  of 
abstracting  land  titles  and  loaning  money  for  eastern  people.  In  1897 
he  was  offered  a  position  in  the  book  deparlmenl  of  the  publishing  house 
of  Crane  &  Co.,  Topeka,  which  he  accepted  and  filled  until  1902,  when  he 
went  to  Washington  with  Hon.  E.  F.  Ware,  commissioner  of  pensions, 
and  took  a  responsible  place  in  the  civil  service.  This  he  resigned  in 
1903  to  go  into  the  oil  business  at  Chanute,  in  which  he  was  successful. 
In  1904-5  he  made  tlie  fight  in  Kansas  against  the  Standard  Oil  com- 
pany, securing  the  enactment  of  laws  which  have  saved  the  people  of 
Kansas  a  million  dollars  annually.  Mr.  Connelley  was  always  an 
enthusiastic  student  of  history,  and  his  library  is  one  of  the  largest  in 
the  West.  He  is  an  authority  on  American  history,  and  has  written  the 
following  works:  The  Provisional  Government  of  Nebraska  Territory, 
John  Brown,  James  H.  Lane,  Wyandot  Folk-Lore,  An  Appeal  to  the 
Record,  Kansas  Territorial  Governors,  Memoirs  of  John  James  Ingalls, 
Doniphan's  Expedition  in  the  Mexican  War,  Quant  rill  and  the  Border 
Wars,  Ingalls  of  Kansas  and  the  Founding  of  Uarnian's  .Station.  With 
Frank  A.  Root  he  wrote  the  Overland  Stage  to  California,  and  he  edited 
the  Heckewclder  Narrative.  All  these  have  been  published.  Mr.  Con- 
nelley belongs  to  numerous  historical  associations,  is  a  life  member  of 


KANSAS    HISTORY  405 

the  Ohio  Archaeolot^ical  and  Historical  Society,  the  president  of  the 
Kansas  State  Historical  Society,  and  is  a  member  of  the  National 
Geographic  Society  and  the  Kansas  Society  Sons  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution. 

Conquest,  a  village  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Kearny  county,  is 
about  25  miles  from  Lakin,  the  county  seat,  and  20  from  Leoti,  the  near- 
est railroad  station.  Conquest  is  a  postoffice  and  a  trading  center  for 
the  neighborhood  in  which  it  is  situated. 

Constitutional  Amendments. — Kansas  was  admitted  into  the  Union 
under  the  Wyandotte  constitution,  the  state  government  being  inaugu- 
rated on  Feb.  9,  1861.  The  following  month  the  legislature  met  in 
special  session,  and  among  the  acts  of  that  body  was  the  submission  of 
an  amendment  to  section  7,  article  13,  giving  banks  the  right  to  issue 
notes  of  a  denomination  as  l()\v  as  one  dollar,  instead  of  five  dullars  as 
originally  provided.  The  amendment  was  ratified  by  the  people  at  the 
election  in  November  by  a  vote  of  3,733  to  3,343.  Since  that  time  sev- 
eral amendments  have  been  made  to  the  state's  organic  law. 

Two  amendments  were  passed  by  the  legislature  of  1864  and  sub- 
mitted to  the  people  in  the  fall  of  that  year.  The  first  amended  section 
3  of  article  5  to  read  as  follows:  "For  the  purpose  of  voting,  no  person 
shall  be  deemed  to  have  gained  or  lost  a  reason  of  his  presence  or 
absence  while  employed  in  the  service  of  the  United  States,  nor  while 
engaged  in  the  navigation  of  the  waters  of  this  state,  or  of  the  United 
States,  or  of  the  high  seas,  nor  while  a  student  of  any  seminary  of  learn- 
ing, nor  while  kept  at  any  almshouse  or  other  asylum  at  public  expense, 
nor  while  confined  in  any  public  prison  ;  and  the  legislature  may  make 
provision  for  taking  the  votes  of  electors  who  may  be  absent  from  their 
townships  or  wards,  in  the  volunteer  military  service  of  the  United 
States,  or  the  militia  service  of  this  state ;  but  nothing  herein  contained 
shall  be  deemed  to  allow  any  soldier,  seaman  or  marine  in  the  regular 
army  or  navy  of  the  United  States  the  right  to  vote." 

The  second  amendment  was  to  change  section  12,  article  2,  to  read: 
"Bills  may  originate  in  either  house,  but  may  be  amended  or  rejected 
by  the  other." 

The  first  of  these  amendments  was  ratified  by  a  vote  of  10,729  to 
329,  and  the  second  by  a  vote  of  8,708  to  329.  No  further  amendments 
were  found  necessary  until  1867,  when,  for  the  purpose  of  disfranchising 
certain  classes  of  persons,  section  2,  article  5,  was  amended  to  read  as 
follows:  "No  person  under  guardianship,  non  compos  mentis,  or  insane; 
no  person  convicted  of  felony,  unless  restored  to  civil  rights;  no  person 
who  has  been  dishonorably  discharged  from  the  service  of  the  United 
States,  unless  reinstated ;  no  person  guilty  of  defrauding  the  government 
of  the  United  States,  or  of  any  of  the  states  thereof;  no  person  guilty 
of  giving  or  receiving  a  bribe,  or  offering  to  give  or  receive  a  bribe ;  and 
no  person  who  has  ever  voluntarily  borne  arms  against  the  government 
of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  manner  voluntarily  aided  or  abetted  in 
the  attempted  overthrow  of  said  government,   except  all   persons  who 


.406  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

have  been  honorably  discharged  from  the  military  service  of  the  United 
States  since  the  1st  day  of  April,  A.  D.  1861,  provided  that  they  have 
served  one  year  or  more  therein,  shall  be  qualified  to  vote  and  hold  office 
in  this  state,  until  such  disability  shall  be  removed  by  a  law  passed  by 
a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  all  the  members  of  both  branches  of  the  legis- 
lature." 

This  amendment  was  ratified  by  the  people  at  the  election  in  Nov., 
1867,  by  a  vote  of  16,860  to  12,165,  and  for  years  thereafter  scarcely  a 
session  of  the  legislature  was  held  in  which  there  was  not  a  bill,  or  at 
least  a  petition,  asking  for  the  removal  of  these  political  disabilities  from 
some  of  the  persons  who  had  fallen  under  the  ban.  (See  the  adminis- 
trations of  the  governors  subsequent  to  1868.) 

In  1868  section  4  of  article  15  was  amended  to  read:  "All  public  print- 
ing shall  be  done  by  a  state  printer,  who  shall  be  elected  by  the  legis- 
lature in  joint  session,  and  shall  hold  his  office  for  two  years,  and  until 
his  successor  shall  be  elected  and  qualified.  The  joint  session  of  the 
legislature  for  the  election  of  a  state  printer  shall  be  on  the  third  Tues- 
day of  January,  A.  D.  1869,  and  every  two  years  thereafter.  All  public 
printing  shall  be  done  at  the  capital,  and  the  prices  for  the  same  shall 
be  regulated  by  law." 

The  amended  section  was  ratified  by  the  people  at  the  election  on 
Nov.  3,  1868,  by  a  vote  of  13,471  to  5,415,  and  in  1904  the  section  was 
further  amended,  by  a  vote  of  169,620  to  52,363,  to  read  as  follows:  "All 
public  printing  shall  be  done  by  a  state  printer,  who  shall  be  elected  by 
the  people  at  the  election  held  for  state  ofiicers  in  Nov.,  1906,  and  every 
two  years  thereafter,  at  the  election  held  for  state  officers,  and  shall 
hold  his  office  for  two  years  and  until  his  successor  shall  be  elected  and 
qualified." 

The  legislature  of  1873  proposed  a  new  section  2,  article  2,  relating 
to  the  number  of  members  in.  each  branch  of  the  legislature,  and  the 
new  section  was  ratified  by  the  people  on  Nov.  4,  1873,  by  a  vote  of 
32,340  to  29,189.  The  amended  section,  which  is  still  in  force,  is  as  fol- 
lows: "The  number  of  representatives  and  senators  shall  be  regulated 
by  law,  but  shall  never  exceed  125  representatives  and  40  senators. 
From  and  after  the  adoption  of  this  amendment,  the  house  of  represen- 
tatives shall  admit  one  member  for  each  county  in  which  at  least  250 
legal  votes  were  cast  at  the  next  preceding  general  election  ;  and  each 
organized  county  in  which  less  than  joo  legal  votes  were  cast  at  the 
next  preceding  general  election  shall  be  attached  to  and  constitute  a 
part  of  the  representative  district  of  the  cotinty  lying  next  adjacent  on 
the  east." 

Three  amendments — all  that  could  be  submitted  at  one  time — were 
presented  to  the  electors  of  the  state  in  1875.  The  first  provided  for 
biennial  sessions  of  the  legislature  by  changing  the  language  of  section 
25,  article  2,  to  read  as  follows:  "All  sessions  of  the  legislature  shall  be 
held  at  the  state  capital,  and,  beginning  with  the  year  1877,  all  regular 
sessions  shall  be  held  once  in  two  years,  Cnnimencing  (mi  the  second 
Tuesday  of  January  of  each  alternate  year  thereafter." 


KANSAS    HISTORY  4O7 

This  amendment  was  ratified  by  the  people  by  a  vote  of  43,320  to 
15,478  at  the  election  on  Nov.  2,  1875,  and  the  other  two  amendments 
ratified  at  the  same  time  were  made  necessary  by  the  change  from 
annual  to  biennial  sessions.  One  changed  section  3,  article  11,  to  read: 
"The  legislature  shall  provide,  at  each  regular  session,  for  raising  suf- 
ficient revenue  to  defray  the  current  expenses  of  the  state  for  two 
years;"  and  the  other  added  section  29  to  article  2,  as  follows:  "At  the 
general  election  in  1876,  and  thereafter,  members  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives shall  be  elected  for  two  years,  and  members  of  the  senate  shall 
be  elected  for  four  years."  The  vote  on  these  amendments  was  not 
materiall}'  different  from  that  on  the  amendment  authorizing  biennial 
sessions. 

The  legislature  of  1876  submitted  two  amendments  to  the  people,  to 
be  voted  on  at  the  general  election  in  November  of  that  year.  The  first 
altered  the  language  of  section  24,  article  2,  to  provide  that  "No  money 
shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  except  in  pursuance  of  a  specific 
appropriation  made  by  law,  and  no  appropriation  shall  be  for  a  longer 
term  than  two  years." 

At  the  election  this  amendment  was  ratified  by  a  vote  of  95,430  to 
1,768.  The  second  amendment  of  1876  related  to  the  election  of  county 
officers  as  pro^'ided  for  in  section  2  of  article  9,  but  in  1902  the  same 
section  was  amended  to  read  as  follows:  "General  elections  and  town- 
ship elections  shall  be  held  biennially,  on  the  Tuesday  succeeding  the 
first  Monday  in  November  in  the  years  bearing  even  numbers.  All 
county  and  township  officers  shall  hold  their  offices  for  a  term  of  two 
years  and  until  their  successors  are  qualified ;  provided,  one  county 
commissioner  shall  be  elected  from  each  of  three  districts  numbered  i, 
2  and  3,  by  the  voters  of  the  district,  and  the  legislature  shall  fix  the 
time  of  election  and  the  term  of  office  of  such  commissioners ;  such  elec- 
tion to  be  at  a  general  election,  and  no  term  of  offices  to  exceed  six 
years.  All  officers  whose  successors  would,  under  the  law  as  it  existed 
at  the  time  of  their  election,  be  elected  in  an  odd-numbered  year  shall 
hold  office  for  an  additional  year  and  until  their  successors  are  qualified. 
No  person  shall  hold  the  office  of  sheriff  or  county  treasurer  for  more 
than  two  consecutive  terms." 

In  1880,  by  a  vote  of  92,302  to  84,304,  the  following  section  was  added 
to  article  15  :  "Section  10.  The  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicating 
liquors  shall  be  forever  prohibited  in  this  state,  except  for  medical, 
scientific  and  mechanical  purposes."     (See  Prohibition.) 

A  proposition  for  a  new  constitutional  convention  was  voted  down 
in  1880 — 146,279  to  22,870 — and  no  further  amendments  to  the  organic 
law  were  made  until  1888.  In  that  year  section  17  of  the  Bill  of  Rights 
was  changed  to  read:  "No  distinction  shall  ever  be  made  between 
citizens  of  the  State  of  Kansas  and  the  citizens  of  other  states  and 
territories  of  the  United  States  in  reference  to  the  purchase,  enjoy- 
ment or  descent  of  property.  The  rights  of  aliens  in  reference  to  the 
purchase,  enjoyment  or  descent  of  property  may  be  regulated  bv  law." 


408  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

The  vote  of  the  people  on  this  amendment  stood  220,419  to  16,611,  and 
at  the  same  election  the  proposition  to  strike  out  the  word  "white"  in 
section  i,  article  8,  relating  to  the  militia,  was  carried  by  a  vote  of 
226,474  to  22,251. 

In  1891  the  legislature  again  submitted  to  the  people  the  quescion  of 
holding  a  constitutional  convention,  and  at  the  general  election  in  1892 
it  was  defeated  by  a  majority  of  466  in  a  total  vote  of  237,448. 

At  the  general  election  of  1900,  the  following  amended  section  2  of 
article  3  was  ratified  by  a  vote  of  123,721  to  35,474,  a  similar  amendment 
having  been  previously  twice  rejected  at  the  polls:  "The  supreme  court 
shall  consist  of  seven  justices,  who  shall  be  chosen  by  the  electors  of 
the  state.  They  may  sit  separately  in  two  divisions,  with  full  power  in 
each  division  to  determine  the  cases  assigned  to  be  heard  by  such 
division.  Three  justices  shall  constitute  a  quorum  in  each  division  and 
the  concurrence  of  three  shall  be  necessary  to  a  decision.  Such  cases 
only  as  may  be  ordered  to  be  heard  by  the  whole  court  shall  be  con- 
sidered by  all  the  justices,  and  the  concurrence  of  four  justices  shall  be 
necessary  to  a  decision  in  cases  so  heard.  The  justice  who  is  senior  in 
continuous  term  of  service  shall  be  chief  justice,  and  in  case  two  or  more 
have  continuously  served  during  the  same  period  the  senior  in  years 
of  these  shall  be  chief  justice,  and  the  presiding  justice  of  each  division 
shall  be  selected  from  the  judges  assigned  to  that  division  in  like  manner. 
The  term  of  office  of  the  justices  shall  be  six  years,  except  as  here- 
inafter provided.  The  justices  in  office  at  the  time  this  amendment 
takes  effect  shall  hold  their  offices  for  the  terms  for  which  they  were 
severally  elected  and  until  their  successors  are  elected  and  qualified. 
As  soon  as  practicable  after  the  second  Monday  in  January,  1901,  the 
governor  shall  appoint  four  justices,  to  hold  their  offices  until  the  second 
Monday  in  January,  1903.  At  the  general  election  in  1902  there  shall 
be  elected  five  justices,  one  of  whom  shall  hold  his  office  for  two  years, 
one  for  four  years  and  three  for  six  years.  At  the  general  election  in 
1904,  and  every  six  years  thereafter,  two  justices  shall  be  elected.  At 
the  general  election  in  1904,  and  every  six  years  thereafter,  two  justices 
shall  be  elected.  At  the  general  election  in  1908,  and  very  six  years 
thereafter,  three  justices  shall  be  elected." 

At  the  election  on  Nov.  8,  1904,  by  a  vote  of  162,057  to  60,148,  the 
people  approved  an  amendment  adding  the  following  provision  to  sec- 
tion 14  of  article  2:  "If  any  bill  presented  to  the  governor  contains  sev- 
eral items  of  appropriation  of  money,  he  may  object  to  one  or  more 
of  such  items,  while  approving  the  other  portion  of  the  bill ;  in  such 
case  he  shall  append  to  the  bill,  at  the  time  of  signing  it,  a  statement  of 
the  item  or  items  to  which  he  objects,  and  the  reasons  therefor,  and 
shall  transmit  such  statement,  or  a  copy  thereof,  to  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, and  any  appropriations  so  objected  to  shall  not  take  effect 
unless  reconsidered  and  approved  by  two-thirds  of  the  members  elected 
to  each  house,  and  if  so  reconsidered  and  approved,  shall  take  effect  and 
become  a  part  of  the  hill,  in  which  case  the  picsidinii;  officers  of  each 


KANSAS    HISTORY  4O9 

house  sliall  certify  on  such  bill  such  fact  of  reconsideration  and 
approval." 

Three  amendments  were  proposed  by  the  legislature  of  1905,  and  all 
were  ratified  by  the  voters  at  the  general  election  of  1906.  The  first 
added  the  following  provision  to  section  17  of  article  2:  "And  whether 
or  not  a  law  is  repugnant  to  this  provision  of  the  constitution  shall  be 
construed  and  determined  by  the  courts  of  the  state."  The  vote  on  the 
ratification  of  this  provision  was  110,266  in  favor  of  it  and  67,409 
against  it. 

The  second  amendment  of  1906  related  to  probate  courts,  adding  to 
section  8,  article  3,  the  following  provision:  "The  legislature  may  pro- 
vide for  the  appointment  or  selection  of  a  probate  judge  pro  tem  when 
the  probate  judge  is  unavoidably  absent  or  otherwise  unable  or  disquali- 
fied to  sit  in  any  case."  This  amendment  was  ratified  by  a  vote  of 
107,974  to  70,730. 

The  third  amendment  decreased  the  liabilities  of  stockholders  in  cor- 
porations by  changing  section  2  of  article  12  to  read  as  follows:  "Dues 
from  corporations  shall  be  secured  by  the  individual  liability  of  the 
stockholders  to  the  amount  of  stock  owned  by  each  stockholder,  and 
such  other  means  as  shall  be  provided  by  law;  but  such  individual 
liability  shall  not  apply  to  railroad  corporations,  nor  to  corporations  for 
religious  or  charitable  purposes."  This  amendment  was  ratified  by  a 
vote  of  110,021  to  63,485. 

Constitutional  Conventions. — Kansas  was  organized  as  a  territory  of 
the  United  States  by  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill  (q.  v.),  which  was 
approved  by  President  Pierce  on  May  30,  1854.  Scarcely  had  the 
echoes  of  the  Congressional  debates  on  that  measure  died  away,  when 
an  agitation  was  started  for  the  admission  of  Kansas  as  a  state.  The 
issue  was  whether  Kansas  should  become  a  free  or  a  slave  state,  and 
in  the  first  efiforts  for  statehood  the  free-state  men  were  the  aggressors. 
On  Oct.  9,  1855,  delegates  were  selected  to  a  convention  to  form  a 
constitution,  the  pro-slavery  men  taking  no  part  in  the  election.  The 
convention  assembled  at  Topeka  on  Oct.  23,  and  organized  by  the 
election  of  James  H.  Lane  as  president  and  Samuel  C.  Smith  as  sec- 
retary. Several  of  the  delegates  elected  failed  to  attend  the  sessions 
of  the  convention.  The  following  list  of  the  men  who  framed  the 
constitution  has  been  compiled  from  the  manuscript  records  of  the 
convention,  now  in  the  possession  of  the  Kansas  Historical  Society. 

James  M.  Arthur,  Thomas  Bell,  Frederick  Brown,  Orville  C.  Brown, 
H.  Burson,  M.  F.  Conway,  R.  H.  Crosby,  A.  Curtiss,  G.  A.  Cutler, 
Mark  W.  Delahay,  David  Dodge,  J.  S.  Emery,  D.  M.  Field,  Matt 
France,  J.  K.  Goodin,  William  Graham,  W.  R.  Griffith,  W.  H.  Hicks, 
G.  S.  Hillyer,  Cyrus  K.  Holliday,  Morris  Hunt,  Amory  Hunting, 
Robert  Klotz,  Richard  Knight,  John  Landis,  James  H.  Lane.  S.  N. 
Latta,  Sanford  McDaniel,  Caleb  May,  Samuel  Mewhinney,  J.  H.  Nes- 
bitt,  M.  J.  Parrott,  James  Phenis,  Josiah  H.  Pillsbury,  Robert  Riddle, 
W.  Y.  Roberts,  Charles  Robinson,  James   L.  Sayle,  P.  C.  Schuyler,  G. 


4IO  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

W.  Smith,  H.  Smith.  C.  W.  Stewart,  J.  C.  Thompson,  J.  M.  Turner. 
J.  M.  Tuton,  N.  Vandever,  J.  A.  Wakefield. 

The  convention  completed  its  labors  on  Nov.  ii,  1855.  Provision 
was  made  for  the  submission  of  the  constitution  to  the  people  on  Dec. 
14.  and  in  the  event  the  constitution  was  ratified  by  popular  vote  at 
that  time,  the  chairman  of  the  free-state  executive  committee  of  the 
territory  was  directed  to  issue  a  proclamation  ordering  an  election  for 
state  officers  and  members  of  the  legislature  on  the  third  Monday  of 
Jan.,  1856,  and  the  legislature  then  chosen  should  meet  on  March  4, 
following. 

The  Lecompton  constitutional  convention,  which  was  the  second 
attempt  to  form  an  organic  law  for  the  state,  had  a  slight  advantage 
over  the  Topeka  convention,  in  that  it  was  authorized  b}'  an  act  of 
the  territorial  legislature  on  Feb.  19,  1857.  It  does  not  appear,  how- 
ever, to  have  had  any  advantage  in  popular  favor,  as  the  number  of 
votes  at  the  election  for  delegates  to  the  Topeka  convention  was  2.710, 
while  the  number  cast  at  the  election  for  the  Lecompton  delegates 
was  only  2,071,  the  free-state  men  taking  no  part  in  the  election.-  By 
the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Feb.  19  a  census  was  ordered  to  be  taken 
on  April  i,  the  returns  to  be  corrected  by  the  probate  judges  of  the 
several  districts  and  submitted  by  May  i  to  the  governor,  who  was 
then  to  apportion  the  60  delegates  among  the  various  precincts.  Dele- 
gates were  to  be  elected  on  the  third  Monday  in  June,  and  the  conven- 
tion was  to  meet  on  the  first  Monday  in  September. 

When  the  convention  assembled  on  Sept.  7  a  temporary  organiza- 
tion was  effected  by  the  election  of  B.  Little  as  president  and  Thomas 

C.  Hughes  as  secretary.  In  the  permanent  organization  on  the  8th. 
John  Calhoun  was  chosen  president  and  Thomas  C.  Hughes  secretary. 
Hughes  was  subsequently  succeeded  by  Charles  J.  Mcllvaine.  On 
the  nth  an  adjournment  was  taken  to  Oct.  19,  when  the  convention 
reassembled  and  continued  in  session  until  Nov.  7,  when  it  finally 
adjourned.  The  constitution  at  that  time  adopted  was  signed  by  the 
president  and  sccretar}-  of  the  convention  and  44  delegates,  viz.:  James 
Adkins.  Alexander  Bayne,  S.  P.  Blair,  L.  S.  Holing,  J.  T.  Bradford. 
M.  E.  Bryant,  H.' Butcher,  Thomas  D.  Chiids,  Jesse  Connell,  Wilburn 
Christison,  J.  H.  Danforth,  Cyrus  Dolman,  L.  J.  Eastin,  Rush  Flmore. 
H.  W.  Forman,  I.  S.  Rascal,  W.  A.  Heiskell,  John  D.  Henderson,  J. 
T.  Hereford,  W.  H.  Jenkins,  A.  W.  Jones,  Ratt.  Jones,  Thomas  J. 
Key,  S.  J.  Kookager,  B.  Little,  G.  W.  McKown,  John  W.  Martin,  Wil- 
liam Mathews,  C.  K.  Mobley,  Hugh  M.  Moore,  Henry  D.  Oden,  John 
S.  Randol])li,  Greene  R.  Redman,  Samuel  G.  i^eed,  ].  ].  Rcviuijds.  Ilcin\ 
Smith.  W.  T.  Spicely.  Owen  C.  Stewart,  W.  H."  Swift, '[arrelt   Todd, 

D.  Vanderslice,  William  Walker,  W.  S.  Wells,  H.  T.  Wilson. 
Section  7  of  the  schedule  adopted  by  the  convention  caused  consid- 
erable   dissatisfaction    among   the    people    and    contriliuled    in    no    small 
degree  to  the  defeat  of  the  scheme  to  have  Kansas  ndmillcd  under  llie 
Lecompton  constitution.     Following  is  the  full   icxt   of  ihis  '^ccliou: 


KANSAS    HISTORY  4I  I 

"This  constitution  shall  be  submitted  to  the  Congress  of  the  L'nitcd 
States  at  its  next  ensuing  session,  and  as  soon  as  official  information 
has  been  received  that  it  is  approved  by  the  same,  by  the  admission 
of  Kansas  as  one  of  the  sovereign  states  of  the  United  States,  the  presi- 
dent of  this  convention  shall  issue  his  proclamation  to  convene  the 
state  legislature  at  the  seat  of  government,  within  thirty-one  days 
after  publication.  Should  any  vacancy  occur,  by  death,  resignation,  or 
otherwise,  in  the  legislature,  or  other  office,  he  shall  order  an  election 
to  fill  such  vacancy:  Provided,  however.  In  case  of  removal,  absence, 
or  disability  of  the  president  of  this  convention  to  discharge  the  duties 
herein  imposed  on  him,  the  president  pro  tempore  of  this  convention 
shall  perform  said  duties;  and  in  case  of  absence,  refusal,  or  disability 
of  the  president  pro  temport,  a  committee  consisting  of  seven,  or  a 
majority  of  them,  shall  discharge  the  duties  required  of  the  president 
of  this  convention.  Before  this  constitution  shall  be  sent  to  Congress, 
asking  for  admission  into  the  Union  as  a  state,  it  shall  be  submitted 
to  all  the  white  male  inhabitants  of  this  territory,  for  approval  or  dis- 
approval, as  follows:  The  president  of  this  convention  shall,  by 
proclamation,  declare  that  on  the  21st  day  of  December,  1857.  ''t  ^^^ 
difl'erent  election  precincts  now  established  by  law,  or  which  may 
be  established  as  herein  provided,  in  the  Territory  of  Kansas,  an  elec- 
tion shall  be  held,  over  which  shall  preside  three  judges,  or  a  majority 
of  them,  to  be  appointed  as  follows :  The  president  of  this  convention 
shall  appoint  three  commissioners  in  each  county, in  the  territory,  whose 
duty  it  shall  be  to  appoint  three  judges  of  election  in  the  several  pre- 
cincts of  their  respective  counties,  and  to  establish  precincts  for  vot- 
ing, and  to  cause  the  polls  to  be  opened,  at  such  places  as  they  may 
deem  proper,  in  their  respective  counties,  at  which  election  the  con- 
stitution framed  by  this  convention  shall  be  submitted  to  all  the  white 
male  inhabitants  of  the  Territory  of  Kansas  in  the  said  territor}'  upon 
that  day,  and  over  the  age  of  21  years,  for  ratification  or  rejection, 
in  the  following  manner  and  form:  The  voting  shall  be  by  ballot.  The 
judges  of  said  election  shall  cause  to  be  kept  two  poll-books  by  two 
clerks  by  them  appointed.  The  ballots  cast  at  said  election  shall  be 
indorsed,  'Constitution  with  Slavery,'  and  'Constitution  with  no 
Slavery.'  One  of  said  poll-books  shall  be  returned  within  eight  days 
to  the  president  of  this  convention,  and  the  other  shall  be  retained 
by  the  judges  of  election  and  be  kept  open  for  inspection.  The  presi- 
dent, with  two  or  more  members  of  this  convention,  shall  examine 
said  poll-books,  and  if  it  shall  appear  upon  said  examination  that  a 
majority  of  the  legal  votes  cast  at  said  election  be  in  favor  of  the 
'Constitution  with  Slavery,'  he  shall  immediately  have  the  same  trans- 
mitted to  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  as  hereinbefore  provided; 
but  if,  upon  such  examination  of  said  poll-books,  it  shall  appear  that 
a  majority  of  the  legal  votes  cast  at  said  election  be  in  favor  of  the 
'Constitution  with  no  Slavery,'  then  the  article  providing  for  slavery 
shall  be  stricken  from  this   constitution  by   the  president   of  this   con- 


412  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

vention,  and  slavery  shall  no  longer  exist  in  the  State  of  Kansas,  except 
that  the  right  of  property  in  slaves  now  in  this  territory  shall  in  no 
manner  be  interfered  with,  and  shall  have  transmitted  to  Congress 
the  constitution  so  ratified,  as  hereinbefore  provided.  In  case  of  failure 
of  the  president  of  this  convention  to  perform  the  duties  imposed  upon 
him  in  the  foregoing  section,  by  reason  of  death,  resignation  or  other- 
wise, the  same  duties  shall  devolve  upon  the  president  pro  tem." 

As  all  the  delegates  to  the  convention  were  pro-slavery  men,  they 
took  ample  precaution  in  the  above  section  that  their  party  should 
not  lose  control  until  after  the  state  had  been  admitted  under  the  con- 
stitution of  their  creation.  The  president  of  the  convention  was  given 
almost  imperial  powers  in  the  selection  and  appointment  of  commis- 
sioners who  would  control  the  machinery  of  the  election.  His  powers 
in  examining  the  poll-books  and  declaring  the  vote  were  likewise  almost 
imperial,  and  the  clause  providing  for  the  submission  of  the  constitu- 
tion to  the  white  male  inhabitants  of  Kansas,  "in  the  said  territory 
upon  that  day,"  made  it  possible  for  the  pro-slavery  forces  of  Missouri 
to  assist  in  bringing  about  the  ratification  of  the  constitution  "with 
slavery."  Besides  all  this,  the  constitution  as  a  whole  was  not  to  be 
submitted  to  the  people — only  the  slavery  article  being  made  subject 
to  a  popular  vote.  No  matter  how  repugnant  to  the  people's  judg- 
ment some  other  feature  of  the  constitution  might  be,  they  were  given 
no  opportunity  to  express  their  opposition.  Is  it  any  wonder  that  the 
free-state  men  refused  to  participate  in  the  election?  (See  also  the 
articles  on  Constitutions,  Geary's,  Walker's  and  Denver's  Adniinistra- 
tions.) 

The  third  constitutional  convention — that  known  in  history  as  the 
Leavenworth  convention — was  authorized  by  the  act  of  Feb.  lo,  1858. 
On  the  13th.  before  the  governor  had  been  given  the  three  full  days 
allowed  by  law  for  the  consideration  of  the  measure,  the  legislature 
adjourned.  Gov.  Denver  therefore  claimed  that  the  act  was  not  entitled 
to  recognition  as  a  law  of  the  territory.  However,  under  its  provisions, 
an  election  for  delegates  was  held  on  March  9,  and  on  the  23d  of  the 
same  month  the  convention  assembled  at  Minneola.  .V  temporary 
organization  was  soon  effected,  after  which  James  H.  Lane  was  elected 
permanent  president  and  Samuel  F.  Tappan  was  chosen  clerk.  The 
following  day  the  convention  voted  to  adjourn  to  meet  at  Leaven- 
worth on  the  25th.  After  appointing  the  committees.  Lane  resigned 
the  presidency  of  the  convention  and  Martin  F.  Conway  was  elected 
as  his  successor. 

The  convention  worked  diligently  and  reached  a  final  adjnuniiucnt 
on  A])ril  3,  when  the  constitution  adopted  was  signed  by  the  ofiicers 
of  the  convention  and  the  following  delegates:  F.  G.  Adams,  11.  J. 
Adams,  J.  D.  Allen,  A.  B.  Anderson,  W.  F.  M.  Arny,  M.  L.  Ashmore, 
R.  Austin,  H.  S.  Baker,  W.  V.  Barr,  'W.  D.  Beeler,  F.  N.  Blake,  W. 
E.  Bowker,  C.  H.  Branscomb,  j.  L.  P.rown,  T.  H.  Butler,  W.  II.  Coffin, 
G.  A.  Colton.  I'lial)  Conk.  .\.   i)aiifni(l,  James  Davis,  J.  C.  Douglass,  J. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  41.3 

M.  Elliott,  J.  S.  Emery,  H.  J.  Espy,  Robert  Ewing,  Thomas  EvviIl!,^ 
Jr.,  Lucian  Fish,  R.  M.  Fish,  James  Fletcher,  Charles  A.  Foster,  G. 
M.  Fuller,  J.  K.  Goodin,  L  T.  Goodnow,  W.  R.  Griffith,  J.  F.  Hamp- 
son,  Henry  Harvey,  J.  P.  Hatterscheidt,  G.  W.  Higinbotham,  G.  D. 
Humphrey,  H.  P.  Johnson,  R.  A.  Kinzie,  Alburtus  Knapp,  James  H. 
Lane,  Alfred  Larzelere,  Edward  Lynde,  William  McCullough,  A.  W. 
McCauslin,  Caleb  May,  Charles  Mayo,  R.  B.  Mitchell,  James  Monroe, 
W.  R.  Monteith,  B.  b'  Newton,  C.  S.  Perham,  D.  Pickering,  J.  H.  Pills- 
bury,  Preston  B.  Plumb,  J.  G.  Rees,  John  Ritchie,  W.  Y.  Roberts, 
Hugh  Robertson,  Orville  Root,  W.  W.  Ross,  E.  S.  Scudder,  J.  M. 
Shepherd,  A.  H.  Shurtleff,  Amasa  Soule,  William  Spriggs,  Samuel 
Stewart,  J.  R.  Swallow,  James  Telfer,  T.  D.  Thacher,  J.  C.  Todd,  R. 
U.  Torry,  Thomas  Trower,  G.  W.  K.  Twombly,  J.  M.  \Valden.  W. 
L.  Webster,  A.  W.  Williams,  A.  L.  Winans,  James  M.  Winchell,  Samuel 
N.  Wood,  C.  A.  Woodworth. 

If  the  Lecompton  convention  had  been  under  the  control  of  the  pro- 
slavery  element,  the  Leavenworth  convention  was  no  less  under  the 
control  of  the  free-state  men.  Of  the  delegates,  M.  F.  Conway,  J.  S. 
Emery,  J.  K.  Goodin,  W.  R.  Griffith,  James  H.  Lane,  Caleb  May,  W. 
Y.  Roberts  and  J.  H.  Pillsbury  had  served  as  members  of  the  Topeka 
convention,  of  which  Charles  A.  Foster  was  assistant  secretary.  Sev- 
eral of  the  members  of  the  Leavenworth  convention  afterward  became 
prominent  in  the  affairs  of  Kansas  and  the  nation.  Thomas  Ewing, 
Jr.,  was  the  first  chief  justice  of  the  Kansas  supreme  court;  William  Y. 
Roberts,  Edward  Lynde  and  H.  P.  Johnson  commanded  I-Cansas  regi- 
ments in  the  Civil  war;  James  H.  Lane  was  one  of  the  first  LTnited 
States  senators  from  Kansas;  Preston  B.  Plumb  served  in  the  United 
States  senate  at  a  later  date ;  William  R.  Griffith  was  the  first  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction  ;  Robert  B.  Mitchell  rose  to  the  rank  of 
brigadier-general  in  the  Civil  war  and  was  subsequently  governor  of 
New  Mexico ;  Addison  Danford  was  attorney-general  of  the  state ; 
Franklin  G.  Adams  was  for  years  the  secretary  of  the  Kansas  State 
Historical  Society,  and  a  number  of  others  served  in  the  legislature. 

The  fourth  and  final  constitutional  convention  was  authorized  bv 
act  of  the  territorial  legislature,  approved  by  Gov.  Medary  on  Feb.  9, 
1859.  (See  Medary's  Administration.)  By  the  prpvisions  of  the  act 
the  question  of  holding  a  convention  was  to  be  submitted  to  the  peo- 
ple on  the  fourth  Tuesday  in  March.  At  the  election  on  that  date  the 
proposition  to  hold  a  convention  was  carried  by  a  vote  of  5,306  to 
1,425,  and  on  June  7  was  held  an  election  for  the  52  delegates.  Then, 
for  the  first  time  in  Kansas,  the  Democratic  and  Republican  parties, 
as  such,  faced  each  other  in  a  contest  at  the  polls.  The  Democrats 
carried  the  counties  of  Jackson,  Jefferson  and  Leavenworth,  elected 
4  delegates  in  Doniphan  and  i  in  Johnson — 17  delegates  in  all — while 
the  Republicans  carried  all  the  other  counties  and  elected  35  delegates. 
Following  is  a  list  of  the  members  of  the  convention  by  districts: 

1st     (Leavenworth    county) — Frederic     Brown,     Robert     C.     Foster, 


414 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF 


Samuel  Hippie,  W.  C.  McDowell,  Adam  D.  McCune,  Pascal  C.  Parks, 
William  Perry.  John  P.  Slough,  Samuel  A.  Stinson,  John  Wright. 

2nd  (Atchison  county) — Robert  Graham,  John  J.  Ingalls,  Caleb  May. 

3d  (Doniphan  county) — John  W.  Forman,  E.  M.  Hubbard,  Robert 
J.  Porter,  John  Stiarwalt,  Benjamin  Wrigley. 

4th   (Brown  county) — Samuel  A.  Kingman. 

5th  (Nemaha  county) — Thomas  S.  Wright. 

6th   (Marshall  and  Washington  counties) — J.   A.  Middleton. 

7th  (Jefferson  county)— C.  B.  McClelland. 

8th  (Jackson  county) — Ephraim  Moore. 

9th  (Riley  county) — S.  D.  Houston. 

loth    (Pottawatomie   county) — Luther   R.    Palmer. 

nth   (Johnson  county) — J.  T.  Barton,  John  T.  Burris. 

I2th  (Douglas  county) — James  Blood,  N.  C.  Blood,  William  Hutchin- 
son. Edwin  Stokes,  Solon  O.  Thacher,  P.  H.  Townsend,  L.  R.  Williams. 

13th   (Shawnee  county) — J.  P.  Greer,  H.  D.  Preston,  John  Ritchie. 

14th  (Wabaunsee,  Davis,  Dickinson  and  Clay  counties) — Edmund  G. 
Ross. 

15th  (Lykins  county) — \V.  P.  Dutton,  Benjamin  F.  Simpson. 

i6th   (Franklin  coun'ty)--James  Hanwa}-. 

17th  (Osage,  Breckenridge,  Morris  and  Chase  counties) — William 
McCullough,  James  M.  Winchell. 

i8th  (Linn  county) — James  M.  Arthur,  Josiah  Lamb. 

19th   (Anderson  county) — James  G.  Blunt. 

20th  (Coffey  and  Woodson  counties) — Allen  Crocker,  Samuel  E. 
Hoft'man. 

2ist  (Madison,  Hunter,  Butler,  Greenwood,  Godfrey  and  Wilson 
counties) — George  H.  Lillie. 

22nd  (Bourbon,  McGee  and  Dorn  counties) — J.  C.  Burnetl,  William 
R.  Griffith. 

23d  (Allen  county) — James  A.  Signor. 

A  glance  at  the  above  list  will  show  that  the  leaders  of  bnili  the  free- 
state  and  pro-slaver)'  parties  of  former  days  were  absent.  Lane,  Robin- 
son, Wood,  Speer,  Branscomb,  and  others  who  gave  such  l()\a]  support 
to  the  Topeka  constitution,  were  missing;  and  on  the  other  hand  not 
a  single  prominent  pro-slavery  man  was  among  the  17  Democratic  dele- 
gates. Of  the  52  delegates  composing  the  convention,  ihree-fourth.s  of 
them  were  under  the  age  of  40  \cars.  It  was  a  young  men's  conven- 
tion. Practically  all  occupations  were  re]iresente(l.  riuMo  were  iS 
lawyers,  16  farmers,  8  merchants,  3  manufacturers,  3  pliysicians,  i  sur- 
veyor,  I  printer,   i  mechanic,  and    1    land  agent. 

Pursuant  to  the  legislative  enactment,  the  convention  asscmlilcd  at 
Wyandotte  on  July  5,  and  effected  a  temporary  organization  by  the 
election  of  Samuel  A.  Kingman  as  president  and  John  A.  Martin  as 
secretary.  In  the  permanent  organization  James  M.  Winchell  was 
chosen   president   and   Mr.   Martin   was  continued   in    the  ollice   of  sec- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  4' 3 

retary.  On  the  29th  the  constitution  was  finished  and  signed  by  all 
the  Republican  members  except  Thomas  S.  Wright  of  Nemaha  county. 
None  of  the  Democrats  attached  their  names  to  the  document.  On 
Oct.  4  the  constitution  was  ratified  by  the  people  by  a  vote  of  10,421 
to  5,530,  and  a  full  quota  of  state  officers  was  elected  on  Dec.  6,  pre- 
paratory to  admission  into  the  Union,  though  more  than  a  year  elapsed 
before  these  officers  were  called  upon  to  assume  the  duties  of  the  posi- 
tions to  which  they  were  elected.     (See  Robinson's  Administration.) 

Constitution  Hall. — The  building  known  as  Constitution  Hall,  stood 
on  the  west  side  of  Kansas  avenue  in  the  city  of  Topeka,  almost  opposite 
the  present  postoffice  building.  The  site  is  marked  by  an  iron  tablet 
in  the  sidewalk,  placed  there  b}'  the  Daughters  of  the  .\merican  Revolu- 
tion.    (.See  Capitol.) 

Constitutions. — The  Topeka  constitution,  adopted  in  the  fall  of  1855, 
and  ratified  by  the  people  the  following  December,  was  the  first  attempt 
to  frame  an  organic  law  for  the  state.  The  preamble  declared  the 
right  of, admission  into  the  Union  "consistent  with  the  Federal  con- 
stitution, and  by  virtue  of  the  treaty  of  cession  by  France  to  the  United 
States  of  the  Province  of  Louisiana,"  and  defined  the  boundaries  of 
the  state  as  "Beginning  at  a  point  on  the  western  boundary  of  the 
State  of  Missouri  where  the  37th  parallel  of  north  latitude  crosses  the 
same ;  thence  west  on  the  said  parallel  to  the  eastern  boundary  of 
New  Mexico ;  thence  north  on  said  boundary  to  latitude  38 :  thence 
following  said  boundary  westward  to  the  eastern  boundary  of  the 
Territory  of  Utah,  on  the  summit  of  the  fiocky  mountains ;  thence 
northward  on  said  summit  to  the  40th  parallel  of  said  latitude;  thence 
east  on  said  parallel  to  the  western  boundar}'  of  the  State  of  Missouri ; 
thence  south  with  the  western  boundary  of  said  state  to  the  place  of 
beginning." 

Article  i — the  "Bill  of  Rights" — contained  22  sections.  The  prin- 
cipal declarations  of  this  article  were  that  all  men  are  by  nature  free 
and  independent;  that  they  have  the  right  to  enjoy  and  defend  life, 
acquire  and  possess  property,  and  seek  happiness  and  safety ;  that  all 
political  power  is  inherent  in  the  people;  that  the  people  should  have 
the  right  to  assemble  together  to  consult  for  their  common  good,  and 
to  bear  arms  for  their  defense  and  security ;  that  the  right  of  trial  bv 
jury  should  be  inviolate  ;  that  there  should  be  no  slavery  in  the  state, 
nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  for  the  punishment  of  crime ;  that 
all  men  have  the  right  to  worship  God  according  to  the  dictates  of 
their  own  conscience ;  that  every  citizen  might  freely  speak,  write  and 
publish  his  sentiments  on  all  subjects,  being  responsible  for  the  abuse 
of  the  right;  that  there  should  be  no  imprisonment  for  debt,  unless  in 
case  of  fraud,  and  the  last  section  set  forth  that  "This  enumeration  of 
rights  shall  not  be  construed  to  impair-  or  den)-  others  retained  by  the 
people:  and  all  powers  not  herein  delegated  shall  remain  with  the 
people." 

Article  2  related  to  the  elective  franchise,  and  defined  as  legal  voters 


4l6  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

every  white  male  person  and  every  Indian  who  had  adopted  the  habits 
of  the  white  man,  over  the  age  of  21  years,  with  certain  restrictions 
as  to  residence,  etc.  The  legislature  was  authorized  to  provide,  at 
its  first  session,  for  the  registration  of  voters,  and  was  given  power 
to  exclude  from  every  office  of  trust,  honor  or  profit,  and  from  the 
right  of  suffrage  all  persons  convicted  of  heinous  crime. 

Article  3  divided  the  powers  of  government  into  three  departments 
— the  legislative,  the  executive  and  the  judicial — and  the  three  succeed- 
ing articles  defined  the  powers  of  each  of  these  departments. 

Articles  7  to   14,  inclusive,  treated  of  education,   public   institutions, - 
public  debt  and  public  works,  militia,  finance  and  taxation,  county  and 
township  officers,  corporations,  and  jurisprudence. 

Article  15  contained  several  miscellaneous  provisions,  one  of  which 
was  that  no  lottery  should  ever  be  established  in  the  state,  and  the 
sale  of  lottery  tickets  within  the  state  was  prohibited.  Section  4  of 
this  article  provided  that  "There  may  be  established  in  the  secretary 
of  state's  office  a  bureau  of  statistics  and  agriculture,  under  such  regu- 
lations as  may  be  prescribed  by  law,  and  provision  shall  be  made  by 
the  general  assembly  for  the  organization  and  encouragement  of  state 
and  county  agricultural  associations." 

Article  16  specified  the  method  by  which  the  constitution  mio'ht 
be  amended,  and  article  17  related  to  banks  and  currency,  providing 
that  no  banks  should  be  established  except  under  a  general  banking 
law.  It  was  also  provided  that,  when  the  constitution  was  submitted 
to  the  people  for  their  approval  or  disapproval,  the  electors  of  the  state 
should  vote  on  the  question  of. a  general  banking  law  separate  and 
apart  from  the  constitution  proper:  If  a  majority  voted  in  the 
affirmative  then  the  provisions  of  article  17  should  become  a  part  of 
the  organic  law,  otherwise  they  should  be  void.  At  the  election  on 
Dec.  15,  1855.  the  constitution  was  ratified  by  a  vote  of  1,731  to  46, 
and  the  banking  law  was  indorsed  by  a  vote  of  1,120  to  564.  Another 
question  submitted  to  a  separate  vote  was  whether  negroes  and  mulat- 
toes  should  be  excluded  from  the  state.  .\t  the  election.  1.287  viMcd 
to  exclude  them,  and  453  voted  in  favor  of  their  admission.  Holloway 
says:  "Copies  of  the  constitution  had  been  freely  circulated,  and  notices 
of  the  election  posted  up,  but  in  a  few  places  this  was  not  done.  The 
election  in  the  border  towns  was  not  allowed  ti>  he  held.  I'hese  facts 
were  supposed  to  account  for  the  vote  being  no  larger.  .'\t  Atchison 
no  election  was  attempted." 

The  long  schedule  accompanying  the  constitution  provided  for  the 
election  of  state  officers  and  members  of  the  legislature,  in  case  the 
constitution  was  ratified  by  the  people;  divided  the  state  into  18  legis- 
lative districts  and  stipulated  the  number  of  senators  and  representa- 
tives in  each,  so  as  to  constitute  a  general  assembly  composed  of  20 
senators  and  60  representatives.     (See  Woodson's  Administration.) 

T.  D.  Thacher,  upon  retiring  from  the  presidency  of  the  Kansas 
State  Historical   Society  on  Jan.    16,   1883,  delivered  an  address,  in  the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  417 

course  of  which  he  said :  "The  Topeka  constitutional  moveriient  was 
the  instinctive  effort  of  the  free-state  people  for  unity  about  some 
recognized  center.  A  recent  precedent  had  been  afforded  by  California 
for  the  spontaneous  action  of  the  people  in  the  organization  of  a  state 
government,  without  an  enabling  act  from  Congress.  Some  of  the 
most  conspicuous  leaders  of  the  Topeka  constitutional  movement  had 
participated  in  the  California  movement,  and  were  enthusiastic  in  the 
conviction  that  a  similar  success  would  attend  the  effort  here." 

And  the  Topeka  movement  did  come  very  near  being  successful. 
On  July  3,  1856,  the  national  house  of  representatives  passed  a  bill  to 
admit  Kansas  under  that  constitution,  but  it  failed  to  run  the  gantlet 
of  the  senate.  The  Topeka  constitution,  however,  served  to  hold  the 
free-state  people  together  until  the  tide  of  immigration  turned  in  their 
favor  in  1857,  and  insured  the  admission  of  Kansas  into  the  Union 
under  a  free-state  constitution  authorized  by  Congress. 

The  preamble  to  the  Lecompton  constitution,  in  addition  to  assert- 
ing the  right  of  admission,  consistent  with  the  Federal  constitution 
and  the  French  treaty  of  cession  of  the  province  of  Louisiana  to  the 
United  States,  also  claimed  that  right  "b\'  virtue  of,  and  in  accord- 
ance with,  the  act  of  Congress  passed  May  30,  1854,  entitled  'An  act 
to  organize  the  territories  of  Nebraska  and  Kansas.'  " 

^Article  i  defined  the  boundaries,  which  were  identical  with  the 
boundaries  proposed  by  the  Topeka  constitution;  article  2  related  to 
county  boundaries ;  and  the  articles  from  3  to  6,  inclusive,  related  to 
the  distribution  of  the  powers  of  government  into  the  executive,  legisla- 
tive and  judicial  departments.  The  provisions  of  these  articles  were 
of  the  character  usually  to  be  found  in  state  constitutions.  The 
legislature  was  to  consist  of  a  senate  and  a  house  of  representatives, 
the  number  of  senators  not  to  be  less  than  13  nor  more  than  35,  and 
the  number  of  representatives  not  to  be  less  than  39  nor  more  than 
100.  Senators  were  to  be  elected  for  four  years  and  representatives 
for  two  years.  Section  6,  article  5,  provided  that,  "At  the  first  session 
of  the  legislature,  the  senators  shall,  by  lot,  divide  their  senators  into 
two  classes ;  and  the  seats  of  the  senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be 
vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year,  and  of  the  second  class 
at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year,  so  that  one-half,  as  near  as  may 
be,  may  be  chosen  thereafter  every  two  years  for  the  term  of  four 
years." 

Article  6,  relating  to  the  judiciary,  provided  for  a  supreme  court, 
to  consist  of  a  chief  justice  and  two  associate  justices;  circuit  courts, 
which  were  to  have  "original  jurisdiction  of  all  matters,  civil  and 
criminal,  within  this  state,  not  otherwise  excepted  in  this  constitu- 
tion ;"  a  court  of  probate  in  each  county,  and  a  competent  number  of 
justices  of  the  peace  in  and  for  each  county.  It  was  further  stipulated 
that  a  circuit  court  should  be  held  in  each  county  twice  in  every 
year,  and  the  legislature  was  given  power  to  "establish  a  court  or 
courts  of  chancerv,  with  original  and  appellate  equitv  jurisdiction." 
(I-27) 


4l8  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Article  7,  which  dealt  with  the  slavery  question,  and  which  caused 
most  of  the  opposition  to  the  Lecompton  constitution,  was  as  follows: 

"Section  i — The  right  of  property  is  before  and  higher  than  any 
constitutional  sanction,  and  the  right  of  the  owner  of  a  slave  to  such 
slave  and  its  increase  is  the  same  and  as  inviolable  as  the  right  of  the 
owner  of  any  property  whatever. 

"Section  2— The  legislature  shall  have  no  power  to  pass  laws  for 
the  emancipation  of  slaves  without  the  consent  of  the  owners,  or 
without  paying  the  owners  previous  to  their  emancipation  a  full  equiv- 
alent in  money  for  the  slaves  so  emancipated.  They  shall  have  no 
power  to  prevent  immigrants  to  the  state  from  bringing  with  them 
such  persons  as  are  deemed  slaves  by  the  laws  of  any  one  of  the  L'niled 
States  or  territories,  so  long  as  any  person  of  the  same  age  or  descrip- 
tion shall  be  continued  in  slavery  by  the  laws  of  this  state :  Provided, 
That  such  person  or  slave  be  the  bona  fide  property  of  such  immigrants ; 
And  provided,  also,  That  laws  may  be  passed  to  prohibit  the  intro- 
duction into  this  state  of  slaves  who  have  committed  high  crimes  in 
other  state  or  territories.  They  shall  have  power  to  pass  laws  to  per- 
mit the  owners  of  slaves  to  emancipate  them,  saving  the  rights  of 
creditors,  and  preventing  them  from  becoming  a  public  charge.  They 
shall  have  power  to  oblige  the  owners  of  slaves  to  treat  them  with 
humanity,  to  provide  them  necessary  food  and  clothing,  to  abstain 
from  all  injuries  to  them  extending  to  life  or  limb,  and,  in  case  of 
their  neglect  or  refusal  to  comply  with  the  direction  of  such  laws,  to 
have  such  slave  or  slaves  sold  for  the  benefit  of  the  owner  or  owners. 

"Section  3 — In  the  prosecution  of  slaves  for  crimes  of  higher  grade 
than  petit  larceny,  the  legislature  shall  have  no  power  to  deprive  them 
of  an  impartial  trial  by  a  petit  jury. 

"Section  4 — Any  person  who  shall  maliciously  dismember,  or  deprive 
a  slave  of  life,  shall  suffer  such  punishment  as  would  be  inflicted  in 
case  the  like  offense  had  been  committed  on  a  free  white  person,  and 
on  like  proof,  except  in  case  of  insurrection  of  such  slave.'' 

Article  8,  which  related  to  elections  and  the  right  of  suffrage,  pro- 
vided that  "Every  male  citizen  of  the  Ignited  States,  above  tJie  age 
of  21  years,  having  resided  in  this  state  one  year,  and  in  the  county, 
city  or  town  in  which  he  may  offer  to  vote,  three  months  next  pre- 
ceding any  election,  shall  have  the  qualifications  of  an  elector,  and  be 
entitled  to  vote  at  all  elections." 

Of  the  remaining  articles,  the  9th  related  to  finance,  the  chief  fea- 
ture of  which  was  the  restriction  of  the  state  debt  to  $500,000 ;  the 
loth  prescribed  the  methods  of  raising  revenue  by  taxation,  and  pro- 
hibited lotteries:  the  nth  provided  for  the  preservation  of  Iho  public 
domain  and  "a  liberal  system  of  internal  improvements:"  the  i2th 
set  forth  the  manner  in  which  corporations  might  hi-  fcirnicd,  and 
defined  their  duties  and  powers  within  certain  limits:  the  13th  specified 
that  the  militia  of  the  state  should  consist  of  all  able-bodied  male  citi- 
zens between  the  ages  of  18  and  45,  except  such  as  might  be  exempted 


KANSAS    IIISTCJRV  4 19 

by  law ;  the  14th  related  to  education  and  the  preservation  of  the  school 
lands;  the  15th  included  several  miscellaneous  provisions,  relating  to 
oaths  of  office,  public  records,  county  seat  removals,  property  of  mar- 
ried women,  treason  against  the  state,  etc.;  and  the  "Bill  of  Rights" 
followed  article  15,  instead  of  being  placed  at  the  beginning  of  the 
document,  as  is  customary  in  such  cases.  (Sec  also  Constitutional 
Conventions.) 

Holloway's  History  of  Kansas  (p.  466)  says:  "It  was  generally 
believed  at  the  time,  as  the  Covode  investigation  clearly  shows,  that 
the  Lecompton  constitution  was  transmitted  entire  from  Washington, 
or  at  least  those  parts  affecting  admission  and  slavery,  to  the  conven- 
tion for  its  formal  endorsement.  Though  it  is  evident  that  as  late  as 
the  I2th  of  July,  Mr.  Buchanan  must  have  known  nothing  of  this 
movement,  and  probably  did  not  until  after  the  action  of  the  conven- 
tion. The  whole  design  originated  where  all  the  other  abominable 
measures  of  the  administration  towards  Kansas  had  their  origin,  in 
the  treasonable  brain  of  Jefferson  Davis.  It  was  a  movement  of  the 
rabid  pro-slavery  men  either  to  fasten  slavery  on  Kansas,  or  to  inaug- 
urate a  war  that  would  eventuate  in  a  disruption  of  the  Union." 

Whether  President  Buchanan  was  cognizant  of  the  scheme  or  not, 
on  Feb.  2.'  1858,  he  transmitted  a  copy  of  the  constitution  to  Congress, 
accompanied  by  a  special  message,  in  which  he  urged  the  speedy  admis- 
sion of  Kansas  under  the  constitution.  A  bill  to  that  effect  passed 
the  senate  on  March  23,  by  a  vote  of  33  to  25.  On  April  i  the  house, 
by  a  vote  of  120  to  112,  adopted  the  Crittenden  substitute  for  the  senate 
bill.  The  Crittenden  bill  provided  that  the  constitution  should  be 
"resubmitted  to  the  people  of  Kansas  and  accepted  only  after  it  should 
be  ratified  by  a  full  and  fair  election."  When  the  substitute  measure 
came  before  the  senate,  that  body  asked  for  a  conference  committee, 
and  Senators  Green  of  Missouri,  Hunter  of  Virginia,  and  Seward  of 
New  York,  were  appointed  members  of  such  a  committee.  The  house 
acquiesced  and  appointed  English  of  Indiana,  Stephens  of  Georgia,  and 
Howard  of  Michigan.  Several  propositions  on  the  part  of  the  senate 
conferees  were  rejected,  and  on  April  23  the  committee  reported  a 
compromise  known  as  the  "English  Bill"  (q.  v.),  which  was  accepted 
by  the  senate  by  a  vote  of  31  to  22,  and  by  the  house  by  a  vote  of  112 
to  103.  Under  the  provisions  of  this  bill  the  Lecompton  constitution 
was  resubmitted  to  the  people  on  Aug.  2,  1858,  when  it  was  over- 
whelmingly defeated.  (See  Walker's,  Stanton's  and  Denver's  Admin- 
istrations.) 

In  the  meantime,  as  stated  in  the  article  on  "Constitutional  Con- 
ventions," the  Leavenworth  constitution  had  been  framed  by  a  con- 
vention authorized  by  an  act  of  the  territorial  legislature,  although  the 
legality  of  the  act  had  been  called  into  question  by  the  territorial  gov- 
ernor. In  the  preamble  of  the  Leavenworth  constitution  the  same 
))ou'ndaries  were  specified  as  in  the  Topeka  and  Lecompton  constitu- 
tions.    The    "Bill   of   Rights"   did    not   differ   materially   from   that   set 


420  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

forth  in  the  Topeka  constitution,  section  6  providing  that  "There  shall 
be  no  slavery  in  this  state,  and  no  involuntary  servitude,  unless  for 
the  punishment  of  crime,  whereof  the  parties  shall  have  been  duly 
convicted." 

Article  2,  regarding  the  elective  franchise,  provided  that  "In  all  elec- 
tions not  otherwise  provided  for  by  this  constitution,  ever}-  male  citi- 
zen of  the  United  States,  of  the  age  of  21  years  or  upwards,  who  shall 
have  resided  in  the  state  six  months  next  preceding  such  election,  and 
ten  days  in  the  precinct  in  which  he  may  offer  to  vote,  and  every 
male  person  of  foreign  birth,  of  the  age  of  21  years  or  upward,  who 
shall  have  resided  in  the  I'nited  States  one  year,  in  this  state  six  months, 
and  in  the  precinct  in  which  he  may  offer  to  vote,  ten  days  next  pre- 
ceding such  election,  and  who  shall  have  declared  his  intention  to 
become  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  conformably  to  the  laws  of  the 
United  States,  ten  days  preceding  such  election,  shall  be  deemed  a 
qualified   elector." 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  neither  the  Lecompton  nor  Leavenworth 
constitutions  contained  the  word  "white"  in  connection  with  the  elective 
franchise,  while  the  Topeka  constitution  confined  the  right  of  suffrage 
to  "white"  male  citizens  and  Indians  who  had  adopted  the  customs  of 
civilized  society.  Had  Kansas  been  admitted  under  either  the  Lecomp- 
ton or  Leavenworth  constitutions,  no  action  of  the  legislature  would 
have  been  necessary  in  ratifying  the  14th  and  15th  amendments  to  the 
Federal  constitution  at  the  close  of  the  Civil  war. 

Following  the  article  in  the  Leavenworth  constitution  relating  to 
the  elective  franchise  were  four  articles  concerning  the  legislative, 
executive  and  judicial  departments  of  government.  The  first  legisla- 
ture chosen  under  the  constitution  was  to  consist  of  25  setiators  and 
75  representatives,  the  uumber  afterward  to  be  regulated  by  law.  The 
judicial  department  was  to  consist  of  a  supreme  court  of  three  judges, 
circuit  and  county  courts,  and  a  "sufficient  number  of  justices  of  the 
peace." 

Article  7  treated  of  tlie  subject  of  education.  It  prcividcd,  among 
other  things,  that  the  school  lands  should  never  be  sold  until  author- 
ized by  a  vote  of  the  people,  and  that  no  religious  sect  or  sects  should 
ever  have  any  right  to,  or  control  of,  any  part  of  the  school  funds  of 
this  state.  It  also  provided  that  "as  the  means  of  the  state  will  admit, 
educational  institutions  of  a  higher  grade  shall  be  established  by  law 
so  as  to  form  a  complete  system  of  public  instruction,"  etc. 

Tlie  succeeding  articles  of  the  constitution  related  to  public  institu- 
tions, militia,  jniblic  debt  f which  was  limited  to  $100,000  unless  author- 
ized by  a  direct  vote  of  the  people),  finance  and  taxation,  counties  and 
townships,  elections,  corporations,  jurisprudence,  miscellaneous,  banks 
and  currency,  and  amendments. 

The  constitution  was  accompanied  by  an  ordinance  which  stipulated 

•that   the   Slate  of  Kansas   would   never  interfere   with    the   title   of  the 

United   .Slates   to  the   public   domain   or   unsold    lands   within    the   stale, 


KANSAS    HISTORY  421 

or  the  right  of  the  United  States  to  dispose  of  the  same,  provided:  i — 
That  sections  i6  and  36  in  each  township,  or  their  equivalent,  should 
be  granted  to  the  state  for  school  purposes.  2 — That  72  sections  of 
land  should  be  granted  the  state  for  a  state  university.  3 — That  36 
sections  of  land  be  donated  by  Congress  for  the  erection  of  public 
buildings.  4 — That  the  salt  springs,  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead  or  other 
valuable  mines,  not  exceeding  twelve  in  number,  should  become  the 
property  of  the  state.  5 — That  five  per  cent,  of  the  net  proceeds  of 
the  sales  of  public  lands  within  the  state,  sold  by  Congress  after  the 
admission  of  the  state,  should  be  granted  to  tlie  state  for  a  school 
funtl.  6 — That  each  alternate  section  of  land,  within  certain  limits, 
should  be  granted  the  state  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  railroads. 

Pursuant  to  the  schedule  adopted  by  the  convention,  the  Leaven- 
worth constitution  was  submitted  to  the  people  on  May  18,  1858,  when 
it  was  ratified  by  about  3,000  votes  out  of  some  4,000  cast,  the  light 
vote  no  doubt  being  due  to  the  attitude  of  Gov.  Denver  with  regard 
to  the  act  authorizing  the  convention  which  framed  the  constitution. 
By  the  provisions  of  the  constitution,  the  following  state  officers  were 
elected  at  'the  same  time :  Governor,  Henry  J.  Adams ;  lieutenant- 
governor,  Cyrus  K.  Holliday ;  secretary  of  state,  E.  P.  Bancroft ;  auditor, 
George  S.  Hillyer;  treasurer,  J.  B.  Wheeler;  attorney-general,  Charles 
A.  Foster;  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  J.  M.  Walden ;  com- 
missioner of  school  lands,  J.  W.  Robinson;  supreme  judges,  William 
A.  Phillips,  Lorenzo  Dow  and  William  McKay ;  reporter  of  the  supreme 
court,  A.  D.  Richardson ;  clerk  of  the  supreme  court,  W.  F.  M.  Arny ; 
representative  in  Congress,  Martin  F.  Conway.  Members  of  a  legisla- 
ture were  also  elected.  On  Jan.  6,  1859,  the  Leavenworth  constitution 
was  presented  to  the  LTnited  States  senate,  with  a  petition  praying  for 
admission  under  it,  but  it  was  referred  to  the  committee  on  territories 
and  never  reported  back  for  action.  Concerning  the  manner  of  its 
ratification  and  its  treatment  by  Congress,  Cutler  says:  "The  indif- 
ferent vote  showed  plainly  that  it  was  viewed  with  no  great  favor  at 
home,  and  consequently  it  did  not  meet  a  cordial  reception  by  even  the 
Republican  members  of  Congress  when  presented." 

Nevertheless,  there  were  some  who  were  stanch  supporters  of  the 
constitution.  The  platform  upon  which  the  state  officers  were  nomi- 
nated contained  the  declaration  "That  should  Congress  accept  the  appli- 
cation accompanying  the  Lecompton  constitution,  and  admit  Ivansas 
as  a  sovereign  state  in  the  Union  without  the  condition  precedent  that 
said  constitution,  at  a  fair  election,  shall  receive  the  ratification  of  the 
people  of  Kansas,  then  we  will  put  the  Leavenworth  constitution,  rati- 
fied by  the  people,  and  the  government  under  it,  into  immediate  and 
active  operation  as  the  organic  law  and  living  government  of  Ivansas, 
and  that  we  will  support  and  defend  the  same  against  any  opposition, 
come  from  whatever  quarter  it  may." 

Holloway  says :  "There  was  a  deeply  laid  plot,  should  the  state 
be  admitted  under  the  Lecompton  constitution,  and  the  election  declared 


422  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

in  favor  of  the  pro-slavery  men,  to  assassinate  the  territorial  and  state 
officers,  and  thus  leave  the  whole  machinery  of  government  power- 
less." 

Well  authenticated  evidence  of  "a  deeply  laid  plot  to  assassinate" 
is  lacking,  but  there  is  no  gainsaying  the  fact  that  the  feeling  at  that 
time  was  bitter  enough  to  have  resulted  in  assassination,  had  Con- 
gress passed  an  act  for  the  admission  of  Kansas  under  the  Lecompton 
constitution.  Martin  F.  Conway,  in  a  public  address,  took  the  posi- 
tion that  Congress  could  make  a  state,  but  not  the  constitution  of 
that  state.  That  power  was  vested  solely  in  the  people.  T.  D. 
Thacher,  William  A.  Phillips,  J.  M.  Walden  and  Charles  A.  Foster 
expressed  themselves  in  a  similar  vein.  Gen.  James  H.  Lane  went 
farther  and  solemnly  declared  that  no  government  should  ever  be  organ- 
ized, or  even  an  attempt  to  organize  under  the  Lecompton  constitu- 
tion. Thomas  Ewing,  Jr.,  a  conservative  free-state  man,  afterward  the 
first  chief  justice  of  the  state  supreme  court,  wrote  to  his  father  in 
Ohio,  under  date  of  Jan.  i8,  1858,  that  there  were  not  over  1,000  of 
the  16,000  voters  then  in  the  territory  interested  in  the  admission  of 
Kansas  under  the  Lecompton  constitution,  and  that  this  1,000  consisted 
of  "the  ruffians  who  figured  conspicuously  in  the  arsons  and  nxurders 
of  the  first  two  years  and  who  have  not  yet  died  of  delirium  tremens." 
He  also  said:  "I  belive  that  the  ringleaders  of  this  faction  \\ill  be  put 
to  death  the  moment  that  Calhoun  decides  the  election  against  us, 
and  it  is  more  than  probable  that  they  (the  people)  will  seize  the  state 
government  by  killing  enough  of  the  pro-slavery  men  to  give  them  a 
majority." 

With  such  open  expressions  of  antagonism,  there  is  no  doubt  that 
trouble  would  have  ensued  in  the  event  an  efl'ort  had  been  made  to 
establish  a  state  government  under  the  Lecompton  constitution.  The 
resolution  adopted  by  the  convention  that  nominated  state  officers  under 
the  Leavenworth  constitution  evidently  meant  something,  and  for  a 
time  a  clash  seemed  to  be  inevitable.  But  the  defeat  of  the  I^ecomp- 
ton  constitution  under  the  provisions  of  the  English  bill  averted  the 
trouble  and  paved  the  way  for  the  Wyandotte  constitution. 

In  the  Topeka  and  Leavenworth  constitutions  the  partisan  sentiments 
of  the  free-state  framers  were  too  plainly  manifested  for  those  con- 
stitutions to  find  favor  with  Congress  or  the  national  administration. 
The  pro-slavery  sentiments  in  the  Lecompton  constitution  were  even 
more  glaring  and  they  aroused  the  indignation  of  the  people.  For- 
tunately for  the  country  at  large,  and  the  people  of  Kansas  in  par- 
ticular, the  men  who  framed  the  Wyandotte  constitution  were  wise 
enough  to  avoid  any  expression  of  partisan  feeling  that  would  stir  up 
the  opposition  of  an  unfriendly  Congress  and  president  and  postpone 
the  admission  of  Kansas  into  the  Union.  Therefore,  the  constitution 
was  so  constructed  that  is  has  been  characterized  as  a  "conservative 
and  commonplace  document."  It  was  modeled  largely  after  the  con- 
stitution  of  the   .State  of  Ohio,   and   as   it    is   still    the   organic   law   of 


KANSAS    HISTORY  423 

Kansas,  the  full  text  of  the  constitution,  as  it  was  adopted  by  the  con- 
vention and  ratified  by  the  people  in  1859,  is  given  below.  (See  also 
Constitutional  Amendments.) 

PREAMBLE— BOUNDARIES. 

We,  the  People  of  Kansas,  grateful  to  Almighty  God  for  our  civil 
and  religious  privileges,  in  order  to  insure  the  full  enjoyment  of  our 
rights  as  American  citizens,  do  ordain  and  establish  this  Constitution 
of  the  State  of  Kansas,  with  the  following  boundaries,  to-wit :  Be- 
ginning at  a  point  on  the  western  boundary  of  the  State  of  Missouri, 
where  the  thirty-seventh  parallel  of  north  latitude  crosses  the  same ; 
thence  running  west  on  said  parallel  to  the  twenty-fifth  meridian  of 
longitude  west  from  Washington ;  thence  north  on  said  meridian  to 
the  fortieth  parallel  of  north  latitude ;  thence  east  on  said  parallel  to 
the  western  boundar}'  of  the  state  of  Missouri ;  thence  south,  with 
the  western  boundary  of  said  state,  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

BILL  OF  RIGHTS. 

Section  i.  All  men  are  possessed  of  equal  and  inalienable  natural 
rights,  among  which  are  life,  liberty  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness. 

Sec.  2.  All  political  power  is  inherent  in  the  people,  and  all  free 
governments  are  founded  on  their  authority,  and  are  instituted  for  their 
equal  protection.  No  special  privileges  or  immunities  shall  ever  be 
granted  by  the  legislature,  which  may  not  be  altered,  revoked  or  re- 
pealed by  the  same  body;  and  this  power  shall  be  exercised  by  no  other 
tribunal  or  agency. 

Sec.  3.  The  people  have  the  right  to  assemble  in  a  peaceable  man- 
ner, to  consult  for  their  common  good,  to  instruct  their  representa- 
tives, and  to  petition  the  government,  or  any  department  thereof,  for 
the  redress  of  grievances. 

Sec.  4.  The  people  have  the  right  to  bear  arms  for  their  defense  and 
security;  but  standing  armies,  in  time  of  peace,  are  dangerous  to 
liberty,  and  shall  not  be  tolerated,  and  the  military  shall  be  in  strict 
subordination  to  the  civil  power^ 

Sec.  5.     The  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  inviolate. 

Sec.  6.  There  shall  be  no  slavery  in  this  state;  and  no  involuntary 
servitude,  except  for  the  punishment  of  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall 
have  been  duly  convicted. 

Sec.  7.  The  right  to  worship  God,  according  to  the  dictates  of  con- 
science, shall  never  be  infringed ;  nor  shall  any  person  be  compelled 
to  attend  or  support  any  form  of  worship ;  nor  shall  any  control  of, 
or  interference  with  the  rights  of  conscience  be  permitted,  nor  any 
preference  be  given  by  law  to  any  religious  establishment  or  mode  of 
worship.     No  religious  test  or  property  qualification  shall  be  required 


424  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

for  any  office  of  public  trust,  nor  for  an}'  vote  at  any  election ;  nor 
shall  any  person  be  incompetent  to  testify  on  account  of  religious 
belief. 

Sec.  8.  The  right  to  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  sus- 
pended, '  unless  the  public  safety  requires  it  in  case  of  invasion  or 
rebellion. 

Sec.  9.  All  persons  shall  be  bailable  by  sufficient  sureties,  except 
for  capital  offenses,  where  proof  is  evident  or  the  presumption  great. 
Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed,  nor 
cruel  nor  unusual  punishment  inflicted. 

Sec.  ID.  In  all  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  be  allowed  to  appear 
and  defend  in  person,  or  by  counsel ;  to  demand  the  nature  and  cause 
of  the  accusation  against  him,  to  meet  the  witness  face  to  face,  and  to 
have  compulsory  process  to  compel  the  attendance  of  witnesses  in  his 
behalf,  and  a  speedy  and  public  trial  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  county 
or  district  in  which  the  offense  is  alleged  to  have  been  committed. 
No  person  shall  be  a  witness  against  himself,  or  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy 
for  the  same  offense. 

Sec.  II.  The  liberty  of  the  press  shall  be  inviolate,  and  all  persons 
ma)'  freely  speak,  write  or  publish  their  sentiments  on  all  subjects, 
being  responsible  for  the  abuse  of  such  right ;  and  in  all  civil  or  criminal 
actions  for  libel,  the  truth  may  be  given  in  evidence  to  the  jury,  and 
if  it  shall  appear  that  the  alleged  libelous  matter  was  published  for 
justifiable  ends,  the  accused  party  shall  be  acquitted. 

Sec.  12.  No  person  shall  be  transported  from  the  state  for  any 
offense  committed  within  the  same;  and  no  conviction  in  the  state  shall 
work  a  corruption  of  blood  or  forfeiture  of  estate. 

Sec.  13.  Treason  shall  consist  only  in  levying  war  against  Ihc  state, 
adhering  to  its  enemies,  or  giving  them  aid  and  comfort.  N'o  jierson 
shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless  on  the  evidence  of  two  witnesses 
to  the  overt  act,  or  confession  in  open  court. 

Sec.  14.  No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any 
house  without  the  consent  of  the  occupant ;  nor  in  time  of  war,  except 
as  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  15.  The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons  and 
property  against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures,  shall  be  inviolate; 
and  no  warrant  shall  issue  but  on  probable  cause,  supported  by  oath 
or  affirmation,  particularly  describing  the  ])lace  to  be  searched  ;ni<l  the 
persons  or  property  to  be  seized. 

Sec.  16.  No  person  shall  he  iniprisoni'd  for  debt.  exce|it  in  cases  of 
fraud. 

Sec.  17.  No  distinction  shall  ever  be  made  between  citizens  and 
aliens  in  reference  to  the  purchase,  enjoymeni  or  descent  of  piopcrty. 

Sec.  18.  All  persons,  for  injuries  suiTered  in  |)cison.  re])Utation  or 
property,  shall  have  remedy  b)'  clue  course  of  law,  and  justice  admin- 
istered without  delay. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  425, 

Sec.  19.  No  hereditary  emoluments,  honors  or  ])rivilc£^cs  shall  ever 
be  granted  or  conferred  by  the  state. 

Sec.  20.  This  enumeration  of  rights  shall  not  be  construed  to  impair 
or  deny  others  retained  by  the  people,  and  all  powers  not  herein  dele- 
gated remain  with  the  people. 

ARTICLE  I.— EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT. 

Section  i.  The  executive  department  shall  consist  of  a  governor, 
lieutenant-governor,  secretary  of  state,  auditor,  treasurer,  attorney-gen- 
eral, and  superintendent  of  public  instruction  ;  who  shall  be  chosen  by 
the  electors  of  the  state  at  the  time  and  place  of  voting  for  members 
of  the  legislature,  and  shall  hold  their  offices  for  the  term  of  two  years 
from  the  second  Monday  of  January  next  after  their  election,  and 
until  their  successors  are  elected  and  qualified. 

Sec.  2.  Until  otherwise  provided  by  law,  an  abstract  of  the  returns 
of  every  election  for  the  officers  named  in  the  foregoing  section  shall 
be  sealed  up  and  transmitted  by  the  clerks  of  the  boards  of  canvassers 
of  the  several  counties  to  the  secretary  of  state,  who  with  the  lieutenant- 
governor  and  attorney-general  shall  constitute  a  board  of  state  can- 
vassers, whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  meet  at  the  state  capital  on  the  sec- 
ond Tuesday  of  December  succeeding  each  election  for  state  officers, 
and  canvass  the  vote  for  such  officers  and  proclaim  the  result ;  but  in< 
case  any  two  or  more  have  an  equal  and  the  highest  number  of  votes, 
the  legislature  shall  by  joint  ballot  choose  one  of  said  persons  so  hav- 
ing an  equal  and  the  highest  number  of  votes  for  said  office. 

Sec.  3.  The  supreme  executive  power  of  the  state  shall  be  vested 
in  the  governor,  who  shall  see  that  the  laws  are  faithfully  executed. 

Sec.  4.  He  may  require  information  in  writing  from  the  officers  of 
the  executive  department,  upon  any  subject  relating  to  their  respective 
duties. 

Sec.  5.  He  may  on  extraordinary  occasions  convene  the  legislature 
by  proclamation,  and  shall  at  the  commencement  of  every  session  com- 
municate in  writing  such  information  as  he  may  possess  in  reference 
to  the  condition  of  the  state,  and  recommend  such  measures  as  he  mav 
deem  expedient. 

Sec.  6.  In  case  of  a  disagreement  between  the  two  houses  in  respect 
to  the  time  of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  the  legislature  to  such 
time  as  he  may  think  proper,  not  beyond  its  regular  meeting. 

Sec.  7.  The  pardoning  power  shall  be  vested  in  the  governor,  under 
regulations  and  restrictions  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  8.  There  shall  be  a  seal  of  the  state,  which  shall  be  kept  bv 
the  governor,  and  used  by  him  officially,  and  which  shall  be  the  great 
seal  of  Kansas. 

Sec.  9.  All  commissions  shall  be  issued  in  the  name  of  the  state  of 
Kansas,  signed  by  the  governor,  countersigned  by  the  secretary  of 
state,  and  sealed  with  the  great  seal. 


426  cvcr.orEDiA  of 

Sec.  10.  No  member  of  Congress,  or  officer  of  the  state,  or  of  the 
United  States,  shall  hold  the  office  of  governor,  except  as  liereiii  pro- 
vided. 

Sec.  II.  In  case  of  the  death,  impeachment,  resignation,  removal  or 
other  disability  of  the  governor,  the  power  and  duties  of  the  office  for 
residue  of  the  term,  or  until  the  disabilit}-  shall  be  removed,  shall  devolve 
upon  the  president  of  the  senate. 

Sec.  12.  The  lieutenant-governor  shall  be  president  of  the  senate, 
and  shall  vote  only  when  the  senate  is  equally  divided.  The  senate 
shall  choose  a  president  pro  tempore,  to  preside  in  case  of  his  absence 
or  impeachment,  or  W'hen  he  shall  hold  the  office  of  governor. 

Sec.  13.  If  the  lieutenant-governor,  while  holding  the  office  of  gov- 
ernor, shall  be  impeached  or  displaced,  or  shall  resign,  or  die,  or  other- 
wise become  incapable  of  performing  the  duties  of  the  office,  the  presi- 
dent of  the  senate  shall  act  as  governor  until  the  vacancy  is  filled  or  the 
disability  removed ;  and  if  the  president  of  the  senate,  for  any  of  the 
above  causes,  shall  be  rendered  incapable  of  performing  the  duties  per- 
taining to  the  office  of  governor,  the  same  shall  devolve  upon  the 
speaker  of  the  house  of  representatives. 

Sec.  14.  Should  either  the  secretary  of  state,  auditor,  treasurer, 
attorney-general,  or  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  become  in- 
capable of  performing  the  duties  of  his  office,  for  any  of  the  causes  spec- 
,  ified  in  the  thirteenth  section  of  this  article,  the  governor  shall  fill  the 
vacancy  until  the  disability  is  removed,  or  a  successor  is  elected  and 
qualified.  Every  such  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  election  at  the  first 
general  election  that  occurs  more  than  thirty  days  after  it  shall  have 
happened:  and  the  person  chosen  shall  hold  the  office  for  the  unex- 
pired term. 

Sec.  15.  The  officers  mentioned  in  this  article  shall,  at  stated  times, 
receive  for  their  services,  a  compensation,  to  be  established  by  law, 
which  shall  neither  be  increased  nor  diminished  during  tlie  period  for 
which   they  shall   have  been  elected. 

Sec.  16.  The  officers  of  the  executive  department,  and  of  all  public 
state  institutions,  shall,  at  least  ten  days  preceding  each  regular  ses- 
sion of  the  legislature,  severally  report  to  the  governor,  who  shall 
transmit  such  reports  to  the  legislature. 

ARTICLE  2.— LEGISLATIVE. 

Section  i.  The  legislative  power  of  this  state  shall  be  vested  in  a 
house  of  representatives  and  senate. 

Sec.  2.  The  first  house  of  representatives  under  this  constitution 
shall  consist  of  seventy-five  members,  who  shall  be  chosen  for  one  year. 
The  first  senate  shall  consist  of  twenty-five  members,  who  shall  be 
chosen  for  two  years.  After  the  first  election,  the  number  of  senators 
and  members  of  the  house  of  representatives  shall  be  regulated  by  law ; 
but  shall  never  exceed  one  hundred  representatives  and  thirtv-three 
senators. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  4-7 

Sec.  3.  The  members  of  the  legislature  shall  receive  as  compensa- 
tion for  their  services  the  sum  of  three  dollars  for  each  day's  actual 
service  at  any  regular  or  special  session,  and  fifteen  cents  for  each 
mile  traveled  by  the  usual  route  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the 
place  of  meeting;  but  such  compensation  shall  not  in  the  aggregate 
exceed  the  sum  of  two  hundred  and  forty  dollars  for  each  member,  as 
per  diem  allowance  for  the  first  session  held  under  this  constitution, 
nor  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  for  each  session  there- 
after, nor  more  than  ninety  dollars  for  any  special  session. 

Sec.  4.  No  person  shall  be  a  member  of  the  legislature  who  is  not 
at  the  time  of  his  election  a  qualified  voter  of,  and  a  resident  in,  the 
county  or  district  for  which  he  is  elected. 

Sec.  5.  No  member  of  Congress  or  officer  of  the  United  States  shall 
be  eligible  to  a  seat  in  the  legislature.  If  any  person  after  his  election 
to  the  legislature,  be  elected  to  Congress  or  elected  or  appointed  to 
any  office  under  the  United  States,  his  acceptance  thereof  shall  vacate 
his  seat. 

Sec.  6.  No  person  convicted  of  embezzlement  or  misuse  of  public 
funds  shall  have  a  seat  in  the  legislature. 

Sec.  7.  All  state  officers  before  entering  upon  their  respective  duties, 
shall  take  and  subscribe  an  oath  or  affirmation  to  support  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States  and  the  constitution  of  this  state,  and  faith- 
fully discharge  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices. 

Sec.  8.  A  majority  of  each  house  shall  constitute  a  quorum.  Each 
house  shall  establish  its  own  rules,  and  shall  be  judge  of  the  elections, 
returns  and  qualifications  of  its  own  members. 

Sec.  9.  All  vacancies  occurring  in  either  house  shall  be  filled  for  the 
unexpired  term  by  election. 

Sec.  10.  Each  house  shall  keep  and  publish  a  journal  of  its  proceed- 
ings. The  yeas  and  nays  shall  be  taken  and  entered  immediately  on 
the  journal,  upon  the  final  passage  of  every  bill  or  joint  resolution. 
Neither  house,  without  the  consent  of  the  other,  shall  adjourn  for  more 
than  two  days,  Sundays  excepted. 

Sec.  II.  Any  member  of  either  house  shall  have  the  right  to  pro- 
test against  any  act  or  resolution  ;  and  such  protest  shall  without  delay 
or  alteration  be  entered  on  the  journal. 

Sec.  12.  All  bills  shall  oiiginate  in  the  house  of  representatives,  and 
be  subject  to  amendment  or  rejection  by  the  senate. 

Sec.  13.  A  majority  of  all  the  members  elected  to  each  house,  voting 
in  the  affirmative,  shall  be  necessary  to  pass  any  bill  or  joint  resolu- 
tion. 

Sec.  14.  Every  bill  and  joint  resolution  passed  by  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives and  senate  shall,  within  two  days  thereafter,  be  signed  b}- 
the  presiding  officers,  and  presented  to  the  governor ;  if  he  approve, 
he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not,  he  shall  return  it  to  the  house  of  representa- 
tives, which  shall  enter  the  objections  at  large  upon  its  journal  and  pro- 
ceed to  reconsider  the  same.     If,  after  such  reconsideration,  two-thirds 


428  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

of  the  members  elected  shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill  or  resolution,  it 
shall  be  sent,  with  the  objections,  to  the  senate,  by  which  it  shall  like- 
wise be  reconsidered,  and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  all  the  members 
elected,  it  shall  become  a  law ;  but  in  all  such  cases  the  vote  shall  be 
taken  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  entered  upon  the  journal  of  each  house. 
If  anv  bill  shall  not  be  returned  within  three  days  (Sundays  excepted) 
after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  the  governor,  it  shall  become  a 
law  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  legislature,  by 
its  adjournment,  prevent  its  return,  in  which  case  it  shall  not  become 
a  law. 

Sec.  15.  Every  bill  shall  be  read  on  three  separate  days  in  each  house, 
unless  in  case  of  emergency.  Two-thirds  of  the  house  where  such  bill 
is  pending  may,  if  deemed  expedient,  suspend  the  rules ;  but  the  read- 
ing of  the  bill  by  sections  on  its  final  passage  in  no  case  can  be  dis- 
pensed with. 

Sec.  16.  No  bill  shall  contain  more  than  one  subject,  which  shall  be 
clearly  expressed  in  its  title,  and  no  law  shall  be  revived  or  amended 
unless  the  new  act  contain  the  entire  act  revived,  or  the  section  or  sec- 
tions amended,  and  the  section  or  sections  so  amended  shall  be  repealed. 

Sec.  17.  All  laws  of  a  general  nature  shall  have  a  uniform  opera- 
tion throughout  the  state ;  and  in  all  cases  where  a  general  law  can  be 
made  applicable,  no  special  law  shall  be  enacted. 

Sec.  18.  All  power  to  grant  divorces  is  vested  in  the  district  courts, 
subject  to  regulation  by  law. 

Sec.  19.  The  legislature  shall  prescribe  the  time  when  its  acts  shall 
be  in  force,  and  shall  provide  for  the  speedy  publication  of  the  same ; 
and  no  law  of  a  general  nature,  shall  be  in  force  until  the  same  be  pub- 
lished. It  shall  have  the  power  to  provide  for  the  election  or  appoint- 
ment of  all  officers  and  the  filling  of  all  vacancies  not  otherwise  provided 
for  in  the  constitution. 

Sec.  20.  The  enacting  clause  of  all  laws  shall  be,  "De  it  enacted  by 
the  legislature  of  the  state  of  Kansas;"  and  no  law  shall  be  enacted 
except  by  bill. 

Sec.  21.  The  legislature  may  confer  upon  tribunals  transacting  the 
county  business  of  the  several  counties,  such  powers  of  local  legisla- 
tion and  administration  as  it  shall  deem  expedient. 

.Sec.  22.  For  any  speech  or  debate  in  either  house  the  members 
shall  not  be  (lucstioned  elsewhere.  No  member  of  the  legislature  shall 
be  subject  to  arrest — except  for  felony  or  breach  of  the  peace — in 
going  to  or  returning  from,  the  ])lace  of  meeting,  or  during  the  con- 
tinuance of  the  session  ;  neither  shall  he  be  subject  to  the  service  of 
any  civil  process  during  the  session,  nor  for  fifteen  days  prexioiis  to 
it^  commencement. 

Sec.  23.  The  legislature,  in  providing  fur  ilu'  fnnn.iiiMn  .nid  rcgula- 
tinn  of  schools,  shall  make  no  distiiu-tii  >n  Ix-twern  the  rights  of  males 
aiul  females. 

Sec.  24.     No  money  shall  be  drawn   fimii  the  treasury,  e\ci'|il   in  pnr- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  429 

suance  of  a  specific  appropriation  made  by  law,  and  no  appropriation 
shall  be  made  for  a  longer  term  than  one  year. 

Sec.  25.  All  sessions  of  the  legislature  shall  be  held  at  the  state 
capital,  and  all  regular  sessions  shall  commence  annually,  on  the  second 
Tuesday  of  January. 

Sec.  26.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  taking  an  enumeration 
of  the  inhabitants  of  the  state  at  least  once  in  ten  years.  The  first 
enumeration  shall  be  taken  in  A.  D.  1865. 

Sec.  27.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  have  the  sole  power  to 
impeach.  All  impeachments  shall  be  tried  by  the  senate ;  and  when 
sitting  for  that  purpose,  the  senators  shall  take  an  oath  to  do  justice 
according  to  the  law  and  the  evidence.  No  person  shall  be  convicted 
without  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  senators  elected. 

Sec.  28.  The  governor  and  all  other  officers  under  this  constitution 
shall  be  subject  to  impeachment  for  any  misdemeanor  in  office ;  but 
judgment  in  all  such  cases  shall  not  be  extended  further  than  to  removal 
from  office  and  disqualification  to  hold  any  office  of  profit,  honor  or 
trust  under  this  constitution ;  but  the  party,  whether  acquitted  or  con- 
victed, shall  be  liable  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment  and  punishment 
according  to  law. 

ARTICLE   3.— JUDICIAL. 

Section  i.  The  judicial  power  of  this  state  shall  be  vested  in  a 
supreme  court,  district  courts,  probate  courts,  justices  of  the  peace,  and 
such  other  courts  inferior  to  the  supreme  court  as  may  be  provided  by 
law;  and  all  courts  of  record  shall  have  a  seal  to  be  used  in  the  authen- 
tication of  all  process. 

Sec.  2.  The  supreme  court  shall  consist  of  one  chief  justice  and  two 
associate  justices  (a  majority  of  whom  shall  constitute  a  quorum),  who 
shall  be  elected  by  the  electors  of  the  state  at  large,  and  whose  term 
of  office,  after  the  first,  shall  be  six  years.  At  the  first  election,  a  chief 
justice  shall  be  chosen  for  six  years,  one  associate  justice  for  four  years, 
and  one  for  two  years. 

'  Sec.  3.  The  supreme  court  shall  have  original  jurisdiction  in  pro- 
ceedings in  quo  warranto,  mandamus  and  habeas  corpus;  and  such  appel- 
late jurisdiction  as  may  be  provided  by  law.  It  shall  hold  one  term  each 
year  at  the  seat  of  government,  and  such  other  terms  at  such  places  as 
may  be  provided  b}^  law,  and  its  jurisdiction  shall  be  coextensive  with 
the  state. 

Sec.  4.  There  shall  be  appointed  by  the  justices  of  the  supreme  court, 
a  reporter  and  a  clerk  of  said  court,  who  shall  hold  their  offices  two 
years,  and  whose  duties  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  5.  The  state  shall  be  divided  into  five  judicial  districts,  in  each 
of  which  there  shall  be  elected,  by  the  electors  thereof,  a  district  judge, 
who  shall  hold  his  office  for  the  term  of  four  years.  District  courts  shall 
be  held  at  such  times  and  places  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 


430  CVCLOl'EDIA    UF 

Sec.  6.  The  district  courts  shall  ha\e  such  jurisdiction  in  their 
respective  districts  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  7.  There  shall  be  elected  in  each  organized  county  a  clerk  of 
the  district  court,  who  shall  hold  his  office  two  years,  and  whose  duties 
shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  8.  There  shall  be  a  probate  court  in  each  county,  which  shall 
be  a  court  of  record,  and  have  such  probate  jurisdiction  and  care  of 
estates  of  deceased  persons,  minors,  and  persons  of  unsound  minds,  as 
ma}'  be  prescribed  by  law:  and  shall  have  jurisdiction  in  cases  of  habeas 
corpus.  The  court  shall  consist  of  one  judge,  who  shall  be  elected  by 
the  qualified  voters  of  the  county,  and  hold  his  office  two  years.  He 
shall  hold  court  at  such  times  and  receive  for  compensation  such  fees 
or  salary  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  9.  Two  justices  of  the  peace  shall  be  elected  in  each  township, 
whose  term  of  office  shall  be  two  years,  and  whose  powers  and  duties 
shall  be  prescribed  by  law.  The  number  of  justices  of  the  peace  may 
be  increased  in  any  township  by  law. 

Sec.  ID.  All  appeals  from  probate  courts  and  justices  of  the  peace 
shall  be  to  the  district  court. 

Sec.  II.  All  the  judicial  officers  provided  for  by  this  article  shall  be 
elected  at  the  first  election  under  this  constitution,  and  shall  reside  in 
their  respective  townships,  counties  or  districts  during  their  respective 
terms  of  office.  In  case  of  vacancy  in  any  judicial  office,  it  shall  be 
filled  by  appointment  of  the  governor  until  the  next  regular  election 
that  shall  occur  more  than  thirty  days  after  such  vacancy  shall  have 
happened. 

Sec.  12.  All  judicial  officers  shall  hold  their  offices  until  their  suc- 
cessors shall  have  qualified. 

Sec.  13.  The  justices  of  the  supreme  court  and  judges  of  the  dis- 
trict courts  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  their  services  such  com- 
pensation as  may  be  provided  by  law,  which  shall  not  be  increased 
during  their  respective  terms  of  office ;  provided  such  compensation  shall 
not  be  less  than  fifteen  hundred  dollars  to  each  justice  or  judge  each 
year,  and  such  justices  or  judges  shall  receive  no  fees  or  perquisites, 
nor  hold  any  other  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  the  authority  of  the 
state,  or  the  United  States,  during  the  term  of  office  for  which  said 
justices  or  judges  shall  be  elected,  nor  practice  law  in  any  of  the  courts 
in  the  state  during  their  continuance  in  office. 

Sec.  14.  Provision  may  be  made  by  law  for  the  increase  of  the  num- 
Ijer  of  judicial  districts  whenever  two-thirds  of  the  members  of  each 
house  shall  concur.  Such  districts  shall  be  formed  of  compact  territory 
and  bounded  by  county  lines,  and  such  increase  shall  not  vacate  the 
office  of  any  judge. 

Sec.  15.  Justices  of  the  sujireme  court  and  judges  of  the  district 
courts  may  be  removed  from  office  by  resolution  of  both  houses,  if  two- 
thirds  of  the  members  of  each  house  concur;  but  no  such  removal  shall 
be  made  except  upon  complaint,  the  substance  of  which  shall  be  entered 


KANSAS    IJISTOKV  43I 

Upon  the  journal,  nor  until  the  party  charged  shall  have  had  notice  and 
opportunity  to  be  heard. 

Sec.  16.  The  several  justices  and  judges  of  the  courts  of  record  in 
this  state  shall  have  jurisdiction  at  chambers  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  17.  The  style  of  all  process  shall  be  "The  State  of  Kansas,"  and 
all  prosecutions  shall  be  carried  on  in  the  name  of  the  state. 

Sec.  18.  Until  otherwise  provided  by  law,  the  first  district  shall 
consist  of  the  counties  of  Wyandotte,  Leavenworth,  JefTerson  and  Jack- 
son. The  second  district  shall  consist  of  the  counties  of  Atchison,  Doni- 
phan, Brown,  Nemaha,  Marshall  and  Washington.  The  third  district 
shall  consist  of  the  counties  of  Pottawatomie,  Riley,  Clay,  Dickinson, 
Davis,  Wabaunsee  and  Shawnee.  The  fourth  district  shall  consist  of 
the  counties  of  Douglas,  Johnson,  Lykins,  Franklin,  Anderson,  Linn, 
Bourbon  and  Allen.  The  fifth  district  shall  consist  of  the  counties  of 
Osage,  Coiifey,  Woodson,  Greenwood,  Madison,  Breckinridge,  Morris, 
Chase,  Butler  and  Hunter. 

Sec.  19.  New  or  unorganized  counties  shall  by  law  be  attached  for 
judicial  purposes  to  the  most  convenient  judicial  districts. 

Sec.  20.  Provision  shall  be  made  by  law  for  the  selection,  by  the  bar, 
of  a  pro  tem.  judge  of  the  district  court,  when  the  judge  is  absent  or 
otherwise  unable  or  disqualified  to  sit  in  any  case. 

ARTICLE  4.— ELECTIONS. 

Section  i.  All  elections  by  the  people  shall  be  by  ballot;  and  all 
"flections  by  the  legislature  shall  be  viva  voce. 

Sec.  2.  General  elections  shall  be  held  annually,  on  the  Tuesday  suc- 
:eeding  the  first  Monday  in  November.  Township  elections  shall  be 
held  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  April,  until  otherwise  provided  by  law. 

ARTICLE  5.— SUFFRAGE. 

Section  i.  Every  white  male  person  of  twenty-one  years  and  up- 
wards, belonging  to  either  of  the  following  classes — who  shall  have 
resided  in  Kansas  six  months  next  preceding  any  election,  and  in  the 
township  or  ward  in  which  he  offers  to  vote  at  least  thirty  days  next 
preceding  such  election — shall  be  deemed  a  qualified  elector:  ist.  Citi- 
zens of  the  United  States.  2d.  Persons  of  foreign  birth  who  shall  have 
declared  their  intention  to  become  citizens  conformably  to  the  laws  of 
the  United  States  on  the  subject  of  naturalization. 

Sec.  2.  No  person  under  guardianship,  non  compos  mentis,  or  insane, 
shall  be  qualified  to  vote ;  nor  any  person  convicted  of  treason  or  felony, 
unless  restored  to  civil  rights. 

Sec.  3.  No  soldier,  seaman,  or  marine,  in  the  army  or  navy  of  the 
United  States,  or  their  allies,  shall  be  deemed  to  have  acquired  a  resi- 
dence in  the  state  in  consequence  of  being  stationed  within  the  same ;  nor 
.=<hall  any  soldier,  seaman  or  marine  have  the  right  to  vote. 


432  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Sec.  -The  legislature  shall  pass  such  laws  as  may  be  necessary  for 
ascertaining  by  proper  proofs,  the  citizens  who  shall  be  entitled  to  the 
right  of  suffrage  hereby  established. 

Sec.  5.  Every  person  who  shall  give  or  accept  a  challenge  to  fight  a 
■duel,  or  who  shall  knowingly  carry  to  another  person  such  a  challenge, 
or  shall  go  out  of  the  state  to  fight  a  duel,  shall  be  ineligible  to  any 
office  of  trust  or  profit. 

Sec.  6.  Every  person  who  shall  have  given  or  offered  a  bribe  tn  pro- 
cure his  election,  shall  be  disqualified  from  holding  office  during  the 
term  for  which  he  may  have  been  elected. 

Sec.  7.  Electors,  during  their  attendance  at  elections,  and  in  going 
to  and  in  returning  therefrom,  shall  be  privileged  from  arrest  in  all 
cases  except  treason,  felon}-  or  breach  of  the  peace. 

ARTICLE  6.— EDUCATION. 

Section  i.  The  state  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  have 
the  general  supervision  of  the  common  school  funds  and  educational 
interests  of  the  state,  and  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  pre- 
scribed by  law.  A  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected 
in  each  county,  vi^hose  term  of  office  shall  be  two  years,  and  whose 
duties  and  compensation  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  2.  The  legislature  shall  encourage  the  promotion  of  intellectual, 
moral,  scientific  and  agricultural  improvement,  by  establishing  a  uni- 
form system  of  common  schools,  and  schools  of  a  higher  grade,  em- 
bracing normal,  preparatory,  collegiate  and  university  departments. 

Sec.  3.  The  proceeds  of  all  lands  that  ha\e  been  or  may  be  granted 
by  the  United  States  to  the  state  for  the  support  of  schools,  and  the 
five  hundred  thousand  acres  of  land  granted  to  the  new  states  under  an 
act  of  Congress  distributing  the  proceeds  of  public  lands  among  the 
several  states  of  the  Union,  approved  Sept.  4,  .X.  1).  1841,  and  all  estates 
of  persons  dying  without  heir  or  will,  anil  such  per  ciMit.  as  max  be 
granted  by  Congress  on  the  sale  of  lands  in  this  state,  shall  be  the  com- 
mon property  of  the  state,  and  shall  be  a  perpetual  school  fund,  which 
shall  not  be  diminished,  but  the  interest  of  which,  together  with  all  the 
rents  of  the  lands,  and  such  other  means  as  the  legislature  may  provide, 
by  tax  or  otherwise,  shall  be  inviolably  appropriated  to  the  support  of 
the  common  schools. 

.Sec.  4.  The  income  of  the  state  school  funds  shall  be  disbursed 
annually,  by  order  of  the  state  superintendent,  to  the  several  county 
treasurers,  and  thence  to  the  treasurers  of  the  several  school  districts, 
in  equitable  proportion  to  the  ntnnber  of  children  and  youth  resident 
therein,  between  the  ages  of  five  and  Iwenty-one  years;  ]irovidcd,  that 
no  school  district,  in  which  a  common  school  has  not  l)cen  maintained 
at  least  three  months  in  each  year,  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  any 
portion  of  school  funds. 

Sec.  5.    The  school  lands  siiall  not  be  sold,  iniless  such  sale  bo  author- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  433 

ized  by  a  vote  of  the  people  at  a  general  election;  but,  subject  to  revalu- 
ation every  five  years,  they  may  be  leased  for  any  number  of  years,  not 
exceeding  twenty-five,  at  a  rate  established  by  law. 

Sec.  6.  All  money  which  shall  be  paid  by  persons  as  an  equivalent 
for  exemption  from  military  duty;  the  clear  proceeds  of  estrays,  owner- 
ships of  which  shall  vest  in  the  taker-up ;  and  the  proceeds  of  fines  for 
any  breach  of  the  penal  laws,  shall  be  exclusively  applied  in  the  several 
counties  in  which  the  money  is  paid  or  fines  collected,  to  the  support 
of  common  schools. 

Sec.  7.  Provision  shall  be  made  by  law  for  the  establishment,  at  some 
eligible  and  central  point,  of  a  state  university,  for  the  promotion  of 
literature,  and  the  arts  and  sciences,  including  a  normal  and  agricultural 
department.  All  funds  arising  from  the  sale  or  rents  of  lands  granted 
by  the  United  States  to  the  state  for  the  support  of  a  state  university, 
and  all  other  grants,  donations  or  bequests,  either  by  the  state  or  by 
individuals,  for  such  purpose,  shall  remain  a  perpetual  fund,  to  be  called 
the  "University  fund,"  the  interest  of  which  shall  be  appropriated  to 
the  support  of  the  state  university. 

Sec.  8.  No  religious  sect  or  sects  shall  ever  control  any  part  of  the 
common  school  or  university  funds  of  the  state. 

Sec.  9.  The  state  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  secretary  of 
state  and  attorney-general  shall  constitute  a  board  of  commissioners,  for 
the  management  and  investment  of  the  school  funds.  Any  two  of  said 
commissioners  shall  be  a  quorum. 


ARTICLE  7.— PUBLIC   INSTITUTIONS. 

Section  i.  Institutions  for  the  benefit  of  the  insane,  blind,  and  deaf 
and  dumb,  and  such  other  benevolent  institutions  as  the  public  good 
may  require,  shall  be  fostered  and  supported  by  the  state,  subject  to 
such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  Trustees  of  such  benev- 
olent institutions  as  may  be  hereafter  created  shall  be  appointed  by  the 
governor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate ;  and  upon 
all  nominations  made  by  the  governor  the  question  shall  be  taken  in 
yeas  and  nays,  and  entered  upon  the  journal. 

Sec.  2.  A  penitentiary  shall  be  established,  the  directors  of  which 
shall  be  appointed,  or  elected,  as  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  3.  The  governor  shall  fill  any  vacancy  that  may  occur  in  the 
ofifices  aforesaid  until  the  next  session  of  the  legislature,  and  until  a 
successor  to  his  appointee  shall  be  confirmed  and  qualified. 

Sec.  4.    The  respective  counties  of  the  state  shall  provide,  as  may  be 
prescribed  by  law,  for  those  inhabitants  who  by  reason  of  age,  infirmity, 
or  other  misfortune,  may  have  claims  upon  the  sympathy  and  aid  of 
society. 
(I-28) 


434  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

ARTICLE  8.— MILITIA. 

Section  i.  The  militia  shall  be  composed  of  all  able-bodied  male  citi- 
zens between  the  ages  of  twenty-one  and  fort3'-five  years,  except  such 
as  are  exempted  by  the  laws  of  the  United  States  or  of  this  state; 
but  all  citizens  of  any  religious  denomination  whatever  who  from 
scruples  of  conscience  may  be  averse  to  bearing  arms  shall  be  exempted 
therefrom  upon  such  conditions  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  2.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  organizing,  equipping  and 
discipling  the  militia  in  such  manner  as  it  shall  deem  expedient  not 
incompatible  with  the  laws  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  3.  Officers  of  the  militia  shall  be  elected  or  appointed,  and  com- 
missioned in  such  manner  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  4.  The  governor  shall  be  commander-in-chief,  and  shall  have 
power  to  call  out  the  militia  to  execute  the  la\^s,  to  suppress  insur- 
rection, and  to  repel  invasion. 

ARTICLE    9.— COITNTY    AND    TOWNSHIP    ORGANIZATION. 

Section  i.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  organizing  new  coun- 
ties, locating  county-seats,  and  changing  county  lines ;  but  no  county- 
seat  shall  be  changed  without  the  consent  of  a  majority  of  the  elec- 
tors of  the  county;  nor  any  county  organized,  nor  the  lines  of  any 
county  changed  so  as  to  include  an  area  of  less  than  iouv  Inimlred  and 
thirty-two  square  miles. 

Sec.  2.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  such  county  and  township 
officers  as  may  lie  necessary. 

Sec.  3.  All  county  officers  shall  hold  their  offices  for  the  term  of 
two  years,  and  until  their  successors  shall  be  qualified  ;  hut  no  person 
shall  hold  the  office  of  sherifif  or  county  treasurer  for  more  than  two 
consecutive  terms. 

Sec.  4.  Township  officers,  except  justices  of  the  peace,  shall  hold 
their  offices  one  year  from  the  Monday  next  succeeding  their  election, 
and  their  successors  are  qualified. 

Sec.  5.  All  county  and  township  officers  may  be  removed  from  office 
in  such  manner  and  for  such  cause  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

ARTICLE  10.— APPORTIONMENT. 

Section  i.  In  the  future  apportionments  of  the  state,  each  organized 
county  shall  have  at  least  one  representative;  and  each  countV  shall  be 
divided  into  as  many  districts  as  it  has  representatives. 

Sec.  2.  It  shall  he  the  duly  of  the  first  legislature  to  make  an  ajii^or- 
tionment,  based  ui)nn  the  census  ordered  Ii\  the  list  logisl.itive  assem- 
bly of  the  territory;  and  a  new  a])iK)rtionment  shall  be  made  in  the  \  ear 
1866,  and  every  five  years  thereafter,  based  upon  the  census  ni  the  pre- 
ceding year. 


KANSAS    HISTORI-  435 

Sec.  3.  Until  there  shall  be  a  new  apportionment,  the  state  shall  be 
divided  into  election  districts ;  and  the  representatives  and  senators  shall 
be  apportioned  among  the  several  districts  as  follows,  viz: 

1st  district,  Doniphan,  4  representatives,  2  senators. 

2d  district,  Atchison  and  Brown^  6  representatives,  2  senators. 

3d  district,  Nemaha,  Marshall  and  Washington,  2  representatives,  i 
senator. 

4th  district.  Clay,  Riley  and  Pottawatomie,  4  representatives,  i  senator. 

5th  district,  Dickinson,  Davis  and  Wabaunsee,  3  representatives,  i 
senator. 

6th  district,  Shawnee,  Jackson  and  Jefferson,  8  representatives,  2 
senators. 

7th  district,    Leavenworth,  9  representatives,   3   senators. 

8th  district,  Douglas,  Johnson  and  Wyandotte,  13  representatives,  4 
senators. 

9th  district,  Lykins,  Linn  and  Bourbon,  9  representatives,  3  senators. 

loth  district,  Allen,  Anderson  and  Franklin,  6  representatives,  2 
senators. 

nth  district,  W^oodson  and  Madison,  2  representatives,  i  senator. 

I2th  district,  Coffey,  Osage  and  Breckinridge,  6  representatives,  2 
senators. 

13th  district,  Morris,  Chase  and  Butk-r,  2  representatives,  i  senator. 

14th  district,  Arapahoe,  Godfrey,  Greenwood,  Hunter,  Wilson,  Dorn 
and  ]\IeGee,  i  representative. 

ARTICLE  II.— FINANCE  AND  TAX.\TION. 

Section  I.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  a  uniform  and  equal  rate 
of  assessment  and  taxation  :  but  all  property  used  exclusively  for  state, 
count)-,  municipal,  literary,  educational,  scientific,  religious,  benevolent 
and  charitable  purposes,  and  personal  property  to  the  amount  of  at  least 
two  hundred  dollars  for  each  family,  shall  be  exempted  from  taxation. 

Sec.  2.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  taxing  the  notes  and  bills 
discounted  or  purchased,  moneys  loaned,  and  other  property  effects,  or 
dues  of  every  description  (without  deduction),  of  all  banks  now  existing, 
or  hereafter  to  be  created,  and  of  all  bankers ;  so  that  all  property  em- 
ployed in  banking  shall  always  bear  a  burden  of  taxation  equal  to  that 
imposed  upon  the  property  of  individuals. 

Sec.  3.  The  legislature  shall  provide,  each  year,  for  raising  revenue 
sufficient  to  defray  the  current  expenses  of  the  state. 

Sec.  4.  No  tax  shall  be  levied  except  in  pursuance  of  a  law  which 
shall  distinctly  state  the  object  of  the  same,  to  which  object  only  such 
tax  shall  be  applied. 

Sec.  5.  For  the  purpose  of  defraying  extraordinary  expenses  and 
making  public  improvements,  the  state  may  contract  public  debts :  but 
such  debts  shall  never,  in  the  aggregate  exceed  one  million  dollars, 
except  as  hereinafter  provided.     Every  such  debt  shall  be  authorized  by 


43^  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

law  for  some  purpose  specified  therein,  and  the  vote  of  a  majority  of  all 
the  members  elected  to  each  house,  to  be  taken  by  the  yeas  and  na3'S, 
shall  be  necessar}^  to  the  passage  of  such  law ;  and  every  such  law  shall 
provide  for  levying  an  annual  tax  sufficient  to  pay  the  annual  interest  of 
such  debt,  and  the  principal  thereof,  when  it  shall  become  due ;  and  shall 
specifically  appropriate  the  proceeds  of  such  taxes  to  the  payment  of 
such  principal  and  interest;  and  such  appropriation  shall  not  be  repealed 
nor  the  taxes  postponed  or  dismissed,  until  the  interest  and  principal  of 
such  debt  shall  have  been  wholly  paid. 

Sec.  6.  No  debt  shall  be  contracted  by  the  state  except  as  herein  pro- 
vided, unless  the  proposed  law  for  creating  such  debt  shall  first  be  sub- 
mitted to  a  direct  vote  of  the  electors  of  the  state  at  some  general  elec- 
tion;  and  if  such  proposed  law  shall  be  ratified  by  a  majority  of  all  the 
votes  cast  at  such  general  election,  then  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  legis- 
lature next  after  such  election  to  enact  such  law  and  create  such  debt, 
subject  to  all  the  provisions  and  restrictions  provided  in  the  preceding 
sections  of  this  article. 

Sec.  7.  The  state  may  borrow  money  to  repel  invasion,  suppress 
insurrection,  or  defend  the  state  in  time  of  war;  but  the  money  thus 
raised  shall  be  applied  exclusively  to  the  object  for  which  the  loan  was 
authorized,  or  to  the  repayment  of  the  debt  thereby  created. 

Sec.  8.  The  state  shall  never  be  a  party  in  carrying  on  an_\-  works  of 
internal  improvement. 

ARTICLE  12.— CORPORATIONS. 

Section  i.  The  legislature  shall  pass  no  special  act  conferring  cor- 
porate powers.  Corporations  may  be  created  under  general  laws ;  but 
all  such  laws  may  be  amended  or  repealed. 

Sec.  2.  Dues  from  corporations  shall  be  secured  by  indixidiial  lia- 
bility of  the  stockholders  to  an  additional  amount  equal  to  the  stock 
owned  by  each  stockholder,  and  such  other  means  as  shall  be  provided 
by  law;  but  such  liabilities  shall  not  apply  to  railroad  corporations,  nor 
corporations  for  religious  or  charitable  purposes. 

Sec.  3.  The  title  to  all  property  of  religious  corporations  shall  vest 
in  trustees,  whose  election  shall  be  by  the  members  of  such  corporations. 

Sec.  4.  No  right  of  way  shall  be  appropriated  to  the  use  of  any  cor- 
poration, until  full  compensation  therefor  be  first  made  in  money,  or 
secured  by  a  deposit  of  money,  to  the  owner,  irrespective  of  any  liencfit 
from  any  improvement  proposed  by  such  corporation. 

Sec.  5.  Provision  shall  be  made  by  general  law  for  the  organization 
of  cities,  towns  and  villages;  and  their  power  of  taxation,  assessment, 
borrowing  money,  contracting  debts  and  loaning  their  credit,  shall  be 
so  restricted  as  to  prevent  the  abuse  of  such  power. 

Sec.  6.  The  term  corporation,  as  used  in  this  article,  shall  include  all 
the  associations  and  joint-stock  companies  having  powers  and  privileges 
not  possessed  by  individuals  or  partnerships;  and  nil  corporations  mav 
sue  and  be  sued  in  tiieir  corporate  naine. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  437 

ARTICLE  13.— BANKS  AND  CL'KRENCY. 

Section  i.  No  bank  shall  be  established  otherwise  than  under  a 
general  banking  law. 

Sec.  2.  All  banking  laws  shall  require,  as  collateral  security  for  the 
redemption  of  the  circulating  notes  of  any  bank  organized  under  their 
provisions,  a  deposit  with  the  auditor  of  state  of  interest-paying  bonds 
of  the  several  states,  or  of  the  United  States,  at  the  cash  rates  of  the 
New  York  stock  exchange,  to  an  amount  equal  to  the  amount  of  cir- 
culating notes  which  such  bank  shall  be  authorized  to  issue,  and  a  cash 
deposit  in  its  vaults  of  ten  per  cent,  of  such  amount  of  circulating  notes; 
and  the  auditor  shall  register  and  countersign  no  more  circulating  bills 
of  any  bank  than  the  cash  value  of  such  bonds  when  deposited. 

Sec.  3.  Whenever  the  bonds  pledged  as  collateral  security  for  the 
circulation  of  any  bank  shall  depreciate  in  value,  the  auditor  of  state  shall 
require  additional  security,  or  curtail  the  circulation  of  such  bank,  to 
such  extent  as  will  continue  the  security  unimpaired. 

Sec.  4.  All  circulating  notes  shall  be  redeemable  in  the  money  of  the 
United  States.  Holders  of  such  notes  shall  be  entitled,  in  case  of  the 
insolvency  of  such  banks,  to  preference  of  payment  over  all  other  cred- 
itors. 

Sec.  5.  The  state  shall  not  be  a  stockholder  in  any  banking  insti- 
tution. 

Sec.  6.  All  banks  shall  be  required  to  keep  offices  and  officers  for  the 
issue  and  redemption  of  their  circulation,  at  a  convenient  place  within 
the  state,  to  be  named  on  the  circulating  notes  issued  by  such  bank. 

Sec.  7.  No  banking  institution  shall  issue  circulating  notes  of  a  less 
denomination  than  five  dollars. 

Sec.  8.  No  banking  law  shall  be  in  force  until  the  same  shall  have 
been  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  electors  of  the  state  at  some  general 
election,  and  approved  by  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  cast  at  such 
general  election. 

Sec.  9.     Any  banking  law  may  be  amended  or  repealed. 

ARTICLE  14.— AMENDMENTS. 

Section  I.  Propositions  for  the  amendment  of  this  constitution  may 
be  made  by  either  branch  of  the  legislature;  and  if  two-thirds  of  all 
the  members  elected  to  each  house  shall  concur  therein,  such  proposed 
amendments,  together  with  the  yeas  and  nays,  shall  be  entered  on  the 
journal ;  and  the  secretary  of  state  shall  cause  the  same  to  be  published 
in  at  least  one  newspaper  in  each  county  of  the  state  where  a  news- 
paper is  published,  for  three  months  preceding  the  next  election  for 
representatives,  at  which  time  the  same  shall  be  submitted  to  the  elec- 
tors for  their  approval  or  rejection ;  and  if  a  majority  of  the  electors  vot- 
ing on  said  amendments,  at  said  election,  shall  adopt  the  amendments, 
the   same  shall   become   a  part  of  the  constitution.     When  more   than 


4.^8  CYCt-(irEDIA    OF 

one  amendment  shall  be  submitted  at  the  same  time,  they  shall  be  so 
submitted  as  to  enable  the  electors  to  vote  on  each  amendment  sep- 
arately;  and  not  more  than  three  propositions  to  amend  shall  be  sub- 
mitted  at  the  same  election. 

Sec.  2.  Whenever  two-thirds  of  the  members  elected  to  each  branch 
of  the  legislature  shall  think  it  necessary  to  call  a  convention  to  revise, 
amend  or  change  this  constitution,  they  shall  recommend  to  the  electors 
to  vote  at  the  next  election  of  members  of  the  legislature,  for  or  against 
a  convention;  and  if  a  majority  of  all  the  electors  voting  at  such  election 
shall  have  voted  for  a  convention,  the  legislature  shall,  at  the  next  ses- 
sion, provide  for  calling  the  same. 

ARTICLE  13.— MlSCELL.\NEOUS. 

Section  i.  All  officers  \vhose  election  or  appointment  is  not  other- 
wise provided  for,  shall  be  chosen  or  appointed  as  may  be  prescribed  by 
law. 

Sec.  2.  The  tenure  of  any  office  not  herein  provided  for  may  be  de- 
clared by  law;  when  not  so  declared  such  office  shall  be  held  during 
the  pleasure  of  the  authority  making  the  appointment,  but  the  legisla- 
ture shall  not  create  any  office  the  tenure  of  which  shall  be  longer 
than  four  years. 

Sec.  3.  Lotteries  and  the  sale  of  lottery  tickets  are  forever  pro- 
hibited. 

Sec.  4.  All  public  printing  shall  be  let,  on  contract,  to  the  lowest 
responsible  bidder,  by  such  executive  officer  and  in  such  manner  as  shall 
be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  5.  An  accurate  and  detailed  statement  of  the  receipts  and  ex- 
penditures of  the  public  mone}s.  and  the  several  amounts  paid,  to  whom, 
and  on  what  account,  shall  be  published,  as  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  6.  The  legislature  shall  provide  for  the  protection  of  the  rights 
of  women  in  acquiring  and  possessing  property,  real,  personal  and  mixed, 
separate  and  apart  from  the  husband;  and  shall  also  provide  for  their 
equal  rights  in  the  possession  of  their  children. 

Sec.  7.  The  legislature  may  reduce  the  salaries  nf  dfficcrs  wild  shall 
neglect  the  performance  of  anj'  legal  duty. 

Sec.  8.  The  temporary  seat  of  government  is  hereby  located  at  the 
city  of  Topeka,  county  of  Shawnee.  The  first  legislature  under  this 
constitution  shall  provide  by  law  for  submitting  the  question  of  the 
permanent  location  of  the  capital  to  a  popular  vote,  and  a  majority  of 
all  the  votes  cast  at  some  general  election  shall  be  necessary  for  such 
location. 

.'^ec.  g.  A  homestead,  to  the  extcnl  of  one  Inindreil  .md  sixty  ;icres 
of  farming  land,  or  of  nne  acre  within  the  limits  of  an  incorporated 
town  or  city,  occupied  as  a  residence  by  the  family  of  the  owner,  together 
with  all  improvements  on  the  same,  shall  be  exempted  from  forced  sale 
under  any  process  of  l;iw.  ;nul  sh;ill  not   be  alienated  willmnt    the  jninl 


KANSAS   HISTORY  439 

consent  of  husband  and  wife,  when  that  relation  exists ;  but  no  property 
shall  be  exempt  from  sale  for  taxes,  or  for  the  payment  of  obligations 
contracted  for  the  purchase  of  said  premises,  or  for  the  erection  of  im- 
provements thereon;  provided,  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  not 
apply  to  any  process  of  law  obtained  by  virtue  of  a  lien  given  by  the 
consent  of  both  husband  and  wife. 

SCHEDULE. 

Section  i.  That  no  inconvenience  may  arise  from  the  change  from  a 
territorial  government  to  a  permanent  state  government,  it  is  declared 
by  this  constitution  that  all  suits,  rights,  actions,  prosecutions,  recogni- 
zances, contracts,  judgments  and  claims,  both  as  respects  individuals  and 
bodies  corporate,  shall  continue  as  if  no  change  had  taken  place. 

Sec.  2.  All  fines,  penalties  and  forfeitures,  owing  to  the  territory  of 
Kansas,  or  any  county,  shall  inure  to  the  use  of  the  state  or  county. 
All  bonds  executed  to  the  territory,  or  any  officer  thereof  in  his  official 
capacity,  shall  pass  over  to  the  governor,  or  other  officers  of  the  state 
or  county,  and  their  successors  in  office,  for  the  use  of  the  state  or 
county,  or  by  him  or  them  to  be  respectively  assigned  over  to  the  use 
of  those  concerned,  as  the  case  may  be. 

Sec.  3.  The  governor,  secretary  and  judges,  and  all  other  officers, 
both  civil  and  military,  under  the  territorial  government,  shall  con- 
tinue in  the  exercise  of  the  duties  of  their  respective  departments  until 
the  said  officers  are  superseded  under  the  authority  of  this  constitution. 

Sec.  4.  All  laws  and  parts  of  laws  in  force  in  the  territory  at  the  time 
of  the  acceptance  of  this  constitution  by  Congress,  not  inconsistent  v^ith 
this  constitution,  shall  continue  and  remain  in  full  force  until  they  expire, 
or  shall  be  repealed. 

Sec.  5.  The  governor  shall  use  his  private  seal  until  a  state  seal  is 
provided. 

Sec.  6.  The  governor,  secretary  of  state,  auditor  of  state,  treasurer 
of  state,  attorney-general  and  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall 
keep  their  respective  offices  at  the  seat  of  government. 

Sec.  7.  All  records,  documents,  books,  papers,  moneys  and  vouchers 
belonging  and  pertaining  to  the  several  territorial  courts  and  offices  and 
to  the  several  district  and  county  offices,  at  the  date  of  the  admission  of 
this  state  into  the  Union,  shall  be  disposed  of  in  such  manner  as  may  be 
prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  8.  All  suits,  pleas,  plaints  and  other  proceedings  pending  in  any 
court  of  record,  or  justice's  court,  may  be  prosecuted  to  final  judgment 
and  execution ;  and  all  appeals,  writs  of  error,  certiorari,  injunctions,  or 
other  proceedings  whatever,  may  progress  and  be  carried  on  as  if  this 
constitution  had  not  been  adopted :  and  the  legislature  shall  direct  the 
mode  in  which  suits,  pleas,  plaints,  prosecutions  and  other  proceedings, 
and  all  papers,  records,  books  and  documents  connected  therewith,  may 
be  removed  to  the  courts  established  bv  this  constitution. 


440  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Sec.  9.  For  the  purpose  of  taking  the  vote  of  the  electors  of  this  terri- 
tory for  the  ratification  or  rejection  of  this  constitution,  an  election  shall 
be  held  in  the  several  voting  precincts  in  this  territory,  on  the  first 
Tuesday  in  October,  A.  D.  1859. 

Sec.  10.  Each  elector  shall  express  his  assent  or  dissent  by  voting  a 
written  or  printed  ballot  labeled  "For  the  constitution,"  or  "Against 
the  constitution." 

Sec.  II.  If  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  cast  at  such  election  shall  be  in 
favor  of  the  constitution,  then  there  shall  be  an  election  held  in  the  sev- 
eral voting  precincts  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  December,  A.  D.  1859,  for 
the  election  of  members  of  the  first  legislature,  of  all  state,  district  and 
county  officers  provided  for  in  this  constitution,  and  for  a  representative 
in  Congress. 

Sec.  12.  All  persons  having  the  qualifications  of  electors,  according 
to  the  provisions  of  this  constitution,  at  the  date  of  each  of  said  elec- 
tions, and  who  shall  have  been  duh'  registered  according  to  the  pro- 
visions of  the  registry  law  of  this  territory,  and  none  others,  shall  be 
entitled  to  vote  at  each  of  said  elections. 

Sec.  13.  The  persons  who  may  be  the  judges  of  the  several  voting 
precincts  of  this  territory  at  the  date  of  the  respective  elections  *in  this 
schedule  provided  for,  shall  be  the  judges  of  the  respective  elections 
herein  provided  for. 

Sec.  14.  The  said  judges  of  election,  before  entering  upon  the  duties 
of  their  office,  shall  take  and  subscribe  an  oath  faithfully  to  discharge 
their  duties  as  such.  They  shall  appoint  two  clerks  of  election,  who  shall 
be  sworn  by  one  of  said  judges  faithfully  to  dicharge  their  duties  as 
suet.  ^^  the  event  of  a  vacancy  in  the  board  of  judges  the  same  shall  be 
filled  by  the  electors  present. 

Sec.  15.  At  each  of  the  elections  provided  for  in  this  schedule  the 
polls  shall  open  between  the  hours  of  nine  and  ten  o'clock  a.  m.,  and  close 
at  sunset. 

Sec.  16.  The  tribunals  transacting  county  business  of  the  several 
counties  shall  cause  to  be  furnished  to  the  boards  of  judges  in  their 
respective  counties  two  poll-books  for  each  election  hereinbefore  pro- 
vided for,  upon  which  the  clerks  shall  inscribe  the  name  of  every  person 
who  may  vole  at  the  said  elections. 

Sec.  17.  After  closing  the  polls  at  each  of  the  elections  provided  for 
in  this  schedule,  the  judges  shall  proceed  to  count  the  votes  cast,  and 
designate  the  persons  or  objects  for  which  they  were  cast,  and  shall 
make  two  correct  tally-lists  of  the  same. 

Sec.  t8.  Each  of  the  boards  of  judges  shall  safely  keep  one  poll-book 
and  tally-list,  and  the  ballots  cast  at  each  election  ;  and  shall,  witliin 
ten  daj's  after  such  election,  cause  the  other  poll-book  and  tally-list  to 
be  transmitted,  by  the  hands  of  a  sworn  officer,  to  the  clerk  of  the 
board  transacting  county  business  in  their  respective  counties,  or  I11 
which  the  county  may  be  attached  for  municipal  purposes. 

Scr.  TQ.     The  trilimirils  transacting  county  business  shall  assemble  at 


KANSAS    HISTORY  44I 

the  counU'-seats  of  their  respective  counties  on  the  second  Tuesday  after 
each  of  the  elections  provided  for  in  this  schedule,  and  shall  canvass  the 
votes  cast  at  the  elections  held  in  the  several  precincts  in  their  respec- 
tive counties,  and  of  the  counties  attached  for  municipal  purposes.  They 
shall  hold  in  safe-keeping  the  poll-books  and  tally-lists  of  said  elections, 
and  shall,  within  ten  days  thereafter,  transmit,  by  the  hands  of  a  sworn 
ofificer,  to  the  president  of  this  convention,  at  the  city  of  Topeka,  a  certi- 
fied transcript  of  the  same,  showing  the  number  of  votes  cast  for  each 
person  or  object  voted  for  at  each  of  the  several  precincts  in  their  respec- 
tive counties,  and  in  the  counties  attached  for  municipal  purposes,  sep- 
arately. 

Sec.  20.  The  governor  of  the  territory  and  the  president  and  secretary 
of  the  convention  shall  constitute  a  board  of  state  canvassers,  any  two 
of  whom  shall  be  a  quorum  ;  and  who  shall,  on  the  fourth  Monday  after 
each  of  the  elections  provided  for  in  this  schedule,  assemble  at  said  city 
of  Topeka,  and  proceed  to  open  and  canvass  the  votes  cast  at  the  several 
precincts  in  the  dififerent  counties  of  the  territory  and  declare  the  result; 
and  shall  immediately  issue  certificates  of  election  to  all  persons  (if  any) 
thus  elected. 

Sec.  21.  Said  board  of  state  canvassers  shall  issue  their  proclamation 
not  less  than  twenty  days  next  preceding  each  of  the  elections  provided 
for  in  this  schedule.  Said  proclamation  shall  contain  an  announcement 
of  the  several  elections,  the  qualifications  of  electors,  the  manner  of  con- 
ducting said  elections  and  of  making  the  returns  thereof,  as  in  this 
constitution  provided,  and  shall  publish  said  proclamation  in  one  news- 
paper in  each  of  the  counties  of  the  territory  in  which  a  newspaper 
may  be  then  published. 

Sec.  22.  The  board  of  state  canvassers  shall  provide  for  the  trans- 
mission of  authenticated  copies  of  the  constitution  to  the  president  of  the 
United  States,  the  president  of  the  senate  and  speaker  of  the  house  of 
representatives. 

Sec.  23.  Upon  ofificial  information  having  been  by  him  received  of 
the  admission  of  Kansas  into  the  Union  as  a  state,  it  shall  be  the  duty 
of  the  governor  elect  under  the  constitution  to  proclaim  the  same,  and 
to  convene  the  legislature,  and  do  all  things  else  necessary  to  the  com- 
plete and  active  organization  of  the  state  government. 

Sec.  24.  The  first  legislature  shall  have  no  power  to  make  any  changes 
in  county  lines. 

Sec.  25.  At  the  election  to  be  held  for  the  ratification  or  rejection  of 
this  constitution,  each  elector  shall  be  permitted  to  vote  on  the  home- 
stead provision  contained  in  the  article  on  "Miscellaneous,"  by  depositing 
a  ballot  inscribed  "For  the  homestead,"  or  "Against  the  homestead;" 
and  if  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  cast  at  said  election  shall  be  against 
said  provision,  then  it  shall  be  stricken  from  the  constitution. 


442  ■  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

RESOLUTIONS. 

Resolved,  That  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  is  hereby  requested, 
upon  the  apphcation  of  Kansas  for  admission  into  the  Union,  to  pass 
an  act  granting  to  the  state  forty-five  hundred  thousand  acres  of  land  to 
aid  in  the  construction  of  railroads  and  other  internal  improvements. 

Resolved,  That  Congress  be  further  requested  to  pass  an  act  appro- 
priating fifty  thousand  acres  of  land  for  the  improvement  of  the  Kansas 
river  from  its  mouth  to  Fort  Riley. 

Resolved,  That  Congress  be  further  requested  to  pass  an  act  granting 
all  swamp  lands  within  the  state  for  the  benefit  of  common  schools. 

Resolved,  That  Congress  be  further  requested  to  pass  an  act  appro- 
priating five  hundred  thousand  dollars,  or  in  lieu  thereof  five  hundred 
thousand  acres  of  land,  for  the  payment  of  the  claims  awarded  to  citizens 
of  Kansas  by  the  claiim  commissioners  appointed  by  the  governor  and 
legislature  of  Kansas  under  an  act  of  the  territorial  legislature  passed 
Feb.  7,  1859. 

Resolved,  That  the  legislature  shall  make  provision  for  the  sale  or 
disposal  of  the  lands  granted  to  the  state  in  aid  of  internal  improve- 
ments and  for  other  purposes,  subject  to  the  same  right  of  preemption 
to  the  settlers  thereon  as  are  now  allowed  by  law  to  settlers  on  the 
public  lands. 

Resolved,  That  it  is  the  desire  of  the  people  of  Kansas  to  be  admitted 
into  the  Union  with  this  constitution. 

Resolved,  That  Congress  be  further  requested  to  assume  the  debt  of 
this  territory. 

Conveyances. —  (See  Deeds.) 

Conway,  a  village  of  McPherson  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  6  miles  west  of  McPherson,  the  count)^  seat. 
It  has  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with 
two  rural  routes.    The  population  in  1910  was  125. 

Conway,  Martin  F.,  the  first  representative  in  Congress  from  the  Stale 
of  Kansas,  was  born  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  in  1830.  He  received  a  fair  edu- 
cation and  when  fourteen  years  of  age  went  to  I'altimnrc,  Md.,  where  he 
learned  the  printer's  trade.  He  was  one  nf  the  founders  of  tlic  national 
ty])ograi)hical  utu'on.  While  working  as  a  printer  he  studied  law.  was  ad-, 
milted  lo  the  bar,  and  began  practice  in  Ballimore.  In  1S54  he  moved  to 
Leavenworth,  Kan.,  where  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  first  legis- 
lative council,  but  on  July  3,  1855,  'i'^  resigned  his  seat.  Under  the  To- 
peka conslilulion  he  was  justice  of  the  su])reme  court  of  the  territory. 
He  wrote  the  resolutions  that  were  adopted  by  the  frce-st.iU'  ioii\  ciilion 
of  June  9,  1857,  at  Topeka,  and  in  i<S5S  was  a  dele.gate  to  the  T,en\en- 
worth  constitutional  convention  of  wliich  lie  was  elected  presidonl.  In 
1859  Mr.  Conway  was  noiuinaled  for  rejiresentative  in  Congress  by  the 
Republican  convention,  Mu<i  elected,  being  the  first  C'ons^ressnian  from  llie 
new  state.  In  1862  A.  C.  Wilder  was  elected  to  succeed  him,  and  Air. 
Conway  retired  to  private  life.     He  still  took  an  rictixc  interest  in  imlilic 


KANSAS    HISTORY  443 

affairs,  and  wlien  the  controversy  arose  between  President  Johnsrjn  and 
Cong;ress  over  the  question  of  reconstruction,  he  became  an  earnest  sup- 
porter of  the  President's  policy.  In  1866  he  was  ap])()inted  by  President 
Johnson  United  States  consul  to  Marseilles,  France.  When  he  returned 
to  the  United  States  he  settled  in  Washington,  D.  C,  where  in  1873  he 
fired  three  shots  at  Senator  Pomeroy,  who  was  slightly  wounded.  When 
arrested,  Conway  said:  "He  ruined  myself  and  family."  Pie  finally  lost 
his  mind  and  in  1880  became  an  inmate  of  St.  Elizabeth,  the  govertiment 
hospital  for  the  insane,  in  the  District  of  Columbia.  Disappointed  ambi- 
tions, it  is  supposed  made  him  insane.  He  died  at  St.  Elizabeth.  Feb.  15, 
1882. 

Conway  Springs. — These  springs  are  situated  in  the  town  of  the  same 
name  in  Sumner  county,  and  came  into  prominence  during  the  latter  '90s. 
Of  the  original  springs,  the  use  of  all  but  two  has  been  discontinued. 
These  waters  have  been  used  to  some  extent  for  medicinal  purposes,  and 
much  used  for  table  purposes.  The  springs  are  encased  with  24-inch 
tiling,  and  are  situated  in  a  small  park.  The  water  from  these  springs 
forms  Spring  Branch,  a  small  creek. 

Conway  Springs,  a  town  in  Conway  and  Springdale  townships,  Sum- 
ner county,  is  located  at  the  junction  of  two  lines  of  the  Missouri  Pa- 
cific railroad  15  miles  northwest  of  Wellington,  the  county  seat.  The 
town  is  named  for  the  mineral  springs  there.  It  has  2  banks,  a  theater, 
a  flour  mill,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Star),  good  hotel  accommodations, 
graded  public  schools,  and  several  of  the  leading  denominations  of 
churches.  It  also  has  telephone  and  telegraph  communications  and  an 
international  money  order  postoffice  with  four  rural  routes.  All  lines 
of  mercantile  enterprise  are  represented  and  the  business  blocks  are  mod- 
ern and  substantially  built.  There  are  a  number  of  well  stocked  and  up 
to  date  retail  stores.  The  population  according  to  the  census  of  1910 
was  1,292.    The  town  was  founded  in  1875. 

Cookville,  an  inland  village  of  Woodson  county,  is  on  Ow!  creek  10 
miles  east  of  Yates  Center,  the  county  seat,  and  6  miles  from  Rose,  its 
nearest  railroad  station,  from  which  it  receives  daily  mail. 

Coolidge,  an  incorporated  city  of  th.e  third  class  in  Hamilton  county, 
is  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  about  3  miles  east 
of  the  state  line  and  15  miles  west  of  Syracuse,  the  county  seat.  It  has 
a  number  of  general  stores,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Leader),  a  hotel, 
express  and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  communications,  a  graded  pub- 
lic school,  the  leading  church  organizations,  and  a  money  order  post- 
office.  The  population  according  to  the  government  census  of  1910  was 
145.  It  is  the  second  largest  town  in  Hamilton  count\-,  and  is  situated 
on  the  north  bank  of  the  Arkansas  river. 

Coon  Creek. — There  are  four  streams  in  Kansas  that  tear  this  name. 
The  first  rises  in  Washington  county  and  tlows  east,  emptying  into  the 
Little  Blue  river  in  Marshall  county;  the  third  rises  in  Osborne  county 
and  flows  south  until  it  discharges  its  waters  into  Wolf  creek  near  the 
town  of  Luray,  Russell  countv ;  and  the  fourth  rises  in  Ford  countv  and 


/\y\'\  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

flows  northeast,  almost  parallel  to  the  Arkansas  river,  into  which  it  emp- 
ties near  the  town  of  Garfield,  Pawnee  county. 

The  last  is  the  only  one  with  which  any  important  historical  event  is 
connected.  Fowler's  Journal  of  Glenn's  expedition  for  Oct.  21,  1821, 
says :  "We  passed  a  point  of  Rocks  on  Which  stands  two  trees  about 
600  yeards  from  the  River — and  seven  and  a  half  miles  came  to  a  deep 
and  mudey  Crick  100  feet  Wide.  Heare  Some  of  our  Horses  Run  to 
drink  and  Ware  Swomped  With  their  loads  and  Ware  forsed  to  be  pulled 
out."  Coues  thinks  this  creek  is  Coon  creek,  and  that  the  camp  of  the 
20th  was  somewhere  between  the  towns  of  Garfield  and  Kinsley. 

In  May,  1848,  a  compan)'  of  76  recruits  left  Fort  Leavenworth  to  join 
the  Santa  Fe  battalion  in  Chihuahua.  On  June  17  they  camped  on  Coon 
creek,  not  far  from  the  present  town  of  Kinsley,  and  the  next  morning 
were  attacked  by  some  800  Comanches  and  Apaches.  The  white  men 
were  armed  with  breech-loading  carbines,  but  the  bullets  rattled  harm- 
lessly from  the  raw-hide  shields  of  the  savages  who  came  on  in  a  charge 
that  looked  as  tholigh  the  whites  were  to  be  exterminated.  When  they 
were  almost  upon  the  camp  the  soldiers  turned  their  attention  to  firing 
upon  the  horses,  and  with  their  breech-loading  guns  soon  turned  the  tide 
of  battle.  Nearly  all  the  horses  in  the  front  rank  were  killed  at  the  first 
volley  and  the  remaining  Indians  sought  safety  in  flight.  The  aii'air  is 
known  as  the  battle  of  Coon  creek. 

Cooper  College,  located  at  Sterling,  Rice  county,  was  founded  in  1887. 
The  Sterling  Land  and  Investment  company  was  organized  in  1S86,  and 
platted  the  "College  Addition"  to  Sterling.  One  of  the  aims  of  the  com- 
pany was  to  erect  a  college  building  and  a  tract  of  10  acres  of  land  in  the 
addition  was  donated  for  the  purpose  by  Pliny  F.  Axtell,  one  of  the  early 
settlers.  A  building  was  erected  by  the  land  company,  which  in  Oct., 
1886,  offered  the  site  and  building  to  the  United  Presbyterian  synod  of 
Kansas,  with  the  condition  that  the  synod  endow,  operate  and  maintain 
the  school.  The  offer  was  accepted,  provided  five  years  should  be  al- 
lowed in  which  to  raise  the  endowment  fund  of  $25,000,  and  a  contract 
to  this  effect  was  signed  by  the  synod  committee  on  Oct.  22.  A  charier 
was  prepared  and  the  name  "Cooper  Memorial"  was  adopted  in  honor 
of  Rev.  Joseph  Cooper  of  Allegheny,  Pa. 

The  school  was  opened  on  Nov.  i,  1887,  with  A.  N.  Porter  as  acting 
president  and  professor  of  mathematics  and  English  literature;  S.  A. 
Wilson,  professor  of  languages,  and  Miss  Flora  Harriman,  instructor  in 
music.  The  school  began  work  witiiout  a  dollar  and  was  soon  confronted 
by  financial  difficulties.  At  times  it  was  feared  the  enterprise  would 
have  to  be  abandoned.  Efforts  were  made  to  secure  a  jircsidcnt,  but  no 
one  was  cliosen  luitil  1889,  when  Dr.  F.  M.  Spencer,  former  president  of 
Muskingum  College,  New  Concord,  Ohio,  was  secured,  lie  was  inaugu- 
rated on  Sept.  4,  and  the  college  immediately  entered  upon  a  more  pros- 
l)croiis  era.  The  numljcr  of  students  increased;  more  instructors  were 
employed;  new  departments  were  added;  by  1891  the  required  endow- 
ment was  raised ;  and  the  site  and  buildings  were  transferred  to   the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  445 

synod.  Chapel,  recilation  rooms,  laboratories  and  other  rooms  were  all 
provided  in  the  three-story  stone  building.  A  dormitory  for  girls  has 
since  been  built,  and  an  art  studio  is  located  on  Seventh  street.  The  li- 
brary contains  some  4,000  catalogued  books.  The  school  has  prepara- 
tory, normal,  commercial  and  college  courses,  and  special  courses  are 
given  in  the  conservatory  and  art  school.  In  1908,  the  last  available  re- 
port, there  were  183  students  enrolled. 

Cooperation. — (SSe  Farmers'  Cooperative  Association.) 

Cora,  a  hamlet  of  Smith  county,  is  located  on  the  headwaters  of  White 
Rock  creek  about  15  miles  northeast  of  Smith  Center,  the  county  seat, 
and  10  miles  from  Lebanon,  which  is  the  most  convenient  railroad  sta- 
tion, and  from  which  mail  is  received  by  rural  delivery.  ' 

Corbin,  a  town  of  Falls  township,  Sumner  county,  is  13  miles  south 
west  of  Wellington,  the  county  seat,  and  is  a  station  on  the  Chicago, 
Rock  Island  &  Pacific,  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  railways. 
It  has  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  express  and  tele- 
graph offices,  telephone  connections,  a  hotel,  a  good  local  trade,  Protest- 
ant churches,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  174. 

Cordley,  Richard,  author  and  Congregational  minister,  was  born  at 
Nottingham,  England,  Sept.  6,  1829.  When  he  was  about  four  years  of 
age  he  came  with  his  parents  to  America.  The  family  settled  on  a  tract 
of  government  land  in  Livingston  county,  Mich.,  where  Richard  attended 
the  pioneer  public  schools.  In  1850  he  entered  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan and  graduated  with  the  class  of  1854,  working  his  way  through  the 
institution.  He  then  worked  his  way  through  the  Andover  Theological 
Seminary,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1857.  On  Dec.  2,  1857,  he  preached 
his  first  sermon  in  the  Plymouth  Congregational  church  at  Lawrence, 
Kan.,  where  he  remained  as  pastor  until  1875,  when  he  went  to  Flint, 
Mich.,  for  awhile,  after  which  he  was  pastor  of  a  church  at  Emporia, 
Kan.,  for  six  years.  In  1884  he  returned  to  Lawrence  and  continued  as 
pastor  of  the  Plymouth  church  until  his  death,  which  occurred  on  July 
II,  1904.  In  May,  1859,  Mr.  Cordley  married  Miss  Mary  M.  Cox  of  Liv- 
ingston county,  Mich.  At  the  time  of  the  Ouantrill  raid,  Aug.  21,  1863, 
his  house  and  all  its  contents  were  burned,  and  he  was  one  of  the  persons 
marked  for  death,  but  he  managed  to  elude  the  guerrillas.  Mr.  Cordley 
was  several  times  a  member  of  the  National  council  of  Congregational 
churches.  In  1871  he  was  elected  president  of  Washington  College,  but 
declined  the  office.  Three  years  after  this  the  LJniversity  of  Kansas  con- 
ferred upon  him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity.  He  served  for  some 
time  as  a  regent  of  the  Kansas  Agricultural  College,  and  was  for  several 
years  president  of  the  Lawrence  board  of  education.  He  was  the  author 
of  "Pioneer  Days  in  Kansas"  and  a  "History  of  Lawrence,"  and  was  a 
contributor  to  magazines  and  church  periodicals. 

Corn. — Indian  corn,  or  maize,  was  cultivated  by  the  North  American 
Indians  in  a  crude  way  before  the  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus, 
who  introduced  the  plant  into  Europe.  From  the  earliest  settlement  of 
Kansas  corn  has  been  one  of  the  principal  field  crops.     Five  years  after 


446  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

the  organization  of  the  territory  the  farmers  along  the  Kansas  river 
raised  large  quantities  of  corn,  but  found  later  that  it  was  a  difficult  mat- 
ter to  get  it  to  market.  In  the  fall  of  1859  James  R.  Mead  tried  the  ex- 
periment of  transporting  corn  down  the  Kansas  river  in  keel  boats — 500 
sacks  to  each  boat — but  found  the  water  too  low  and  the  sand  bars  too 
numerous  to  make  the  venture  a  profitable  one.  At  that  time  there  were 
a  few  light  draft  steamboats  on  the  Kansas.  The  Kansas  City  Journal 
of  June  17,  1859,  contained  an  item  to  the  effect  that  the  steamer  "Col. 
Gus  Linn"  left  Manhattan  earl}-  in  the  month  with  2.200  bushels  of  corn 
on  board  and  took  on  500  sacks  more  at  Topeka,  but  that  owing  to  the 
low  stage  of  water  was  compelled  to  leave  some  of  the  corn  on  the  river 
bank  to  lighten  the  cargo. 

On  Sept.  21,  1859,  the  same  paper  announced  that  the  Col.  Gus  Linn 
had  arrived  from  another  trip  up  the  river  with  1,300  bushels  of  corn, 
and  also  said:  "We  learned  from  the  officers  of  the  boat  that  at  Man- 
hattan, Topeka,  Tecumseh,  Lecompton  and  Lawrence  there  is  not  less 
than  40,000  bushels  of  corn  awaiting  shipment.  We  shall  look  for  this 
corn  down  on  the  first  rise  in  this  new  stream  of  western  commerce." 

The  production  of  corn  outran  the  transportation  facilities,  with  the 
result  that,  for  almost  a  quarter  of  a  century  after  the  first  settlements 
were  made  in  Kansas,  the  farmers  realized  but  little  profits  from  their 
corn  crops.  In  the  early  '70s,  owing  to  Ihe  scarcity  of  fuel  and  the  exces- 
sive freight  charges  of  the  railroad  companies,  many  farmers  found  it 
more  profitable  to  burn  their  corn  than  to  sell  it  at  the  low  prevailing 
prices  and  buy  coal.  But  the  grasshopper  scourge  of  187JI  taught  them 
that  it  was  well  to  have  a  stock  of  old  corn  on  hand  in  case  of  another 
such  visitation,  and  after  tliat  year  not  much  corn  was  consumed  in  the 
stoves  of  Kansas  farmers.  When  means  of  transportation  could  nui  be 
found  for  getting  the  corn  into  market,  or  when  the  price  has  been  un- 
saticfaclory,  the  product  of  the  field  has  been  fed  to  live  stock  and  mar- 
keted "on  the  hoof." 

About  1895  J.  M.  McFarland,  formerly  assistant  secretary  of  the  Kan- 
sas State  Board  of  Agricuture  and  statistician  in  the  United  States  de- 
partment of  agriculture,  ])ublishcd  a  pamphlet  showing  the  production 
of  corn  in  the  eastern  part  of  Kansas — that  is  east  of  line  drawn  from  the 
northern  lioimdary  of  lite  state  between  Smith  and  Jewell  counties  to 
tiie  southern  boimdary  between  Harper  and  Barber  counties — as  com- 
pared with  the  great  corn  growing  states  east  of  the  Mississipjii  river, 
for  tlie  ten  years  1884  to  1893,  inclusive.  Illinois  was  the  only  state  east 
of  the  Mississippi  that  exceeded  eastern  Kansas  in  every  one  of  the  ten 
years.  In  1886  Kansas  was  exceeded  i>y  Illinois  ;uHi  Indiana;  in  1887. 
owing  to  a  marked  decrease  in  the  acreage  in  eastern  Kansas,  il  was  ex- 
ceeded by  r)liio,  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Kcnluckx  ;  in  i8(jo,  when  the 
acreage  fell  off  lo  about  one-half  that  nf  tin-  i)rcceding  year,  it  was  ex- 
ceeded by  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois.  Kentucky  and  Tennessee. 

The  greatest  corn  crop  in  the  history  of  Kansas  was  in  iSS(),  wluii 
ilie  state   ]>rii(liiced   273,988,231   buslu'ls,  having  over  5,000,000  acres  in 


KANSAS    lUSTOKY  447 

"waving  corn  fields."  'i'his  great  crop  led  Gov.  Martin  to  say  in  an  in- 
terview :  "Corn  is  the  sign  and  seal  of  a  good  American  agricultural 
country ;  corn  is  an  American  institution ;  one  of  the  discoveries  of  the 
continent.  It  was  known  to  the  Indians,  and  to  cultivate  it  was  one  of 
the  few  agricultural  temptations  which  overcame  their  proud  and 
haughty  contempt  for  labor.    Kansas  has  corn  and  so  has  luck." 

The  corn  of  the  twentieth  century  is  a  different  product  from  that 
taken  to  Europe  by  Columbus.  Although  it  retains  its  original  form — 
only  nature  could  change  that — the  ear  of  corn  raised  by  the  modern 
husbandman  would  make  the  ear  raised  by  the  Indian  in  the  fifteenth 
century  look  like  a  "nubbin."  Scientific  agriculturists  have  spent  much 
time  in  experimenting  to  improve  both  the  quality  and  the  yield  of  corn. 
Agricultural  colleges  in  the  various  states  and  government  experiment 
stations  have  added  to  this  work  by  a  careful  study  of  the  chemistry  of 
soils,  the  value  of  commercial  fertilizers,  etc.  In  June,  1900,  the  Illinois 
Corn  Breeders'  Association  was  organized  for  the  purpose  of  improving 
the  standard  of  seed  corn.  It  proved  to  be  a  success,  and  similar  or- 
ganizations have  since  been  formed  in  Indiana,  Maryland,  Iowa,  Kansas 
and  Nebraska.  Members  of  these  associations  work  in  conjunction  with 
the  agricultural  colleges  and  experiment  stations,  and  in  most  of  the 
states  money  has  been  appropriated  from  the  ])ublic  funds  to  further 
the  enterprise.     Veril}-,   "Corn  is   King." 

The  corn  crops  of  Kansas  for  1910,  when  over  8,500,000  acres  were 
planted,  amounted  to  152,810,884  bushels,  valued  at  $76,402,328. 

Corning,  an  incorporated  town  of  Nemaha  county,  is  located  on  the 
Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  about  half  way  between  Centralia  and  ^Vetmore, 
in  Illinois  township,  14  miles  south  of  Seneca.  It  has  a  bank,  a  weekly 
newspaper  (the  Gazette),  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes.  The  population  in  1910  was  441. 
Old  Corning  was  settled  in  1867,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  west  of  the 
present  site.  A  postoffice  was  established  in  that  year,  with  N.  B. 
McKay  as  postmaster,  and  the  place  was  named  for  Erastus  Corning  of 
New  York.  Two  stores  and  two  dwellings  were  all  there  was  to  the 
town  when  it  was  moved  to  the  railroad  by  McKay,  who  bid  in  some 
school  land  and  gave  the  railroad  company  half  a  section  in  considera- 
tion of  its  locating  a  station  at  this  point.  The  first  school  was  taught 
by  Minnie  Bracken  in  a  small  frame  building  in  1872. 

Coronado,  a  village  of  Wichita  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri 
Pacific  R.  R.  3  miles  east  of  Leoti,  the  county  seat,  from  which  place 
mail  is  received  by  rural  free  delivery. 

Coronado's  Expedition. — Shortly  after  the  discovery  of  America  the 
Spanish  people  became  imbued  with  the  idea  tliat  somewhere  in  the  in- 
terior of  the  New  World  there  were  rich  mines  of  gold  and  silver,  and 
various  expeditions  were  sent  out  to  search  for  these  treasures.  As 
every  important  event  in  history  is  the  sequence  of  something  which 
went  before,  in  order  to  gain  an  intelligent  vmderstanding  of  the  expedi- 
tion of  Francisco  Vasquez  de  Coronado,  in  search  of  the  seven  cities  of 


448  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Cibola  and  the  country  of  Quivira  (1540-42),  it  will  be  necessary  to  no- 
tice briefly  the  occurrences  of  the  preceding  decade.  Pedro  de  Castaneda, 
the  historian  of  the  expedition,  begins  his  narrative  as  follows : 

"In  the  year  1530  Nuno  de  Guzman,  who  was  president  of  New  Spain, 
had  in  his  possession  an  Indian,  one  of  the  natives  of  the  valley  or  valleys 
of  Otixipar,  who  was  called  Tejo  by  the  Spaniards.  This  Indian  said  he 
was  the  son  of  a  trader  who  was  dead,  but  that  when  he  was  a  little  boy 
his  father  had  gone  into  the  back  country  with  fine  feathers  to  trade  for 
ornaments,  and  that  when  he  came  back  he  brought  a  large  amount  of 
gold  and  silver,  of  which  there  is  a  good  deal  in  that  country.  He  went 
with  him  once  or  twice,  and  saw  some  very  large  villages,  which  he  com- 
pared to  Mexico  and  its  environs.  He  had  seen  seven  very  large  towns 
which  had  their  streets  of  silver  workers." 

The  effect  of  a  stor}-  of  this  natiu"e  upon  the  Spanish  mind  ca;i  be  read- 
ily imagined.  It  aroused  the  ambition  and  cupidity  of  Guzman,  and  ex- 
ercised an  influence  on  all  the  enterprises  he  directed  along  the  Pacific 
coast  'to  the  north.  Gathering  together  a  force  of  some  400  Spaniards 
and  several  thousand  friendly  Indians,  he  started  in  search  of  the  "Seven 
Cities,"  but  before  he  had  covered  half  the  distance  he  met  with  serious 
obstacles,  his  men  became  dissatisfied  and  insisted  on  turning  back,  and 
about  the  same  time  Guzman  received  information  that  his  rival,  Her- 
nando Cortez,  had  come  from  Spain  with  new  titles  and  powers,  so  he 
abandfined  the  enterprise.  Before  turning  his  face  homeward,  however, 
he  founded  the  town  of  Culiacan.  from  which  post  incursions  were  made 
into  southern  Sonora  for  the  purpose  of  capturing  and  enslaving  the 
natives. 

In  1535  Don  Antonio  de  Mendoza  became  viceroy  of  New  Spain.  The 
following  spring  there  arrived  in  New  Spain  Cabega  de  Vaca,  Alonso  del 
Castillo  Maldonado,  Andres  Dorantes  and  a  negro  named  Kstevan,  sur- 
vivors of  the  Xarvaez  expedition  which  had  sailed  frmn  Spain  in  June. 
1527.  For  six  years  these  men  had  been  captives  among  the  Indians  of 
the  interior,  from  which  they  had  heard  stories  of  rich  copper  mines  and 
pearl  fisheries.  These  stories  they  repeated  to  Mendoza,  who  bought  the 
negro  with  a  view  to  having  him  act  as  guide  to  an  expedition  to  explore 
the  coimtry,  but  it  was  three  years  later  before  a  favorable  opportunity 
for  his  project  was  offered. 

In  1538  Guzman  was  imprisoned  by  a  juez  de  residencia,  the  licentiate 
Diego  Perez  de  la  Torre,  who  ruled  the  province  of  Culiacan  a  short 
time,  when  Mendoza  appointed  his  friend,  Francisco  Vasquez  de  Coro- 
nado,  governor  of  the  province  of  New  Galicia,  situated  on  the  west 
coast  of  Mexico,  between  25°  and  27°  north  latitude,  the  new  province 
including  the  old  one  of  Culiacan.  Coronado  showed  a  willingness  to 
assist  and  encourage  Mendoza  in  the  effort  to  find  the  "Seven  Cities," 
and  on  March  7,  1539,  wliat  might  be  termed  a  rcconnoilcring  party  left 
Culiacan  under  tlic  leadership  of  Friar  Marcos  de  Niza,  with  Kstevan  as 
guide.  Father  Marcos  had  been  a  member  of  Alvarado's  expedition  to 
Peru  in  1534.     Upon  reaching  a  place  called  \'^apaca  fin  central  Sonora) 


KANSAS    HISTORY  449 

Marcos  sent  Estevan  toward  the  ni)rlli  "with  instructions  to  [jroceed  50 
or  60  leagues  and  see  if  he  could  find  anything  which  might  help  them 
in  their  search." 

Four  days  later  Estevan  sent  to  Father  Marcos  a  large  cross,  and  the 
messenger  who  brought  it  told  of  "seven  very  large  cities  in  the  first 
province,  all  under  one  lord,  with  large  houses  of  stone  and  lime ;  the 
smallest  one  story  high,  with  a  flat  roof  above,  and  others  two  and  three 
stories  high,  and  the  house  of  the  lord  four  stories  high.  And  on  the 
portals  of  the  principal  houses  there  are  many  designs  of  turquoise 
stones,  of  which  he  says  they  have  a  great  abundance." 

A  little  later  Estevan  sent  another  cross  by  a  messenger  who  gave  a 
more  specific  account  of  the  seven  cities,  and  Father  Marcos  determined 
to  visit  Cibola  for  the  purpose  of  verifying  the  statements  of  the  messen- 
g'ers.  He  left  Vapaca  on  April  8,  expecting  to  meet  Estevan  at  the  vil- 
lage from  \\'hich  the  second  cross  was  sent,  but  upon  arriving  there  he 
learned  that  the  negro  had  gone  on  northward  toward  Cibola,  which  was 
distant  thirty  days'  journey.  The  friar  continued  on  his  way  until  he 
met  an  inhabitant  of  Cibola,  who  informed  him  that  Estevan  had  been 
put  to  death  by  order  of  the  Cibolan  chiefs.  From  the  top  of  a  hill  Mar- 
cos obtained  a  view  of  the  city,  after  which  he  hastened  back  to  Com- 
postela  and  made  a  report  of  his  investigations  to  Gov.  Coronado. 

The  immediate  efTect  of  his  report,  in  which  he  stated  that  the  city  he 
saw  from  the  top  of  the  hill  was  "larger  than  the  city  of  Mexico,"  was  to 
awaken  the  curiosity  of  the  people  of  New  Spain  and  create  a  desire  to 
visit  the  newly  discovered  region.  In  response  to  this  sentiment,  Men- 
doza  issued  an  order  for  a  force  to  assemble  at  Compostela,  ready  to 
march  to  Cibola  as  soon  as  the  spring  of  1540  opened.  Arms,  horses  and 
supplies  were  collected  and  the  greater  part  of  the  winter  was  spent  in 
preparations.  In  casting  about  for  a  leader  the  viceroy's  choice  fell  on 
Gov.  Coronado,  a  native  of  Salamanca,  who  had  come  to  New  Spain  with 
Mendoza  in  1535.  Two  years  later  he  married  Beatrice  de  Estrada,  said 
to  be  a  cousin  b}-  blood  of  Charles  V,  king  of  Spain.  About  the  time  of 
his  marriage  Mendoza  sent  him  to  quell  a  revolt  among  the  Indians  in 
the  mines  of  Amatapeque,  which  he  did  so  successfully  that  the  following 
year  the  viceroy  appointed  himi  governor  of  New  Galicia,  as  already 
stated.     Castaneda's  narrative  saj's  : 

"There  were  so  manv  men  of  such  high  quality  among  the  Spaniards, 
that  such  a  noble  body  was  never  collected  among  the  Indies,  nor  so 
many  men  of  quality  in  such  a  small  body,  there  being  300  men.  Fran- 
cisco Vasquez  Coronado  was  captain  general,  because  he  was  the  author 
of  it  all." 

In  addition  to  the  300  Spaniards,  there  were  from  800  to  1,000  Indians. 
Accounts  vary  in  this  respect.  Mota  Padilla  says  the  expedition  consist- 
ed of  260  horse,  60  foot,  and  more  than  1,000  Indians,  equipped  with  6 
swivel  guns,  more  than  1,000  spare  horses,  and  a  large  number  of  sheep 
and  swine.  Bandelier  gives  the  number  of  men  as  300  Spanish  and  800 
Indians,  and  savs  the  cost  of  equipping  the  expedition  was  60,000 
(I-29) 


430  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

ducats,  or  over  $250,000  in  United  States  mone}-.  On  Feb..  23,  1540,  Coio- 
nado  left  Compostela  with  his  army  and,  according  to  \\'inship,  reached 
Ciiliacan  late  in  March.  Here  the  expedition  rested  until  April  22,  when 
the  real  march  to  the  "Seven  Cities"  began.  Coronado  "followed  the 
coast,  bearing  oiif  to  the  left,"  and  on  St.  John's  eve  "entered  the  wilder- 
ness— the  White  mountain  Apache  country  of  Arizona."  Mendoza,  be- 
lieving the  destination  of  the  expedition  to  be  somewhere  near  the  coast, 
sent  from  Natividad  two  ships,  imder  command  of  Pedro  d'Alarcon,  to 
take  to  Xalisco  all  the  soldiers  and  supplies  the  command  could  not 
carry. 

As  the  expedition  advanced,  detachments  were  sent  out '  in  various 
directions  to  explore  the  country.  In  June  Coronado  reached  the  vallej' 
of  the  Corazones — so  named  by  Cabe(;a  de  Vaca  because  the  natives 
there  offered  him  the  hearts  of  animals  for  food.  Here  the  army  built 
the  town  of  San  Hieronimo  de  los  Corazones  (St.  Jerome  of  the  Hearts), 
and  then  moved  on  toward  Cibola.  There  has  been  considerable  specu- 
lation as  to  the  location  of  the  fabled  "Seven  Cities,"  but  the  best  authori- 
ties agree  that  they  occupied  the  site  of  the  Zuni  pueblos  m  the  western 
part  of  New  Mexico.  A  map  in  the  ■14th  annual  report  of  the  Bureau  of 
Ethnology  shows  tliem  there,  and  Prof.  Henry  W.  Playnes,  in  an  ad- 
dress at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Antiquarian  Society  on  (~)ct. 
21,  1881,  sums  up  the  arguments  in  favor  of  this  location. 

On  July  7,  1540,  Coronado  captured  the  first  city,  the  pueblo  of  Haw- 
ikuh,  which  he  named  Granada.  After  the  capture  of  this  place  the  In- 
dians retired  to  their  stronghold  on  Thunder  mountain.  Coronado  recon- 
noitered  the  position  and  on  Aug.  3  despatched  Juan  Gallego  with  a  let- 
ler  to  Mendoza,  advising  liim  of  the  progress  and  achievements  of  the 
expedition. 

The  army  went  into  winter  quarters  at  Tiguex,  near  the  present  city 
of  Albuquerque,  and  during  the  winter  subjugated  the  hostile  natives  in 
the  pueblos  of  the  Rio  Grande.  While  at  Tiguex  Coronado  heard  from 
one  of  the  plains  Indians,  a  slave  in  the  village  of  Cicuye,  the  stories 
about  Quivira  (q.  v.).  This  Indian,  whom  the  Spaniards  called  "The 
Turk,"  told  them  his  masters  had  instructed  him  to  lead  them  to  certain 
barren  plains,  where  water  and  food  could  not  be  obtained,  and  leave 
them  ihere  to  perish,  or,  if  they  succeeded  in  finding  their  way  back  tliey 
would  be  so  weakened  as  to  fall  an  easy  prey.     Winship  says ; 

"The  Turk  may  have  accompanied  Alvarado  on  the  first  visit  to  the 
great  plains,  and  he  doubtless  told  tjic  white  men  aI)out  his  distant  home 
and  the  roving  life  on  the  prairies.  It  was  later,  when  the  Spaniards 
began  to  question  him  about  nations  and  rulers,  gold  and  treasures,  that 
he  received,  perhaps  from  the  Spaniards  tjiemsclves,  the  hints  which  led 
him  to  tell  tliem  what  they  were  rejoiced  to  hear,  and  to  develop  the  fan- 
ciful DJclnres  which  apjiealcd  sn  forcibly  to  all  the  desires  of  his  hearers. 
The  Turk,  we  cannot  doubt,  told  the  Spaniards  many  things  which  were 
not  true.  But  in  trying  to  trace  these  early  dealings  of  the  Europeans 
with  the  American  aborigines,  we  must  never  forget  how  much  may  be 


KANSAS    HISTORY  13  1 

explained  b}-  the  possibilities  of  misrepresentation  on  the  part  of  the 
white  men,  who  so  often  heard  of  what  they  wished  to  find,  and  who 
learned,  very  gradually  and  in  the  end  very  imperfectly,  to  understand 
only  a  few  of  their  native  languages  and  dialelcls.  .  .  .  Much 
of  what  the  Turk  said  was  very  likely  true  the  first  time  he  said  it,  al- 
though the  memories  of  home  were  heightened,  no  doubt,  by  absence 
and  distance.  Moreover,  Castaneda,  who  is  the  chief  source  for  the  sto- 
ries of  gold  and  lordly  kings  which  are  said  to  have  been  told  by  the 
Turk,  in  all  probabilitx'  did  not  know  anything  more  than  the  reports  of 
what  the  Turk  was  telling  to  the  superior  officers,  which  were  passed 
about  among  the  common  foot  soldiers.  The  present  narrative  (Cas- 
tenada's)  has  already  shown  the  wonderful  power  of  gossip,  and  when 
it  is  gossip  recorded  twenty  years  afterward,  we  may  properly  be  cau- 
tious in  believing  it." 

Whatever  the  nature  of  the  stories  told  by  the  Turk,  they  influenced 
Coronado  to  undertake  an  expedition  to  the  province  of  Quivira.  On 
April  10,  1541.  he  wrote  from  Tigcux  to  the  king.  That  letter  has  been 
lost,  but  it  no  doubt  contained  a  review  of  the  information  he  had  re- 
ceived concerning  Quivira  and  an  announcement  of  his  determination  to 
visit  the  province.  The  trusted  messenger,  Juan  Gallego,  was  sent  back 
to  the  Corazones  for  reinforcements,  but  found  the  town  of  San  Hieron- 
omo  almost  deserted.  He  theii  hastened  to  Mexico,  where  he  raised  a 
small  body  of  recruits,  with  which  he  met  Coronado  as  the  latter  was 
returning  from  Quivira. 

On  April  23,  guided  by  the  Turk,  Coronado  left  Tiguex,  taking  with 
him  every  member  of  his  army  who  was  present  at  the  time  of  starting. 
The  march  was  first  to  Sicuye  (the  Pecos  Pueblo),  a  fortified  village  five 
days  distant  from  Tiguex.  From  this  point  the  route  followed  by'  the 
expedition  has  been  a  subject  for  considerable  discussion.  Unquestion- 
ably, the  best  authorities  on  the  Coronado  expedition  are  Simpson, 
Bandelier,  Hodge  and  Winship,  and  their  opinions  have  not  been  suffi- 
ciently divergent  to  affect  the  general  result,  so  far  as  concerns  Coron- 
ado's  ultimate  destination. 

Gen.  Simpson,  who  devoted  much  time  and  stud)-  to  the  Spanish  ex- 
plorations of  the  southwest,  prepared  a  map  of  the  Coronado  expedi- 
tion, showing  that  he  crossed  the  Canadian  river  near  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  present  counties  of  Mora  and  San  Miguel  in  New  Mexico, 
thence  north  to  a  point  about  half-way  between  the  Arkansas  and  Ca- 
nadian rivers,  and  almost  to  the  present  line  dividing  Colorado  and  New 
Mexico.  There  the  course  changes  to  the  east,  or  a  little  north  of  east, 
and  continues  in  that  general  direction  to  a  tributary  of  the  Ai-kansas 
river,  about  50  miles  west  of  Wichita,  Kan. 

Bandelier,  in  his  "Gilded  Man,"  says  the  general  direction  from  Cicnye 
was  northeast,  and  that  "on  the  fourth  day  he  crossed  a  river  that  was 
so  deep  that  they  had  to  throw  a  bridge  across  it.  This  was  perhaps  the 
Rio  de  Mora,  and  not,  as  T  formerly  thought,  the  little  Gallinas,  which 
flows  by  Las  Vegas.     But  it  was  more  probably  the  Canadian  river,  into 


452  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

which  the  Alora  empties."  The  same  writer,  in  his  reports  of  the  Hem- 
enway  archaelogical  expedition,  says  that  after  crossing  the  river  Coro- 
nado  moved  northeast  for  twenty  days,  when  the  course  was  changed  to 
almost  east  until  he  reached  a  stream  "which  flowed  in  the  bottom  of  a 
broad  and  deep  ravine,  where  the  army  divided,  Coronado,  witlt  30 
picked  horsemen,  going  north  and  the  remainder  of  the  force  returning 
to  Mexico. 

Hodge's  map,  in  his  "Spanish  Explorations  in  the  Southern  United 
States,"  shows  the  course  of  the  expedition  to  be  southeast  from  Cicuye 
to  the  crossing  of  the  Canadian  river ;  thence  east  and  southeast  to  the 
headwaters  of  the  Colorado  river  in  Texas,  where  the  division  of  the 
arm}'  took  place. 

Winship  goes  a  little  more  into  detail  than  any  of  the  other  writers. 
Says  he :  "The  two  texts  of  the  Relacion  del  Suceso  differ  on  a  vital 
point ;  but  in  spite  of  this  fact,  I  am  inclined  to  accept  the  evidence  of 
this  anonymous  document  as  the  most  reliable  testimony  concerning 
the  direction  of  the  army's  march.  According  to  this,  the  Spaniards 
traveled  diie  east  across  the  plains  for  100  leagues  (265  miles)  and  then 
50  leagues  either  south  or  southeast.  The  latter  is  the  reading  1  should 
prefer  to  adopt,  because  it  accommodates  the  other  details  somewhat 
better.  This  took  them  to  the  point  of  separation,  which  can  hardly 
have  been  south  of  the  Red  river,  and  was  much  more  likely  somewhere 
along  the  north  fork  of  the  Canadian,  not  far  above  its  junction  with  the 
main  stream." 

At  the  time  the  army  divided  in  May,  Coronado  reckoned  thai  ho  was 
250  leagues  from  Tiguex.  The  reasons  for  the  separation  were  tlic  scar- 
city of  food  for  the  men  and  the  weakened  condition  of  many  of  the 
horses,  which  were  unable  to  continue  the  march.  During  the  marcli  to 
this  point  a  native  kept  insisting  that  the  Turk  was  lying,  and  the  In- 
dians whom  they  met  failed  to  corroborate  the  Turk's  account.  Coro- 
nado's  suspicions  were  finally  aroused.  He  sent  tdr  the  Turk,  (jnestioned 
him  closely,  and  made  him  confess  that  he  had  been  untruthful.  The 
Indian  still  maintained,  however,  that  Quivira  existed,  th<iugli  not  as  he 
had  described  it.  I'rom  the  time  the  army  divided,  all  accounts  agree 
that  Coronado  and  his  30  selected  men  went  due  north  to  a  large  stream, 
which  they  crossed  and  descended  in  a  nortiieasterly  direction  for  some 
distance,  and  then,  conliiiuing  llu'ir  course,  soon  came  to  the  soutluMii 
border  of  Ouivira. 

W'inshi])  says  that  ihc  anny  relumed  due  west  lo  llic  I'ecos  river, 
"while  Coronado  rode  north  'by  the  needle.'  h'rom  these  premises,  which 
are  broad  enough  to  be  safe,  I  should  be  inclined  to  doubt  if  Coronado 
went  much  beyond  the  southern  br;uu-li  of  the  K.ansas  ri\-er,  even  if  lie 
reached  that  stream." 

The  "large  stream"  mcnlionrd  in  llie  relations  is  behoved  to  li,i\c  l)con 
(he  Arkansas  river,  which  tjie  expedition  crossed  somowiicre  ne;ir  the 
present  Dodge  City,  Kan.,  tlien  followed  down  the  left  bank  to  the  \i- 
cinity  of  Great  l^end,  where  the  river  changes  its  course,  while  Coronado 
Ijrocecdcfl  in  almost  a  straight  line  to  the  neighborJinod  of  Jimction  City. 


KANSAS     IIJSTORV  453 

At  the  limit  of  his  journey  he  set  up  a  cross  bearinj^-  the  inscription: 
"Francisco  Vasquez  de  Coronado,  commander  of  an  expedition,  arrived 
at  this  phice." 

Toward  the  latter  ])art  of  August,  Coronado  left  Ouivira  and  started 
on  his  return  trip.  Un  Oct.  20  he  was  back  in  Tiguex,  where  he  wrote 
his  report  to  the  king.  The  army  wintered  again  at  Tiguex  and  in  the 
spring  of  1542  started'for  New  Spain,  where  they  arrived  the  following 
fall.  His  report  to  the  viceroy  was  coldly  received,  which  seems  to  have 
piqued  the  gallant  captain  general,  as  soon  afterward  he  resigned  his 
position  as  governor  of  New  Galicia  and  retired  to  his  estates.  True,  his 
exjieditifin  was  a  failure,  so  far  as  finding  gold  and  silver  was  concerned, 
but  the  failure  was  not  the  fault  of  the  commander.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  Spaniards  gained  accurate  geographical  information — accurate  at 
least  for  that  day — of  a  large  section  of  the  interior  of  the  continent. 

Mota  Padilla's  account,  written  in  1742  frcmi  records  left  by  Pedro 
de  Tobar  at  Culiacan,  says  regarding  the  failure:  "It  was  most  likely 
the  chastisement  of  God  that  riches  were  not  found  on  this  expedition, 
because,  when  this  ought  to  have  been  the  secondary  object  of  the  ex- 
pedition, and  the  conversion  of' all  those  heathen  their  first  aim,  they 
bartered  fate  and  struggled  after  the  secondary ;  and  thus  the  misfor- 
tune is  not  so  much  that  all  those  labors  were  without  fruit,  but  the 
worst  is  that  such  a  number  of  souls  have  remained  in  their  blindness." 

Four  priests  started  with  the  expedition,  viz :  Father  Marcos,  who 
had  previously  been  sent  out  to  find  the  seven  cities  of  Cibola,  Juan  de 
Padilla,  Luis  de  Ubeda  and  Juan  de  la  Cruz.  Father  Marcos  returned  to 
Mexico  with  Juan  Gallego  in  Aug.,  1541,  and  is  not  again  mentioned  in 
connection  with  the  expedition.  The  other  three  friars  remained  as  mis- 
sionaries among  the  Indians,  by  whom  they  were  killed.  Father  Padilla 
(q.  v.)  was  killed  in  Ouivira;  Father  Cruz  at  Tiguex,  and  Father  Ubeda 
at  Cicuye. 

Following  the  narratives  of  Castaneda  and  Jaramillo  and  the  Relacion 
del  Suceso,  it  is  comparatively  easy  to  distinguish  certain  landmarks 
which  seem  to  establish  conclusively  the  fact  that  the  terminus  of  Coro- 
nado's  expedition  was  somewhere  in  central  or  northeastern  Kansas. 
The  first  of  these  landmarks  is  the  crossing  of. the  Arkansas,  near  where 
the  crossing  of  the  Santa  Fe  trail  was  afterward  established.  The  second 
is  the  three  days'  march  along  the  north  bank  of  that  stream  to  where 
the  river  changes  its  course.  The  next  is  the  southwest  border  of  Oui- 
vira, where  Coronado  first  saw  the  hills  along  the  Smoky  Hill  river,  and 
another  is  the  ravines  mentioned  by  Castaneda  as  forming  the  eastern 
boundary  of  Quivira,  which  corresponds  to  the  surface  of  the  country 
about  Fort  Riley  and  Junction  City.  In  addition  to  these  landmarks 
there  have  been  found  in  southwestern  Kansas  several  relics  of  Spanish 
origin.  Prof.  J.  A.  Udden,  of  Bethany  College,  found  in  a  mound  near 
Lindsborg  a  fragment  of  Spanish  chain  mail.  \V.  E.  Richey,  of  Har- 
veyville,  Kan.,  presented  to  the  State  Historical  Society  a  sword  found 
in  Finney  county  and  bearing  a  Spanish  motto,  with  the  name  of  Juan 


454  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Gallego  near  the  hill.  Mr.  Richey  also  reported  the  finding  of  another 
sword  in  Greeley  county — a  two-edged  sword  of  the  style  of  the  Spanish 
rapier  of  the  i6th  centur\-.  And  near  Lindsborg  were  found  the  iron 
portion  of  a  Spanish  bridle  and  a  bar  of  lead  marked  with  a  Spanish 
brand.  In  the  light  of  all  this  circumstantial  evidence,  it  is  almost  cer- 
tain that  Coronado's  expedition  terminated  somewhere  near  the  junction 
of  the  Smoky  Hill  and  Republican  rivers. 

One  sad  feature  of  the  expedition  was  the  fate  of  the  Turk,  whom 
Coronado  put  to  death  upon  finding  that  the  Indiana  had  misled  him, 
although  the  poor  native's  mendacity  had  no  doubt  been  encouraged,  if 
not  actually  insijired  by  the  covetousness  of  the  Spanish  soldiers. 

Corporations. — I'nder  the  general  laws  of  Kansas,  corporations  are 
either  public  or  private.  .A  public  corporation  is  one  that  has  for  its 
object  the  government  of  a  portion  of  the  state.  Private  corporations 
are  of  three  kinds — corporations  for  religion,  corporations  for  charity 
or  bene\-olence.  and  corporations  for  profit.  Private  corporations  are 
created  b_y  the  voluntary  association  of  five  or  more  persons  for  the  pur- 
pose and  in  the  manner  prescribed.  Every  member  or  stockholder  in 
such  corporations  may  vote  in  person  or' by  proxy. 

The  purposes  for  which  private  corporations  may  be  formed  arc : 
I — The  support  of  public  worship  ;  2 — the  support  of  any  benevolent, 
charitable,  educational  or  missionary  undertaking;  3 — the  support  of  any 
literary  or  scientific  undertaking,  such  as  the  maintenance  of  a  library, 
or  the  promoting  of  painting,  music  or  other  fine  arts;  4 — the  encour- 
agement of  agriculture  and  horticulture;  5 — the  maintenance  of  public 
parks  and  of  facilities  for  skating  and  other  innocent  sports;  6 — the 
maintenance  of  a  cli>b  for  social  enjoyment;  7 — the  maintenance  of  a 
public  or  private  cemetery  ;  8 — the  prevention  or  punishment  of  theft  or 
willful  injuries  to  property,  and  insurance  against  such  risks;  9 — the 
insurance  of  human  life  and  dealing  in  Annuities;  10 — the  insurance  of 
human  beings  against  sickness  or  personal  injury:  ii — the  insurance  of 
lives  of  domestic  animals  or  against  their  loss  by  other  means;  12 — the 
insurance  of  property — marine  risks ;  13 — the  insurance  of  property 
against  loss  or  injury  by  fire,  or  by  any  risk  of  inland  transportation  ; 
14 — the  purchase,  location,  and  laying  out  of  town  sites  and  the  sale  and 
conveyance  of  the  same  in  lots  or  subdivisions  or  otherwise;  15 — the 
construction  and  maintenance  of  a  railway  and  of  a  telegraph  line  in 
connection  therewith  ;  16 — the  construction  and  maintenance  of  any 
species  of  road  and  of  bridges  in  connection  therewith  ;  17 — the  con- 
struction and  maintenance  of  a  bridge;  18 — the  construction  and  main- 
tenance of  a  telegrajih  line;  10 — the  establishment  and  maintenance  of 
a  line  of  stages;  20 — the  establishnieiit  and  maintenance  of  a  ferry;  21 — 
the  building  and  navigation  of  steamboats  and  carriage  of  persons  and 
property  th'ercon ;  22 — the  construction  and  maintenance  of  a  telephone 
line;  2"^ — the  suppl_\-  of  water  to  the  public;  24— the  manufacture  and 
supply  of  gas  or  the  sujiply  of  light  or  heat,  to  the  public  of  any  other 
means;  25 — the  production  and  supply  of  light,  heal  or  power  by  dec- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  455 

tricily  ;  26 — the  transaction  of  any  manufacturing,  mining,  mechanical 
or  chemical  business ;  27 — the  transaction  of  a  printing  and  publishing 
business ;  28 — the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  a  hotel ;  29 — the 
establishment  and  maintenance  of  a  theater  or  opera-house ;  30 — the  pur- 
chase, erection  and  maintenance  of  buildings,  including  the  real  estate 
upon  which  same  are  or  may  be  situated  when  erected ;  31 — the  improve- 
ment of  the  breed  ©f  domestic  animals  by  importation,  sale  or  other- 
wise ;  32 — the  transportation  of  goods,  wares,  merchandise  or  any  valu- 
able thing;  33 — the  promotion  of  immigration  ;  34 — the  construction  and 
maintenance  of  sewers ;  35 — the  construction  and  maintenance  of  street 
railways ;  36 — the  erection  and  maintenance  of  market-houses  and  mar- 
ket-places; 37 — the  construction  and  maintenance  of  dams  and  canals 
for  the  purpose  of  waterworks,  irrigation  or  manufacturing  purposes ; 
38 — the  construction,  maintenance  and  operation  of  union  stock-yards, 
and  the  erection  of  such  buildings,  hotels,  railways  and'  switches  as  may 
be  necessary  for  that  purpose ;  39 — the  conversion  and  disposal  of  agri- 
cultural products  by  means  of  mills,  elevators,  markets  and  stores,  or 
otherwise ;  40 — the  organization  and  maintenance  of  boards  of  trade  and 
business  exchanges,  with  powers  to  hold  and  improve  real  estate  and  to 
transact  any  and  all  business  connected  therewith ;  41 — the  organization 
of  loan  and  trust  companies  (but  this  privilege  is  not  construed  to  author- 
ize such  loan  and  trust  companies  to  sell  real  estate  held  as  security, 
except  in  the  manner  provided  by  law)  ;  42 — the  organization  and  con- 
trol of  building  and  loan  associations ;  43 — the  organization  and  control 
of  banks ;  44 — to  raise  necessary  funds  by  an}^  settlers  on  any  Indian 
lands  in  this  state  to  defray  expenses  in  endeavoring  to  obtain  title  to 
any  such  land  so  occupied  by  such  settlers;  45 — the  manufacture  of  any  • 
kind  of  machinery,  or  the  transaction  of  any  manufacturing  or  mining 
business,  including  the  selling,  hiring  or  leasing  of  engines,  cars,  rolling- 
stock  and  other  equipments  for  railroads  to  railroad  companies ;  46 — the 
insurance  of  crops  against  damages  by  hail-storms  :  and  47 — the  insur- 
ance of  plate  glass,  etc. 

Telephone  companies  have  all  the  rights  and  powers  conferred  and  are 
subject  to  all  the  liabilities  imposed  by  the  general  laws  of  this  state 
upon  telegraph  companies.  The  corporate  name  of  every  corporation 
(except  banks  and  corporations  not  for  pecuniary  profit)  must  com- 
mence with  the  word  "the,"  and  end  with  the  word  "corporation,"  "com- 
pany," "association,"  or  "society,"  and  must  indicate  by  its  corporate 
name  the  character  of  the  business  to  be  carried  on  bv  the  corporation. 
The  charter  of  a  corporation  must  set  forth  the  name  of  the  corporation; 
the  purposes  for  which  it  is  formed ;  the  place  or  places  where  its  busi- 
ness is  to  be  transacted;  the  term  for  which  it  is  to  exist;  the  number 
of  its  directors  or  trustees,  and  the  names  and  residences  of  those  who 
are  appointed  for  the  first  year ;  the  amount  of  its  capital",  if  any,  and 
the  number  of  shares  into  which  it  is  divided ;  the  names  and  addresses 
of  the  stockholders,  and  the  number  of  shares  held  by  each ;  and  must 
be  subscribed  and  acknowledged  by  five  or  more  of  the  stockholders. 


456  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

three  of  whom,  at  least,  must  be  citizens  of  tliis  state.  The  charter  of 
a  road  company  must  also  state  the  kind  of  road  intended  to  be  con- 
structed ;  the  places  from  and  to  which  it  is  intended  to  run ;  the  counties 
through  which  it  is  intended  to  be  run ;  and  the  estimated  length  of  the 
road.  The  charter  of  a  bridge  or  ferry  company  must  also  state  the 
stream  intended  to  be  crossed,  and  the  place  where  it  is  intended  to  be 
crossed  by  the  bridge  or  ferry. 

There  is  created  a  State  Charter  Board,  composed  of  the  attorney- 
general,  the  secretary  of  state,  and  the  state  bank  commissioner,  which 
meets  on  the  first  and  third  Wednesdaj'S  of  each  month  in  the  office  of  the 
secretary  of  state.  The  attorney-general  is  the  president  and  the  secre- 
tary of  state  is  the  secretary  of  the  board.  Persons  seeking  to  form  a 
private  corporation  under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Ivansas  must  make 
application  to  this  board,  ttpon  blank  forms  supplied  by  the  secretary 
of  state,  for  permission  to  organize  such  corporation.  The  application 
must  set  forth  the  name  desired  for  the  corporation  ;  the  name  of  the 
postoffice  where  the  principal  office  or  place  of  business  is  to  be  located ; 
the  full  nature  and  character  of  the  business  in  which  the  corporation 
proposes  to  engage ;  the  names  and  addresses  for  the  proposed  incor- 
porators, and  the  proposed  amount  of  the  capital  stock.  Such  state- 
ment must  be  subscribed  to  by  all  of  the  proposed  incorporators.  The 
charter  board  must  make  a  careful  investigation  of  each  application  and 
inquire  especially  with  reference  to  the  character  of  the  business  in  which 
the  proposed  incorporation  is  to  engage.  If  the  board  shall  determine 
that  the  business  or  undertaking  is  one  for  which  a  corporation  may  law- 
fully l)e  formed,  and  that  the  applicants  are  acting  in  good  faith,  the  ap- 
plication is  granted  and  a  certificate  setting  forth  such  fact  shall  be  en- 
dorsed upon  the  application  and  signed  by  the  members  of  the  charter 
board  approving  the  same. 

The  charter  of  every  private  corporation,  alter  the  payment  of  the 
fees  provided  by  law  has  been  endorsed  thereon  by  the  secretary  of 
state,  is  filed  in  the  office  of  that  official,  who  records  the  same  at  length 
in  a  book  kept  for  that  purpose  and  retains  the  original  on  file  in  liis 
office,  giving  a  certified  copy  of  it  to  the  incorporators.  A  copy  of  the 
charter  or  of  the  record  thereof,  duly  certified  by  the  secretary  of  state 
under  the  seal  of  his  office,  is  evidence  of  the  creation  nf  ilic  corjioration. 
The  existence  of  a  private  corporation  begins  on  the  da\'  the  charter  is 
filed  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state  and  continues  for  a  period  of 
fifty  years,  'i'he  certificate  of  the  secretary  of  state  under  the  seal  of 
his  office  is  evidence  of  the  time  of  such  filing,  but  mi  curimration  for 
profit,  excepting  railroad  ciirimratiiins,  l);inking  corporations  and  luiihl- 
ing  and  loan  associations,  can  conunence  business  until  there  is  filed  with 
the  secretary  of  state  an  affidavit,  made  by  its  president  or  secretary, 
setting  forth*  that  nnt  less  than  20  per  cent,  of  its  authorized  capital 
has  1)ccn  paid  in  actual  cash  or  in  property  e(Hii\aiciil  thereto.  .\ 
schedule  rif  such  property  must  in  such  e.isc  .■n-coin|iaii\   thr  allid.ixit. 

Any  corporation  organized  or  existing  m.iy  aiiund  its  charter  liy   the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  457 

affirmative  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  shares  of  the  sttjck  of  such  cor- 
poration, at  a  meeting  of  the  stockholders  called  for  the  purpose,  in  con- 
formity with  the  by-laws  thereof.  When  a  corporation  amends  any  of 
the  provisions  of  its  charter,  a  copy  of  such  amendment,  certified  by 
the  president  and  secretary  of  the  corporation,  must  l)e  submitted  to 
the  state  charter  board,  and,  when  approved  by  such  board,  shall  be 
filed  in  the  office  of-the  secretary  of  state,  along  with  the  original  char- 
ter of  the  corporation.  Such  amendments  take  effect  and  are  in  force 
from  and  after  the  date  of  filing  the  certificate  of  amendment. 

When  the  name  of  a  corporation  has  been  changed,  or  where  the 
capital  has  been  decreased,  or  when  the  location  of  the  principal  office 
or  place  of  business  has  been  changed,  notice  of  such  change  of  name, 
decrease  of  capital  stock,  or  change  of  location,  must  immediately  there- 
after be  published  once  each  week  for  four  consecutive  weeks  in  a 
newspaper  printed  and  published  in  the  county  where  the  principal  office 
of  the  corporation  is  located.  If  there  be  no  newspaper  printed  or  pub- 
lished in  such  county,  then  in  some  newspaper  having  a  general  circula- 
titm  therein.  Any  corporation  organized  under  the  laws  of  this  state 
may  increase  its  capital  to  any  amount  not  exceeding  three  times  that 
of  its  authorized  capital  by  vote  of  the  stockholders,  or  such  corporation 
may  increase  its  capital  to  any  amount  by  vote,  provided  there  be  an 
actual,  bona  fide,  additional  paid-up  subscription  thereto  equal  to  the 
amount  of  such  increase;  and  such  increase  must  become  a  part  of  the 
capital  of  the  corporation  from  and  after  the  date  of  filing  the  certificate 
of  such  amendment  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state. 

Each  application  to  the  charter  board  for  permission  to  organize  a 
dornestic  corporation,  or  to  engage  in  business  in  this  state  as  a  foreign 
corporation,  must  be  accomplished  by  a  fee  of  $25,  which  is  known  as  an 
application  fee ;  but  corporations  organized  for  religious,  educational 
or  charitable  purposes,  having  no  capital  stock,  are  not  required  to  pay 
such  fee.  Every  corporation  for  profit  organized  in  this  state  must  pay 
to  the  secretary  of  state,  at  the  time  of  filing  its  articles  of  incorporation, 
a  fee  known  as  a  capitalization  fee,  based  upon  the  amount  of  the 
authorized  capital  of  the  corporation :  For  a  corporation  having  an 
authorized  capital  of  $100,000  or  less,  the  fee  is  one-tenth  of  one  per  cent, 
of  the  amount,  but  the  minimum  capitalization  fee  paid  by  any  corpora- 
tion is  $10.  For  a  corporation  having  an  authorized  capital  greater  than 
$100,000,  the  capitalization  fee  is  $100,  and,  in  addition  thereto,  one- 
twentieth  of  one  per  cent,  of  the  amount  of  such  capital  over  or  in  excess 
of  $100,000. 

Corwin,  a  village  of  Blaine  township.  Harper  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  17  miles  southwest  of  Anthony,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph  and  express  offices^ 
telephone  connections,  a  hotel,  a  good  local  trade,  and  in  1910  reported 
a  population  of  125.  It  is  the  principal  shipping  point  for  the  south- 
western part  of  the  county. 


458  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Costello,  a  discontinued  postoffice  in  Montgomery  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  15  miles  northwest  of  Independence,  the 
county  seat,  and  6  miles  north  of  Elk  City,  from  which  place  it  receives 
daily  mail. 

Cotton. — The  cotton  of  commerce,  now  so  widely  used  throughout 
the  civilized  world  in  the  manufacture  of  textile  fabrics,  is  the  product  of 
several  varieties  of  plants  belonging  to  the  genus  gossypium,  natural 
order  malacese,  of  which  the  best  known  species  is  the  gossypium  bar- 
badense,  the  cotton  that  is  cultivated  so  extensively  in  the  L'nited  States. 
Of  this  plant  there  are  two  varieties — the  long  staple,  or  sea-island  cot- 
ton, which  is  grown  exclusively  upon  the  islands  along  the  coast  and  in 
a  few  places  on  the  mainland  in  Georgia,  Florida  and  South  Carolina, 
and  the  short  staple,  or  upland  cotton,  which  is  successfully  grown 
everywhere  in  the  L'nion  south  of  the  35th  parallel.  A  small  quantity 
is  raised  north  of  that  line,  but  is  usually  of  an  inferior  quality. 

India  is  the  oldest  cotton  producing  country  in  the  world.  In  the 
early  part  of  the  seventh  century  the  manufacture  of  cotton  cloth  was 
introduced  into  Spain  by  the  Mohammedans,  and  in  course  of  time  it 
spread  to  all  the  European  countries.  In  1721  the  first  cotton  was 
planted  in  Virginia,  and  eleven  or  twelve  years  later  it  was  introduced 
in  Georgia  and  South  Carolina.  The  cotton  crop  of  the  colonies  in  1790 
was  a  little  less  than  9,000  bales.  Three  years  later  the  cotton  gin  was 
invented  by  Eli  Whitney,  and  in  1800  the  crop  was  nearly  180,000  bales, 
much  of  the  increase  being  due  to  Whitney's  invention.  By  i860  the 
production  reached  to  over  5,000,000  bales,  with  an  average  weight  of 
445  pounds.  Then  came  the  great  Civil  war,  during  which  the  Southern 
ports  were  in  a  state  of  blockade,  so  that  the  cotton  could  not  find  an 
outlet  to  market,  and  the  production  practically  ceased. 

It  was  in  this  period  that  the  experiment  of  raising  cotton  in  the  North- 
ern states  was  tried.  Illinois,  Indiana.  West  Virginia,  Nevada,  Utah, 
California  and  Kansas  all  joined  the  ranks  of  the  cotton  growing  states, 
and  while  the  amount  raised  was  not  sufficient  to  supply  the  demand, 
and  the  quality  was  not  as  good  as  that  of  the  cotton  grown  farther 
south,  at  the  close  of  the  war  these  states  were  producin.c:  annually  some- 
thing like  300,000  pounds  of  cotton. 

The  experiment  was  tried  in  practically  every  county  of  Kansas,  but 
it  was  found  that  only  the  southern  portion  of  the  state  was  adapted  to 
the  cultivation  of  cotton.  After  the  v\ar  came  the  reconstruction  period, 
during  which  the  industries  of  the  Snnth  were  almost  completely  ]iara- 
lyzed.  so  that  it  was  several  years  before  the  cotton  growing  states  were 
able  to  produce  anything  like  a  normal  crop.  As  late  as  1878  cotton  was 
grown  in  22  counties  of  Kansas,  the  report  of  the  state  board  of  agri- 
culture for  that  year  showing  that  there  were  508  acres  planted  in  cotton, 
and  the  value  of  the  crop  was  $8,523.70.  More  than  one-half  the  entire 
amriunt  was  raised  in  Crawford  county,  where  there  were  333  acres  of 
cotton  fields  and  the  value  of  the  product  was  $5,833.50.  From  that  time 
cotton  growing  in  the  state  gradnnlly  declined,  owing  to  the  fad  that  the 


KANSAS    HISTOR'i-  459 

Southern  states  were  increasing  their  production,  and  the  cost  of  labor 
in  those  states  made  it  impossible  for  the  Kansas  cotton  planter  to  com- 
pete with  them.  The  report  of  the  state  board  of  agriculture  for  1-910 
shows  that  cotton  was  raised  in  but  two  counties  of  the  state — 10  acres 
in  Cowley  cotinty  and  24  acres  in  Montgomery — and  the  value  f)f  the 
entire  crop  was  but  $790. 

Cottonwood  FaUs,  the  judicial  seat  and  largest  town  of  Chase  county, 
is  located  in  the  central  part  of  the  county  on  the  Cottonwood  river,  at 
the  junction  of  two  lines  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R. 
It  is  a  well  built  little  city  with  good  appearing  business  houses,  some 
ol'  them  elegantly  constructed  with  plate  glass  windows,  etc.  There  are 
2  banks,  2  weekly  newspapers  (the  Chase  County  Leader  and  the  Cur- 
rant and  Reveille).  It  is  also  an  important  market  for  farm  produce.  A 
fine  quality  of  limestone  is  quarried  near  by  and  shipped  from  this  point, 
and  brick  for  building  and  walks  is  manufactured  in  considerable  quan- 
tities. The  town  is  supplied  with  tetegraph  and  express  offices  and  had 
an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route.  The  popu- 
lation according  to  the  census  of  1910  was  899. 

Cottonwood  Falls  was  made  the  temporary  count}'  seat  upon  the 
organization  of  the  county  in  1859.  In  1862,  having  received  a  majority 
of  the  votes  for  the  permanent  county  seat,  it  was  declared  such.  The 
town  became  a  city  of  the  third  class  in  1872.  The  first  officers  were: 
Mayor,  W.  S.  Smith ;  city  clerk,  M.  C.  Newton  ;  marshal,  C.  C.  Whitson ; 
police  judge,  J.  S.  Doolittle ;  councilmen,  George  W.  Williams,  A.  S. 
Howard  and  a  number  of  others. 

As  early  as  May.  1859,  a  newspaper  was  started  by  S.  N.  Wood  called 
the  Kansas  Press.  It  was  moved  to  Council  Grove  later  and  in  1866  Mr. 
Wood  started  the  Chase  County  Banner.  The  earliest  paper  to  sur- 
vive was  the  Chase  County  Leader,  established  in  1871  by  William  A. 
Morgan.  The  first  bank  was  the  Chase  County  National,  established  in 
1882.    The  first  churches  were  built  about  the  year  1870. 

Cottonwood  Falls  is  on  the  south  side  of  the  river  and  Strong  ■Cit\. 
the  railroad  station,  is  on  the  nnrth  side.  The  two  are  a  mile  and  a  half 
apart  and  are  connected  by  street  cars. 

Cottonwood  River,  one  of  the  principal  tributaries  of  the  Neosho,  is 
formed  by  the  union  of  two  branches  known  as  the  north  and  south 
forks.  The  north  fork  rises  near  the  west-  line  of  Marion  countv,  in 
township  30  south,  range  i  east.  It  first  flows  southeast,  crossing  the 
east  line  of  Marion  county  about  12  miles  north  of  the  southeast  corner, 
and  thence  northeast  to  Cottonwood  Falls,  Chase  county.  The  south 
fork  rises  in  the  northwest  corner  of  Greenwood  county^  and  flows  north- 
ward until  it  joins  the  north  fork  a  short  distance  belo-w  Cottonwood 
Falls.  The  main  stream  then  follows  an  easterly  course  until  it  falls 
into  the  Neosho  a  few  miles  east  of  Emporia. 

Council  Grove,  the  county  seat  of  Morris  county  and  one  of  the  his- 
toric towns  of  Kansas,  is  pleasantly  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
county,  on  the  Neosho  river  at  an  altitude  of  1,234  feet,  and  at  the  June- 


460  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

tion  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  and  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  rail- 
roads. It  has  I  national  and  i  state  bank,  an  international  money  order 
postoffice  with  five  rural  routes,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  a  tele- 
phone exchange,  an  electric  lighting  plant  and  waterworks,  both  of  which 
are  owned  by  the  city,  grain  elevators,  three  newspapers  (the  Re- 
publican, the  Guard,  and  the  Morris  County  Advance),  an  opera-house, 
good  hotels,  a  public  library,  an  excellent  public  school  system,  churches 
of  the  leading  denominations,  marble  and  granite  works,  and  a  number 
of  well  appointed  mercantile  establishments.  The  population  in  1910 
was  2,545. 

The  first  settler  at  Council  Grove  was  Seth  M.  Hays,  who  established 
a  trading  post  there  in  1847,  i"  "^  'og  cabin  a  few  rods  west  of  the 
Neosho  river  on  the  north  side  of  the  old  Santa  Fe  trail.  The  next  year 
a  man  named  Mitchell  came  to  Council  Grove  as  a  government  black- 
smith, bringing  with  him  his  wife,  who  was  the  first  white  woman  in 
Morris  county.  The  Kaw  mission  was  established  in  1850,  and  in  Alay, 
185 1,  T.  S.  HufFaker  opened  a  school,  which  was  one  of  the  first  schools 
attended  by  white  children  in  Kansas.  Other  early  settlers  were  the 
Chouteau  brothers,  the  Columbia  brothers  and  C.  H.  Withington,  who 
came  as  traders,  and  during  the  early  '50s  their  establishments  formed 
"the  last  chance  for  supplies"  for  travelers  bound  for  the  Great  \\'est.  In 
Oct.,  1854,  Gov.  Reeder  visited  Council  Grove,  with  a  view  to  making  it 
the  territorial  capital,  but  the  land  was  at  that  time  an  Indian  posses- 
sion. A  man  named  Gilke}"  opened  tlie  first  hotel  in  1836,  and  in  1858 
the  town  was  incorporated,  tlie  incor])orators  being  T.  S.  Huffaker,  Seth 
M.   Hays,  Iliram   Northrui)  and  Christopher  Columbia. 

The  place  where  Council  Grove  now  stands  was  mentioned  by  trav- 
elers as  early  as  1820,  and  in  1825  the  treaty  was  here  negotiated  with 
the  Osage  Indians  for  the  right  of  way  for  the  government  road  known 
as  the  Santa  Fe  trail,  a  portion  of  which  now  forms  the  main  street  of 
the  cit)'.  There  has  been  considerable  speculation,  and  various  rc])orts 
have  been  circulated,  as  to  how  the  ]ilace  received  the  name  of  Council 
Grove.  Cutler's  History  of  Kansas  says  it  originated  from  the  fact  that 
emigrant  trains  were  accustcmied  to  assemble  there,  and  the  leaders  of 
those  trains  would  hold  a  "council'"  to  determine  means  of  safety  while 
passing  througli  the  Indian  cnuntry  farther  west.  Gregg,  in  his  Com- 
merce of  the  Prairies,  says: 

"Frequent  attempts  have  been  made  \>y  tra\elers  to  in\est  Cmincil 
Grove  with  a  romantic  sort  of  interest,  nf  which  the  following  fabulous 
vagary,  which  1  (ind  in  a  letter  tJial  went  the  rounds  of  our  journals  is 
an  amusing  examjile :  'Here  the  Pawnee,  Arapahoe,  Comanche,  I-oup 
and  Eutaw  Indians,  all  of  whom  were  at  war  with  each  other,  meet  and 
smoke  the  pipe  once  a  year.'  Now  it  is  more  tlian  iirdi.iblc  ih.u  imt  a 
soul  of  most  of  the  tribes  mentioned  above  ever  saw  tlie  Council  Grove. 
Tiie  facts  connected  witJi  the  designation  of  this  spot  are  sim- 
ply these.  Messrs.  Reeves,  Sibley  and  Mathers,  having  been  comniis- 
sionefl  bv  the  I'niterl  ."states  in   182=;.  to  ni;irk  a  road  from   the  confines 


KANSAS    HISTORY 


461 


of  Missouri  to  Santa  Fe,  met  on  this  sput  with  some  bands  of  Usages, 
witli  wiium  they  concluded  a  treaty,     'flic  cuniniissioners  on  this  occa- 
sion   gave   to   the    place   the 
name   of   "Council    Grove.'  " 

L'ndcr  the  trer  known  as 
the  "Council  (J)ak'',  stands  a 
granite  marker,  five  feet  in 
height,  on  one  side  of  which 
is  the  inscription:  "On  this 
spot,  Aug.  10,  1825,  the 
treaty  was  made  with  the 
Osage  Indians  for  the  right 
of  way  for  the  Santa  h'e 
trail."  The  inscription  on 
the  other  side  reads  :  "Santa 
Fe  Trail,  1822-1872.  Marked 
by  the  D.  A.  R.  and  the 
State  of  Kansas,  1906." 

There  are  a  number  of 
places  and  objects  of  his- 
toric interest  about  Council 
Grove.  The  most  important 
of  these  are  the  Council 
Oak,  the  Custer  Elm.  Fre- 
mont Park,  Belfry  Hill,  Sun- 
rise Rock,  the  Hermit's  Ca\e 
and   the   Padilla   Monument. 

Courtland,  one  of  the  principal  towns  in  the  western  part  of  Republic 
county,  is  located  in  the  township  of  the  same  name,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe  railroads,  which  makes  it  one  of  the  best  shipping  [joints  for  that 
section  of  the  county.  Courtland  was  settled  in  I1SS5  and  was  incor- 
porated in  1892.  The  population  in  1910  was  454.  It  is  provided  with  an 
international  money  order  postoffice  with  three  rural  routes,  express  and 
telegraph  offices,  2  weekly  newspapers — the  Comet  and  the  Register — 
.  an  opera  house,  good  banking  facilities,  hotels,  churches  of  various 
denominations,  and  in  the  summer  of  1910  a  $10,000  school  building  was 
erected. 

Courts. — The  tribunals  of  Kansas  consist  of  a  United  States  circuit 
court,  a  United  States  district  court,  a  state  supreme  court,  thirty-eight 
district  courts,  municipal  courts  in  certain  cities,  and  at  least  one  jus- 
tice of  the  peace  in  each  civil  township.  The  United  States  circuit 
court.  William  C.  Hook,  judge,  meets  at  Topeka  on  the  fourth  Monday 
in  November,  at  Leavenworth  on  the  first  Mondav  in  Tune,  at  Fort  Scott 


AK    AT    COUXCIL    GlioX'E. 


4^12  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

on  the  first  Monday  in  May  and  the  second  Monday  in  November,  and 
at  Wichita  on  the  second  Monday  in  March  and  September.  The 
United  States  district  court,  John  C.  Pollock,  judge,  meets  at  Topeka 
on  the  second  Monday  in  April,  at  Leavenworth  on  the  second  ]\Ion- 
day  in  October,  and  at  Fort  Scott  and  Wichita  at  the  same  limes  as  the 
circuit  court. 

Originally  the  state  supreme  court  consisted  of  three  justices,  but 
by  a  constitutional  amendment,  ratified  at  the  general  election  of  1900, 
the  number  of  justices  was  increased  to  seven.  (See  Constitutional 
Amendments.)  In  191 1  the  court  was  composed  as  follows:  Chief  Jus- 
tice, William  A.  Johnston;  associate  justices,  Rousseau  A.  Burch,  Henry 
F.  Mason,  Clark  A.  Smith,  Silas  Porter,  Charles  B.  Graves  and  Alfred 
W.  Benson.  The. clerk  of  the  court  at  that  time  was  D.  .\.  Valentine, 
and  the  reporter  was  L.  J.  Graham.     (See  also  Judiciary.) 

Covert,  a  village  of  Osborne  county,  is  located  on  a  creek  of  the  same 
name  about  15  miles  southwest  of  Osborne,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a 
money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  a  daily  mail  hack  running 
to  Osborne,  and  is  a  trading  center  for  the  neighborhood.  The  popula- 
tion was  75  in  1910. 

Covode  Investigation. — On  March  5,  i860,  John  Covode,  a  member 
of  Congress  from  PennsA'lvania,  introduced  the  following  resolution  in 
the  national  house  of  representatives:  "Resolved,  That  a  committee 
of  five  members  be  appointed  by  the  speaker,  for  the  purpose  of  investi- 
gating whether  thf  jiresident  of  the  L'nited  States,  or  any  other  officer 
of  the  government,  has,  by  money,  patronage,  or  other  improper  means, 
sought  to  influence  the  action  of  Congress,  or  any  committee  thereof, 
for  or  against  the  passage  of  any  law  appertaining  to  the  rights  of 
any  state  or  territory ;  also,  to  inquire  into  and  investigate  whether 
any  officer  or  officers  of  the  government  have,  by  combination  or 
otherwise,  prevented  or  defeated,  or  attempted  to  prevent  or  defeat, 
the  execution  of  any  law  or  laws  now  upon  the  statute  book,  and 
whether  the  President  has  failed  or  refused  to  compel  the  cxcculion 
of  any  law  thereof:  and  that  said  committee  shall  investigate  and 
inquire  into  the  abuses  at  the  Chicago  or  other  postoffices,  and  at  the 
Philadelphia  and  other  navy  yards,  and  into  any  abuses  in  connection 
with  the  public  buildings  and  other  public  works  of  the  Tnited  States. 

"And  resolved  further:  That  as  the  President,  in  his  letter  ti^  the 
Pittsburgh  centenary  celebration  of  Nov.  25,  1858,  speaks  of  the  em- 
ployment of  monej'  to  coerce  elections,  said  committee  shall  inquire 
into  and  ascertain  the  amount  so  used  in  Pennsylvania,  and  any  other 
state  or  states,  in  what  districts  it  was  expended,  and  by  whom,  and 
by  whose  authority  it  was  done,  and  from  what  source  the  money  was 
derived,  and  to  report  the  names  of  the  parties  implicated:  and  that 
for  the  purpose  aforesaid,  said  committee  shall  have  power  to  send  the 
persons  and  papers,  and  to  report  at  any  time." 

The  resolution  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  117  to  45,  and  the  speaker 
appointed  on  the  committee  John   Covode  of  Pennsylvania.  .'Xbram    B. 


KANSAS    illSTOKV  463 

Olin  of  New  York,  Charles  R.  Train  of  Massachusetts,  Warren  Wins- 
low  of  North  Carolina,  and  James  C.  Robinson  of  Illinois.  The  resolu- 
tion, as  will  be  seen  at  a  glance,  was  wide  in  its  scope,  and,  even  if 
somewhat  vague  in  its  charges  as  intimated  by  its  opponents,  was 
sweeping  in  its  pravisions.  The  committee  organized  at  once  and 
held  daily  sessions  until  June  i6,  when  it  submitted  its  report,  which 
was  published  .as  Decument  No.  648,  Thirty-sixth  Congress,  First  ses- 
sion, a  volume  of  nearly  1,100  pages. 

Only  the  first  part  of  the  resolution  related  to  Kansas — thnt 
I     /lien  as  to  whether  the  president  or  any  officer  ■  rnnient 

had  exercised  an  undue  influence  to  prevent  the  pa.-..-ay^  .j.  any  law 
affecting  the  right  of  any  state  or  territory.  On  this  subject  the  major- 
ity report  of  the  committee  says:  "Your  committee  first  direct  atten- 
tion of  the  house  to  that  portion  of  the  testimony  which  relates  to  the 
Kansas  policy  of  the  present  administration  of  the  government.  The 
patriot  will  mourn.,  the  historian  will  pause  with  astonishment  over  this 
shameless  record.  Accustomed  as  the  American  people  are  to  the 
errors  and  crimes  of  those  in  power,  they  will  read  this  exposure  with 
feelings  of  unmingled  indignation.  The  facts  revealed  hv  the  te'^ti- 
mony  prove  conclusively — 

"I — 1'he  enipluitic  and  uiimislakal)le  pledges  of  the  ])rc.sidcnt.  as 
well  before  as  after  his  election,  and  the  pledges  of  all  his  cabinet  to 
the  doctrine  of  leaving  the  people  of  Kansas  'perfectly  free  to  form 
and  regulate  their  domestic  institutions  in  their  own  wa}'.' 

"2 — The  deliberate  violation  of  this  pledge,  and  the  attempt  to  con- 
k'ert  Kansas  into  a  slave  state  by  means  of  forgeries,  frauds,  and 
force. 

"3 — The  removal  of,  and  the  attempt  to  disgrace,  the  sworn  agents 
of  the  administration  who  refused  to  violate  this  pledge. 

''4 — -The  open  employment  of  mone}'  in  the  passage  of  the  Lecump- 
ton  Constitution  and  English  bills  through  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States. 

"5 — The  admission  of  the  parties  engaged  in  the  work  of  election- 
eering those  schemes  that  they  received  enormous  sums  for  this  pur- 
pose, and  proof  in  the  checks  upon  which  they  were  paid  by  an  agent 
of  the  administration. 

"6 — ^The  offer  to  purchase  newspapers  and  newspaper  editors  by 
oiTers  of  extravagant  sums  of  money. 

"7 — And  finally  the  proscription  of  Democrats  of  high  standing  who 
would  not  support  the  Lecompton  Constitution  and  English  bills." 

Among  the  witnesses  examined  by  the  committee  concerning  the 
Kansas  policy  of  the  administration  were  ex-Gov.  Robert  J.  ^^'alker, 
ex-Gov.  Samuel  Medary,  A.  J.  Isaacs,  M.  P.  Bean,  Henry  Wilson,  Ellis 
B.  Schnabel,  Thomas  C.  McDowell,  and  a  number  of  members  of  Con- 
gress who  testified  to  having  received,  or  having  been  offered  money 
to  support  the  Lecompton  Constitution  bill.  With  regard  to  the  testi- 
mony  of   ex-Gov.    Walker    the    report    says:      '"The    evidence    of    Hon. 


464  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Robert  J.  \\'alker  is  conclusive  as  to  the  first  of  these  facts ;  aiui  it  is 
so  compact  and  clear  as  to  require  no  comment.  .  .  .  The  treat- 
ment which  Gov.  Walker  received  evinces  a  depth  of  ingratitude  unusual 
among"  politicians.  It  shows  how,  even  in  our  happy  country,  power 
may  not  only  be  used  to  destro}'  an  honest  citizen,  but  also  may  be 
wielded  to  overthrow  the  vital  elements  of  constitutional  liberty." 

The  majority  report  closes  by  stating:  "The  testimony  is  now  in 
possession  of  the  house,  and  your  committee  have  no  further  sugges- 
tions to  offer."  This  report  was  signed  by  Covode,  Olin  and  Train, 
and  a  minority  report  was  submitted  by  Mr.  Winslow.  After  going 
into  details  regarding  the  testimony — details  that  grow  tiresome  to 
the  reader — he  closes  his  report  as  follows :  "As  the  majority  of  the 
committee  has  not  thought  proper  to  introduce  articles  of  impeach- 
ment or  censure,  the  undersigned  is  streng"thened  in  the  opinion  that 
the  whole  intent  of  the  resolution  was  to  manufacture  an  electioneer- 
ing document.  At  all  events,  the  failure  to  take  such  action  is  a  clear 
indication  on  the  part  of  the  majority  that  none  was  justified  by  the 
evidence,  in  which  opinion  the  undersigned  fully  concurs." 

Cowboys. — The  name  '"Cowboys"  was  first  ap])lied  to  a  band  of 
Tories  which  was  organized  in  W^estchester  county.  X.  Y.,  at  the  time 
of  the  .\merican  Revolution  for  the  purpose  of  harassing  the  Whigs 
and  colonists  who  were  fighting  for  freedom  from  Rrilish  oppression, 
their  specialty  being  that  of  driving  off  or  stealing  cattle.  In  later 
days  the  term  came  into  use  to  designate  the  men  who  had  charge  of 
the  herds  of  cattle  on  the  large  ranges  in  the  western  part  of  the  I'nited 
States.  The  cowboy  of  modern  times  has  been  eulogized  in  song  and 
story,  and  numerous  dramas  have  been  presented  on  the  American 
stage,  in  which  he  has  figured  as  a  hero  or  a  villain,  according  to  the 
idea  of  the  playwright.  At  the  time  of  the  Spanish-.\merican  war  a 
large  number  of  cowboys  enlisted  in  the  volunteer  cavalry  of  the  United 
States,  under  the  name  of  "Rough  Riders,"  and  were  active  in  the 
campaign  against  Santiago,  Cuba.  Opinions  ditTer  as  to  the  character 
and  merits  of  the  western  cowboy.  W^illiam  D.  Street,  in  an  address 
before  the  Kansas  Historical  Society  on  Dec.  6,   1904,  said: 

"The  cowboy,  who  stood  the  brunt  of  the  battle  and  acted  as  a 
buffer  between  civilization  and  barbarism,  was  here  in  all  his  ])ristine 
glory.  They,  as  a  class,  have  been  much  abused.  I'.iit  few  loughs  were 
to  be  found  among  the  genuine  cowboys  of  tlio  West.  They  were 
generally  a  genteel  set  of  men,  in  many  instances  well  educated,  always 
generous,  some  possessing  excellent  business  qualifications.  There  was, 
however,  a  class  who  hung  out  at  the  shipping  points,  who  did  not 
belong  to  the  cowboys,  but  lived  off  of  them.  They  generally  created 
most  of  the  disturbances,  shot  up  the  towns,  did  the  fighting  and  kill- 
ing. This  class  were  the  gamblers  and  salotm  keepers;  most  of  them, 
it  is  true,  'came  up  the  trail,'  and  when  they  went  broke  turned  to 
the  range  to  raise  a  stake  as  cowboys.  This  disreputable  class  caused 
the  rows,  and   the  cowbov   was  given   the   credit    (or  discicdit")    for   the 


KANSAS    IIISTORV  465 

trouble,  when  in  reality  he  usually  had  little  or  no  part  in  the  dis- 
turbance." 

J.  T.  Botkin,  another  Kansas  man,  now  employed  in  the  secretary 
of  state's  office,  in  the  Topeka  Capital  of  Nov.  21,  1910,  has  this  to 
say  of  the  cowboys :  "I  do  not  see  things  as  the  romancers  do. 
.  .  .  I  have  lived  with  the  cowboys  and  been  one  of  them ;  have 
worked  with  them  in  the  branding  pen,  on  the  round-up 'and  the  trail 
for  weary  weeks  at  a  time;  have  lived  with  them  in  camp;  have  slept 
with  them  in  all  kinds  of  weather  with  only  my  saddle  blanket  for  a 
bed,  my  saddle  for  a  pillow,  and  the  blue  sky  for  a  covering.  I  have 
sat  on  the  back  of  a  broncho  during  the  silent  watches  of  the  night, 
humming  softly  to  the  herd  and  watching  the  course  of  the  stars  that 
I  might  know  when  to  call  the  next  'relief.'  I  have  been  with  them 
when  we  shipped  the  beef  to  Kansas  City,  and  have  seen  and  known 
them  under  almost  every  condition  and  ought  to,  and  I  believe  I  do, 
know   something  about  their  habits   and  character. 

"The  real  cowboy,  the  fellow  about  whom  the  songs,  the  plays  and 
the  stories  have  been  written,  and  on  whom  so  much  gush  has  been 
wasted,  was  a  very  ordinary  fellow.  He  was  the  best  practical  rider 
in  the  world.  He  possessed  about  the  average  intelligence,  but  he 
was  usually  illiterate  and  coarse.  He  was  not  overly  cleanly  about 
his  person.  He  lacked  energy  and  was  without  ambition.  His  language 
was  profane  and  of  the  style  of  the  braggart.  He  delighted  to  hear 
himself  called  'Texas  Jack,'  'Cimarron  Dave,'  'Arizona,'  or  some  other, 
to  him,  high  sounding  name.  His  habits  were  very  bad  and  when  he 
struck  town  he.  sought  the  companionship  of  the  evil  and  filled  his  skin 
with  red  liquor.  He  rode  through  the  streets,  shot  holes  in  the  atmos- 
phere and  tried  to  rope  a  dog.  He  did  this  to  impress  the  people  with 
the  idea  that  he  was  a  'Bad  man  from  Bitter  creek.'  Ninety-nine  times 
out  of  a  hundred  it  was  all  bluff  and  bluster.     .  The  country  of 

'magnificent  distances'  seemed  to  dwarf  rather  than  to  broaden  him. 
He  had  no  part  nor  interest  in  the  greater  affairs  of  life  and  neither 
his  occupation  nor  environment  tended  to  develop  him.  To  be  able 
to  ride  a  horse,  read  the  brands  and  rope  a  steer  when  necessary  was 
all- that  was  required  of  him,  and  he  naturally  drifted  into  shiftless  and 
lazy  habits. 

"Compared  to  other  characters  of  the  border,  he  was  not  'quick 
with  the  gun.'  Ask  any  old  timer  of  Dodge  City,  Baxter  Springs,  Hays 
or  Abilene  and  he  will  tell  you  that  but  few  gun  fights  between  the 
gamblers  and  cowboys  were  won  by  the  latter.  He  was  an  easy  vic- 
tim and  his  money  was  a  gift  to  the  gambler." 

Such  are  the  views  of  two  Kansas  men  regarding  the  cowboy.  And 
while  these  views  seem  to  be  contradictory,  both  may  be  right.  It 
depends  upon  the  point  of  view.  Among  the  cowboys,  as  in  all  other 
occupations,  there  were  doubtless  men  above  the  general  average  and 
others  who  fell  below.  In  the  former  class  would  be  found  the  men 
described  by  Mr.  Street,  and  in  the  latter  the  "ordinarv  fellow"  men- 
(I-30) 


466  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

tioned  by  Mr.  Botkin.  With  the  settlement  of  the  West  came  the 
passing  of  the  cowboy.  Those  above  tlie  average  readily  adapted 
themselves  to  changed  conditions  and  entered  other  occupations.  Some 
became  ranch  owners,  others  small  tradesmen,  etc.  Those  below  the 
line — or  at  least  many  of  them — drifted  still  lower  down  in  their  habits 
and  associations  until  they  dropped  from  view  below  the  social  horizon. 

One  trait  of  the  cowboy  is  worthy  of  more  than  passing  notice.  He 
was  generally  loyal  to  his  employer  and  to  his  comrades  on  the  ranch 
or  range.  The  interests  of  the  "boss"  were  carefully  guarded,  and  when 
the  boys  belonging  to  an  "outfit"  went  to  town  together,  if  one  of 
them  got  into  trouble  the  others  could  usualh'  be  depended  on  to 
help  him  out  of  it,  even  at  the  expense  of  personal  risk.  But  the  cow- 
boy with  his  fanciful  costume  and  jingling  spurs  has  gone,  never  to 
return.  Just  as  the  railroad  put  the  old  stage  coach  and  the  pony 
express  out  of  business,  so  the  homesteader  and  the  husbandman  have 
relegated  the  cowboy  to  the  institutions  of  the  past. 

Cow  Creek. — One  stream  bearing  this  name  rises  in  the  central  part 
of  Crawford  county  and  flows  southward  through  the  counties  of  Craw- 
ford and  Cherokee  until  it  empties  into  the  Spring  river  near  the  city 
of  Galena.  Another  and  more  important  Cow  creek  rises  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Barton  county  and  flows  in  a  southeasterly  direction,  its 
waters  falling  into  the  Arkansas  river  a  little  below  the  city  of  Hutch- 
inson. This  Cow  creek  was  crossed  by  Lieut.  Pike  near  the  present 
town  of  Claflin  on  Oct.  10,  1806,  and  Fowler's  journal  of  the  Glenn 
expedition  for  Oct.  15,  1821,  contains  the  following  entr}- :  "We  set 
out  at  our  usual  time  up  the  River  N.  80  W^est  and  st(ipiio<l  al  the 
mouth  of  bold  stream  of  Watter  70  feet  Wide,"  etc.  The  stream  thus 
mentioned   Coues   identifies  as  Cow  creek. 

In  the  latter  years  of  the  Civil  war  some  troubles  wiih  the  Indians 
occurred  along  Cow  creek.  On  the  evening  of  Dec.  4,  18(14,  a  small 
escort  of  the  Seventh  Iowa  cavalry,  with  a  wagon  loaded  with  ammuni- 
tion from  Fort  Ellsworth  and  bound  for  Fort  Zarah,  went  into  cam]) 
on  the  bank  of  Cow  creek,  about  15  miles  east  of  Fort  Zarah.  Soon 
after  going  into  camp  they  were  attacked  by  a  party  of  Indians,  who 
crept  up  under  cover  of  the  creek  bank.  The  driver  of  the  team  and 
one  soldier  were  killed,  and  the  others  fled,  three  of  them  finally 
reaching  Fort  Ellsworth.  Capt.  Theodore  Conkey  of  the  Third  Wis- 
consin cavalry,  commanding  at  Fort  Zarah.  sent  out  a  party  of  25 
men  and  brought  in  the  wagon,  though  about  one-half  of  the  ammuni- 
tion was  damaged. 

A  government  tfain  bound  for  Fort  I'nion,  New  Mc.\.,  was  attacked 
by  Indians  on  Chavis  creek  on  June  9,  1865,  Lieut.  Jenkins,  with  60 
men,  hurried  up  from  Cow  creek  and  followed  the  marauders  to  the 
Arkansas  river,  but  they  got  away,  having  cai^tured  101  mules.  3  horses 
and  75  cattle.  Five  days  later  the  westbound  overland  coach,  escorted 
by  6  men,  commanded  by  Lieut.  Jenkins,  was  attacked  a  few  miles 
west    of    Cow    creek    station.      Icnkins    held    on    until    reinforcements 


KANSAS    HISTORY  4G7 

arrived,  when  lie  drove  the  Jndians  to  the  river,  killing  and  wounfling 
15   witliout   the   loss   of  a   man. 

Cow  Island. — (See  Isle  au  Vache.) 

Cowley  County,  located  in  the  southern  tier,  the  fifth  county  west 
of  Missouri,  was  created  in  1867  with  the  following  boundaries:  "Com- 
mencing at  the  southeast  corner  of  Butler  county,  thence  south  to  the 
37th  degree  of  north  latitude,  thence  west  to  the  east  line  of  range 
2  east,  thence  north  to  the  southwest  corner  of  Butler  county,  thence 
east  to  the  place  of  beginning."  It  was  named  in  honor  of  Lieut. 
Mathew  Cowley  of  Company  I,  Ninth  Kansas,  who  was  killed  at  Little 
Rock,  Ark.,  in  1864.  The  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Butler 
county ;  on  the  east  by  Elk  and  Chautauqua ;  on  the  south  b}'  tlie  State 
of  Oklahoma,  and  on  the  west  by  Sumner  county. 

It  is  believed  that  X.  j.  'I'hompson  was  the  first  actual  settler  in 
what  is  now  Cowley  county.  He  built  a  cabin  on  the  Walnut  river, 
near  what  he  supposed  was  the  south  line  of  Butler  county,  in  Aug., 
1868,  but  it  was  afterward  found  that  he  located  in  Covvle}'  county. 
The  land  was  still  an  Indian  reservation,  but  the  white  settlers  were 
attracted  by  the  fertility  of  the  soil  and  another  settlement  was  soon 
made  south  of  Thornpson  by  William  Quimby  and  a  man  named  Sales. 
Cattle  dealers  began  to  come  among  the  Osages  to  purchase  their 
herds  and  carried  back  reports  of  the  rich  lands,  which  caused  a  num- 
ber of  white  settlers  to  trespass  on  the  Indian  reserve  and  make  set- 
tlements. Among  those  who  came  in  1869  were  James  Renfro,  T.  B. 
l^oss.  John  and  Joseph  Stanbury,  F.  W.  Schwantes,  S.  B.  Williams,  B. 
F.  Murphy,  T.  A.  Blanchard  and  some  others,  extending  the  settle- 
ments southward  to  within  4  miles  north  of  the  present  city  of  Win- 
field.  In  June,  1869,  C.  M.  Wood  brought  a  small  stock  of  groceries 
from  Chase  county  to  sell  to  the  Indians.  This  stock  he  kept  at  Ren- 
fro's  house  for  a  time,  but  soon  ere'cted  a  stockade  and  cabin  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Walnut  nearly  opposite  where  Winfield  now  stands. 
The  Indians  were  numerous  and  knowing  the  insecurit)'  of  the  whites 
in  the  country,  began  to  steal  and  make  unfriendly  demonstrations, 
which  caused  Wood  to  move  back  to  Renfro's  for  safety. 

About  the  same  time  that  Wood  came,  E.  C.  Manning  and  P.  Y. 
Becker  came  down  the  valley  and  erected  a  cabin  for  the  latter  at  the 
bend  of  the  Walnut  river  about  2  miles  below  Winfield,  and  on  June 
II  Manning  laid  claim  to  the  land  where  a  part  of  Winfield  now  stands. 
In  August  all  the  settlers  in  the  valley  were  ordered  ot¥  the  Indian 
lands.  Wood's  stockade  was  burned  and  all  the  settlers  but  T.  B. 
Ross  left  for  Butler  county.  Later  the  settlers  began  to  drift  back, 
and  in  September  several  families  came  down  the  valley  to  settle  near 
Manning.  These  settlers  each  paid  the  Osage  chief  $5  for  the  privilege 
of  remaining.  Among  them  were  W.  G.  Graham  and  family,  Mrs. 
Graham  being  the  first  white  woman  of  north  Timber  creek.  .  Pretty- 
man  Knowles,  James  H.  Land  and  J.  C.  Mountfort  also  located  in  this 
neighborhood.     In  December  Alonzo  Rowland,  W.  W.  Andrews,  Joel 


468  CYCLOPEDIA   OF 

Mack,  H.  C-  Loomis,  A.  Mentor  and  others  took  up  claims.  Mr.  How- 
land  built  a  dwelling  on  his  land  just  south  of  where  Winfield  now 
stands,  which  was  the  first  frame  house  in  the  county,  the  lumber  for 
it  having  been  hauled  lOO  miles. 

During  the  summer  of  1869  H.  C.  Endicott,  Edward  Chapin.  George 
Harmon,  W.  Johnson,  Patrick  Sommers  and  others  took  up  claims  as 
far  south  as  the  site  of  Arkansas  City.  In  June,  1870,  a  party  of  men 
took  claims  along  the  Grouse  valley,  among  whom  were  John  Nichols, 
O.  J.  Phenis,  D.  T.  Walters,  Gilbert  Branson  and  William  Coats.  Up 
to  this  time  all  settlers  had  been  trespassing  on  the  Indian  lands,  but 
on  July  15,  1870,  the  Osage  diminished  reserve  was  opened  for  settle- 
ment and  the  whites  began  to  pour  into  the  county.  The  land  was 
surveyed  and  sold  to  actual  settlers  in  quantities  not  exceeding  160 
acres  each.  Among  the  new  arrivals  were  J.  C.  Fuller  and  D.  A. 
Mulligan,  who  bought  A.  A.  Jackson's  claim  which  adjoined  Manning's. 
Max  Shoeb  built  a  log  blacksmith  shop,  and  W.  Z.  Mansfield  opened 
a  drug  store  in  a  log-  cabin,  the  first  of  its  kind  in  Winfield. 

The  first  newspaper  of  the  county  was  the  Cowley  County  Censor, 
owned  and  edited  by  A.  J.  Patrick,  the  first  issue  being  dated  Aug. 
31,  1870.  The  first  postmaster  in  the  county  was  C.  H.  Norton  of 
Arkansas  City,  who  was  appointed  on  April  18,  1870.  The  next  was 
E.  C.  Manning  at  Winfield,  who  was  appointed  in  May.  The  first 
United  States  census  was  taken  in  June,  1870,  and  the  population  at 
the  time  was  726.  The  first  session  of  the  district  court  was  held 
at  Winfield  on  May  23,  1871,  by  Henry  G.  Webb,  judge  of  the  Eleventh 
judicial  district.  Arkansas  City  and  Winfield  were  hardly  established 
as  towns  before  schools  were  opened.  In  1871  a  $10,000  school  house 
was  built  at  the  latter  place  and  the  same  year  thirty-seven  districts 
were  organized,  although  only  three  erected  buildings.  The  Methodists 
were  the  pioneer  religious  organization  in  the  county.  They  perfected 
a  church  organization  at  Winfield  in  the  spring  of  1870  under  the  direc- 
tion of  R.  C.  Swartz,  and  in  the  fall  the  Baptists  organized  a  church 
at  Winfield.    These  were  followed  soon  by  other  denominations. 

Early  in  Feb.,  1870,  a  bill  was  introduced  in  the  legislature  to  organ- 
ize Cowley  county.  This  bill  named  Cresswell  (now  .'\rkansas  City) 
as  the  county  seat.  The  citizens  of  Winfield  determined  to  have  their 
town  made  the  county  seat.  C.  M.  Wood,  A.  A.  Jackson  and  j.  II. 
Land  made  a  canyass  of  the  count}-  and  found  that  it  (.untaini'd  nwr 
the  necessary  600  inhabitants  for  organization.  Papers  were  made  out 
and  forwarded  to  the  governor,  petitioning  him  to  have  Winfield  made 
the  seat  of  justice.  On  Feb.  28,  1870,  the  governor  proclaimed  the 
county  organized,  with  Winfield  the  temporary  county  seat.  W.  W. 
Andrews,  G.  H.  Norton  and  A.  F.  Graham  were  appointed  special  com- 
missioners, and  E.  P.  Hickok,  clerk.  The  first  meeting  of  the  board 
was  held  on  March  23  at  the  house  of  W.  W.  Andrews,  who  was  elected 
chairman.  A  special  election  for  township  officers,  and  to  locate  the 
county  seat,  was  ordered  for  May  2.    At  that  election  Winfield  received 


KANSAS    IIISIORY  469 

108  votes  for  county  seat,  Creswell  55,  and  thus  Winfield  became  the 
permanent  seat  of  justice.  The  following'  officers  were  elected:  Mor- 
gan Willett,  Thomas  Blanchard  and  G.  H.  Norton,  county  commis- 
sioners; H.  C.  Loomis,  count_v  clerk;  E.  P.  Hickok,  clerk  of  the  dis- 
trict court;  F.  A.  Hunt,  sheriff;  John  Devoe,  treasurer;  W.  E.  Cook, 
regfister  of  deeds;  T.-  B.  Ross,  probate  judge;  F.  S.  Graham,  surveyor; 
and  W.  S.  Graham,  coroner.  At  the  general  election  in  November  E. 
S.  Stover  was  elected  state  senator  from  Cowley;  E.  C.  Manning, 
representative;  T.  B.  Ross,  probate  judge;  J.  M.  Patterson,  sheriff;  E. 
P.  Hickok,  clerk  of  the  district  court;  A.  A.  Jackson,  county  clerk;  G. 
B.  Green,  treasurer;  E.  S.  Torrance,  attorney;  Walter  A.  Smith,  register 
of  deeds;  H.  L.  Barker,  surveyor;  H.  B.  Kellogg,  coroner. 

On  Aug.  22,  1871,  a  petition  was  circulated  to  change  the  county 
seat  to  Tisdale,  which  was  located  at  the  exact  geographical  center 
of  the  county,  but  the  vote  resulted  in  a  victory  for  Winfield.  In 
1873,  the  county  buildings  were  erected,  consisting  of  a  court-house 
and  jail.  The  former,  which  cost  $11,500,  was  located  on  a  block  of 
land,  one-half  of  which  was  donated  to  the  county  by  the  town  com- 
pany and  the  other  half  purchased  by  the  commissioners. 

Cowley  county  is  divided  into  the  following  townships:  Beaver, 
Bolton,  Cedar,  Creswell,  Dexter,  Fairview,  Grant,  Harvey,  Liberty, 
Maple,  Ninnescah,  Omnia,  Pleasant  Valley,  Richland,  Rock  Creek, 
Sheridan,  Silver  Creek,  Silverdale,  Spring  Creek,  Tisdale,  Vernon,  Wal- 
nut and  Windsor. 

The  general  surface  of  the  county  is  gently  rolling  prairie.  There 
are  some  bluffs  in  the  east,  and  the  western  part  is  quite  level.  The 
valley  of  the  Arkansas  averages  about  5  miles  in  width ;  the  valley 
of  the  Walnut  averages  about  2  miles  and  the  smaller  streams  from 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  a  mile.  Timber  belts  are  found  along  the  streams 
that  vary  from  a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  a  mile  in  width  and  contain  Cot- 
tonwood, elm,  hackberry,  mulberry,  walnut,  oak,  redbud,  pecan,  hickory, 
ash  and  cedar.  The  county  is  well  watered  by  the  Arkansas  river  which 
crosses  the  southwestern  portion,  and  the  Walnut  river,  which  flows 
south  in  the  western  part  of  the  county,  and  their  tributaries,  the  most 
important  of  which  are  the  Muddy,  Dutch,  Timber,  Silver  and  Grouse 
creeks.  Cowley  county  is  one  of  the  first  counties  in  the  state  in  the 
production  of  corn.  Oats',  winter  wheat  and  other  grains  are  also 
extensively  raised.  Live  stock  raising  is  one  of  the  leading  industries, 
and  dairying  is  a  paying  business.  There  are  about  300,000  bearing 
fruit  trees  in  the  county  that  bring  in  a  large  income.  Magnesium 
limestone  of  an  excellent  quality  is  found  and  extensively  quarried, 
both  for  local  use  and  shipment  out  of  the  county.  Gypsum  is  found 
in  large  quantities  in  the  west.  A  large  salt  marsh  exists  in  the  south- 
western portion. 

Few  counties  in  the  state  have  better  transportation  facilities.  Five 
lines  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  railway  system  center  at 
Winfield;   the    Missouri   Pacific   enters   the    countv   near   the   southeast 


470  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

corner  and  runs  west  to  Winfield ;  a  branch  of  the  same  system  runs 
from  Dexter  to  Arkansas  City ;  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  crosses 
the  county  diagonally  from  northeast  to  southwest,  through  Winfield, 
and  a  line  of  the  Kansas  Southwestern  runs  west  from  Arkansas  City. 
Altogether,  the  county  has  over  200  miles  of  main  track  railroad. 

The  population,  according  to  the  U.  S.  census  for  1910,  was  31,790. 
The  value  of  farm  products,  including  animals  slaughtered  or  sold  for 
slaughter,  was  $4,321,090.  The  five  leading  crops,  in  the  order  of  value, 
were:  corn,  $674,865;  hay,  $581,383;  oats,  $398,559:  Kafir  corn.  $172,- 
500;  sorghum,  $101,760.  Dairy  products  to  the  value  of  $429,123  were 
sold  during  the  year. 

Coyotes. — The  word  "coyote"  is  "the  Indian  name  for  a  North  Ameri- 
can member  of  the  dog  family,  also  known  as  the  prairie  wolf  and 
scientifically  as  "Cani.';  latrans."  These  animals  range  from  Canada  on 
the  north  to  Guatemala  on  the  south,  and  are  slightly  smaller  than 
the  gray  wolf,  but  have  a  more  luxuriant  coat  of  hair.  Tlieir  color  is 
generally  tawny,  mingled  with  black  and  white  above  the  white  below, 
and  their  length  averages  about  40  inches.  By  nature  they  are  slink- 
ing and  stealthy  in  their  habits  and  display  considerable  cunning  in 
obtaining  their  food.  They  live  in  burrows  on  the  prairie  and  when 
hunting  at  night  utter  a  most  blood-curdling  how!  as  they  gallop  along. 
They  were  once  so  numerous  in  Kansas  that  the  legislature  authorized 
a  bounty  to  be  paid  for  their  scalps  by  such  counties  as  deemed  it 
necessary.  At  present  coyotes  are  frequently  met  with  in  central  and 
western  Kansas. 

Coyville,  an  incorporated  city  of  Wilson  county,  is  Ideated  on  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  and  on  the  \'crdigris  river,  in 
Verdigris  township,  12  miles  north  of  Fredonia,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  all  the  main  lines  of  business,  including  banking  facilities.  There 
are  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  a  money  order  postofficc  with 
one  rural  route.     The  population  in  1910  was  227. 

The  first  store  was  opened  at  this  point  in  1859  b\'  .Mbert  llagen, 
a  Poli.sh  Jew,  whose  principal  customers  were  Osage  Indians.  The 
first  church  was  organized  at  the  home  of  Rachel  Conner  bv  T.  R. 
Woodward.  The  place  was  named  for  Oscar  Coy,  who.  with  P.  P. 
Steele,  bought  out  TIagen's  store  in  1864.  In  ATay,  i8()ti.  the  post- 
office  was  established  with  Coy  as  postmaster.  In  .August  of  llic  next 
year  R.  S.  Futhey  located  a  sawiViill  a  mile  below  the  town,  which  was 
the  first  one  in  the  county.  The  next  year  he  was  grinding  corn  and 
making  flour  in  the  same  mill.  The  mill  was  later  moved  to  Coy- 
ville. A  bridge  was  erected  over  the  Verdigris  in  1873.  and  in  1886 
the  railroad  was  built. 

Cragin,  Francis  W.,  geologist  and  educator,  was  born  at  Crcenfield, 
N.  H..  Sept.  4,  1858,  the  son  of  Dr.  Francis  W.  and  Mary  Ann  (l.e- 
lu'l^(nu•l  )  Cragin.  lie  was  educited  in  Wisconsin.  ;it  \\  .isjiluirn 
College,  Topeka,  Kan.,  the  Brooklyn  Polytechnic  Institute,  and  grad- 
uated at  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School,  Harvard  Cniversity,  with  tite 


KANSAS    JilS'lOKV  4/1 

de*:ree  of  B.  S.,  in  1882.  In  1889  he  received  the  degree  of  Ph.  D.  from 
jdlius  llopkins  I  iiixersity,  and  sul)se(|iK'ntly  stucUcd  marine  zoology 
at  Dr.  Agassiz'  private  laboratory,  Newport,  R.  1.  From  1882  to  1891 
he  was  professor  of  natural  history  at  Washburn  College.  In  1883  he 
inaugurated  the  first  biological  survey  of  Kansas,  a  report  of  which 
was  ])ul)lislie(l  in  -tlie  issues  of  tlu-  Washliurn  College  I'.ulletin  of 
Natural  History.  In  1890  he  became  proprietor  and  editor  of  the 
American  Geologist  and  held  that  position  until  1896,  when  he  was 
oflfered  and  accepted  the  chair  of  geology  at  Colorado  College,  Colorado 
Springs,  Col.,  which  position  he  still  holds.  During  the  years  1892 
and  1893  he  was  assistant  geologist  of  the  Texas  geological  survey.  He 
is  the  author  of  numerous  scientific  papers ;  an  original  fellow  of  the 
Geological  Society  of  America ;  a  member  of  the  National  Geological 
Societ)-,  and  of  the  International  Congress  of  Geologists. 

Craig,  a  village  in  the  northern  part  of  Johnson  county,  is  located 
on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  7  miles  north  of  Olathe,  the 
county  seat.     Mail  is  receivejd  by  rural  route  from  Zarah. 

Crandall,  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  in  Coffey  county, 
is  located  near  the  south  line  of  the  county,  about  10  miles  south  of 
Burlington,  the  county  seat,  and  5  miles  west  of  I^eRoy,  from  which 
point  it  receives  mail  by  rural  route.  The  population,  according  to  the 
census  of  1910,  was  40. 

Crane,  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  in  Mont- 
gomery county,  is  located  6  miles  north  of  Independence,  the  county 
seat,  from  which  place  it  receives  mail  by  rural  delivery. 

Crawford,  a  money  order  postoffice  of  Rice  county,  is  situated  in 
Gait  township,  near  the  northeast  corner  of  the  county,  16  miles  from 
Lyons,  the  county  seat.  It  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R., 
and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  35. 

Crawford  County,  one  of  the  eastern  tier  and  the  second  north  of 
the  line  separating  Kansas  and  Oklahoma,  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Bourbon  county  ;  on  the  east  by  the  State  of  Missouri :  on  the  south 
by  Cherokee  county,  and  on  the  west  by  the  counties  of  Neosho  and 
Labette.  It  was  created  by  the  act  of  Feb.  13,  1867,  and  was  named 
for  Col.  Samuel  J.  Crawford,  at  that  time  the  governor  of  Kansas. 
The  area  of  the  county  is  592  square  miles.  It  is  divided  into  nine  town- 
ships, to-wit :  Baker,  Crawford,  Grant.  Lincoln,  Osage,  Sheridan,  Sher- 
man, Walnut  and  Washington.  The  general  surface  of  the  count)'  is 
undulating,  the  water-courses  flowing  in  three  different  directions.  In 
the  northeast  Drywood,  Bone  and  Coxes  creeks  flow  northward  to  the 
Marmaton  river ;  in  the  west  Big  and  Little  Walnut  and  Hickory  creeks 
flow  southwest  to  the  Neosho ;  and  in  the  southeast  Lightning,  Lime 
and  Cow  creeks  flow  southward,  their  waters  finally  reaching  the 
Neosho. 

Crawford  county  lies  in  the  tract  known  as  the  "Neutral  Lands" 
(q.  v.).  which  were  ceded  by  the  Cherokee  Nation  to  the  Ignited  States 
by   the   treaty  of  July    19,    1866.     Prior   to  that   treaty   some   attempts 


472  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

were  made  by  white  men  to  settle  within  the  territory.  John  Leman, 
a  blacksmith,  settled  in  Osage  township  in  1848.  In  185 1  P.  M.  Smith 
located  in  Baker  township,  but  did  not  erect  a  dwelling,  being  content 
to  live  during  his  short  stay  in  a  tent.  A  man  named  Sears  built  the 
first  house  (a  log  cabin)  in  this  township  in  1856.  Coal  was  discovered 
in  this  township  by  a  government  exploring  party  under  Col.  Cowan, 
and  was  first  mined  by  parties  from  Missouri  in  1857.  As  early  as 
1852  a  number  of  white  men,  among  whom  were  Howard,  Fowler,  Hale 
and  the  Hathaways,  settled  in  Lincoln  township,  and  the  first  school 
in  the  county  was  opened  there  in  1858  in  a  small  log  house  that  had 
formerly  been  used  as  a  dwelling,  the  settlers  contributing  the  funds 
to  pay  the  teacher.  James  Hathaway  had  established  a  blacksmith 
shop  where  Arcadia  now  stands  in  1844.  Harden  Mathews  settled  in 
Sherman  township  in  1850,  and  there  were  a  few  white  men  in  Walnut 
township  in  1857.  In  1861  the  Cherokee  Indian  agent,  acting  under 
orders  from  President  Buchanan,  took  a  body  of  United  States  troops 
and  expelled  the  settlers,  burning  their  houses  and  destroying  their 
crops.  Others  soon  came,  however,  to  take  the  places  of  those  who 
had  been  driven  out.  That  same  year  a  man  named  Banks  settled  on 
the  Big  Cow  creek  in  Crawford  township.  In  the  summer  of  1865  John 
Hobson,  Frank  Dosser,  Marion  Medlin  and  a  few  others  settled  in 
Osage  township,  and  about  the  same  time  J.  F.  Gates,  Stephen  Ogden, 
John  Hamilton  and  others  located  in  Sheridan  township.  Settlements 
were  made  the  following  year  in  Grant  and  Washington  townships. 
In  Sept.,  1866,  a  postoffice  was  established  at  Cato.  in  the  northwest 
corner  of  the  present  Lincoln  township. 

J.  W.  Wallace,  Lafayette  Manlove  and  i  lenry  Sclmen  wore  appointed 
special  commissioners  and  F.  M.  Logan  count}-  clerk,  for  the  purpose 
of  organizing  the  county.  The  first  meeting  of  the  commissioners 
was  held  on  March  16,  1867,  and  the  first  order  was  one  dividing  the 
county  into  nine  civil  townships.  The  second  order  divided  the  county 
into  election  precincts.  Another  order  directed  the  clerk  to  give  30 
days'  notice  of  an  election  to  be  held  on  April  15,  1867,  for  the  election 
of  county  and  township  officers,  and  to  decide  the  location  of  the  per- 
manent county  scat.  At  the  election  J.  W.  Wallace,  F.  M.  Mason 
and  Andrew  Hussong  were  elected  commissioners;  F.  M.  Logan, 
clerk ;  and  J.  M.  Ryan,  sheriff.  The  county  seat  question  was  not 
decided  at  that  time,  and  in  September  Crawfordsville  was  selected  as 
•emporary  seat  of  justice. 

At  the  general  election  on  Nev.  5,  1867,  a  full  quota  (.if  county  ofiicers 
was  chosen,  as  follows:  County  clerk,  H.  Germain;  clerk  of  the  dis- 
trict court,  C.  H.  Strong;  probate  judge,  Levi  Hatch;  shcrifT,  J.  M. 
Ryan;  treasurer,  R.  B.  Raymond;  register  of  deeds,  M.  CoiTman ; 
assessor,  William  Roberts;  surveyor,  R.  Stalker;  coroner,  Jacob  Miller, 
attorney,  L.  A.  Wallace;  commissioners,  Frank  Dosser,  1.  Fvans-and 
Joshua  Nance.  At  this  election  Girard  was  selected  as  the  county  seat, 
and  at  a  meeting  on  May   n,  1868,  the  commissioners  ordered  .ill  the 


KANSAS    IIISTOKY  473 

county  officers  to  remove  their  offices,  records,  etc.,  to  that  point.  The 
people  of  Crawfordsvillc  a])plicd  to  the  district  court  at  the  September 
term  for  a  writ  of  mandamus  to  compel  the  county  clerk  to  take  all 
records  back  to  Crawfordsvillc,  claiming  that  it  was  the  legal  county 
seat.  The  wxit  was  granted,  but  on  Nov.  7  a  petition,  signed  by  577 
citizens,  was  laid  before  the  county  commissioners,  asking  them  to 
order  an  election  for  the  location  of  a  permanent  county  seat.  An 
election  was  accordingly  ordered  for  Dec.  15,  when  Girard  received 
375  votes  and  Crawfordsvillc  312.     This  settled  the  question. 

The  first  newspaper  published  in  the  county  was  the  Crawford 
County  Times,  one  number  of  which  was  issued  by  Scott  &  Cole  on 
April  16,  1868.  After  that  one  issue  the  publication  office  was  taken 
back  to  Osage  Mission.  On  Nov.  11,  1869,  the  first  number  of  the 
Girard  Press  made  its  appearance.  It  was  published  byWarner  & 
Wasser,  and  was  the  first  paper  regularly  published  in  the  county.  On 
July  14,  1871,  the  office  and  contents  were  burned  by  a  mob,  the  ill 
feeling  toward  the  paper  being  the  outgrowth  of  the  troubles  over  the 
d/i^position  of  the  Neutral  Lands.  Three  weeks  later  the  publication 
wis  resumed,  the  paper  appearing  in  an  enlarged  form  and  better  than 
ever  before.  It  is  still  running.  The  People's  Vindicator  was  started 
at  Girard  on  July  28,  1870,  but  suspended  in  the  following  Novem- 
ber. Other  early  newspapers  were  the  Girard  Pharos,  the  Cherokee 
Pharos  and  the  Cherokee  Index,  all  of  which  were  started  in  the  early 
'70s.  There  are  now  published  in  the  county  i  daily  (the  Pittsburg 
Headlight)  and  13  weekly  newspapers,  and  one  quarterly  periodical. 
One  of  the  weeklies  is  printed  in  the  German  language. 

In  1868  a  Catholic  parish  was  established  in  Grant  township  and  a 
house  of  worship  erected.  This  was  the  first  church  in  the  county. 
A  Presbyterian  church  was  built  at  Girard  in  1870,  and  the  following 
year  the  Methodist  church  at  Mulberry  Grove  was  established.  At  the 
present  time  all  the  leading  denominations  are  represented  in  the  towns 
and  villages  of  the  county.  The  first  white  child  born  in  the  county 
was  John  Leman,  whose  birth  occurred  in  Walnut  township  in  1859. 
The  first  marriage  license  was  issued  on  Dec.  27,  1867,  to  W.  M.  Breck- 
enridge  and  Miss  Elner  Stone.  Marriages  had  been  solemnized  in  the 
county  before  that  time — in  fact  before  the  county  was  organized — 
but  the  licenses  had  been  procured  elsev^'here. 

On  Feb.  5,  1870,  the  Crawford  County  Agricultural  Society  was 
organized,  one  of  the  chief  promoters  being  Dr.  W.  H.  Warner  of  the 
Girard  Press,  who  served  as  secretary  of  the  society  for  six  years.  The 
affairs  of  the  society  were  managed  by  a  board  of  thirteen  directors, 
who  bought  40  acres  a  short  distance  east  of  Girard,  where  fairs  were 
held  annually  until  the  society  was  reorganized  and  a  new  fair  ground 
purchased  on  the  west  side  of  the  city.  The  reorganization  took  place 
on  May  27,  1882. 

During  the  Civil  war  the  few  settlers  in  what  is  now  Crawford 
county  were  seriously  harassed  by  guerrillas  and  bushwhackers,  most 
of  the   outrages   being  conmiitted   bv   the   notorious    Livingston    gang. 


474  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Among  those  killed  by  guerrillas  were  Capt.  Henry  M.  Dobyns  of  the 
Sixth  Kansas  cavalry,  and  Capt.  John  Rodgers,  who  established  the 
first  store  at  Cato  in  1858.  The  latter  was  a  member  of  one  of  the 
Kansas  volunteer  regiments,  but  was  at  home  on  furlough  when  the 
raid  was  made  in  which  he  lost  his  life.  Four  brothers  named  Tippy 
came  into  the  county  in  the  spring  of.  1866,  and  two  of  them  were 
afterward  hanged  b}'  a  posse  of  citizens  near  Monmouth,  after  they 
had  been  tried  and  found  guilt}-  by  a  jury  of  twelve  men  for  participa- 
tion in  the  murder  of  a  man  named  Shannon.  Several  skirmishes 
occurred  in  the  county  between  the  guerrillas  and  Union  troops. 

Since  its  organization  Crawford  county  has  suffered  severely  from 
storms,  the  worst  of  which  was  probably  the  tornado  of  May  22.  1873. 
It  came  from  the  southwest  and  swept  across  the  entire  county,  leaving 
desolation  in  its  wake.  Seven  persons  were  killed  outright,  34  others 
were  injured,  and  a  large  amount  of  property  was  destroyed. 

Coal  of  fine  quality  underlies  the  entire  county,  some  of  the  veins 
ruiming  five  feet  or  more  in  thickness.  More  than  half  the  coal  mined 
in  the  state  comes  from  this  county.  Building  stone,  cement  rock,  fire 
and  potter's  cla}"  of  excellent  quality  are  abundant  in  several  localities 
and  though  only  partially  developed  are  a  source  of  revenue  to  the 
owners  of  the  deposits.  Belts  of  timber  averaging  about  half  a  mile  in 
width  are  found  along  the  streams,  the  principal  varieties  being  oak, 
walnut,  poplar,  hickory  and  cottonwood.  Some  artificial  groves  have 
been  planted.  Agriculture  is  an  important  industry.  The  five  leading 
crops  in  1910,  in  the  order  of  their  value,  v\'ere  as  follows:  corn,  $999,- 
900;  oats,  $345,960;  hay  (including  alfalfa),  $187,208;  wheat,  $142,031; 
ri?x.  $50,670.  Kafir  corn,  Irish  ixilatues  and  sorghum  arc  also  impor- 
tant crops.  The  value  of  dairy  products  for  the  year  1910  was  $222,- 
558,  and  the  value  of  all  farm  products,  including  live  slock  slaughtered 
or  sold  for  slaughter,  was  $2,660,750. 

Crawford  count)'  is  well  provided  with  transportation  facilities,  lines 
of  the  -Atchison,  Topeka  &•  Santa  Fe,  the  St.  Louis  &  San  T^rancisco, 
the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  and  the  Missouri  Pacific  systems  cross- 
ing the  county  in  every  direction  and  giving  the  county  nearly  220 
miles  of  main  track.  Pittsburg  is  one  of  Ihe  greatest  railroad  centers 
in  eastern  Kansas. 

According  to  the  V.  S.  census  for  1910,  the  population  of  Lrawford 
county  was  51,178,  a  gain  of  12,369  during  the  preceding  ten  years, 
making  it  the  fourth  in  the  slate  in  population.  There  arc  eleven 
incorporated  cities  in  the  county,  viz.:  Arcadia,  Arma,  Clicrokec,  Cur- 
ranville.  Frontenac,  Girard,  llciiler,  McCune,  Mulberry.  Pittsburg  and 
Walnut.  Other  important  towns  and  villages  are  I'eulalt,  lirazilton, 
Cato,  Cliic()|)ec,  Crovvehurg,  Duiikirk,  I^nglevnle.  I'arlington,  i'ranklin. 
Fuller.  Midway.  Monmouth  and  Yale.  (Sec  sketches  of  the  towns  and 
cities. ) 

Crawford,  George  A.,  Iaw\er  ;in<l  journalist,  wa.'^  born  in  (  liiiloii 
county.  Pa.,  July  27,  1827.     f)n  his  father's  side  lie  was  deseemleil  liom 


KANSAS    lliSTciNV  4/5 

James  Crawford,  a  Scotch-Irishman,  who  was  a  major  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary war,  and  his  mother,  Elizabeth  Weitzel,  was  of  German  descent. 
He  was  educated  at  Clinton  Academy,  of  which  his  father  was  presi- 
dent, the  Lock  Haven  Academy,  and  at  Jefferson  Ccjllege,  where  he 
graduated  in  1847.  After  graduating  he  taught  school  in  Kentucky  and 
in  1847  was  partnei'  in  a  private  school  at  Clinton,  Miss.  In  1848  he 
returned  to  Pennsylvania,  where  he  studied  law  and  in  1850,  while  still 
reading  for  the  bar,  became  editor  and  proprietor  of  the  Clinton  Demo- 
crat. During  the  early  '50s  he  took  an  active  part  in  politics  against 
the  Know-Nothings  and  in  1855  was  a  delegate  to  the  Pennsylvania 
Democratic  state  convention.  In  the  spring  of  1857  he  came  to  Kan- 
sas ;  landed  at  Leavenworth  and  accompanied  Dr.  Norman  Eddy,  I'nited 
States  commissioner  for  the  sale  of  Indian  lands,  to  Lawrence.  Craw- 
ford, Eddy  and  other  associates  purchased  520  acres  of  land  and  organ- 
ized the  l-'ort  Scott  To\vn  company,  (if  which  Mr.  Crawford  was  made 
president,  a  position  he  held  for  twenty  years.  A  town  was  laid  out 
and  the  streets  were  named  after  Mr.  Crawford's  friends.  He  was 
opposed  to  the  agitation  kept  up  by  the  border  factions  but  did  not 
change  his  free-state  views  and  several  attempts  were  made  to  assas- 
sinate him.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  he  assisted  in  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Second  Kansas  regiment  and  equipped  many  of  its  mem- 
bers. When  the  border  was  threatened  he  organized  a  committee  of 
safety  and  was  placed  at  its  head.  He  was  active  in  recruiting  several 
militia  companies.  In  1861  he  was  elected  governor  of  Kansas  on 
the  Democratic  ticket,  but  the  election  was  declared  illegal.  In  1864 
he  was  again  nominated  by  the  Democratic  party  for  governor  but 
Samuel  J.  Crawford,  the  Republican  candidate,  was  elected.  Lender 
Gov.  Crawford  he  served  two  years  as  commissioner  of  immigration, 
and  this  was  regarded  as  his  greatest  work.  He  inaugurated  the  sys- 
tem of  exhibiting  Kansas  products  in  other  states  and  was  one  of  the 
organizers  of  the  Kansas  Historical  Society  and  its  secretary  for  two 
years.  In  1868  he  was  again  a  candidate  for  governor  but  was  defeated. 
In  1869  he  established  the  Daily  Monitor  and  a  free  reading  room  and 
museum  at  Fort  Scott.  Mr.  Crawford  was  appointed  a  regent  of  the 
state  university  in  1871  and  elected  one  of  the  executive  committee  of 
the  state  agricultural  society.  The  same  year  he  was  appointed  L'nited 
States  commissioner  by  President  Grant,  to  the  Centennial  Exposition 
at  Philadelphia.  When  the  Ute  reservation  was  thrown  open  to  set- 
tlement he  purchased  the  site  of  the  town  of  Grand  Junction,  Col., 
and  was  instrumental  in  building  it  up.  He  died  there  on  Jan.  26,  1891. 
Crawford,  Samuel  J.,  lawyer,  soldier  and  third  governor  of  the  State 
of  Kansas,  'was  born  in  Lawrence  county,  Ind.,  April  15.  1835.  While 
a  student  in  the  Bedford  Academy  he  began  the  study  of  law,  and 
in  1858  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  The  following  year  he  removed  to 
Kansas  and  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Garnett.  On  Dec. 
6,  1859.  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  first  state  legislature,  which 
did  not  meet  until  March  26,   1861.     At  the  end  of  six  weeks'  service 


476  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

as  a  legislator,  he  resigned  his  seat  in  the  house  to  enter  the  army 
and  raised  a  company,  of  which  he  was  commissioned  captain.  His 
company  was  assigned  to  the  Second  Kansas  infantry,  with  which  regi- 
ment he  served  until  in  March,  1862,  when  he  was  assigned  to  the 
command  of  Troop  A,  Second  Kansas  cavalry.  While  in  command  of 
this  troop  he  distinguished  himself  by  leading  a  charge  against  and 
capturing  a  battery  of  four  guns  near  old  Fort  Wayne.  It  is  related 
that  Maj.  Van  Antwerp,  an  old  West  Pointer,  who  was  at  that  time 
inspector-general  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  James  G.  Blunt,  saw  the  charge, 
and  as  the  captured  guns  were  being  brought  within  the  Union  lines, 
rode  over  to  Gen.  Blunt  and  asked:  "^Vho  is  the  officer  that  led  that 
charge?" 

Gen.  Blunt  answered :  "Captain  Crawford  of  the  Second  Kansas 
cavalry." 

■'Do  you  know,  General,"  said  Van  Antwerp,  "that  if  that  man  had 
been  with  Napoleon  at  Lodi,  and  had  done  what  he  did  here  today,  he 
would  have  been  made  a  marshal  on  the  field?' 

Capt.  Crawford  was  not  promoted  on  the  field  at  the  time  of  his 
gallant  charge,  but  his  promotion  was  not  long  in  coming.  He  was 
given  command  of  a  battalion  of  the  Second  Kansas  cavalry,  and  on 
Dec.  5,  1863,  he  was  made  colonel  of  the  Second  Kansas,  or  Eighty- 
third  U.  S.,  colored  infantry.  On  Nov.  8,  1864,  while  serving  as  colonel 
of  this  regiment,  he  was  elected  governor  of  Kansas,  and  on  Dec.  2 
he  resigned  his  commission  in  the  army  to  prepare  for  his  gubernatorial 
duties.  He  was  inaugurated  at  the  opening  of  the  legislative  session 
the  following  January,  and  further  military  promotion  came  to  him 
on  March  13,  1865,  when  he  received  the  rank  of  brevet  brigadier- 
general  "for  gallant  and  meritorious  services."  In  1866  he  was  reelected 
to  the  office  of  governor,  and  served  until  the  autumn  of  1868.  when 
he  resigned  to  assume  the  command  of  the  Nineteenth  Kansas  regi- 
ment, which  was  then  being  organized  for  a  campaign  against  the 
hostile  Indians  on  the  western  frontier.  The  regiment,  with  Col. 
Crawford  at  the  head,  left  Topeka  on  Nov.  6,  and  twenty  days  later 
joined  Gen.  Sheridan's  army.  Upon  returning  home  from  this  expedi- 
tion. Gov.  Crawford  located  at  Emporia,  where  he  was  engaged  in 
the  real  estate  business  until  1876,  when  he  removed  to  Topeka.  In 
1877  he  was  appointed  agent  at  Washington  for  the  State  of  Kansas, 
and  he  continued  to  serve  in  this  capacity  for  several  years,  during 
which  time  he  successfully  adjusted  a  number  of  claims  against  the 
United  States  and  collected  a  large  amount  of  money  for  the  state.  He 
also  recovered  276,000  acres  of  school  lands,  and  nearly  850,000  acres 
in  western  Kansas  claimed  by  railroad  companies.  At  the  conclusion 
of  his  services  as  state  agent,  Gov.  Crawford  opened  a  law  office  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  practicing  there  during  the  fall  and  winter  sea- 
sons and  spending  liis  summer  on  Jiis  farm  near  Baxter  Springs.  On 
Nov.  27,  1866,  he  married  Miss  Isabel  M.  Chase,  of  Topeka,  and  this 
union    was   blessed    witli    two   cliildren — Florence    and    George.      Gov. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  477 

Crawford  now  (1911)  lives  in  Topeka,  practically  retired  from  active 
business  pursuits.  He  is  the  author  of  "Kansas  in  the  Sixties,"  which 
was  published  in  the  summer  of   1911. 

Crawford's  Administration. — The  legislature  met  in  regular  session 
on  Jan.  10,  1865,  and  organized  with  Lieut. -Gov.  James  McGrew  as  the 
presiding  officer  of  the  senate,  and  Jacob  Stotler,  of  Lyon  county,  as 
the  speaker  of  the  house.  On  the  nth  Samuel  J.  Crawford  succeeded 
Thomas  Carney  as  governor.  The  inaugural  message  of  the  new 
executive  was  such  a  document  as  a  lawyer  might  be  expected  to  write 
— concise,  analytic,  almost  entirely  free  from  flights  of  eloquence  or 
rhetorical  display,  but  treating  in  clear,  forcible  language  questions 
of  vital  interest  or  great  importance  to  the  people  of  Kansas.  In  dis- 
cussing the  national  situation  he  said:  "The  reelection  of  .Abraham 
Lincoln  is  the  people's  declaration  that  the  war  is  not  a  failure,  but 
that  it  shall  be  vigorously  prosecuted  until  the  last  vestige  of  American 
slavery  is  extirpated — until  every  traitor  lays  down  his  arms  and  bows 
in  allegiance  to  our  flag  and  in  submission  to  the  laws  of  our  govern- 
ment." 

He  then  carefully  reviewed  the  educational  progress  and  financial 
condition  of  the  state ;  recommended  an  appropriation  for  the  comple- 
tion of  the  geological  survey ;  suggested  an  investigation  of  the  work 
of  erecting  a  penitentiary  before  any  further  appropriations  be  made 
for  that  purpose ;  and  suggested  the  importance  of  promoting  immigra- 
tion as  a  means  of  adding  to  the  wealth  and  population.  (See  Peniten- 
tiary.) 

On  Jan.  12,  the  day  following  the  reading  of  the  message,  the  two 
branches  of  the  assembly  met  in  joint  convention  for  the  election  of . 
a  United  States  senator.  The  result  of  the  ballot  was :  James  H.  Lane, 
82:  William  Phillips,  7;  William  C.  McDowell,  4;  C.  B.  Brace,  2;  B. 
M.  J-iughes,  I.  Lane  was  therefore  declared  reelected  for  the  term 
beginning  on  the  4th  of  the  following  March. 

The  legislature  adjourned  on  the  20th  of  February.  The  principal 
acts  'of  the  session  were  those  authorizing  counties  to  issue  bonds  in 
behalf  of  railroad  companies ;  to  encourage  the  planting  of  forest  trees ; 
making  an  appropriation  for  the  geological  survey ;  relating  to  the 
payment  of  claims  growing  out  of  the  Price  raid  and  the  expedition  of 
Gen.  Curtis  against  the  Indians. 

President  Lincoln  died  early  on  the  morning  of  April  15,  and  as 
soon  as  the  sad  news  reached  Kansas  Gov.  Crawford  issued  a  proclama- 
tion, the  principal  part  of  which  was  as  follows :  "President  Lincoln 
has  been  wickedly  assassinated ;  a  loyal  people  are  shedding  bitter 
tears  of  sorrow;  grief  the  most  poignant  fills  the  heart  of  every  true 
patriot  in  the  land ;  a  calamity  that  seems  almost  unbearable  has  visited 
the  nation !  Let  us  submit  with  Christian  resignation  to  the  great 
affliction — kiss  the 'hand  .that  smites  us — remembering  that  it  is  our 
Father's  will. 

"I   do  recommend   that,  in  respect  to  the   memory   of  the  slain   hero 


4/8  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

and  patriot,  the  public  and  private  buildings  in  the  state  be  draped 
in  mourning,  so  far  as  practicable,  for  the  space  of  ten  days ;  and  that 
Sunda}',  the  23rd  inst.,  especial  prayers  be  offered  to  Almighty  God, 
that  he  will  sanctify  this  great  calamit}'  to  the  good  of  our  bereaved 
country." 

The  governor's  recommendations  were  general!}'  accepted.  In  all 
the  leading  towns  and  cities  of  the  state  buildings  were  decorated  with 
somber  black — emblem  of  a  nation's  grief — while  from  many  pulpits, 
on  the  appointed  day,  prayers  were  offered  for  the  national  welfare 
'and  sermons  calculated  to  inculcate  patriotism  and  a  love  of  law  and 
order  were  delivered  to  interested  congregations. 

During  the  summer  of  1865  there  arose  a  controversy  between  the 
governor  and  the  interior  department,  regarding  the  title  to  certain 
lands  in  Kansas,  and  some  spirited  correspondence  resulted.  On  Aug. 
3  Gov.  Crawford  wrote  to  James  Harlan,  secretar}-  of  the  interior,  that 
the  Cherokee  and  Osage  tribes  were  holding  lands  to  which  they  had 
no  title.  The  letter  was  referred  to  J-  M.  Edmunds,  commissioner  of 
the  general  land  office,  who  wrote  to  the  governor,  under  date  of  Aug. 
31,  that  he  was  in  error  in  his  views  concerning  the  boundaries  of  the 
Osage  and  Cherokee  lands.  The  governor  then  asked  G.  J.  Endicott 
to  ascertain  the  exact  boundaries,  which  was  done,  and  Mr.  Endicott's 
survej'  sustained  the  position  of  Gov.  Crawford.  The  correspondence 
is  given  in  full  in  the  governor's  message  to  the  legislature  of  1866. 

The  legislative  session  of  1866  began  cjn  Jan.  9  and  lasted  until  Feb. 

26.  Lieut. -Gov.  McGrew  again  presided  mer  the  senate  and  John  T. 
Burris  was  speaker  of  the  house.  During  the  session  acts  were  passed 
providing  for  a  new  apportionment  of  the  state  for  senators  and  repre- 
sentatives; to  encourage  forestry;  for  the  erection  of  a  temporar}-  deaf 
and  dumb  asylum  at  (^lathe ;  for  the  erection  of  a  state-house ;  to  give 
to  railroad  companies  500,000  acres  of  land  granted  to  the  state  under 
the  act  of  Sept.  4,  1841 ;  and  to  provide  for  the  sale  of  certain  public 
lands  for  the  benefit  of  the  state  universit\',  the  state  normal  schnnl  and 
the  agricultural  college. 

In  April,  1866,  Gov.  Crawford  sold  in  New  York  $(jo,ooo  of  the  peni- 
tentiary bonds  and  $70,000  of  the  public  improvement  bonds  at  91 
cents  on  the  dollar.     The   latter  were  authorized  by  the  act  of  Feb. 

27,  1866,  to  run  for  thirty  years  at  seven  per  cent,  interest,  payable 
semi-annually,  the  proceeds  to  be  used  for  the  benefit  of  the  state 
university,  the  state  normal  school,  the  tlcaf  and  dumb  asylum,  and  for 
the  erection  of  a  capitol  building.     (See   Finances,  State.) 

A  great  reunion  of  Kansas  stjldiers  was  held  on  July  4,  i8(>().  at 
which  time  the  battle  flags  of  the  several  regiments  were  presented  to 
the  state.  Senator  Lane's  death  on  July  11  left  a  vacancy  in  the  I'nilcd 
States  senate,  which  Gov.  Crawford  filled  on  the  2oih  b\  ihc  a])poiiit- 
ment  of  Edmund  G.  Ross. 

At  a  Republican  convention  in  To])eka  on  Sept.  5,  (iov.  Crawford 
wai  rcnoniinatud,  receiving  64  voles  \i>   iS  fur    \iidrcw    \kin  nf  Aburis 


KANSAS    IIISTOK')'  479 

coiinly.  Nehemiah  Green  was  lujininated  for  lieutenant-governor;  H. 
A.  Barker  and  John  R.  Swallow  were  nominated  for  secretary  of  state 
and  audilur;  and  the  ticket  was  cuni|)letcd  by  the  iinniinatiun  of  Alar- 
tin  Anderson  for  treasurer;  Peter  McVicar  for  superintendent  of  pub- 
lic instruction ;  George  H.  Hoyt  for  attorney-general ;  Samuel  A.  King- 
man for  chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court,  and  Sidney  Clarke  for 
representative  in  Congress.  At  that  time  the  controversj-  between 
President  Andrew  Jackson  and  Congress  over  the  reconstruction  policy 
was  at  its  height,  and  the  platform  declared : 

"That  in  the  great  and  awful  wickedness  which  our  president  has 
perpetrated  in  making  treason  a  virtue  and  loyalty  a  crime;  in  giving 
to  rebels  protection,  and  to  their  anarchy  the  sanction  of  law :  in  cast- 
ing upon  the  noble  and  sacrificing  L'nionists  of  the  South  the  scorn 
and  insolence  of  tyrannic  power;  in  fostering  and  encouraging  the 
spirit  of  disaiifection  among  the  rebels,  and  in  crushing  the  dawning 
hopes  of  the  freedmen ;  in  usurping  and  overriding  the  authorit}-  of 
Congress,  and  in  trampling  upon  the  sovereignty  of  the  states  ;  and  in 
his  audacious  and  crowning  wickedness  in  calling  our  representatives 
'An  assumed  Congress,'  meaning  the  tyrant's  threat  at  anarchy  and 
absolute  power — has  lost  our  confidence  and  respect,  and  to  his  inso- 
lence and  threats  we  hurl  back  our  defiance-  and  scorn." 

This  was  strong  language,  but  from  it  the  student  of  a  younger 
generation  ma}'  learn  how  high  the  sectional  and  partisan  feelings  ran 
during  the  years  immediately  following  the  Civil  war.  The  platform 
indorsed  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  especially  the  senators 
and  representatives  from  Kansas,  and  recommended  the  next  legisla- 
ture to  submit  to  a  vote  of  the  people  the  question  of  impartial  sufifrage. 

On  Sept.  20  the  National  Union  state  convention  met  at  Topeka 
and  named  an  opposition  ticket,  as  follows :  J.  L.  McDowell,  gov- 
ernor; J.  R.  McClure,  lieutenant-governor;  M.  Quigg,  secretary  of 
state;  N.  S.  Goss,  auditor;  I.  S.  Walker,  treasurer:  Ross  Burns,  attor- 
ney-general ;  Joseph  Bond,  superintendent  of  public  instruction ;  Nel- 
son Cobb,  chief  justice;  Charles  W.  Blair,  representative  in  Congress. 
The  convention  gave  an  unequivocal  indorsement  to  President  John- 
son's policy  vvith  regard  to  the  Southern  states,  in  a  resolution  declar- 
ing: "That  in  the  great  crisis  of  our  country,  growing  out  of  the  dis- 
agreement between  Congress  and  the  administration,  we  heartily 
indorse  the  policy  of  President  Johnson  in  liis  manly  defense  of  the 
constitution  and  the  Union  against  the  assaults  of  a  partisan  Congress 
and  a  fanatical  party  to  destroy  the  government  bequeathed  to  us  by 
our  fathers." 

On  questions  relating  to  Kansas  afifairs,  the  platform  declared  that 
"The  prodigality,  corruption  and  imbecility  of  the  present  officials  of 
this  state  merit  and  ought  to  receive  the  severest  reprobation  of  the 
honest,  tax-ridden  people  of  the  state,"  and  condemned  "the  criminal 
conduct  of  the  present  executive  in  neglecting  or  refusing  to  extend 
the  protection  of  the  state  to  the  hardy  pioneers  of  our  western  borders 


483  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

against  Indian  hostilities  and  savage  barbarities  daily  and  notoriously 
committed  against  them." 

Notwithstanding  this  severe  arraignment  of  Gov.  Crawford  by  the 
opposition  party,  he  was  reelected  by  an  increased  vote  on  Nov.  6, 
1866.  In  1864  his  majority  over  Solon  O.  Thacher  was  4.939.  while 
in  1866  he  received  19.370  votes,  and  his  opponent,  J.  L.  McDowell, 
received  only  8,152.  All  the  candidates  on  the  Republican  state  ticket 
were  elected  b)'  similar  pluralities,  and  the  party  had  a  substantial 
majoritj"-  in  each  branch  of  the  legislature  which  met  on  Jan.  8,  1867. 

At  the  session  Nehemiah  Green,  the  newly  elected  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor, presided  over  the  deliberations  of  the  senate,  and  Preston  B. 
Plumb  was  elected  speaker  of  the  house.  Gov.  Crawford  submitted  his 
annual  message  on  the  9th.  He  reviewed  at  length  the  financial  con- 
dition of  the  state,  showing  the  total  indebtedness  to  be  $660,896.28, 
with  the  resources  only  slightly  less.  With  regard  to  the  educational 
progress  of  the  state  during  the  preceding  year,  he  called  attention  to 
the  fact  that  there  had  been  an  increase  of  150  in  the  number  of  school 
districts;  the  number  of  teachers  had  increased  187,  and  there  had  been 
an  increase  of  nearly  $200,000  in  the  value  of  school  property — not  a 
bad  exhibit  for  Kansas  in  the  sixth  year  of  her  statehood.  The  mes- 
sage also  gave  a  great  deal  of  detailed  information  concerning  the 
penal  and  benevolent  institutions  of  the  state ;  the  progress  in  the  erec- 
tion of  the  new  capitol ;  urged  legislation  in  behalf  of  the  agricultural 
interests  and  to  promote  railroad  building,  and  recommended  that  steps  ' 
be  taken  to  encourage  immigration.  On  the  subject  of  Indian  hostilities, 
in  connection  with  which  the  governor  had  been  severely  criticised  by 
one  of  the  political  conventions  the  preceding  year,  the  message  says: 

"The  Indians  on  our  western  border,  during  the.  past  year,  have  been 
guilty  of  frequent  depredations  and  murders.  The  expenses  would 
have  been  so  enormous  that  I  did  not  feel  justified,  under  existing  cir- 
cumstances, in  attempting  the  defense  of  the  frontier  by  the  militia  of 
the  state.  It  would  have  been  useless  to  attempt  it  unless  by  keeping 
troops  at  all  times  scouting  in  that  portion  of  the  state ;  and  it  was 
impossible  after  the  depredations  or  murders  were  committed  to  col- 
lect a  force  and  overtake  the  perpetrators,  as  ample  time  must  neces- 
sarily intervene  to  make  good  their  escape  before  troops  could  oven 
reach  the  scene  of  their  disturbances." 

The  governor  then  goes  on  to  explain  the  efforts  he  made  to  pro- 
tect the  settlers  on  the  frontier  by  trying  to  induce  the  general  gov- 
ernment to  send  troops  to  that  section  of  the  state,  or  at  least  to  pro- 
vide the  settlers  with  arms  and  annnunition.  and  maintains  that  the 
reason  for  his  failure  to  afl'ord  such  protection  as  the  settlers  required 
was  not  due  to  negligence  on  his  part,  but  to  absolute  helplessness. 

He  submitted  to  tlie  legislature  the  proposed  Article  XIV  of  the 
Federal  constitution  (better  known  perhaps  as  the  Fourteenth  Amend- 
ment), and  in  connection  tlierewith  said:  "Tlie  abolition  of  slavery, 
the  investment  by  the  law-  "f  ""'Migress  of  all  persons  born  within  the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  4K1 

United  States,  or  in  case  of  foreigners  when  naturalized  with  citizen- 
ship, has  precipitated  upon  us,  as  a  practical  question,  sooner  than  many 
desired,  the  question  of  impartial  suffrage.  If  we  desired,  we  could 
not  longer  avoid  the  issue.  ...  I  recommend  that  you  provide  for 
submitting  to  a  vote  of  the  people,  at  the  next  general  election,  a  propo- 
sition to  strike  the  word  "white"  from  our  state  constitution ;  and  that 
all  who  gave  aid  or  comfort,  during  the  rebellion,  to  the  enemies  of 
the  government,  be  forevei  disqualified  and  debarred  from  exercising 
the  rights,  privileges  and  immunities  of  loyal  citizens  of  Kansas." 

In  referring  to  the  appointment  of  Mr.  Ross  to  the  United  States 
senate,  he  also  reminded  the  legislature  that  the  term  of  Senator  Pome- 
roy  expired  on  the  4th  of  the  following  March,  and,  the  appointment 
of  Ross  having  been  made  ad  interim,  two  senators  must  be  elected 
during  the  session.  Accordingly  the  two  houses  met  in  joint  conven- 
tion on  Jan.  23,  and  elected  Edmund  G.  Ross  for  the  short  term — the 
unexpired  term  of  Gen.  Lane — and  reelected  Samuel  C.  Pomeroy  for 
the  long  term.  Only  one  ballot  was  taken  in  each  instance.  For  the 
short  term  Ross  received  68  votes ;  Thomas  Carney,  40,  and  Samuel  A. 
Riggs,  I.  For  the  long  term  Pomeroy  received  84  votes  and  Albert  L. 
Lee  25. 

On  the  subject  of  Indian  titles  the  governor  said  in  his  message  of 
1867 :  "In  my  last  message  I  presented  to  the  legislature  the  fact  (as 
I  then  and  still  believe),  that  the  boundary  lines  claimed  by  the  Chero- 
kees  to  the  Cherokee  Neutral  Lands,  and  by  the  Osages  to  the  lands 
occupied  by  them,  were  not  in  accordance  with  the  treaties  made  by 
the  government  with  these  tribes,  that  those  lands  were  unjustly  claimed 
and  held,  and  that  they  in  right  and  justice  were  subject  to  settle- 
ment. During  the  year  just  passed,  thousands  of  immigrants  have 
settled  on  these  lands  and  the  Indians  finally  ceded  their  alleged  claims 
to  the  government.  The  rights  of  the  settlers  on  these  lands  should  be 
sacredly  and  securely  guarded.  A  commission  is  now  in  the  state  to 
ascertain  upon  what  terms  or  conditions  the  different  tribes  now  own- 
ing reservations  will  relinquish  their  rights  thereto,  and  remove  to 
what  is  known  as  the  Indian  Country.  The  best  interests  of  the  state 
and  the  future  prosperity  of  the  Indians  unite  in  demanding  their 
speedy  removal."     (See  Indian  Treaties.) 

The  legislature  adjourned  on  March  6.  During  the  session  the  Four- 
teenth Amendment  was  ratified ;  an  issue  of  $100,000  in  bonds  was 
authorized  for  the  construction  of  the  new  capitol :  a  similar  amount 
was  authorized  for  the  benefit  of  the  penitentiary;  an  issue  of  $15,500 
for  the  deaf  and  dtimb  asylum  ;  a  number  of  county  boundaries  were 
changed;  steps  were  taken  for  the  establishment  of  a  blind  asylum 
at  Wyandotte ;  and  the  payment  of  the  Price  raid  claims  were  assumed 
by  the  state.  Three  constitutional  amendments  were  proposed — one 
to  strike  the  word  "white"  from  the  organic  law  of  the  state ;  one  to 
strike  out  the  word  "male,"  and  the  third  disfranchising  certain  classes 
of  persons. 
(I-31) 


482  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Early  in  the  summer  of  1867  the  Indians  on  the  western  border  again 
became  troublesome,  especially  toward  those  engaged  in  railroad 
building,  and  on  June  29  Gov.  Crawford  received  authority  to  organize 
and  call  out  a  battalion  to  protect  the  frontier.  The  result  was  the 
organization  of  the  Eighteenth  Kansas — four  companies — which  was 
mustered  in  for  four  months.  The  battalion  was  commanded  by  Maj. 
H.  L.  Moore,  formerly  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Fourth  Arkansas 
cavalry.  In  October  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman  notified  the  governor  that 
the  United  States  would  pay  the  men  when  they  were  mustered  out, 
which  was  done  at  Fort  Harker  on  Nov.  15. 

A  number  of  prominent  Republicans  met  in  convention  at  Lawrence 
on  Sept.  5  and  organized  a  campaign  in  favor  of  negro  suffrage,  but 
in  opposition  to  female  suffrage.  On  the  i8th  of  the  same  month  a 
Democratic  convention  at  Leavenworth  declared  in  opposition  to  all 
three  of  the  ])roposed  constitutional  amendments.  The  election  was  held 
on  Xov.  5.  The  proposition  to  strike  the  word  "white"  from  the  state 
constitution  was  defeated  by  a  vote  of  10,483  for  to  19,421  against; 
that  to  strike  out  the  word  "male"  was  defeated  by  a  vote  of  9,070  for 
to  19,857  against,  and  the  amendments  restricting  the  elective  franchise 
was  carried  by  a  vote  of  16,860  to  12,165. 

In  the  legislative  session,  which  began  on  Jan.  14,  1868,  Lieut. -Gov. 
Green  again  presided  in  the  senate  and  George  W.  Smith  was  speaker 
of  the  house.  The  governor  presented  his  message  on  the  opening 
day  of  the  session.  The  principal  topics  discussed  were  the  financial 
condition  of  the  state;  educational  and  railroad  development;  the  Paris 
exposition;  the  condition  of  the  public  institutions  of  the  state;  In- 
dian lands  and  depredations ;  immigration,  and  the  work  of  the  codify- 
commission.  The  laws  enacted  during  the  session  were  published  in 
two  volumes — the  general  statutes  as  revised  by  the  commission,  and 
special  laws. 

Early  in  the  session  charges  were  made  against  Gov.  Crawford,  in 
that  he  had  accepted  640  acres  of  land  from  the  Union  Pacific  rail- 
road company,  which  had  influenced  him  to  report  in  favor  of  accept- 
ing ilu-  road,  and  a  s])ccial  committee,  consisting  of  C.  R.  Jennison,  J. 
L.  Philbrick  and  R.  D.  Mobley,  was  appointed  to  investigate.  On 
Feb.  27  Mr.  Jennison  made  a  minority  report,  tending  to  show  that 
the  land  in  question  was  worth  several  thousand  dollars,  and  that  its 
transfer  from  the  railroad  company  to  the  governor  was  in  the  nature 
of  a  bribe.  The  other  two  members  of  the  committee  rendered  a  major- 
ity report  exonerating  the  governor  from  blame.  This  report  closed 
as  follows:  "And  we  further  believe  that  his  persistent  efforts  in 
behalf  of  the  road,  in  defeating  the  opposition  of  those  interested  in 
the  Omaha  line,  resulted  in  great  and  lasting  benefit  to  the  company, 
and  ten  fold  more  interest  to  the  State  of  Kansas.  Your  committee 
recommend  that  the  evidence  be  printed." 

The  first  political  activity  in  1868  was  manifested  by  the  Democratic 
party,    which    met    in    convention    at   Topeka   on    Feb.   26  and   selected 


KANSAS    IUST(jl<Y  483 

Wilson  Shannon,  Jr.,  Thomas  P.  Fenlon,  Charles  VV.  Blair,  George  W. 
Glick,  A.  J.  Mead  and  Isaac  Sharp  as  delegates  to  the  national  con- 
vention. The  resolutions  adopted  favored  guaranteeing  to  each  state 
a  republican  form  of  government  under  control  of  the  white  race ; 
regretted  the  difference  between  the  "Radical  party  in  Congress  and 
the  president,"  and  condemned  "the  attempt  on  the  part  of  Congress 
to  strip  the  presidential  office  of  its  constitutional  authority,  and  the 
supreme  court  of  its  proper  functions,  in  order  that  they  may  carry 
out  their  unprecedented  schemes  of  negro  supremacy  in  certain  states, 
in  violation  of  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  contrary  to 
the  sentiments  and  feelings  of  the  great  bulk  of  the  population  of  the 
Union." 

A  Republican  state  convention  met  at  Topeka  on  March  25.  C.  W. 
Babcock,  S.  S.  Prouty,  John  A.  Martin,  B.  F.  Simpson,  Louis  Weil 
and  N.  A.  Adams  were  elected  delegates  to  the  national  convention 
and  instructed  to  support  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant  for  the  presidency.  The 
action  of  the  national  house  of  representatives,  in  its  arraignment  of 
President  Andrew  Johnson,  was  indorsed.  These  two  conventions 
opened  the  national  or  presidential  campaign,  but  nominations  for  the 
state  offices  were  not  made  until  well  along  in  the  summer. 

In  this  matter  the  Democrats  again  took  the  initiative  by  holding  their 
state  convention  on  July  29,  at  Topeka.  George  W.  Glick  was  nomi- 
nated for  governor;  Maxwell  McCaslin  for  lieutenant-governor;  Wilson 
Shannon,  Jr.,  for  secretarj-  of  state;  Gottlieb  Schauble  for  auditor;  Allen 
McCartney  for  treasurer;  Ross  Burns  for  attorney-general;  Archibald 
Beatty  for  superintendent  of  public  instruction ;  W.  R.  Wagstaff  for 
associate  justice  of  the  supreme  court;  Charles  W.  Blair  for  representa- 
tive in  Congress ;  Leonard  T.  Smith,  P.  Z.  Taylor  and  Orlin  Thurston 
for  presidential  electors. 

The  Republican  nominating  convention  assembled  in  Topeka  on  Sept. 
9.  James  M.  Harvey  was  nominated  for  governor  after  a  spirited  con- 
test, and  the  ticket  was  completed  by  the  selection  of  the  following 
candidates:  Charles  V.  Eskridge,  lieutenant-governor;  Thomas  Moon- 
light, secretary  of  state;  Alois  Thoman,  auditor;  George  Graham,  treas- 
urer; Addison  Danford,  attorney-general;  Peter  McVicar,  superintend- 
ent of  public  instruction;  D.  M.  Valentine,  associate  justice;  Sidney 
Clarke,  representative  in  Congress ;  I.  S.  Kalloch,  A.  H.  Horton  and 
D.  R.  Anthony,  presidential  electors.  The  entire  Republican  ticket,  both 
state  and  national,  was  successful  at  the  election  on  Nov.  3. 

.\11  through  the  summer  and  fall  of  1868  the  Indians  continued  to  com- 
mit depredations  at  intervals,  which  kept  the  settlers  on  the  western 
border  in  constant  fear  of  attack.  On  Oct.  lo  Gov.  Crawford  issued  a 
proclamation  calling  for  a  volunteer  cavalry  regiment  for  six  months' 
service.  The  first  company  (Company  A)  was  mustered  in  at  Topeka 
ten  days  later,  and  on  Nov.  4,  the  day  after  the  election.  Gov.  Crawford 
resigned  the  governorship  to  take  command  of  the  regiment,  which  was 
designated  the  Ninteenth  Kansas.  The  same  day  Lieut. -Gov.  Nehemiah 
Green  took  the  oath  of  office  as  governor. 


484  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Crescent,  a  small  hamlet  ui  Kiowa  count}-,  is  located  near  the  north- 
west corner,  about  5  miles  from  the  Arkansas  river  and  12  miles  from 
Greensburg,  the  county  seat.  Mail  is  received  through  the  postoffice 
at  Mullinville,  which  is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Crestline,  a  village  of  Shawnee  township,  Cherokee  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.  8  miles  east  of  Coltmibtis,  the 
coimty  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  express 
and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  connections,  a  hotel,  a  feed  mill,  a 
creamer}',  Christian  and  Friends  churches,  some  well  stocked  general 
stores,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  162. 

Creswell,  an  inland  trading  post  in  Marion  county,  is  located  15  miles 
southwest  of  Marion,  the  county  seat,  and  13  miles  northwest  of  Peabody, 
from  which  place  mail  is  received.  Hillsboro  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe,  6  miles  to  the  north,  is  the  nearest  railroad  station  and 
shipping  point. 

Crisfield,  a  village  of  Greene  township,  Harper  county,  with  a  popu- 
lation of  50  in  1910,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
R.  R.  about  17  miles  west  of  Anthony,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money 
order  postoffice,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  telephone  connections, 
some  general  stores,  and  is  a  shipping  and  supply  point  for  that  section 
of  the  county. 

Critzer,  a  hamlet  of  Linn  county,  is  situated  on  the  Missouri  Pacific 
R.  R.  6  miles  west  of  Mound  City,  the  seat  of  justice.  It  has  rural  free 
delivery  from  Blue  Mound  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  32. 

Croft,  a  village  and  postoffice  of  Springvale  township,  Pratt  county, 
is  a  station  on  the  Wichita  &  Englewood  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  about  20  miles  southwest  of  Pratt,  the  county  scat. 
It  has  telephone  connections,  a  local  trade,  does  some  shipping,  and  in 
iQio  reixirtcd  a  population  of  30. 

Cross  Timbers  was  the  name  applied  to  a  section  of  wooded  lands. 
beginning  at  about  the  QQlh  degree  of  longitude,  in  latitude  36°  30'  north, 
and  extending  southward  from  the  yVrkansas  river  in  Oklahoma  to  the 
Brazos  river  in  Texas.  In  extent  they  were  from  5  to  30  miles  in  width 
from  east  to  west  and  about  400  miles  long  from  north  to  south.  Accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Josiah  Gregg,  these  lands  "entirely  cut  off  the  ctMnmimication 
betwixt  the  interior  prairies  and  those  of  the  great  plains." 

Gregg  says  furtjier:  "They  may  be  considered  as  the  'fringe'  of  the 
great  prairies,  being  a  continuous  brushy  strip,  comjioscd  of  various 
kinds  of  undergrowth,  such  as  black-jacks,  post-oaks,  and  in  sonic  places 
hickory,  elm,  etc.,  intermixed  with  a  very  diminutive  dwarf  oak,  called 
by  the  hunters  'shin-oak.'  Most  of  the  timber  ai)])oars  to  be  kept  small 
b\'  the  Continual  inroails  <if  the  'buruing-]irairies  ;'  for  being  killed  almost 
annually,  it  is  constantly  replaced  by  scions  of  undergrowth  ;  so  that  it 
becomes  mr)re  and  more  dense  every  reproduction.  In  some  places  the 
oaks  are  of  considerable  size,  anrl  able  to  withstand  the  contlagralions. 
The  underwood  is  so  matted  in  m.iiiy  i)laces  with  grape  vines,  green 
brairs,  etc.,   as   to   form   .ilnin^i    inipi-netr.-ible   'roughs,'    which    serve   as 


KANSAS    HISTORY  485 

hiding  places  for  wild  beasts,  as  well  as  wild  Indians;  and  would,  in 
savage  warfare,  prove  almost  as  formidable  as  the  hummocks  of  Florida. 
South  of  the  Canadian,  a  branch  of  these  Cross  Timbers  projects  ofif  west- 
ward, extending  across  this  stream,  and  up  its  course  for  lOO  miles  or 
so,  from  whence  it  inclines  northwest  beyond  the  North  Fork,  and  ulti- 
mately ceases,  no  doubt,  in  the  great  sandy  plains  in  that  direction.  The 
region  of  the  Cross  Timbers  is  generall)-  well  watered ;  and  is  interspersed 
with  romantic  and  fertile  tracts.  .  .  .  Among  the  Cross  Timbers  the 
black  bear  is  very  common,  living  chiefly  upon  acorns  and  other  fruits. 
.  .  .  That  species  of  gazelle  known  as  the  antelope  is  very  numerous 
upon  the  high  plains.  .  .  .  About  the  Cross  Timbers  .  .  are  quantities 
of  wild  turkeys.  That  species  of  American  grouse,  known  west  as  the 
prairie  hen,  is  very  abundant  on  the  frontier,  and  is  quite  destructive,  in 
autumn,  to  the  prairie  cornfields.  Partridges  are  found  about  as  far 
west ;  but  their  number  is  quite  limited  beyond  the  precincts  of  the 
settlements."     (Gregg's  Commerce  of  the  Prairies.) 

Crotty,  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  in  Coffey  count}-,  is 
located  8  miles  south  of  Burlington,  the  county  seat,  and  about  the  same 
distance  west  of  LeRoy,  from  which  point  it  receives  mail.  The  popu- 
lation in  1910  was  reported  as  being  50. 

Crow,  an  inland  hamlet  of  Phillips  county,  is  situated  in  the  north- 
eastern part,  near  the  headwaters  of  Big  creek  and  about  15  miles  from 
Phillipsburg,  the  county  seat,  from  which  place  mail  is  received  by 
rural  free  delivery. 

Croweburg,  a  village  of  Crawford  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Joplin  & 
Pittsburg  electric  line  about  8  miles  east  of  Girard,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  an  international  money  order  postoffice,  some  local  trade,  and  in 
1910  reported  a  population  of  125. 

Crozier,  Robert,  lawyer,  chief  justice  of  the  Kansas  supreme  court, 
and  United  States  senator,  was  born  at  Cadiz,  Harrison  county.  Ohio. 
Oct.  15,  1828.  About  the  time  he  reached  his  majority,  he  graduated  at 
the  Cadiz  Academy,  then  studied  law,  and  soon  after  his  admission  to 
the  bar  he  was  elected  county  attorney  of  his  native  county.  In  the  fall 
of  1856  he  came  to  Kansas,  and  on  March  7,  1857,  issued  the  first  number 
of  the  Leavenworth  Times.  On  Oct.  5,  1857,  he  was  elected  to  the  legis- 
lative council,  defeating  John  A.  Halderman,  and  took  his  seat  in  that 
body  on  Dec.  11.  In  Oct.,  1863,  he  was  nominated  by  the  Republican 
party  for  chief  justice  of  the  state  supreme  court,  and  at  the  election  on 
Nov.  3  he  received  12,731  votes,  only  14  being  cast  against  him.  During 
the  three  years  he  served  on  the  supreme  bench  he  wrote  45  opinions. 
He  was  then  president  of  the  First  National  bank  of  Leavenworth  until 
Nov.  22,  1873,  when  he  was  appointed  L^nited  States  senator  by  Gov. 
Osborn  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  Alexander  Caldwell,  resigned.  In 
Nov.,  1876,  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  First  judicial  district  and  served 
in  that  capacity  for  four  successive  terms.  He  died  at  Leavenworth  on 
Oct.  2.  1895.  His  son,  William  Crozier,  graduated  at  the  head  of  his 
class  at  West  Point,  entered  the  artillery  service  in  the  United  .States 
army  and  became  chief  of  the  ordinance  department. 


486  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Crystal  Springs,  a  little  village  of  Lake  township,  Harper  county,  is 
a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  about  half-way 
between  Harper  and  Attica,  and  12  miles  northwest  of  Anthony,  the 
county  seat.  It  has  a  postoffice,  an  express  office,  telephone  connections, 
and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  38. 

Cuba,  an  incorporated  town  of  Republic  county,  with  a  population  of 
466  according  to  the  U.  S.  census  of  1910,  is  located  about  10  miles  east 
of  Belleville,  the  county  seat,  at  the  junction  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island 
&  Pacific  and  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  railways.  It  is  an 
important  shipping  point  for  the  surrounding  agricultural  district,  has 
a  number  of  good  mercantile  houses,  a  money  order  postoffice  from  which 
emanate  three  rural  delivery  routes,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  good 
schools,  churches  of  different  denominations,  etc.  The  town  was  first 
laid  out  near  the  line  between  Farmington  and  Richland  townships,  but 
when  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  railroad  was  built  in  1884  it 
was  removed  to  its  present  location  in  order  to  be  on  the  railroad. 

Cullison,  an  incorporated  town  of  Pratt  county,  is  located  on  the  line 
between  Banner  and  Richland  townships  and  is  a  station  on  the  Chicago, 
Rock  Island  «S:  Pacific  R.  R.  11  miles  west  of  Pratt,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  a  bank,  a  grain  elevator,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural 
routes,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  telephone  connections,  a  hotel, 
some  well  stocked  general  stores,  and  is  the  principal  shipping  and  supply 
point  for  the  western  part  of  the  county.  The  population  was  131  in 
1910. 

Culver,  an  incorporated  town  of  Ottawa  coimty,  is  located  in  Culver 
township,  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  and  the  Saline  river,  about  10 
miles  southwest  of  Minneapolis,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  tele- 
graph and  express  offices,  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  2  rural 
routes.  All  lines  of  business  activity  and  the  leading  denominations  of 
clnuches  are  re])resented.    The  population  in  1910  was  326. 

Cummings,  a  village  of  Atchison  county,  is  situated  in  the  southern 
portion  on  the  Atcliison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  10  miles  southwest 
of  Atchison,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph 
station,  general  store  and  scliool.     In  1910  the  population  was  175. 

Cunningham,  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  Kingman  county,  is  located 
in  Uresden  and  Rural  townships  and  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Tojieka 
&  Santa  l-'e  R.  R.  18  miles  west  of  Kingman,  the  county  seat.  It  lias  a 
bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes,  telegraph  and 
express  offices,  telephone  connections,  general  stores,  hardware  and 
implcmeni  houses,  a  lumber  yard,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Clipper), 
a  hotel,  and  is  the  principal  shipiiing  point  anti  trading  center  between 
Kingman  and  Pratt.  Cimningham  was  incdrjioriited  in  1908  ami  in  i<)io 
rc|)orled  a  population  of  395. 

Curran,  an  inland  hamlet  of  Harper  county,  is  situ.ilid  in  tlio  innlli- 
wesl  part  of  the  county,  about  16  miles  from  Anthony,  the  county  scat. 
Mail  is  received  by  riu'al  free  delivery  from  llarjicr.  Attica  is  the  nearest 
railway  station. 


KANSAS    IlISTOKV   _  487 

Curranville,  a  thriving  town  in  the  eastern  part  of  Crawford  county, 
is  a  station  on  the  Kansas  City  Soutiiern  R.  R.  about  12  miles  east  of 
Girard,  the  county  seat.  It  is  situated  in  the  coal  fields,  and  mining  is 
the  principal  industry.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  some  well 
stocked  general  stores,  telephone  connections,  etc.  Curranville  was 
incorporated  in  1906  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  773. 

Curtis,  Charles,  lawyer  and  United  States  senator,  is  a  native  of 
Kansas,  having  been,  born  in  the  city  of  Topeka  on  Jan.  25,  i860.  He 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools,  studied  law  with  A.  H.  Case,  and  in 
1881,  soon  after  reaching  his  majority,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He 
then  formed  a  partnership  with  Mr.  Case  which  lasted  until  1884,  when 
Mr.  Curtis  was  elected  county  attorney  of  Shawnee  county.  On  Nov. 
27,  1884,  he  married  Miss  Annie  E.  Baird  of  Topeka.  At  the  close  of  his 
first  term  as  city  attorney  in  1886  he  was  reelected  for  a  second  term  of 
two  years.  In  1892  he  was  nominated  by  the  Republicans  of  the  Fourth 
Congressional  district  for  Congress,  and  in  November  was  elected.  He 
was  twice  reelected  from  that  district,  and  when  in  1898  Shawnee  county 
was  made  a  part  of  the  First  district  he  was  again  elected  to  Congress 
and  served  ten  years  as  the  representative  of  the  First,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  a  portion  of  his  last  term,  when  he  resigned  to  accept  an  election 
as  United  States  senator  in  Jan.,  1907,  both  for  the  une.xpired  term  of 
Joseph  R.  Burton  and  for  a  full  term  of  six  years,  which  expires  on 
March  3,  1913. 

Cutler,  a  rural  hamlet  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Wallace  county, 
is  located  on  the  divide  between  Turtle  and  Goose  creeks,  about  22  miles 
from  Sharon  Springs,  the  county  seat.  Weskan,  on  the  Union  Pacific, 
is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  Mail  is  received  by  rural  delivery  from 
Dale. 

Cyclones. —  (See  Storms.) 

D 

Daier,  a  small  hamlet  of  Leavenworth  county,  is  located  on  the 
Stranger  river  about  3  miles  southeast  of  Tonganoxie,  which  is  the  most 
convenient  railroad  station,  and  from  which  place  mail  is  delivered  by 
rural  carrier. 

Dairying. — For  man}-  years  it  was  believed  that  New  England,  New 
York,  and  the  great  dairying  states  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  valleys 
would  be  able  to  supply  the  demand  for  dairy  products  in  the  United 
States,  because  agriculturists  and  dairymen  considered  the  conditions  in 
the  west  and  south  so  poorly  adapted  to  this  industry  as  to  prevent  its 
extension  in  these  directions.  The  great  manufacturing  and  commercial 
development  of  the  east  and  middle  west  soon  made  it  apparent  that  the 
farmers  of  that  region  could  not  supply  the  demand  of  the  great  cities 
for  food  products.  Emigration  west  of  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri 
rivers  was  rapid  and  settlers  began  to  occupy  the  fertile  valleys  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Kansas.     These  pioneers,  who  brought  cows  with  them, 


488  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

found  the  natural  pastures  and  other  conditions  favorable  to  stock  raising- 
and  milk  production.  As  the  country  was  settled  and  means  of  trans- 
portation became  more  efficient,  the  dairy  belt  of  the  United  States  was 
extended  as  far  west  as  the  eastern  third  of  Kansas  and  it  is  estimated 
by  dairy  experts  that  there  are  at  least  50,000,000  acres  of  land  in  the 
state  which  offer  as  great  possibilities  for  dairying  as  any  equal  area 
in  the  country. 

Many  old  customs  and  ideas  which  had  once  been  regarded  as  essential 
to  the  dairying  industry  had  to  be  overcome,  such  as  flowing  spring  water 
and  a  reliable  source  of  ice  on  every  farm ;  that  dairying  could  be  made 
profitable  onl\-  with  permanent  pastures  and  cultivated  grasses;  and  that 
the  dairymen  must  be  near  the  consuming  market.  A\"ell  Avater,  brought 
to  the  surface  by  windmill  pumps,  solved  the  water  problem;  the  factory 
separator  or  the  hand  separator  at  home  has  done  away  with  the  idea 
that  ice  is  essential ;  more  food  for  cows  can  be  grown  on  an  acre  in 
corn,  sorghum,  millet,  clover,  alfalfa  or  cow  peas,  than  can  be  produced 
in  pasture  grass,  thus  making  winter  dairying  more  profitable ;  and  the 
modern  refrigerator  car  and  fast  freight  lines  bring  the  dairyman  of  the 
west  close  to  the  consumer  and  markets  of  the  east. 

That  Kansas  is  a  suitable  region  for  producing  dairy  goods  of  high 
grade  was  demonstrated  by  butter  from  this  state  taking  first  premiums 
at  the  Columbian  and  St.  Louis  expositions.  In  the  earlier  years  the 
settlers  of  Kansas  naturally  followed  grazing  and  grain  growing,  and 
tliese  continued  to  be  the  leading  agricultural  interests  until  dairying 
under  the  creamery  system  was  successfully  introduced  and  the  industry 
then  was  rapidly  extended.  Kansas  offers  many  natural  advantages  for 
dairying.  Its  geographical  location  is  excellent,  as  the  ill  effects  of  the 
rigorous  winter  is  escaped,  continuous  stabling  licing  needed  but  a  tew 
months  of  the  year.  In  the  southern  portion  cattle  can  graze  during  a 
large  part  of  the  winter.  For  years  the  creameries  of  Kansas  were  mainly 
found  in  the  eastern  and  eastern  central  parts  of  the  state  hut  for  a  con- 
siderable period  they  have  been  rapidly  established  farther  and  farther 
west. 

An  adequate  supply  of  pure  water  is  a  requisite  for  success  in  dairy- 
ing, and  there  are  many  obstacles  to  overcome  in  providing  this  supply. 
Except  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state  there  are  few  springs,  and  going 
farther  west  the  small  water  courses  are  fewer,  but  the  farmers  have 
solved  this  problem  by  digging  wells.  The  water  is  raised  to  the  surface 
by  wind  mills,  hand  puinps  or  gasoline  engines. 

Next  to  the  individual  butter  makers,  patrons  of  creameries  and  cheese 
factories  comprise  the  most  numerous  class  of  dairymen  in  the  state. 
Kansas  has  over  200  creameries  and  cheese  factories.  The  most  suc- 
cessful are  those  operated  by  the  owners.  Some  are  on  the  cdoiierative 
or  joint  stock  basis,  and  in  some  cases  they  are  managed  successfully. 
Nearly  all  arc  the  mdderii  type  of  creameries  that  use  separators, 
skimming  the  milk  as  it  is  brnught  to  the  factory,  altliough  there  are  a 
number  (if  gathered  cream  cnncerns,  .some  of  the  creameries  in  the  central 


KANSAS    HISTORY  489 

part  cif  the  state  having  the  cream  shipped  liy  express  for  considerable 
distances.  In  some  cases  skimming  stations  are  established  at  points 
where  sufficient  milk  can  be  had,  yet  not  enough  to  warrant  putting  up 
a  creamery.  The  milk  is  brought  to  these  stations  daily  and  then  sent 
to  the  central  factory.  By  this  method  a  much  larger  area  can  be 
handled  and  is  much  more  successful  than  when  the  creamery  must 
operate  on  a  limited  quantity  of  milk  and  has  led  to  the  erection  of  much 
larger  creameries.  The  development  of  the  hand  separator  has  changed 
the  method  of  operating  creameries.  Separators  operated  by  hand  or 
light  power  have  been  bought  by  the  dairymen,  the  milk  is  separated  at 
home,  and  only  the  cream  is  delivered  to  the  central  factory,  where  it 
is  ripened  and  made  into  butter. 

One  of  the  great  difficulties  the  butter  and  cheese  factories  have  to^ 
contend  with  is  an  insufficient  supply  of  milk  during  a  portion  of  the 
year,  usually  the  winter  season,  when  some  of  the  factories  have  to  close. 
This  problem  is  being  solved  in  a  great  measure  by  winter  dairying,  the 
advantages  of  which  are  so  marked  to  both  the  farmer  and  factoryman, 
that  the  great  tendency  has  been  to  increase  it  from  year  to  year,  espe- 
cially as  winter  pasture  is  excellent  in  such  a  large  portion  of  the  state. 

Cheese  factories  have  never  been  as  popular  in  Kansas  as  creameries, 
yet  the  demand  for  good  cheese  is  perhaps  greater  than  that  for  butter. 
The  average  quality  of  the  cheese  made  in  Kansas  does  not  rank  as  high 
in  comparison  with  the  butter  as  that  of  the  great  cheese  making  states, 
New  York  and  Wisconsin.  From  the  prices  reported  as  being  paid  for 
milk  by  both  the  cheese  factories  and  creameries  cheese  making  seems 
to  be  quite  as  profitable  as  butter,  both  to  factories  and  patrons.  The 
skimmed  milk  from  the  creamery  is  regarded  as  more  valuable  by  the 
farmer,  for  feeding,  than  is  the  whey  from  cheese  making,  and  this  may 
be  one  reason  for  the  greater  number  of  creameries. 

In  Kansas,  as  in  most  of  the  states  west  of  the  Mississippi  river,  cities 
and  populous  towns  are  comparatively  few  and  many  of  the  towns  are 
of  such  a  character  and  size  as  to  permit  numerous  residents  to  keep 
cows  for  supplying  their  families  with  milk  and  butter.  Kansas  City, 
Topeka,  Pittsburg,  Fort  Scott,  Wichita  and  Hutchinson  are  the  largest 
cities  which  must  depend  upon  a  milk  supply  from  the  surrounding 
country.  But  there  will  usually  be  found,  in  the  vicinity  of  a  county 
seat,  or  other  town  of  i,ooo  population  or  over,  one  or  more  dairymen 
who  make  a  business  of  supplying  from  a  wagon  the  local  demand  for 
milk.  ' 

For  some  j'ears  the  greater  number  of  cows  Avere  graded  Shorthorns, 
but  the  owners  began  introducing  Jerseys  and  they  are  the  favorites  in 
many  localities. 

Most  of  the  cheese  made  in  Kansas  is  the  American  cheese.  Imita- 
tions of  foreign  kinds  of  cheese  are  made  only  in  a  limited  way.  Most 
of  the  cheese  manufactured  finds  a  local  market  or  is  shipped  south. 
Pasteurized  milk  is  now  prepared  in  several  cities  of  the  state.  The 
application  of  science  in  such  forms  as  the  Babcock  tester  and  the  cen- 


490  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

trifugal  separator  has  done  much  to  revolutionize  the  dairy  and  cheese 
business,  which  is  as  modern  in  method  in  this  state  as  any  in  the  coun- 
try. With  the  adoption  of  improved  methods  for  handling  the  products 
of  the  dairy,  the  application  of  scientific  principles  in  breeding  and  feed- 
ing is  also  coming  into  practice.  The  state  agricultural  college  has 
experimented  along  these  lines  for  years  and  has  given  the  benefit  of 
the  results  to  the  dairymen,  with  the  result  that  the  business  has 
increased  and  become  much  more  profitable. 

In  1883  the  state  legislature  passed  laws  with  regard  to  live  stock  in 
the  state  and  appointed  a  live-stock  commission  which  was  to  have  super- 
vision of  the  same.  In  1905  the  office  of  a  state  live-stock  sanitary  com- 
missioner was  created,  whose  duty  it  is  to  protect  the  health  of  the  do- 
mestic animals  of  the  state.  All  cases  of  diseased  animals  must  be 
reported  to  him,  when  he  investigates  the  case  and  he  may  call  the 
veterinar}^  surgeon  of  the  agricultural  college  to  consult  with  him.  When 
any  animal  is  found  afflicted  with  a  communicable  disease,  the  commis- 
sioner may  order  it  quarantined  or,  if  necessary,  killed.  The  tuberculine 
test  is  now  extensively  used  in  this  state  in  the  dairy  herds,  milch  cows 
being  especiall)-  susceptible  to  bovine  tuberculosis,  which  is  readily 
communicated  to  man  in  the  milk.  When  cows  are  found  suffering  from 
this  disease  they  are  killed  under  authority  of  the  commissioner.  In  this 
way  the  consumers  of  milk,  butter  and  cheese  are  protected  against  the 
possible  dangers  of  contracting  disease  from  products  which  contain  the 
germs  of  communicable  disease.  The  Kansas  Dairy  Association  has 
done  a  great  work  for  years  in  improving  dairying  methods  and  has 
been  instrumental  in  securing  legislation  regulating  the  manufacture  and 
sale  of  pure  butter  and  oleomargarine,  within  the  boimdaries  of  the  state. 
The  association  has  induced  the  dairymen  to  work  together  and  thus 
has  widened  the  industry  and  raised  the  grade  of  dairy  products. 

The  eastern  part  of  the  state  is  naturally  a  dairy  country  and  supplies 
the  greatest  amount  of  dairy  products.  In  1910  Jefferson  county  led  in 
the  production  of  cheese  with  30,998  pounds  ;  Tranklin  county  was  second 
with  20,257  pounds;  Shawnee  county  ranked  first  in  the  production  of 
butter  with  6,615,153  pounds;  and  Dickinson  county  was  second  in  ilie 
production  of  butter  with  2,847,399  pounds.  The  total  number  of  milk 
cows  in  Kansas  in  1910  was  641,570,  valued  at  $23,738,090.  The  total 
amount  of  cheese  produced  in  that  year  was  105,568  pounds  valued  at 
$16,004;  the  total  amount  of  butter  for  the  same  year  was  39,797,552 
pounds  valued  at  $10,704,361.96;  the  amount  of  milk  sold  for  the  manu- 
facture of  cheese  and  butter  was  valued  at  $4,716,712:  milk  sold  other 
than  for  butter  and  cheese  amounted  to  $1,314,565,  or  a  total  value  of 
dairy  products  of  $16,741,643.38. 

Dale,  a  country  postoffice  of  Wallace  county,  is  located  near  the  head 
of  Turtle  creek  about  16  miles  norlhwest  of  Sharon  .Springs,  the  county 
seat.  Besides  being  the  postoflficc,  it  is  a  trading  conlcr  f<ir  the  neighbor- 
hood in  which  it  !■;  situated. 


KANSAS    IJISTORY  49  I 

Dalton,  a  village  of  Avon  township,  Sumner  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  7  miles  east  of  Wellington,  the 
county  seat.  It  has  some  good  general  stores,  telegraph  and  express 
service,  a  money  order  postofifice,  telephone  connections,  and  in  1910 
reported  a  population  of  52. 

Damar,  one  of  the  thriving  towns  of  Rooks  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  in  Richland  township,  about  20  miles  southwest 
of  Stockton,  the  county  seat.  Concerning  this  town  the  Topeka  State 
Journal  of  July  27,  1910,  said :  "Five  years  ago  there  were  less  than  half 
a  dozen  buildings  on  the  Damar  townsite.  Today  it  has  a  thrifty  popu- 
lation of  about  300;  it  has  two  general  stores,  lumber  yard,  bank,  hard- 
ware and  implements,  two  elevators,  drug  store,  furniture,  and  several 
smaller  places.  The  deposits  in  the  state  bank  reach  close  to  the  $50,000 
mark." 

Damar  also  has  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  express 
and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  connections,  a  Catholic  church  and  con- 
vent, and  it  is  the  principal  shipping  point  for  the  western  part  of  the 
county. 

Danby,  a  rural  hamlet  of  Ness  county,  is  located  about  10  miles  north- 
east of  Ness  City,  the  county  seat,  and  7  miles  south  of  Brownell,  the 
nearest  railroad  station,  from  which  mail  is  received  by  rural  delivery. 

Danites. — The  first  American  secret  society  to  be  called  by  this  name 
was  organized  on  March  30,  1836,  at  Kirtland,  Ohio,  by  Joseph  Smith 
of  the  Mormon  church,  who  claimed  to  have  had  a  special  revelation  in 
Aug.,  1833,  directing  him  to  take  such  a  step  to  prevent,  or  at  least  to 
avenge,  any  further  expulsion  of  Mormons  from  Missouri  by  mobs.  The 
society  was  ^t  first  known  as  the  Daughters  of  Zion.  Later  it  took  the 
name  of  the  Destroying  Angels,  and  still  later  -it  was  known  as  the  Big 
Fan,  whose  duty  was  to  "separate  the  chaff  from  the  wheat."  Every 
member  of  the  organization  took  an  oath  to  obey  the  prophet  and  first 
presidency  of  the  Mormon  church,  though  the  church  subsequently 
denied  the  existence  of  such  a  society,  or  if  it  did  exist  it  was  not 
countenanced  by  the  church.  Among  the  deeds  of  blood  committed  by 
the  Mormon  Danites  or  Destroying  Angels  was  the  notorious  Mountain 
Meadows  massacre.  In  the  Lincoln-Douglas  campaign  of  1858  the  name 
Danites  was  given  by  the  Douglas  Democrats  to  the  administration  or 
Buchanan  Democrats  as  upholding  the  Utah  rebellion. 

Wilder's  Annals  of  Kansas  (p.  91)  says  that  in  1855  a  free-state  secret 
society  was  organized  at  Lawrence,  and  that  this  society  was  known  by 
different  names,  such  as  Defenders,  Regulators  and  Danites.  Holloway's 
History  of  Kansas  (p.  203)  states  that  "The  invasions  of  the  30th  of 
March  and  the  continued  threatening  and  armed  demonstrations  of  the . 
Missourians  suggested  to  the  free-state  men  some  kind  of  military 
organization  for  self  defense.  Accordingly  a  secret  order  of  a  military 
character  was  introduced  (the  Kansas  Legion),  similar  to  the  Blue  Lodge 
of  Missouri,  with  this  exception — its  object  was  solely  defensive,  while 
that  of  the  latter  was  offensive.     Its  design  was  to  labor  by  all  lawful 


492  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

means  to  make  Kansas  a  free  state,  and  to  protect  the  ballot  box  from 
invasion.  There  was  nothing  wrong  in  the  society  itself,  nor  in  its 
object,  or  means  employed  to  attain  that  object.  It  never  extended  far 
over  the  territory.  There  were,  however,  several  'encampments'  at  dif- 
ferent places.  It  was  secret  in  character,  and  the  members  took  an  obli- 
gation in  accordance  with  the  nature  and  design  uf  the  society.  It  was 
found  to  be  too  cumbersome  and  unwieldy,  and  soon  fell  into  disuse. 
Many  of  the  members  became  dissatisfied  with  its  unnecessary  obliga- 
tions to  secrecy.  Its  cumbersome  machinery  was  never  put  into  prac- 
tical operation." 

Gihon,  in  his  Geary  and  Kansas,  says  the  "largest  and  most  respect- 
able portion  of  the  free-state  party  condemned  the  Kansas  Legion  and 
took  no  part  in  its  operations,"  and  Cutler's  History  of  Kansas  (p.  474) 
gives  the  following  account  of  the  Danites :  "In  1855  an  association  was 
formed  by  certatin  disaffected  parties  in  Doniphan  for  the  purpose  of 
opposing  obnoxious  laws.  This  body  was  known  as  the  Danites ;  Patrick 
Laughlin  (q.  v.),  a  tinsmith  of  the  town,  joined  this  society,  but  on 
becoming  aware  of  its  full  purpose  became  disgusted  and  openly  pro- 
claimed all  of  its  secrets,"  and  then,  after  describing  how  the  Danites 
tried  to  wreak  vengeance  on  the  traitor,  concludes  the  account  by  say- 
ing, "This  was  the  end  of  the  Danites." 

From  the  statement  in  Holloway's  History  of  Kansas,  that  Laughlin 
published  the  ritual  of  the  Kansas  Legion  in  the  Squatter  Sovereign,  it 
is  evident  that  the  Danites  mentioned  by  Cutler  and  the  Kansas  Legion 
were  one.  When  that  ritual  was  published  the  pro-slavery  press  of  the 
country  devoted  columns  of  space  to  the  injustice  and  unrighteousness 
of  the  organization,  and  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  on  the  floor  of  the  I'nited 
States  senate,  denounced  it  as  a  "monster  of  iniquity." 

All  the  historians  above  quoted  are  in  error  in  the  statement  that  the 
society  did  not  last  long,  and  that  it  was  of  a  defensive  character  only. 
In  the  archives  of  the  Kansas  Historical  Society  the  writer  found  several 
cipher  dispatches  sent  by  one  "encampment"  to  another,  and  letters  of 
complaint  to  the  governor,  all  dated  in  1858.  From  these  documents  it 
is  learned  that  Lodge  No.  i  was  at  Lawrence;  No.  4  was  at  Council  City  ; 
No.  6  was  at  Topeka ;  there  were  also  lodges  in  Osage  and  Brown  coim- 
ties,  and  there  was  a  lodge  in  Buchanan  county.  Mo.  Officers  went  by 
number  instead  of  name,  the  only  despatch  signed  by  any  one's  real 
name  being  one  from  Lodge  No.  4,  under  date  of  March  2",  I1S5X,  and 
addressed  to  "4141."    It  reads  as  follows: 

"Sir:  There  is  business  of  the  greatest  importance  nmv  transpiring 
here  and  I  would  like  it  mucli  if  you  would  come  with  the  utmost  dispatch 
and  bring  50  men  with  you.  You  will  go  to  the  president  of  the  asso- 
ciation treasury  and  draw  as  much  money  as  you  think  will  pay  the 
exf)ensc,  but  that  will  not  be  much,  as  you  will  be  traveling  through 
thickly  settled  ])laces.  Bring  two  pieces  of  artillery  and  the  aininuuition 
and  baggage  wagons. 

"Gcn'l.  ].   II.   I.anc." 


KANSAS    HISTORY  493 

FrtMii  tliis  cmnnuiuication  it  may  be  seen  that  Gen.  Lane  was  prom- 
inent in  the  society,  and  the  tone  of  the  despatch  indicates  that  the 
Danites  were  about  to  inaugurate  an  offensive  campaign  of  some  kind, 
as  artillery,  ammunition  and  baggage  wagons  constitute  some  of  the 
paraphernalia  of  an  aggressive  movement.  Another  despatch,  dated  May 
2"],  1858,  is  somewhat  more  mysterious  in  its  character.     It  reads: 

"Headquarters,  Kansas. 
"To  Capts.  4141,  17923,  769: 

"You  are  hereby  requested  to  take  a  minute  description  of  your  com- 
pany, the  names,  numbers  and  ability,  and  every  [thing]  relative 
thereto,  and  immediately  transmit  the  same  to  the  undersigned,  as  it  is 
confidently  expected  that  we  will  soon  commence  active  operations.  You 
will  strictly  observe  these  orders. 

"Colonel   23,63925." 

One  of  the  despatches  in  the  archives  is  wholly  in  figures,  incapable 
of  translation,  but  all  are  dated  some  time  in  the  year  1858.  None  01 
them  throws  any  light  on  the  subject  that  tends  to  show  when  the 
Danites  were  organized  or  when  they  were  disbanded.  Nor  do  any  of 
the  documents  bear  out  Holloway's  suggestion  that  the  society  was 
organized  purely  for  defense. 

Another  evidence  that  the  Danites  were  still  in  existence  as  late  as 
1858  is  found  in  Gov.  Denver's  message  to  the  legislature  on  Jan.  4  of 
that  year,  when  he  said:  "I  have  been  informed  that  an  organization 
exists  in  this  territory,  similar  to  what  is  said  to  be  the  Danite  organiza- 
tion among  the  Mormons.  It  is  asserted  that  the  members  are  bound, 
by  the  most  solemn  oaths  and  obligations,  to  resist  the  laws,  take  the 
lives  of  their  fellow  citizens,  or  commit  any  other  act  of  violence  they 
may  be  directed  to  do  by  their  leaders." 

The  governor  expressed  himself  as  loath  to  believe  that  such  an  order 
■existed,  but  if  so  it  was  a  fit  subject  for  legislative  investigation.  On 
Feb.  12,  1858.  more  than  a  month  after  this  message  was  delivered,  John 
R.  Boyd,  a  resident  of  Doniphan,  wrote  to  the  governor  from  St.  Joseph, 
Mo.,  complaining  that  he  had  been  assaulted  the  previous  Saturday  by 
"a  set  of  unprincipled  rowdies,  claiming  to  be  free-state  men,  but  answer- 
ing more  correctlv  to  the  secret  order  alluded  to  in  your  excellency's 
message  to  the  legislative  assembly."  The  despatches  now  in  the  hands 
of  the  Historical  Society  were  forwarded  to  the  governor  on  July  12, 
1858,  by  a  man  named  Dougherty,  to  convince  him  that  an  organization 
such  as  mentioned  in  his  message  really  did  exist.  That  is  the  last 
authentic  information  to  be  gleaned  regarding  the  Danites,  and  the 
society  no  doubt  ceased  to  exist  with  the  ascendancy  of  the  free-state 
men,  because  the  conditions  that  led  to  its  establishment  had  also 
ceased  to  exist. 

Danville,  one  of  the  little  towns  in  Harper  county,  is  located  in  Odell 
township  about   12  miles  northeast  of  Anthony,  the  count}'  seat.     It  is 


494  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  has  telegraph  and 
express  offices  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route.  There 
are  a  number  of  general  stores  and  other  retail  establishments,  a  mill 
and  a  bank.  The  population  was  200  in  1910.  The  town  was  laid  out 
in  1880  by  Mrs.  J.  E.  Cole  and  a  postoffice  was  established,  which  was 
called  Coleville.  Later  a  town  company  was  formed  with  T.  O.  Moffet 
as  president.  The  site  was  bought  from  Mrs.  Cole  and  the  name  was 
changed  to  Danville.  The  first  building  was  erected  by  F.  O.  Mott,  the 
treasurer  of  the  town  company.  In  1882  a  newspaper  (the  Danville 
Argus)  was  established  by  R.  E.  Hicks,  and  in  that  year  the  Presby- 
terians built  the  first  church. 

Darlow,  a  hamlet  of  Reno  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  railroad  8  miles  south  of  Hutchinson,  the  county  seat.  It  is 
located  in  Lincoln  township,  and  has  an  express  office  and  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route.  The  population  according  to  the 
census  of  igio  was  75. 

Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution. — Love  of  liberty  and  the 
determination  to  worship  God  in  their  own  way,  led  the  Pilgrims  to 
cross  the  sea,  combat  cold,  starvation  and  sa.vage  red  men ;  and  it  was 
again  the  love  of  liberty  that  more  than  a  century  later,  caused  their 
descendants  to  take  up  arms  against  the  mother  country,  in  order  that 
civil  and  religious  liberty  in  America  might  be  perpetuated. 

The  tragic  events  of  the  war  that  followed  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence have  gradually  faded  into  insignificance  beside  those  of  more 
modern  conflicts,  and  it  is  to  commemorate  the  valiant  deeds  of  the 
patriotic  men  and  women  of  '76,  that  their  female  descendants,  founded 
at  Washington,  D.  C,  on  Oct.  11,  1890,  a  society,  "To  perpetuate  the 
memory  and  spirit  of  the  men  and  women  who  achieved  American  inde- 
pendence, by  the  acquisition  and  protection  of  historical  spots."  The 
organization  was  christened  the  "Daughters  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion." Mrs.  Benjamin  Harrison,  the  wife  of  President  Harrison,  was  the 
first  president  of  the  national  society,  which  since  its  organization  has 
grown  rapidly  and  in  1908  had  over  45,000  members.  As  a  perpetual 
memorial  to  the  men  and  women  of  the  Revolution,  the  national  society 
is  building  a  Continental  Hall  at  Washington,  D.  C,  where  relics  and 
records  will  be  kept. 

The  first  chapter  of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution  in 
Kansas  was  organized  at  Topeka,  in  Jan.,  1896,  and  named  the  Topeka 
chapter.  The  report  of  the  society  for  1910  showed  the  following  chap- 
ters in  the  state,  the  date  of  organization  and  location  of  which  are  as 
follows:  Betty  Washington,  Oct.  17,  1896.  Lawrence;  Eunice  Sterling, 
Oct.  21,  1896,  Wichita;  Gen.  Edward  Hand,  Nov.  24,  1899.  Ottawa; 
Newton,  April  9,  1904,  Newton;  Sterling,  May  26,  1905,  Sterling;  Esther 
Lovvrey,  June  14,  1905,  Independence;  Capt.  Jesse  Leavenworth,  Oct. 
23,  1906,  Leavenworth;  Atchison,  Feb.,  1908,  Atchison;  Christiana 
Musser,  Feb.  28,  1908,  Chanute;  I'vcdale,  Feb.  27,  1908.  Hutchinson; 
Betty  Bonncy,  April  6,  1908,  Arkansas  City;  .Samuel   Linscott,  Jan.  23, 


I 


KANSAS    HISTOKY  495 

1909,  Holton;  Lis  Warner,  June  15,  1909,  Junction  Cit\- ;  James  Ross, 
July  26,  1909,  Kansas  City,  Kan.;  Rhoda  Carver  Barton,  Oct.  13,  1909, 
Fredonia;  Tiblow,  Oct.  13,  1909,  Bonner  Springs;  Susannah  French 
Putney,  July  8,  1910,  Eldorado. 

Although  the  State  of  Kansas  is  far  removed  from  the  scenes  of  the 
Revolution,  the  society  tries  to  carry  out  the  idea  of  the  national  organ- 
ization by  the  preservation  of  things  historically  important  to  the  state. 
In  Topeka,  the  site  of  the  old  "Constitution  Hall,"  where  the  Topeka 
constitution  was  formed,  has  been  marked  by  a  tablet  set  in  the  side- 
walk. The  historic  old  Santa  Fe  Trail  has  been  marked  by  95  stones, 
6  of  •which  were  placed  by  individual  chapters  or  communities.  The 
site  of  old  Fort  Zarah  in  Barton  county  has  been  marked  by  a  stone,  and 
it  was  due  to  the  efforts  of  this  society  that  a  monument  was  erected 
on  the  site  of  the  Pawnee  village  in  Republic  county,  to  commemorate 
the  visit  of  Capt.  Zebulon  Pike  in  the  fall  of  1806,  when  he  lowered  the 
Spanish  colors  and  raised  the  Stars  and  Stripes  on  Kansas  soil  for  the 
first  time.  Other  tablets  marking  historic  places  have  been  placed  by 
the  society,  and  when  the  battleship  Kansas  went  into  commission,  a 
magnificent  stand  of  colors  was  presented  by  the  D.  A.  R.  of  Kansas. 

Daughters  of  Rebekah. —  (See  Odd  Fellows.) 

Davis  County. —  (See  Geary  County.) 

Davis,  John,  member  of  Congress,  was  born  near  Springfield,  111.,  Aug. 
9,  1826.  His  parents  were  pioneers,  the  father  a  farmer,  public-spirited, 
and  of  strong,  sturdy  character.  John  attended  the  public  schools  and 
at  the  age  of  twenty  years  left  the  farm  to  enter  the  Springfield  Academy, 
preparatory  to  a  course  in  the  Illinois  College  at  Jacksonville.  In  1850 
he  opened  a  prairie  farm  in  Macon  county.  111.,  about  10  miles  east  of 
;he  city  of  Decatur.  To  this  farm  he  brought  his  wife,  Martha  Powell. 
a  native  of  Wisconsin  and  a  womart  able  to  cope  with  the  vicissitudes  of 
frontier  life.  Mr.  Davis  actively  favored  government  endowment  of 
agricultural  colleges.  Ho  took  a  leading  part  in  the  anti-slavery  move- 
ment, and  as  a  member  of  the  Republican  party,  he  stood  by  the  Union 
cause  during  the  Civil  war.  In  1872,  he  removed  with  his  family  to 
Kansas,  settling  on  a  farm  2  miles  from  Junction  City.  The  following 
year  he  was  elected  president  of  the  first  Kansas  farmers'  convention, 
and  he  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Greenback  party  and  its  suc- 
cessor, the  People's  party.  In  1890  he  was  elected  as  a  Populist  to  repre- 
sent the  Fifth  district  in  Congress,  and  was  reelected  in  1892.  In  1875 
he  purchased  the  Junction  City  Tribune  and  conducted  it  until  1895.  He 
was  a  writer  of  ability,  published  several  books  and  pamphlets  in  support 
of  his  opinions  on  public  policy  and  was  the  author  of  a  "Life  of 
Napoleon."  He  died  at  the  residence  of  his  daughter  in  Topeka,  Kan., 
Aug.  I,  1901. 

Day,  a  little  village  of  Washington  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Green- 
leaf  &  Lenora  division  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  5  miles  east  of 
Clifton  and  about  17  miles  southwest  of  Washington,  the  county  seat. 
It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  some  local  trade,  and  does  some  ship- 
ping.    The  population  in  1910  was  35. 


496 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF 


Dayton,  a  village  of  Jefferson  township,  Dickinson  county,  is  a  station 
•on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  and  is  i6  miles  south  of  Abilene,  the 
county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  telephone  connections, 
several  general  stores,  a  creamery,  flour  mills,  etc.,  and  in  1910  reported 
a  population  of  40. 

Deaf,  State  School  for. — Some  eft'orts  to  educate  deaf  mutes  were 
made  in  the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  centurj'.  but  little  practical 
advancement  was  made  until  about  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth,  when 
Charles  M.  L'Epee  of  France  evolved  the  sign  language.  Dr.  John  W'allis 
of  Oxford  was  the  first  to  give  practical  instruction, in  England,  and  in 
1772  Samuel  Heinicke  established  a  school  at  Leipsic,  which  was  the 
first  institution  for  the  education  of  the  deaf  to  receive  government  aid. 
About  1815  Rev.  Thomas  Gallaudet  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  became  interested 
in  the  subject  and  visited  Europe,  where  he  studied  under  Sicard,  a 
pupil  of  L'Epee.  Upon  his  return  he  introduced  the  S3'stem  in  tlie 
United  States,  but  the  improveme«nts  of  a  century  have  been  such  that 
the  present  mode  of  instruction  bears  but  little  resemblance  to  that  prac- 
ticed by  Dr.  Gallaudet  and  the  early  teachers  to  whom  he  imparled  his 
methods.  Civil  authorities  learned,  however,  that  deaf  mutes  could,  bv 
proper  training,  he  made  self-sustaining  citizens  instead  nf  liecrmiing 
public  charges  in  the  almshouses  of  the  country,  and  asylums  or  schools 
have  been  established  in  every  state  of  the  Union. 


.ST-ATI'I   .SCIIool,    |.-o|;    -l-lll.:    li|.:.\l' 


riiilii)  .\.  I'^mcry,  who  had  taught  in  llie  deaf  and  diimli  insiiiiiU'  at 
lndiana])r)lis,  Ind.,  came  to  Kansas  in  iS^o  and  settled  in  the  \\  .ikarusa 
valley.  One  of  his  neigh])ors  there  was  Jonathan  R.  Kennetly,  who  was 
the  father  of  three  ciiikircn  that  were  deaf  miilcs.  Me  jiersuaded  Mr. 
Emery  to  open  a  school  for  the  instruction  of  such  nnfmiunatcs.  'i'he 
original   intention   was   to   establish   the  school    in    I  .;i\\  reiuc.   liul    rents 


KANSAS    HISTORY  497 

were  too  liigh  there,  and  Mr.  Emery  leased  a  cottage  of  two  rooms  and 
an  attic  in  Baldwin.  On  Feb.  26,  1863,  Gov.  Carney  approved  an  act 
appropriating  $1,500  to  pay  Mr.  Emery  for  teaching  deaf  and  dumb 
children,  allowing  him  $4  per  week  for  board  and  tuition  for  each  child 
between  the  ages  of  eight  and  twenty-one  years.  This  was  the  first  aid 
extended  by  the  State  of  Kansas  for  the  education  of  the  deaf. 

The  following  year  the  appropriation  was  increased  to  $1,800  and  the 
weekly  allowance  to  $5  for  each  pupil.  That  year  the  school  was  removed 
to  Topeka  and  was  under  the  charge  of  B.  R.  Nordyke,  but  in  1865  it 
was  taken  back  to  Baldwin.  By  the  act  of  Feb.  12,  1864,  Johnson  Clark 
of  Miami  county,  J.  Fleming  of  Linn  county,  and  J.  R.  Brown  of  Johnson 
county  were  appointed  commissioners  to  select  a  site  of  not  less  than 
20  acres,  in  or  near  the  city  of  Olathe,  for  a  state  institution  for  the  edu- 
cation of  the  deaf  and  dumb,  the  location  being  made  contingent  upon 
the  donation  to  the  state  by  the  people  of  Johnson  county  of  a  tract  of 
160  acres  of  land.  Pending  the  action  of  the  commissioners,  and  prior 
to  the  erection  of  buildings,  the  legislature  by  the  act  of  Feb.  10,  1865, 
appropriated  the  sum  of  $4,500  to  aid  Joseph  Mount  in  the  instruction 
of  the  deaf,  allowing  him  $5  per  week  for  the  board  and  tuition  of  each 
pupil  under  his  care,  his  school  to  be  conducted  at  Baldwin,  provided 
the  citizens  of  that  town  would  furnish  suitable  quarters. 

On  Feb.  15,  1866,  Gov.  Crawford  approved  an  act  creating  a  board  of 
five  trustees,  three  of  whom  should  be  residents  of  Johnson  county. 
This  board  was  authorized  to  enter  into  a  contract  with  Josiah  E.  Hayes 
for  the  erection  of  temporary  buildings,  which  were  to  be  leased  by  the 
state  for  a  term  of  five  years,  with  the  privilege  of  renewal  for  another 
five  years.  By  the  act  of  Feb.  19,  1867,  the  trustees  were  empowered  to 
purchase  these  buildings,  at  a  consideration  not  exceeding  $15,500,  and 
bonds  payable  in  twenty  years,  drawing  interest  at  the  rate  of  seven  per 
cent,  per  annum  were  authorized  to  make  the  purchase.  This  was  the 
real  beginning  of  the  state  school  for  the  deaf.  Twenty  years  later  the 
Kansas  institution  ranked  eighth  among  eighty  institutions  of  its  kind 
in  the  United  States.  Appropriations  for  improvements  have  been  made 
from  time  to  time,  until  in  1908  the  estimated  value  of  the  property  held 
by  the  school  was  $250,000. 

The  chief  aim  of  the  school  is  to  render  deaf  mutes  capable  of  sup- 
porting themselves,  thus  making  them  useful  citizens.  A  regular  course 
■_-i  instruction  is  provided,  corresponding  to  that  in  the  ]jublic  schools  of 
the  state,  and  graduating  exercises  are  held  annually.  In  the  biennial 
period  of  1909-10  there  were  enrolled  286  pupils,  and  in  1910  the  number 
of  graduates  was  ten.  The  sign  language  was  used  when  the  school  was 
first  opened,  but  by  the  application  of  modern  methods  the  pupils  have 
been  taught  the  use  of  their  voices  and  to  read  the  lips  of  speakers. 

Since  the  establishment  of  the  school  it  has  been  under  the  charge  of 

the  following  superintendents:    Thomas   Burnsides,    1866-67;   Louis   H. 

Jeninks,   1867-76;  Theodore  C.   Bowles,   1876-79;   (Mr.   Bowles  died  on 

April  8,  1879,  and  the  institution  was  under  the  management  of  George 

(I-32) 


498  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

L.  Wyckoff  until  Aug.  15,  1879) ;  J-  W.  Parker,  1879-80;  W.  H.  DeMotte, 
1880-83;  H.  A.  Turton,  1883-85;  S.  T.  Walker,  1885-94;  A.  A.  Stewart, 
1894-95;  H.  C.  Hammond,  1895-97;  A.  A.  Stewart,  1897-99;  H.  C.  Ham- 
mond, 1899-1908;  C.  E.  White,  1909 — . 

Dean,  a  small  inland  settlement  of  Jefferson  county,  is  about  6  miles 
south  of  Oskaloosa,  the  county  seat  and  nearest  railroad  station,  whence 
mail  is  received  by  rural  delivery. 

Bearing,  a  little  town  of  Montgomery  county,  is  located  on  Onion 
creek  12  miles  south  of  Independence,  the  county  seat,  at  the  junction 
of  two  lines  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  It  has  a  bank,  and  all  the  main 
lines  of  mercantile  enterprise.  A  large  smelter  is  in  operation  handling 
ore  which  is  mined  in  the  vicinity.  The  town  was  incorporated  in  1909. 
and  the  population  according  to  the  census  of  1910  was  250.  Bearing 
is  supplied  with  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  an  international  money 
order  postoffice. 

De  Bourgmont. —  (See  Bourgmont's  Expedition.) 

Decatur  County. — About  1870  there  was  a  great  tide  of  immigration 
to  the  western  part  of  Kansas,  which  at  that  time  was  unorganized  and 
a  large  portion  of  it  unsurveyed  territory.  Within  two  years  the  popu- 
lation in  that  section  had  increased  to  such  an  extent  as  to  justify  tlie 
establishment  of  a  number  of  new  counties.  Accordingly,  the  legislature 
of  1873  passed  an  act  creating  22  new  counties  and  providing  for  their 
organization.  Seclion  1  ol  that  act  reads:  "The  county  of  Occatur  is 
bounded  as  follows:  Commencing  where  the  east  line  of  range  26  west, 
intersects  the  fortieth  degree  of  north  latitude;  thence  south,  with  the 
range  line,  to  the  first  standard  parallel;  thence  west  with  said  parallel 
to  the  east  line  of  range  31  west;  thence  north  with  said  range  line  to 
the  fortieth  degree  of  north  latitude;  thence  east  with  said  parallel  to 
the  place  of  beginning." 

Decatur  county  is  therefore  in  the  northern  tier,  and  is  the  third  county 
east  of  the  State  of  Colorado.  It  was  named  for  Commodore  Stephen 
Decatur;  is  exactly  30  miles  square,  with  an  area  of  goo  square  miles; 
is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  State  of  Nebraska,  on  the  east  by  Norton 
coimty,  on  the  south  by  the  county  of  Graham,  and  on  the  west  by  the 
county  of  Rawlins.  The  surface  is  generally  undulating  prairie,  l>reaking 
into  bluffs  along  the  streams.  The  northern  part  is  watered  by  Reaver 
creek ;  the  central  by  Sappa  creek,  and  the  southern  by  Prairie  Dog  creek 
and  the  north  fork  of  the  Solomon  river,  all  of  which  llow  in  a  north- 
easterly direction.  The  belts  of  timber  along  the  streams  arc  narrow, 
less  than  five  per  cent,  of  the  entire  area  being  wooded  land.  ,\sh.  white 
elm,  box-elder, ,  hackberry  and  cottonwood  are  the  most  common 
varieties.  Fine  limestone  is  found  in  the  bluffs  along  the  creeks,  and  in 
fact  good  building  stone  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the  county.  Clay  suit- 
able for  the  manufacture  of  brick  and  tile  is  abtmdant. 

A  few  settlers  located  within  the  limits  of  the  county  before  tlie  pas- 
sage of  the  act  of  1873  defining  its  boundaries.  Among  lliese  early 
comers  were  J.  A.  Hojjkins,  who  came  in  .Sept.,   1872,  and  in  Dcccmlier 


KANSAS    HISTORY  499 

located  a  claim,  the  land  having  been  surveyed  the  previous  summer,  and 
S.  M.  Porter,  John  Griffith,  Henry  M.  Playford  and  a  few  others,  who 
came  about  the  time  the  county  was  created.  Henry  P.  Gandy  brought 
his  wife  with  him,  and  she  was  the  first  white  woman  to  become  a  resi- 
dent of  the  county.  A  child  born  to  them  in  1873  was  the  first  white 
child  born  in  the  county,  and  the  first  death  was  that  of  a  man  nam.ed 
Austin  who  settled  on  Sappa  creek  in  that  year  and  died  soon  afterward. 
In  April,  1874,  a  postoffice  called  Sappa  was  established  where  the  city 
of  Oberlin  now  stands,  with  J.  A.  Rodehaver  as  the  first  postmaster.  The 
first  marriage  was  that  of  Calvin  Gay  and  Margaret  Robinson  in  the  fall 
of  1875,  and  the  same  fall  George  W'orthington  taught  the  first  school, 
in  what  is  now  Oberlin  township,  not  far  from  the  present  county  seat. 

The  experiences  of  the  early  settlers  in  Decatur  county  were  not 
materially  different  from  those  in  other  frontier  localities.  Roads  had 
not  yet  been  opened;  the  ])iiineer  residences  were  either  dug-outs,  sod 
houses  or  log  cabins  of  the  most  primitive  type ;  markets  were  far  dis- 
tant, and  the  trusty  rifle  had  to  be  frequently  depended  upon  to  furnish 
food  for  the  family.  Fortunately  game  was  plentiful.  Buffalo  hunts 
were  common  and  seldom  failed  to  provide  a  supply  of  meat,  which  was 
"jerked" — that  is  partially  smoked  and  then  dried  in  the  sun — after 
which  it  would  keep  for  an  indefinite  period.  The  coimtry  abounded  in 
antelope,  jack  rabbits  and  wild  turkey,  with  an  occasional  elk  or  deer. 
But  the  hardships  of  frontier  life,  the  loss  of  crops  by  drought,  grass- 
hoppers, etc.,  caused  a  number  of  the  early  settlers  to  abandon  their 
claims  and  turn  their  faces  eastward.  The  discontent  was  heightened 
by  the  Cheyenne  raid  of  1878  (q.  v.),  when  on  Sept.  30  Dull  Knife's  band 
killed  17  white  men  in  the  countj^  The  victims  were  William  and 
Freeman  Laing,  John  Laing,  Jr.,  J.  G.  Smith,  E.  R.  and  John  Humphrey. 
Moses  F.  Abernathy,  John  C.  Htttson,  George  F.  Walters,  Marcellus 
Felt,  Ferdinand  Westphaled  and  his  son,  Edward  Miskelley,  Frederick 
Hamper,  and  three  men  named  Lull,  Weight  and  Irwin.  At  the  legis- 
lative session  of  1909.  J.  D.  Flanigan,  the  member  of  the  house  from 
Decatur  county,  introduced  and  secured  the  passage  of  a  bill,  of  which, 
after  giving  the  names  of  the  victims,  the  preamble  and  section  i  were 
as  follows : 

"Whereas,  Said  citizens  were  buried  near  Oberlin,  Decatur  county. 
and  their  graves  are  unmarked  and  the  location  thereof  is  almost  lost ; 
therefore, 

"Be  it  enacted  by  the  legislature  of  the  State  of  Kansas:  That  the 
sum  of  $1,500  is  hereby  granted  to  the  board  of  commissioners  of 
Decatur  county,  Kan.,  in  trust,  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30.  191 1, 
to  be  by  said  board  expended  in  the  erection  of  a  suitable  monument  at 
the  last  resting  place  of  the  persons  above  named.  Said  sum  to  be  taken 
from  any  money  not  otherwise  appropriated." 

The  monument  was  unveiled  with  appropriate  ceremonies  on  .Sept. 
30,  191 1,  the  33d  anniversary  of  the  raid.  This  monument  is  historically 
important,  not  so  much  because  it  pays  a  justly  deserved  tribute  to  men 


500  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

who  died  in  defense  of  tlieir  liomes  as  because  it  commemorates  the  last 
Indian  raid  in  Kansas. 

After  the  Indian  scare  had  abated,  other  settlers  began  to  come  into 
Decatur  county,  and  by  the  close  of  the  year  1879  the  population  was 
over  1,500,  the  number  required  by  law  for  the  organization  of  the 
county,  which  prior  to  that  time  had  been  attached  to  Norton  for  judicial 
and  revenue  purposes.  A  memorial  signed  by  250  householders,  duly 
attested,  was  presented  to  Gov.  St.  John,  who  on  Dec.  ri,  1879,  issued 
his  proclamation  declaring  the  county  organized.  The  governor 
appointed  Frank  Kimball,  John  B.  Hitchcock  and  George  W.  Shoemaker 
as  commissioners,  E.  D.  Stillson  as  county  clerk,  and  designated  Oberlin 
as  the  temporary  county  seat.  At  their  first  meeting  (Dec.  15,  1879,)  the 
commissioners  divided  the  count}'  into  six  townships,  viz :  Grant,  Beaver, 
Bassetville,  Oberlin,  Prairie  Dog  and  Jennings ;  defined  the  boundaries 
of  each ;  designated  voting  places,  and  ordered  an  election  for  county 
and  township  officers  to  be  held  on  Feb.  3,  1880.  At  that  election  the 
following  officers  were  elected :  Commissioners,  Henry  Claar,  H.  C. 
Johnson  and  Frank  Kimball;  representative,  M.  A.  Conklin ;  county 
clerk,  N.  G.  Addleman ;  clerk  of  the  district  court,  W.  A.  Colvin ;  treas- 
urer, George  Metcalf;  sheriff.  \V.  A.  P'rasier;  county  attorney,  E.  M. 
Bowman;  probate  judge,  Luther  Brown;  register  of  deeds,  George  W. 
Keys;  superintendent  of  schools,  D.  W.  Burt;  surveyor,  S.  L.  Bishop; 

surveyor,  Dr. Street.    At  the  same  time  the  question  of  a  permanent 

county  seat  was  voted  on,  Oberlin  winning  over  all  competitors  by  a 
majority  of  181  votes,  and  officers  were  elected  in  each  of  the  several 
townships. 

On  March  8,  1887,  Gov.  Martin  approved  an  act  of  the  legislature 
authorizing  the  commissioners  of  Decatur  county  to  levy  a  tax  of  two 
mills  on  the  dollar  for  the  erection  of  a  court-house,  and  by  the  act  of 
March  8,  1907,  the  commissioners  were  authorized  to  purchase  a  site 
and  erect  a  court-house,  the  cost  of  which  was  not  to  exceed  .'^scooo,  and 
to  levy  a  tax  of  not  more  than  three  mills  on  the  dollar  to  pay  for  the 
same. 

On  June  12.  1879.  Humphrey  &  Ciuintcr  issued  the  lirsl  iiunil)or  of 
the  Oberlin  Herald,  the  first  newspaper  in  the  county.  In  1909  there 
were  six  weekly  papers  published  in  the  county — three  in  Oberlin  and 
one  each  at  Dresden,  Jennings  and  Norcatur. 

Decatur  has  three  railroads.  The  Chicago,  Rock  Isl.uid  &  Pacific 
crosses  the  southeast  corner;  a  line  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy 
crosses  the  northwest  corner,  following  closely  the  course  of  Beaver 
creek,  and  a  branch  of  the  same  system  runs  eastward  from  Oberlin. 
These  three  roads  give  the  county  over  56  miles  of  m.Tin  track  and  afford 
fairly  good  transportation  facilities. 

The  educational  opportunities  are  good.  In  i()09  there  were  loi 
organized  school  districts  in  the  county,  with  a  school  population  of 
3,294.  The  estimated  value  of  school  property  in  that  year  was  over 
$124,000.     P.y  the  act  of  March  4,  1903,  the  county  commissioners  were 


KANSAS    HISTORY  501 

authorized  to  establish  a  county  high  school  on  receipt  of  a  petition 
signed  by  a  majority  of  the  electors.  A  petition  was  filed  and  the  school 
was  established  at  Oberlin,  the  county  seat. 

The  county  is  divided  into  the  following  townships:  Allison,  Altory, 
Bassettville,  Beaver,  Center,  Cook,  Custer,  Dresden,  Finley,  Garfield, 
Grant,  Harlan,  Jennings,  Liberty,  Lincoln,  Logan,  Lyon,  Oberlin,  Olive, 
Pleasant  Valley,  Prairie  Dog,  Roosevelt,  Sappa,  Sherman  and  Summit. 
The  population  in  1910  was  8,976;  the  value  of  taxable  property  was 
$12,659,175;  the  value  of  field  crops  for  the  year  was  $1,162,021,  and  the 
value  of  all  farm  products  was  $1,682,032.  The  five  leading  crops,  in  the 
order  of  value,  were:  Wht-at,  $397,421;  corn,  $255,980;  hay,  $209,427; 
Kafir-corn,  $73,308;  barley,  $66,104. 

Deeds. — Justices  of  the  peace  have  authority  to  take  the  acknowledg- 
ment of  deeds,  mortgages  and  other  instruments  in  writing.  All  convey- 
ances and  other  instruments  affecting  real  estate,  acknowleged  within 
this  state,  must  be  acknowleged  before  some  court  having  a  seal,  or 
some  judge,  justice  or  clerk  thereof,  or  mayor  or  clerk  of  an  incor- 
porated city.  If  acknowledged  out  of  this  state,  it  must  be  before  some 
court  of  record,  or  clerk  or  officer  holding  the  seal  thereof,  or  before 
some  commissioner  appointed  by  the  governor  of  this  state,  to  take  the 
acknowledgments  of  deeds,  or  before  some  notary  public  or  justice  of 
the  peace,  or  before  any  consul  of  the  L^nited  States,  resident  in  any 
foreign  port  or  country.  If  taken  before  a  justice  of  the  peace,  the 
acknowledgment  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certificate  of  his  official 
character ;  under  the  hand  of  the  clerk  of  some  court  of  record,  to  which 
the  seal  of  said  court  shall  be  affixed. 

Any  acknowledgment  made  in  conformity  with  the  laws  of  the  state 
where  the  act  is  passed  is  valid  here,  but  the  official  character  of  the  per- 
son before  whom  the  acknowledgment  is  made  must  be  properly  verified. 
Every  acknowledgment  or  proof  of  any  deed,  conveyance,  mortgage, 
sale,  transfer  or  assignment,  oath  or  affirmation,  taken  or  made  before 
a  commissioner,  minister,  charge  d'affaires,  consul-general,  consul,  vice- 
consul  or  commercial  agent,  and  every  attestation  or  authentication 
made  by  them,  when  duly  certified,  has  the  force  and  effect  of  an  authen- 
tic act  executed  in  this  state. 

Deeds  or  other  papers  by  corporations  are  executed  by  the  proper 
officer  in  the  same  form  as  individuals.  No  seal  or  scroll  of  private 
individuals  is  authorized  or  required  by  the  laws  of  Kansas.  All  instru- 
ments concerning  real  estate  must  be  evidenced  by  writing,  and  the 
same  may  be  duly  recorded  in  the  office  of  the  register  of  deeds  of  the 
county  in  which  such  real  estate  is  situated.  All  persons  owning  lands 
not  held  by  an  adverse  possession  are  deemed  to  be  seized  and  possessed 
of  the  same.  The  term  "heirs,"  or  other  words  of  inheritance,  are  not 
necessary  to  create  or  convey  an  estate  in  fee  simple,  and  every  convey- 
ance of  real  estate  passes  all  the  estate  of  the  grantor  therein,  unless  the 
intent  to  pass  a  less  estate  expressly  appears  or  is  necessarily  implied 
in  the  terms  of  the  grant. 


502  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Any  conveyance  of  lands,  worded  in  substance  as  follows :  A.  B.  con- 
veys and  warrants  to  C.  D.  (here  describe  the  premises),  for  the  sum  of 
(here  insert  the  consideration),  the  said  conveyance  being  dated,  duly 
signed  and  acknowledged  by  the  grantor,  is  deemed  and  held  a  convey- 
ance in  fee  simple  to  the  grantee,  his  or  her  heirs  and  assigns,  with 
covenants  from  the  grantor,  for  himself  and  his  heirs  and  personal  repre- 
sentatives, that  he  is  lawful!}'  seized  of  the  premises,  has  good  right  to 
convey  the  same  and  guarantees  the  quiet  possession  thereof;  and  that 
the  same  are  free  from  all  incumbrances,  and  he  will  warrant  and  defend 
the  same  against  all  lawful  claims. 

Deep  Water  Conventions. — Along  in  the  "80s.  when  the  sulijoci  of 
railroad  rates  became  of  such  vital  interest  to  the  people  of  the  western 
states,  the  attention  of  the  people  of  those  states  was  called  to  the  expe- 
dient of  having  the  government  establish  a  deep  water  harbor  somewhere 
on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  where  the  railroad  haul  would  be  much  shorter 
than  to  the  Atlantic  sea-board.  The  agitation  finally  culminated  in  a 
deep  harbor  convention  at  Denver,  Aug.  28-31,  1888,  in  which  several  of 
the  western  states  and  territories  were  represented.  At  that  convention 
a  permanent  interstate  deep  harbor  committee  was  appointed,  with  John 
Evans  of  Denver  as  chairman.  Under  the  direction  of  this  committee,  a 
larger  and  more  representative  convention  was  called  to  meet  at  Topeka. 
Kan.,  Oct.  i,  1889.  In  the  meantime,  however.  Congress,  in  response  to 
the  resolutions  adopted  by  the  Denver  convention,  incorporated  in  the 
sundry  civil  appropriations  bill  a  provision  authorizing  the  secretar\-  of 
war  to  appoint  three  engineer  officers  of  the  United  States  army  to  make 
an 'examination  of  the  gulf  coast  and  report  as  to  the  most  eligible  ]ioint 
for  the  establishment  of  a  deep  harbor. 

When  the  Topeka  convention  met  on  Oct.  i,  1889,  it  was  called  to 
order  by  Gov.  Humphrey.  All  the  states  and  territories  west  of  the  Mis- 
I  sissippi  were  represented  by  a  full  quota  of  delegates,  and  there  were 
16  delegates  from  Illinois.  Kansas  was  represented  by  24  delegates. 
Preston  B.  Plumb,  United  States  senator  from  Kansas,  was  chosen  per- 
manent chairman  of  the  convention,  and  F.  L.  Dana  of  Denver  was 
elected  secretary.  Of  course,  the  principal  object  was  to  influence  Con- 
gress to  make  an  appropriation  sufficient  for  the  construction  and  main- 
tenance of  a  deep  water  harbor  where  the  largest  vessels  could  find  safe 
anchorage.  The  subject  was  discussed  at  length,  and  resolutions  urging 
an  appropriation  were  adopted.  As  the  resolutions  show  the  trend  of 
thought  in  the  West  at  that  time,  they  are  given  below: 

"Whereas,  The  general  welfare  of  the  country,  in  so  far  as  it  relates 
to  navigable  rivers,  harbors  and  commerce,  is  committed  by  ihc  consti- 
tution of  the  llnited  States  to  the  exclusive  charge  of  Congress;  and 

"Whereas,  Cheap  transportation  of  our  commercial  i)roducls  consti- 
tutes one  of  the  most  important  elements  of  ihe  geiu-r.il  welfare;  pud 

"Whereas,  The  Congress  has  donated  to  private  corporations  more 
than  $100,000,000  of  money  and  ujiwards  of  200,000.000  acres  of  <nir 
national  lands  with  which  to  construct  artificial,    and    therefore    much 


KANSAS    HISTORY  SO3 

more  expensive  highways,  owned  by  private  individuals,  while  they  have 
neglected  to  make  adequate  appropriation  for  even  one  feasible  harbor 
on  the  northwest  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  which  would  not  only 
afford  very  much  cheaper  transportation,  but  which,  by  our  organic  law, 
is  under  the  exclusive  care  and  control  of  Congress ;  and 

"Whereas,  There  can  be  no  justification  of  this  discrimination  in  favor 
of  private  highways,  which,  during  the  last  year,  cost  the  commerce  of 
the  West  an  enormous  loss  in  transportation  expense,  estimated  at  more 
than  $120,000,000,  or  upwards  of  $10,000,000  per  month ;  therefore. 

"Resolved,  first,  That  in  reaffirmance  of  the  action  of  the  Denver  con- 
vention, and  of  the  committees  organized  thereunder,  it  is  the  sense  of 
this  convention  that  it  is  the  duty  of  Congress  to  appropriate  immediately 
and  for  immediate  use,  whatever  amount  is  necessary  to  secure  a  deep 
water  port  on  the  northwest  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  west  of  93°  30' 
west  longitude,  capable  of  admitting  the  largest  vessels,  at  which  the 
best  and  most  accessible  harbor  can  be  secured  and  maintained  in  the 
shortest  possible  time,  and  at  the  least  cost ;  the  time,  place  and  cost  to 
be  ascertained  from  the  board  of  engineers  appointed  under  an  act  of 
Congress  passed  at  its  last  session. 

"Resolved,  second.  That  this  convention,  in  behalf  of  the  people  it 
represents,  thanks  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  for  the  prompt  and 
satisfactory  action  heretofore  taken  in  recognition  of  the  requests  of  the 
Denver  deep  harbor  convention." 

The  51st  Congress  made  a  permanent  appropriation  of  $6,200,000  for 
the  development  of  a  deep  harbor  at  Galveston,  and  in  Aug.,  1895,  the 
work  was  so  far  advanced  that  Gov.  Culberson  of  Texas  wrote  to  Gov. 
Morrill  of  Kansas,  requesting  him  to  call  another  deep  water  convention 
to  meet  at  Topeka  on  Oct.  i,  1895.  Gov.  Culberson  also  suggested  in  his 
letter  the  advisability  of  holding  a  great  industrial  exposition  at  Galves- 
ton, "to  bring  together  the  people  and  products  of  the  West  and  encour- 
age Inter-American  commerce." 

Gov.  Morrill  accordingly  issued  the  call  for  the  convention.  When  it 
met  at  Topeka  on  Oct.  i,  Senator  George  G.  Vest  of  Missouri  was  made 
permanent  chairman,  and  Thomas  Richardson,  secretary.  The  principal 
action  of  the  convention  was  to  authorize  the  appointment  of  a  com- 
mittee, to  consist  of  five  members  from  each  western  state  and  three 
members  from  each  territory,  and  to  be  known  as  the  "permanent  deep 
water  utilization  committee."  The  purposes  for  which  this  committee 
was  created  were :  to  gather  and  disseminate  information ;  to  correspond 
with  steamship  lines  and  boards  of  trade;  to  secure  freight  rates;  to  pro- 
vide for  an  international  exposition ;  to  encourage  the  construction  of 
north  and  south  railroads ;  to  call  another  convention  or  conference,  and 
also  to  call  an  international  commercial  congress  if  it  deemed  advisable. 

Another  deep  water  convention  was  held  at  Fort  Smith,  Ark.,  Dec. 
15,  1896.  but  by  that  time  railroad  commissions  had  been  established  in 
several  of  the  western  states,  and  through  the  work  of  these  commissions 
better  freight  rates  had  been  secured  on  the  railroads.     Interest  in  the 


504  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

deep  water  project  therefore  waned,  and  after  a  short  time  the  agitation 
ceased  altogether. 

Deerfield,  a  city  of  the  third  class  in  Lakin  township,  Kearny  county, 
is  located  on  the  Arkansas  river  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
R.  R.,  7  miles  east  of  Lakin,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  sev- 
eral well  appointed  mercantile  concerns,  churches  of  the  leading  Protest- 
ant denominations,  and  is  a  shipping  point  for  a  large  agricultural  dis- 
trict. Deerfield  was  first  settled  in  1885,  was  incorporated  in  1907,  and 
in  1910  reported  a  population  of  152. 

Deerhead,  a  village  of  Barber  county,  is  located  in  Deerhead  town- 
ship, about  20  miles  west  of  Medicine  Lodge,  the  county  seat,  in  the 
Indian  creek  valley.  Lake  City,  10  miles  north  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  The  village  has  a 
money  order  postoffice,  is  the  trading  center  for  a  large  agricultural  dis- 
trict, and  is  the  headquarters  of  the  "Ranchmen's  Telephone  company." 

Defouri,  J.  H.,  one  of  the  early  Catholic  priests  in  Kansas,  was  born 
in  St.  John  La  Porte,  valley  of  Isere,  France,  Aug.  29,  1830.  He  was 
educated  for  the  priesthood  and  was  ordained  at  Chambery,  Savoy,  in 
1854.  Soon  after  taking  orders  he  came  to  America  and  in  Nov.,  1856, 
arrived  at  Leavenworth,  where  he  remained  until  1862,  when  he  was  seni 
to  Topeka.  In  1865  he  made  a  journey  to  his  native  land  in  the  interest 
of  the  church  in  Kansas,  and  upon  his  return  the  next  year  he  was  made 
pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  Assumption  in  Topeka.  In  Sept.,  1876,  he 
returned  to  Leavenworth  and  in  July,  1877,  "^^'^^  made  vicar-general  of 
the  diocese.  Some  years  later  he  left  Kansas  to  take  charge  of  the 
Church  of  San  Guadaloupe  at  Santa  Fe,  New  Mex.  Father  Defouri  was 
a  libera!  contributor  to  the  Kansas  Magazine  and  other  publications  of 
that  nature  on  topics  relating  to  Indians  and  the  early  Catliolic  church 
in  the  southwest. 

DeGrafT,  a  small  hamlet  of  Lincoln  township,  Butler  county,  is  a  sta- 
tion on  the  Florence  &  Arkansas  City  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  .Santa  Fe  R.  R.  11  miles  north  of  Eldorado,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a 
money  order  postoffice,  express  and  telegraph  service,  a  Presbyterian 
church,  telephone  connections,  a  hotel,  a  good  retail  trade,  and  does  some 
shipping. 

Deitzler,  George  W.,  soldier,  was  born  at  Pine  Grove,  Schuylkill 
county,  Pa.,  Nov.  30,  1826.  He  received  a  common  school  education  and 
removed  to  Kansas,  where  he  became  one  of  the  prominent  figures  of 
the  free-state  party.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Topeka  convention,  and 
in  May,  1856,  was  one  of  the  seven  men  who  were  arrested  at  Lawrence 
and  taken  to  Lecompton  under  guard  of  Federal  troops.  They  were 
known  as  the  "treason  prisoners"  and  were  kept  in  a  prison  camp  for 
several  months.  During  the  winter  of  1857-58  he  was  a  member  and 
speaker  of  the  Kansas  house  of  representatives  and  was  reelected.  Sub- 
sequently he  was  elected  mayor  of  Lawrence,  and  also  served  as  treasurer 
of  the  state  university.     At  tlie  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  he  was  made 


KANSAS    HISTORY  505 

colonel  of  the  first  Kansas ;  was  seriously  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Wilson's  cretk,  in  Aug.,  1861,  and  never  entirely  recovered.  He 
remained  in  the  service,  however,  was  promoted  to  brigadier-general, 
but  resigned  in  1863.  During  Price's  raid  he  rendered  great  service  in 
protecting  the  border.  In  1864  he  was  commissioned  major-general  of 
Kansas  militia.  Geri.  Deitzler  was  killed  by  being  thrown  from  a  car- 
riage at  Tucson,  Ariz.,  April  11,  1884. 

Delahay,  Mark  W.,  jurist  and  politician,  was  a  native  of  Talbot  county, 
Md.  Although  his  father  was  a  slaveholder,  his  maternal  ancestors 
were  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  he  was  averse  to  buying 
and  selling  slaves.  He  had  scarcely  attained  to  his  majority  when  he 
decided  to  seek  his  fortune  in  the  West.  He  first  located  in  Illinois, 
where  he  was  engaged  in  various  enterprises;  wrote  for  diiJerent  jour- 
nals; studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  In  1853  he  went  to 
Mobile,  Ala.,  to  practice  law,  but  in  the  winter  of  1854  he  became  inter- 
ested in  Kansas,  and  in  March,  1855,  became  a  resident  of  Leavenworth. 
Although  a  Democrat  and  a  supporter  of  the  policy  of  "squatter 
sovereignty,"  his  sympathies  soon  became  enlisted  with  the  free-state 
cause.  On  July  7,  1855,  he  began  the  publication  of  the  Leavenworth 
Register.  He  served  as  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  Topeka  convention 
of  Sept.  19,  1855,  and  as  a  member  of  the  Topeka  constitutional  conven- 
tion the  following  month.  In  December,  while  he  was  attending  the 
free-state  convention  at  Lawrence,  his  office  was  destroyed  by  a  pro- 
slavery  mob.  He  was  elected  to  Congress  under  the  Topeka  constitu- 
tion but  was  never  admitted  to  a  seat.  In  May,  1857,  he  started  the 
Register,  the  first  paper  in  Wyandotte  (now  Kansas  City),  Kan.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Osawatomie  convention  of  May  18,  1859,  which 
founded  the  Republican  party  in  Kansas ;  was  chief  clerk  of  the  house 
of  representatives  in  i860;  was  appointed  surveyor-general  of  Kansas  in 
1861  and  held  the  position  until  Oct.  7,  1863,  when  President  Lincoln 
appointed  him  United  States  district  judge  of  Kansas,  in  which  office 
he  served  until  1873.     He  died  at  Kansas  City,  May  8,  1879. 

De  Lassus,  Carlos  Dehault,  soldier  and  lieutenant  governor  of  Upper 
Louisiana,  was  a  native  of  Lille,  France,  where  he  was  born  in  1764,  but 
at  the  age  of  18  years  entered  the  Spanish  army  as  a  member  of  the  royal 
guards  commanded  by  the  king  himself.  For  his  distinguished  bravery 
in  the  assault  on  Fort  Elmo  in  1793  he  was  made  lieutenant-colonel, 
having  previously  won  his  commission  as  captain  of  grenadiers.  In  the 
French  revolution  of  1793  his  father  was  driven  from  his  native  land  and 
found  refuge  in  New  Orleans.  Owing  to  this  fact,  when  Carlos  was 
assigned  to  the  command  of  a  battalion  of  the  king's  body-guard  in 
1874,  he  asked  to  be  transferred  to  New  Orleans  that  he  might  have  the 
privilege  of  being  near  his  father  in  a  foreign  land.  His  request  was 
granted,  and  soon  after  his  arrival  in  this  country  he  was  made  lieuten- 
ant-colonel of  the  Louisiana  regiment.  For  about  three  years  he  was 
commandant  at  New  Madrid,  where  he  distinguished  himself  by  the 
capture  of  five  Creek  Indians  who  were  causing  trouble  and  the  execu- 


50b  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

tion  of  the  leader.  On  Aug.  29,  1799,  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  Upper  Louisiana,  which  included  the  territory  now  comprising 
the  State  of  Kansas,  and  remained  in  that  office  until  March  9,  1804, 
when,  pursuant  to  orders  irom  the  S])anish  authorities,  he  delivered  the 
province  to  Maj.  Amos  Stoddard,  the  representative  of  the  L'nited  States 
government.  Upon  that  date  De  Lassus  issued  the  following  i)roclama- 
tion  to  the  people  of  the  province : 

"Inhabitants  of  Upper  Louisiana;  By  the  King's  command,  1  am  about 
to  deliver  up  this  post  and  its  dependencies.  The  flag  under  which  you 
have  been  protected  for  a  period  of  nearly  36  years  is  about  to  be  with- 
drawn. From  this  moment  you  are  released  from  the  oath  of  fidelity  you 
took  to  support  it.  The  fidelity  and  courage  with  which  you  have  guard- 
ed and  defended  it  will  never  be  forgotten ;  and  in  my  character  of  rep- 
resentative I  entcM'tain  the  most  sincere  wishes  for  your  perfect  pros- 
perity." 

De  Lassus  remained  at  St.  Louis  until  the  following  autumn,  when  he 
was  ordered  with  his  regiment  to  Florida.  For  a  time  he  was  stationed 
at  Pensacola,  and  later  was  appointed  governor  of  West  Florida,  with 
headquarters  at  Baton  Rouge.  Here  he  was  captured  by  local  militia  in 
the  uiirising  of  1810.  Shortly  after  this  he  resigned  his  commission  and 
became  a  jirivate  citizen  of  New  Orleans,  where  he  died  on  May  i,  1842. 

Delavan,  a  village  of  Grand  View  township,  Morris  county,  is  19  miles 
west  of  Council  Grove,  the  county  seat.  It  is  the  trading  center  and 
shipping  point  for  a  rich  agricultural  neighborhood,  has  a  bank,  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  tele- 
phone connections,  Christian  and  Methodist  churches,  a  good  public 
school  building,  and  is  one  of  the  most  progressive  villages  of  its  size  in 
the  state.    The  population  in  1910  was  58. 

Delaware  River,  one  of  the  principal  water  courses  of  northeastern 
Kansas,  rises  in  Xemaha  comity,  about  2  miles  west  of  the  city  of 
Sabetha.  At  first  its  course  is  southeast  through  Nemaha,  across  the 
southwest  corner  nf  Brown  and  the  northeast  corner  of  Jackson  county, 
until  it  enters  Atchison  county  about  3  miles  south  of  the  northwest  cor- 
ner. From  this  point  its  course  is  more  southerly  through  Atchison  and 
JefTerson  counties  until  it  falls  into  the  Kansas  river  nearly  opposite  the 
town  of  Lecom])ton.  Its  principal  tributaries  are  Cedar,  Plum,  Gregg's, 
Walnut,  Rdck,  W'hitc  Horse,  Rig  and  Little  Slough  and  Calaniotmt 
creeks,  and  the  Little  Helaware  ri\er.  Originally  Ihe  strc;nu  was  called 
Grasshopper  river,  but  the  visitation  of  grasshoppers  in  1874  rendered 
the  name  impopular  and  the  legislature  jiasscd  an  act,  which  was  ap- 
proved by  Gov.  Osborn  on  Feb.  27,  1875,  changing  the  name  to  Delaware 
river. 

Delia,  a  little  town  of  Jackson  county,  is  located  in  the  southwest  cor- 
ner <if  the  county  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  20  miles  southwest  of  FTol- 
ton,  the  county  scat.  Tt  has  b.-mking  facilities,  a  money  ordei'  jiostoffice 
with  oiu'  rinal  route,  telegraph  ;ukI  express  olfices,  ;in(l  the  princip.'d  lines 
of  l)nsiness  activity  are  represented.      The  popnliiion  in   Kiiowas  ion. 


J 


ICANSAS    HISTORY  507 

Delight,  a  country  postoffice  of  Ellsworth  county,  is  located  in  Mul- 
berry township,  near  the  northeast  corner  of  the  county,  about  15  miles 
from  Ellsworth,  the  county  seat,  and  5  miles  north  of  Carneiro,  which  is 
the  most  convenient  railroad  station. 

Deliverance,  a  small  settlement  in  the  western  part  of  Osborne  comity, 
is  located  near  the  -head  of  the  Little  Medicine  creek,  about  20  miles 
southwest  of  Osborne,  the  county  seat.  It  is  a  trading  center  for  that 
section  of  the  county  and  in  1910  rciiorted  a  population  of  20.  Alton 
is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Dellvale,  a  village  of  Leota  township,  Norton  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  8  miles  southwest  of  Norton, 
the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route, 
telegraph  and  express  offices,  telephone  connections,  a  grain  elevator, 
some  well  stocked  general  stores,  a  hotel,  etc.,  and  in  1910  reported  a 
population  of  31. 

Delmore,  an  inland  hamlet  of  McPherson  county,  is  located  12  miles 
northeast  of  McPherson,  the  county  seat,  and  8  miles 'north  of  Galva,  on 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  and  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pa- 
cific railroads  the  nearest  shipping  point  and  railroad  station.  The  mail 
for  Delmore  is  distributed  by  rural  route  from  the  Galva  postoffice. 

Delphos,  the  second  largest  town  of  Ottawa  county,  is  located  on  the 
Solomon  river  and  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.,  in  Sheridan  township, 
about  12  miles  northwest  of  Minneapolis,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a 
public  library,  an  opera  house,  2  banks,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Re- 
publican), telegraph  and  express  offices  and  an  international  postoffice 
with  four  rural  routes.  It  is  an  important  receiving  and  shipping  point, 
having  two  flour  mills  and  a  creamery  and  facilities  for  handling  large' 
quantities  of  grain.  It  is  an  incorporated  city  of  the  third  class  and  the 
population  in  1810  was  767.  The  promoter  of  the  town,  W.  A.  Keizer, 
platted  it  in  1870.  A  postoffice  had  been  established  two  years  before 
with  Levi  Yockey  as  postmaster.  The  first  store  was  opened  by  Simp-, 
son,  Seymour  &  Easley.  In  1872  a  bridge  was  built  over  the  Solomon, 
$5,000  ill  bonds  being  voted  for  the  purpose.  Delphos  was  from  the  first 
a  grain  market  and  elevators  were  built  before  the  railroads  came  through 
in  1878.  In  1879  half  of  the  town  was  destroyed  by  a  tornado.  The 
first  newspaper  was  started  that  year,  the  "Delphos  Herald."  The  first 
bank  was  established  in  1880.  Delphos  is  famous  as  the  yearly  camp- 
ing ground  of  the  society  of  spiritualists,  which  was  organized  in  1877 
at  that  place  with  thirteen  members.  This  camp  meeting  brings  hun- 
dreds of  people  to  Delphos  every  summer. 

Denison,  one  of  the  thriving  towns  in  Jackson  county,  is  located  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  in  Cedar  township,  10  miles  southeast  of 
Holton,  the  county  seat.  Among  the  public  improvements  is  a  $2,000 
electric  light  plant  and  a  $5,500  school  building.  There  are  several  well 
stocked  stores,  banking  facilities,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  and  a 
postoffice  with  one  rural  route.  The  population  in  1910  was  325.  Deni- 
son is  the  successor  of  the  old  town  of  Tippinville,  founded  in   T85S  by 


5o8  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Welvvood  Tippin.  This  was  a  thrifty  little  town  having  a  dozen  busi- 
ness establishments,  including  one  of  the  first  cheese  factories  in  Kan- 
sas. In  1S87  when  the  railroad  came  through  it  missed  Tippinville, 
going  a  mile  south.  The  little  town  was  picked  up  and  moved  bodily 
to  the  railroad.  Most  of  the  buildings  moved  at  that  time  are  still  in 
existence. 

Denmark,  a  hamlet  of  Lincoln  county,  is  located  in  the  Spillman  creek 
valley,  about  10  miles  northwest  of  Lincoln,  the  county  seat.  The  in- 
habitants receive  mail  by  rural  delivery  from  Vesper,  which  is  the  near- 
est railroad  station. 

Dennis,  a  village  of  Labette  county,  is  located  in  Osage  township  on 
the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.,  25  miles  north  of  Oswego,  the 
county  seat,  and  8  miles  from  Parsons.  It  has  an  express  office  and  a 
money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route.  The  population  in  1910 
was  175.  The  first  building  in  Dennis  was  a  railroad  depot  erected  in 
1880.  In  the  spring  of  1881  William  Current  opened  the  first  grocery 
store.  John  Webb  and  John  Milligan  put  in  a  stock  of  general  mer- 
chandise in  1882.  At  the  time  the  town  was  platted  in  Dec,  1883,  there 
were  two  general  stores,  a  grain  elevator,  harness  shop,  lumber  yard, 
drug  store,  hardware  store  and  liver^r  stable.  The  first  hotel  was  put 
up  by  Mr.  Acre  in  1885.  The  first  dwelling  house  was  erected  by  Mr. 
Thorne  in  1883. 

Densmore,  one  of  the  prosperous  towns  of  Norton  ctninty,  is  sit- 
uated on  the  Solomon  river  in  West  LTnion  township,  and  is  a  station 
on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  about  16  miles  southeast  of  Norton,  the 
county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  flour  mill,  a  hotel,  some  well  stocked  gen- 
eral stores.  Catholic  and  Methodist  churches,  a  money  order  postoffice 
with  two  rural  routes,  telephone  connections,  etc.,  and  in  1910  reported 
a  poi)ulation  of  100. 

Denton,  one  of  the  villages  of  Doniphan  county,  is  located  in  I'liion 
township  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  11  miles  .-south- 
west of  Troy,  the  county  seat.  It  has  telegraph  and  express  offices, 
l)anking  facilities,  and  a  money  order  postofTice  with  one  rural  route. 
The  population  in  1910  was  200.  The  town  was  laid  out  Ijy  ]\Ioses, 
William,  and  John  Denton  and  D.  C.  Kyle  in  i88().  William  Kirby 
erected  the  first  store  in  the  fall  of  1886.  The  first  dwelling  was  built 
by  E.  Callaway,  and  the  first  mail  carrier  between  Severance  and  Kenne- 
kuk  in  the  early  '8o's.  Denton  is  located  near  the  site  of  the  old  stage 
station  of  Syracuse,  on  the  Pottawatomie  trail,  where  the  \'ickerys  kept 
a  store  in  the  '60s. 

Dentonia,  a  hamlet  of  Jewell  county,  is  locatiil  in  r)dcssa  township  18 
miies  southwest  of  Mank;ito,  the  r<innty  seat.  '\'\\c  population  in  njio 
was  fio.    It  receives  mail  from  Esbon. 

Denver,  James  William,  secretary  and  governor  of  the  Territory  of 
Kansas,  was  born  at  Winchester,  Va.,  July  23  (some  authorities  say  the 
l8th),  1817.  He  was  reared  on  a  farm,  attended  the  common  schools,  and 
about   the   time   he   attained    lc>   his   majority   went    with    his   jiarents    to 


J 


KANSAS    HISTORY  509 

Ohio.  Here  lie  studied  engineering  and  in  1841  went  to  Misscniri  to 
engage  in  the  practice  of  that  profession.  The  following  year  he  returned 
to  Ohio  and  took  up  the  study  of  law,  graduating  at  the  Cincinnati 
Law  School  in  1844.  In  1847  he  was  commissioned  captain  of  a  company 
in  the  Twelfth  United  Stales  infantry,  and  served  under  Gen.  Scott  in 
Mexico  until  the  close  of  the  war  in  July,  1848.  He  then  located  at 
Platte  City,  Mo.,  where  he  practiced  law  until  1850,  when  he  went  to 
California.  While  serving  in  the  state  senate  of  California  he  got  into 
an  altercation  with  Edward  Gilbert.  A  duel  followed,  with  rifles  as 
weapons,  and  Gilbert  was  killed.  In  1853  Mr.  Denver  was  elected  sec- 
retary of  State  of  California,  and  the  next  year  was  elected  to  Congress. 
He  served  but  one  term,  but  Forney  says :  "Gen.  Denver,  while  in  Con- 
gress, as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  Pacific  railroad,  in  1854-5,  pre- 
sented in  a  conclusive  manner  the  facts  demonstrating  the  practicability 
of  that  great  enterprise  and  the  advantage  to  be  derived  from  it."  At 
the  close  of  his  term  in  Congress,  he  was  appointed  commissioner  of 
Indian  affairs,  and  in  the  spring  of  1857  came  to  Kansas  to  make  treaties. 
The  following  December  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  territory, 
and  subsequently  was  appointed  governor.  While  governor  of  Kansas 
he  was  active  in  securing  the  erection  of  the  Territory  of  Colorado,  and 
in  commemoration  of  his  services  in  this  connection,  the  capital  of  Colo- 
rado bears  his  name.  On  Oct.  10,  1858,  he  resigned  his  position  as  gover- 
nor to  engage  in  the  practice  of  law.  In  Aug.,  1861,  he  was  commissioned 
brigadier-general  of  volunteers  by  President  Lincoln  and  served  until 
in  March,  1863,  when  he  resigned.  For  a  time  he  practiced  law  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  and  then  removed  to  Wilmington,  Ohio.  He  was  de- 
feated for  Congress  in  that  district  in  1870,  and  in  1884  his  name  was 
mentioned  as  a  probable  candidate  for  the  Democratic  nomination  for 
the  presidency.  On  Sept.  3  of  that  year  he  attended  the  old  settlers' 
meeting  at  Bismarck  Grove,  near  Lawrence,  Kan.,  where  he  delivered 
an  address.     Gov.  Denver  died  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Aug.  8,  1894. 

Denver's  Administration. — Mr.  Denver  took  the  oath  of  office  as  ter- 
ritorial secretary  before  Judge  Sterling  G.  Cato  on  Dec.  21,  1857,  and 
immediately  became  acting  governor.  In  his  inaugural  address  of  the 
same  date  he  quoted  from  the  letter  of  Gen.  Cass,  of  Dec.  11,  notifying 
him  of  his  appointment,  wherein  Cass  said :  "It  is  vitally  important  that 
the  people  of  Kansas,  and  no  other  than  the  people  of  Kansas,  should 
have  the  full  determination  of  the  question  now  before  them  for  de- 
cision." 

The  question  at  that  time  before  the  people  for  decision  was  the  adop- 
tion of  the  Lecompton  constitution.  The  convention  which  framed  the 
constitution  had  submitted  it  to  the  people  in  such  a  way  that  the  only 
question  they  were  called  upon  to  decide  was  whether  it  should  be 
adopted  "with"  or  "without"  slavery.  They  had  no  option  of  voting  upon 
the  instrument  as  a  whole — no  power  to  reject  it  in  its  entirety.  Dur- 
ing the  last  days  of  Gov.  Shannon's  administration  (q.  v.)  a  special  ses- 
sion of  the  legislature  had  provided  for  an  election  on   Jan.  4.   1S58,  at 


( 


5IO  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

which  the  people  would  be  given  the  privilege  of  exercising  the  right 
denied  them  b}'  the  convention,  i.  e.  to  reject  the  constitution  if  a  ma- 
jorit)'  of  them  so  decreed.  In  discussing  this  phase  of  the  subject.  Gen. 
Cass,  in  his  letter  to  Denver,  said:  "It  is  proper  to  add  that  no  action 
of  the  territorial  legislature  can  interfere  with  the  elections  of  the  3131 
of  December  and  the  first  Monday  in  January  in  the  mode  and  manner 
prescribed  by  the  constitutional  convention." 

It  was  generally  understood  that  the  free-state  men  of  the  territory 
would  not  vote  on  the  constitution  as  submitted  by  the  convention,  and 
Gov.  Denver,  in  his  address,  referred  to  this  attitude  on  their  part  as 
follows  :  "American  citizens  can  never  preserve  their  rights  by  abandon- 
ing the  elective  franchise,  and  punishment  too  severe  cannot  be  inflicted 
on  the  man  who  by  violence,  trickery  or  fraud  would  deprive  them  of 
it.  ...  A  very  stringent  law  was  passed  at  the  late  session  of 
the  legislature  providing  for  the  infliction  of  severe  penalties  on  persons 
engaged  in  election  frauds.  This  act  meets  with  my  most  hearty  ap- 
proval and  if  it  is  not  yet  sufficiently  stringent,  I  will  gladly  assist  in 
making  it  more  so.  It  is  not  possible  to  throw  too  many  guards  around 
this  great  bulwark,  which  is  the  very  foundation  of  our  free  institu- 
tions." 

In  the  light  of  subsequent  events,  the  declaration  of  Gen.  Cass  that 
"no  other  than  the  people  of  Kansas"  should  have  a  voice  in  settling  the 
question  before  them,  and  the  utterances  of  Gov.  Denver  with  regard 
to  stringent  election  laws,  became  as  "soimding  brass  and  a  tinkling 
cymbal."  At  the  election  of  Dev.  21,  the  very  day  the  governor  delivered 
his  inaugural  address,  Missourians  in  large  numbers  came  into  the  ter- 
ritory and  voted  for  the  adoption  of  the  constitution  "with  slavery." 

On  tlie  22(1  the  go\crnor  wrote  10  Howell  Cobb,  the  secretary  of  the 
United  States  treasury-,  for  $10,000  to  defray  the  expense  of  the  legis- 
latiu"e,  which  would  meet  in  January,  and  $1,000  for  the  contingent  ex- 
penses of  the  territory.  "There  is  not  a  dollar  here,"  said  he,  "and 
prompt  action  is  requested." 

A  free-state  convention  assembled  at  Lawrence  on  Dec.  23  to  discuss 
the  question  of  voting  on  Jan.  4  for  state  officers  under  the  Lccompton 
constitiuion.  Wilder  says;  "It  was  the  most  exciting  convention  ever 
held  by  the  free-slate  parly."  After  a  spirited  debate  it  was  finallx  dc 
cided  by  a  vote  of  74  to  62  nol  to  vole  for  state  officers.  A  coniniittce 
of  fifteen  was  appointed  "to  ])repare  and  transmit  to  Congress  a  i)riitcst 
against  the  admission  of  Kansas  under  iho  I,ccoin]>ton  constituliou." 

X'otwithstanding  the  decision  of  the  Lawrence  con\  (.'niiiui  nn  Iho  sub- 
ject f)f  voting  for  state  officers,  sonic  frec-slatc  men,  un  ihe  c\ening  nf 
Dec.  24,  assembled  in  the  basement  of  the  Herald  of  Fiecdom  oflice  and 
nominated  candidates  for  these  offices  as  follows:  For  governor,  George 
W.  .Smith  :  liculenant-governor,  W.  Y.  Roberts;  secretary  of  stale,  P.  C. 
Schuyler;  auditor,  Joel  K.  Goodin ;  treasurer,  A.  J.  Mead;  representative 
in  Congress,  Marcus  J.  Pairolt. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  51I 

ill  apprehension  of  Irtjublc  <iii  the  day  of  the  election,  Gov.  Denver,  on 
Dec.  26,  issued  a  proclamation  in  which  he  gave  Webster's  definitions 
of  the  word  inhabitant  and  said:  "From  these  definitions  it  will  be  seen 
that  it  requires  somethini;-  more  than  a  mere  presence  in  the  territory 
to  entitle  a  person  to  vote  at  the  coming  elections.  I  have  deemed  it  my 
duty  to  distribute  the. United  .States  troops  over  the  territory  in  such  a 
way  as  to  preserve  order  and  to  insure  to  every  one  entitled  a  fair  oppor- 
tunity of  voting." 

The  executive  minutes  frum  Dec.  26,  1857,  to  Jan.  3,  1858,  are  made  up 
largely  of  orders  and  instructions  to  military  officers  as  to  the  disposition 
of  troops  on  election  day,  in  order  to  insure  a  fair  vote.  On  i^ec.  30  the 
governor  gave  to  the  judges  of  election  the  information  that  "Many 
complaints  have  been  made  that  frauds  have  been  committed  at  elec- 
Li(ins  in  Ivickapoo,and  in  order  to  satisfy  all  persons  that  such  chargesare 
incorrect,  I  have  given  assurances  that  challengers  would  be  allowed 
to  stand  by  and  question  the  voters  as  to  their  right  to  vote  during  the 
time  the  polls  are  kept  open." 

On  Jan.  i.  1838,  and  again  on  the  2d,  Gen.  Den\-er  admonished  E.  S. 
Dennis,  the  United  States  marshal,  to  exercise  all  possible  power  "to 
secure  to  every  person  an  opportunity  to  vote,"  yet  despite  all  these  pre- 
cautions a  number  of  illegal  votes  were  cast  on  Jan.  4,  when  two  distinct 
elections  were  held — one  for  state  officers,  delegate  to  Congress  and  mem- 
bers of  the  legislature,  and  one  on  the  ratification  or  rejection  of  the 
I-^ecompton  constitution.  Both  parties  participated  in  the  former,  but  the 
pro-slavery  men  ignored  the  one  relating  to  the  adoption  of  the  consti- 
tution, claiming  that  the  question  of  its  ratification  had  been  settled  by 
the  election  of  the  preceding  December.  Although  many  free-state  men 
refused  to  vote  for  state  officers,  Smith  received  6,875  votes  to  6,545  for 
F.  ].  Marshall,  the  pro-slavery  candidate,  and  the  other  candidates  on 
the  free-state  ticket  were  victorious  by  about  the  same  majority.  Owing 
to  the  failure  of  the  pro-slavery  men  to  vote  on  the  constitution,  it  was 
rejected  by  a  vote  of  10,226  to  161.     (See  Constitutions.) 

The  third  session  of  the  territorial  legislature  convened  on  Jan.  4,  1858. 
Carmi  W.  Babcock  was  elected  president  of  the  council  and  George  W. 
Deitzler  speaker  of  the  house.  On  the  5th  Gov.  Denver  delivered  his 
message.  ,Tn  his  introduction  he  said:  "Having  but  recently  arrived 
among  you,  it  can  hardly  be  expected  that  I  should  have  the  exact  in- 
formation in  relation  to  the  internal  affairs  of  the  territory  that  a  longer 
residence  would  have  afforded  :  but  I  have  seen  enough  to  satisfy  me 
that  much  of  the  animosity  and  bitter  feeling,  now  existing,  proceeds 
more  from  personal  hostilit}'  than  from  political  considerations." 

The  governor  then  goes  on  to  show  how  neighborhood  feuds  could 
be  traced  back  to  personal  quarrels,  and  mentions  the  case  of  a  man  hav- 
ing been  forcibly  removed  from  a  quarter-section  of  land  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  territory.  When  the  parties  who  removed  this  man  were 
arrested  under  writs  issued  by  the  Federal  judges  the  cry  of  "Persecu- 
tion" was  raised,  and  "this  petty  difficulty  was  soon  elevated  to  the 
dignity  of  a  war  between  the  free-state  and  pro-slavery  parties." 


512  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

"To  quell  these  disturbances,"  said  he,  "I  have  deemed  it  necessary 
to  send  a  detachment  of  United  States  troops  into  the  neighborhood, 
which  has  had  the  effect  to  restore  peace  to  the  community." 

Concerning  the  Lecompton  constitution  and  the  influence  it  might 
have  on  the  work  of  the  legislature,  he  quoted  the  provisions  under 
which  it  had  been  submitted  on  Dec.  21,  and  said:  "It  was  again  sub- 
mitted to  a  vote  of  the  people  by  an  act  of  the  legislature,  approved  Dec. 
17.  1857,  only  one  of  the  political  parties  voting  at  a  time  on  these  propo- 
sitions, and  the  others  absenting  themselves  from  the  polls.  In  this 
condition  it  will  probably  be  sent  to  Congress,  and  it  may  be  well  for 
you  to  delay  any  important  legislation  until  you  can  ascertain  what  ac- 
tion Congress  will  take  in  the  premises  ;  for,  should  Kansas  be  admitted 
as  one  of  the  states  of  the  Union,  under  this  constitution,  it  would  have 
the  effect  to  nullify  all  your  acts,  and  revive  such  as  you  may  have  re- 
pealed. If,  however,  you  shall  conclude  to  disregard  this  possible  state 
of  affairs,  it  then  becomes  my  duty  to  direct  yotu"  attention  to  some 
matters  on  which  legislative  action  may  be  necessary." 

The  subjects  to  which  the  governor  then  called  special  attention  were 
the  need  of  a  revision  of  the  criminal  laws  of  the  territory  and  the  es- 
tablishment of  prisons ;  some  amendment  to  the  election  laws  to  pre- 
vent intimidation;  suitable  legislation  to  promote  the  construction  of 
highways,  and  a  law  to  encourage  the  establishment  of  common  schools. 

At  the  evening  session  on  Jan.  5  both  houses  adopted  a  resolution  to 
adjourn  to  meet  at  Lawrence  on  the  7th,  because  of  "a  general  lack  of 
suitable  accommodations"  at  Lecompton.  The  free-state  legislature, 
which  had  met  at  Topeka  on  the  5th,  also  adjourned  to  Lawrence,  and 
on  the  7th  the  members  of  that  body  asked  the  territorial  legislature 
to  substitute  the  state  for  the  territorial  assembly.  The  proposition  was 
declined  and  soon  after  the  Topeka  legislature  adjourned. 

Early  in  the  session  Henry  J.  Adams,  Thomas  Ewing,  Jr.,  Dillon 
Pickering,  E.  L.  Taylor,  H.  T.  Green  and  J.  B.  Abbott  were  appointed 
as  a  committee  to  investigate  the  election  frauds  of  Dec.  21  and  Jan.  4 
and  report  to  the  governor.  On  Feb.  12,  the  day  before  the  legislature 
adjourned,  the  committee  made  its  report,  showing  that  at  the  election 
of  Dec.  21,  1857,  on  the  Lecompton  constitution,  illegal  votes  had  been 
cast  as  follows:  At  Kickapoo,  700;  at  Delaware  City,  145;  at  Oxford, 
1,200;  at  Shawnee,  675,  making  a  total  of  2,720.  At  the  election  of  Jan. 
4,  1858,  for  state  officers  under  the  Lecom])ton  constitution,  the  illegal 
\otcs  reported  by  the  committee  included  600  at  Kicka])oo ;  5  at  Dela- 
ware City  ;  336  at  the  Delaware  agency  ;  696  at  Oxford,  and  821  at  Shaw- 
nee, a  total  of  2,458.  Regarding  the  illegal  votes  at  Shawnee  agency, 
tlie  committee  stated  that  forged  names  had  been  added  to  the  regular 
returns,  and  that  this  had  been  done  with  the  knowledge  of  John  Cal- 
houn, who  had  been  president  of  the  Lecompton  convention,  and  also 
John  D.  Henderson. 

During  the  session  175  town  comjianies  were  incorjioraled  ;  several  new 
counties  were  created  ;  a  c<xie  of  civil  and  a  code  of  criminal  procedure 


KANSAS    HISTORY  513 

were  enacted ;  and  a  bill  was  passed  over  the  governor's  veto  making 
Minneola  the  seat  of  government.     (See  Capital.) 

On  Feb.  6  Gov.  Denver  vetoed  a  bill  repealing  the  "Black  laws"  en- 
acted by  the  first  territorial  legislature^laws  providing  the  most  severe 
penalties  for  injury  to  or  interference  with  slave  property.  In  his  veto 
message  the  governor  "said :  "The  act  referred  to  is  a  very  stringent 
one,  perhaps  much  more  so  than  is  necessary,  but,  so  long  as  the  terri- 
torial existence  continues  here,  the  owners  of  slaves  have  a  right  to 
claim  protection  for  their  property  at  the  hands  of  the  law-making  power. 
I  cannot  therefore  give  my  consent  to  repeal  of  all  laws  on  this 
subject,  imtil  there  shall  be  some  other  enactment  to  take  their  place." 

The  legislature  then  passed  another  act,  less  radical  than  the  one 
vetoed,  which  was  accepted  by  the  governor.  This  act,  while  repealing 
many  of  the  obnoxious  features  of  the  slave  laws,  still  provided  ade- 
quate protection  for  the  slaveowner. 

On  Feb.  lo  the  legislature  sent  to  the  governor  a  bill  providing  for 
another  constitutional  convention.  The  law  gave  the  governor  three 
days  (Sundays  excepted)  to  sign  or  veto  bills,  and  before  the  expiration 
of  the  full  three  days  after  this  bill  was  submitted  the  legislature  ad- 
journed. .  Gov.  Denver  therefore  claimed  that  the  bill  was  not  legally  a 
law,  but  imder  its  provisions  was  held  the  Leavenworth  constitutional 
convention.     (See  Constitutions.) 

At  the  special  session  of  the  legislature,  called  by  Gov.  Stanton  in 
Dec,  1857,  a  bill  was  passed  authorizing  the  establishment  of  a  military 
board  to  organize  and  control  the  movements  of  the  militia.  The  bill 
had  been  vetoed  by  Mr.  Stanton  (See  Stanton's  Administration),  but 
the  assembly  passed  it  over  the  veto.  On  Feb.  12,  1858,  Gov.  Denver 
vetoed  a  similar  bill,  and  again  it  was  passed  over  the  governor's  ob- 
jections. On  Feb.  26,  1858,  Gov.  Denver  issued  a  proclamation  denying 
the  authority  of  James  H.  Lane,  who  held  the  rank  of  major-general  by 
authority  of  the  legislative  assembly,  to  organize  the  militia  of  the  ter- 
ritory. Lane,  however,  feeling  secure  in  the  power  granted  him  by  the 
legislature,  paid  no  attention  to  the  proclamation  and  went  on  with  his 
work. 

All  through  the  years  1857-58  there  was  more  or  less  trouble  between 
the  free-state  and  pro-slavery  men,  especiall}'  in  southeastern  Kansas. 
Free-state  settlers  who  had  left  this  section  during  the  border  war  in 
1856,  returned  the  following  year  and  undertook  to  regain  possession  of 
their  claims,  but  their  efforts  were  resisted.  About  this  time  Capt. 
James  Montgomery  organized  his  "Self  Defensive  Association"  (q.  v.) 
and  "carried  the  war  into  the  enemy's  country."  On  Jan.  9,  1858,  Gov. 
Denver  notified  United  States  Marshal  E.  S.  Dennis  that  an  armed  mob 
at  L.eavenworth  was  parading  the  streets,  "breaking  open  r^tores  and 
searching  private  houses  for  arms."  He  directed  the  marshal  to  call 
on  Gen.  Harney  for  troops  to  restore  order,  and  added :  "Previous  to 
the  late  election,  vou  will  recollect  that  I  gave  vou  directions  to  have  the 
(1-33) 


514  CYCLOPEDIA    OF    ■ 

people  disarmed,  should  they  make  any  demonstration  to  disturb  the 
public  peace,  and  I  am  astonished  that  you  have  not  acted  promptly.'" 
The  governor  also  criticised  the  mayor  of  Leavenworth  for  failing  to  do 
his  duty.  About  this  time  two  companies  of  dragoons  were  sent  to 
southeastern  Kansas  to  quell  the  disturbance  in  that  section. 

Up  10  this  time  Mr.  Denver  had  been  merel}-  the  acting  go\ernor,  by 
virtue  of  his  office  as  secretary.  On  March  13,  1858,  he  wrote  to  Gen. 
Cass,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  a  letter  dated  Feb.  26  indorsing  his 
commission  as  governor.     In  that  letter  Gov.  Denver  said ; 

"My  oath  of  office  is  not  inclosed,  for  the  reason  that  I  can  find  no 
authority  for  anyone  to  act  as  secretarj^  should  that  office  become  vacant, 
except  by  presidential  appointment.  In  the  present  condition  of  affairs 
here  such  an  interregnum  might  prove  a  serious  embarrassment,  and 
my  sense  of  duty  to  the  public  interests  will  not  allow  me  to  cause  it. 

"While  I  shall  continue  to  discharge  the  duties  of  both  offices,  there- 
fore, as  heretofore,  I  will  await  the  appointment  of  a  secretary  before 
qualifying  as  governor." 

He  then  recommended  his  private  secretarj^.  Hugh  S.  Walsh,  for  the 
office  of  territorial  secretary.  Mr.  Walsh  was  subsequently  appointed, 
and  on  May  12,  1858,  Mr.  Denver  took  the  oath  of  office  as  governor.  In 
the  meantime  he  had  isstied  commissions  to  a  number  of  county  and 
township  officers,  notaries  public,  etc. 

On  May  19  occurred  the  Marais  des  Cygnes  massacre  of  a  number  of 
free-state  men  by  a  party  commanded  by  Capt.  Charles  A.  Hamelton  (see 
Marais  des  Cygnes),  and  Gov.  Denver  despatched  Lieut.  J.  P.  Jones  and 
Benjamin  J.  Newsom  to  investigate  the  conditions  in  that  district  and 
report.  On  Jtme  3  they  rendered  an  accoiuit  of  a  number  of  conflicts 
between  Montgomery's  men  and  the  pro-slavery  settlers,  due  in  a  great 
measure  to  the  inefficiency  of  certain  county  officers.  On  the  15th  the 
governor  visited  Fort  Scott,  where  he  addressed  a  mass  meeting  and 
introduced  a  set  of  resolutions,  the  object  of  which  was  to  settle  the  dis- 
turbances in  that  vicinity.  During  the  summer  conditions  did  not  im- 
prove, however,  as  much  as  the  governor  had  anticipated  at  the  time  of 
his  visit  to  Fort  Scott,  and  on  Sept.  5.  1858.  lie  tendered  his  resignation, 
to  take  effect  on  Oct.  10. 

Cutler  says:  "The  resignation  of  Gov.  Denver,  as  in  the  case  of  Gov. 
Walker,  was  forced  upon  him  by  the  pro-slavery  administration.  He  had 
made  a  treaty  with  Montgomery,  the  free-state  chief,  whereby  it  was 
sought  to  restore  peace.  As  this  involved  concessions  to  the  free-state 
men,  it,  as  a  matter  of  course,  met  tlie  disap])roval  of  the  iiresident  and 
advisers,  arid  would  have  resulted  in  tlie  removal  of  Gov.  Denver,  had 
he  not  resigned." 

Derby,  a  town  of  Rockford  townslup,  Sedgwick  county,  is  locaivd  on 
the  Arkansas  river  and  the  Atchison,  'i'ojjeka  &  Santa  I'e  R.  R.  11  miles 
southeast  of  Wichita.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money  order  posloffice  with  three 
rural  routes,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  telephone  connections,  Catho- 
lic,  Evangelical   and    Presbyterian    rhurclies,   good    public   schools,   sev- 


KANSAS    HISTOKY  515 

eral  general  stores,  a  hotel,  etc.,  and  is  the  principal  shipping  point  tor 
a  rich  agricultural  district  in  the  Arkansas  valley.  The  population  in 
1910  was  261. 

Dermot,  a  little  village  in  the  northwest  corner  of  Stevens  county,  is 
located  in  the  valley  of  the  north  fork  of  the  Cimarron  river  about  i6 
miles  from  Hugoton,  tlie  county  seat,  and  40  miles  south  of  Hartland, 
vvhich  is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  Dermot  has  a  money  order  post- 
office  and  is  a  trading  center  for  the  neighborhood  in  which  it  is  sit- 
uated. 

Descent  and  Distribution  of  Property. — .\  Imniestcad  to  the  extent 
of  160  acres  of  farming  land,  or  of  one  acre  within  the  limits  of  an  in- 
corporated town  or  city,  occupied  b}-  the  intestate  and  his  family  at  the 
time  of  his  death  as  a  residence,  and  continued  to  be  so  occupied  by  his 
widow  and  children,  after  his  death,  together  with  all  the  improvements 
on  the  same,  is  wholly  exempt  from  distribution  under  any  of  the  laws 
of  this  state,  and  from  the  payment  of  the  debts  of  the  intestate,  but  is 
the  absolute  property  of  the  widow  and  children.  Tf  the  intestate  at  the 
time  of  his  death  owned  a  greater  number  of  acres  of  land  adjoining  his 
residence  than  is  allowed  for  a  homestead,  the  widow  may  select  the 
homestead.  If  the  intestate  left  no  children,  the  widow  is  entitled  to 
said  homestead,  and  if  he  left  children  and  no  widow,  the  children  are 
entitled  to  same.  If  the  intestate  left  a  widow  and  children,  and  the 
widow  again  marry,  or  when  all  the  children  arrive  at  the  age  of  ma- 
jority, the  homestead  is  divided,  one-half  in  value  to  the  widow  and  the 
other  half  to  the  children. 

One-half  in  value  of  all  the  real  estate  in  which  the  husband,  at  any 
tiiTie  during  the  coverture,  had  a  legal  or  equitable  interest,  which  has 
not  been  sold  on  execution  or  other  judicial  sale,  and  not  necessary  for 
the  payment  of  debts,  and  of  which  the  wife  has  made  no  conveyance, 
is  set  apart  by  the  executor  as  her  property  in  fee  simple  upon  the  death 
of  her  husband  if  she  survives  him.  Continuous  cohabitation  as  hus- 
band and  wife  is  presumptive  evidence  of  marriage  for  the  purpose  of 
giving  this  right.  The  widow's  portion  cannot  be  affected  by  any  will  of 
her  husband,  if  she  objects  thereto,  and  relinquishes  all  right  conferred 
upon  her  by  the  will. 

The  remaining  estate  of  which  the  decedent  died  seized,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  other  arrangements  by  will,  descends  in  equal  shares  to  his 
children  surviving  him  and  the  living  issue,  if  any,  of  the  prior  deceased 
children  ;  but  such  issue  collectively  inherits  only  that  share  to  which 
their  parent  would  have  been  entitled  had  he  been  living.  If  the  de- 
ceased leave  no  issue,  the  whole  of  his  estate  goes  to  his  wife ;  and  if 
he  leaves  neither  wife  nor  issue,  it  goes  to  his  parents.  If  one  of  his 
parents  be  dead,  it  goes  to  the  surviving  parent,  and  if  both  parents  be 
dead,  it  is  disposed  of  in  the  same  manner  as  if  the}',  or  either  of  them, 
had  outlived  the  intestate  and  died  in  the  possession  and  ownership  of 
the  portion  thus  falling  to  their  share,  or  to  either  of  them,  and  so  on 
through  the  ascending  ancestors  and  their  issue. 


5l6  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Illegitimate  children  inherit  from  the  mother,  and  the  mother  from  the 
children.  They  also  inherit  from  the  father  whenever  they  have  been 
recognized  by  him  as  his  children,  but  such  recognition  must  be  gen- 
eral and  notorious,  or  in  writing.  Under  such  circumstances,  if  the  rec- 
ognition of  relationship  has  been  mutual,  the  father  inherits  from  his 
illegitimate  children.  In  thus  inheriting  from  an  illegitimate  child,  the 
mother  and  her  heirs  take  preference  over  the  father  and  his  heirs.  All 
the  provisions  mentioned  control  the  descent  of  property  owned  by  a 
woman  who  dies  intestate. 

Desert. —  (See  Great  American  Desert.) 

De  Soto,  an  incorporated  town  of  Johnson  county,  is  located  in  the 
northwestern  part'  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Kansas  river  and  the  Atchi- 
son, Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  i6  miles  east  of  Lawrence.  The  town 
was  laid  out  in  the  spring  of  1857  by  a  company  and  named  after  the 
great  Spanish  explorer.  A  store  was  soon  opened  and  a  sawmill  built 
on  the  river.  Late  in  the  year  several  more  buildings  were  elected  and 
the  De  Soto  hotel  was  opened.  In  i860  the  postoflice  was  established 
with  James  Smith  as  postmaster.  The  Methodist  church  was  the  pio- 
neer religious  denomination,  an  organization  having  been  perfected  in 
1858,  but  no  church  was  erected  until  1870.  De  Soto  now  contains 
se\eral  general  stores,  a  hardware  and  implement  house,  lumber  yard, 
good  public  school  system,  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph  and  express 
facilities,  and  is  the  shipping  and  supply  point  for  a  considerable  dis- 
trict.    The  population  in  1910  was  500. 

Detroit,  a  village  of  Center  township,  Dickinson  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  6  miles  east  of  Abilene,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes,  a  graded  public 
school,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  telephone  connections,  general 
stores,  etc.,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  142. 

Devizes,  a  village  of  Norton  county,  is  situated  on  Sappa  crock  alioul 
20  miles  northwest  of  Norton,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order 
postofiice  and  is  a  trading  center  for  that  section  of  the  county.  Wilson 
City,  Neb.,  is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  The  population  in  1910 
was  48, 

Devon,  a  village  of  Bourbon  count}',  is  located  on  the  Missouri  Pa- 
cific R.  R.  10  miles  northwest  of  Fort  Scott.  It  lias  a  money  order  post- 
office  with  one  rural  route,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  in  1910  had 
a  population  of  200.  It  is  the  sui)|)!y  town  for  a  ricli  district  and  a  con- 
siderable s]ii])ping  point  for  produce. 

Dewdrop,  a  small  settlement  in  Lincoln  county,  is  about  8  miles  north- 
west of  Lincoln,  the  county  seat  and  nearest  railroad  station,  from  which 
l^lace  mail  is  received  by  rural  dciixer}'.  The  i)opuIation  was  reported 
as  20  in   I'jio. 

Dexter,  an  incor])orated  city  of  Cowley  county,  is  located  on  Grouse 
creek  in  the  township  of  the  same  name,  at  the  junction  of  two  divisions 
of  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  20  miles  southeast  of  Winfield,  the  county 
seal.     The  Dexter  town  company  was  first  organized  by  sonic  citizens 


KANSAS    HISTORY  517 

of  Emporia  in  1870,  but  the  town  was  not  laid  off  and  tlie  plat  filed  until 
in  Oct.,  1875.  James  McDermott  built  the  first  house  in  the  town.  The 
postoffice  was  established  in  Sept.,  1870,  and  the  first  mail  by  regular  car- 
rier came  from  Eureka  the  following  March.  A  water  power  flour  mill 
was  among  the  first  industries  to  be  established.  The  Dexter  of  191 1 
has  2  banks,  a  money  order  postofiice  with  two  rural  routes,  express, 
telegraph  and  telephone  accommodations,  churches  of  several  denomina- 
tions, a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Dispatch),  a  hotel,  important  mercantile 
and  shipping  interests,  etc.    The  population  in  1910  was  512. 

Dial,  a  small  hamlet  of  Osborne  county,  is  situated  in  the  Covert  creek 
valley,  about  15  miles  southwest  of  Osborne,  the  county  seat.  Alail  is 
received  by  rural  delivery  from  the  postofiice  at  Covert.  Waldo,  on  the 
Union  Pacific  6  miles  south,  is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Diamond  Springs,  a  village  of  Morris  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Strong 
City  &  Superior  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R  R., 
about  20  miles  southwest  of  Council  Grove,  the  county  seat.  It  haj,  a 
money  order  postoffice,  telephone  connections,  an  express  ofifice,  a  good 
local  trade,  and  is  a  shipping  point  for  the  surrounding  agricviltiu'al  dis- 
trict.   The  population  was  reported  as  27  in  1910. 

The  spring  for  which  the  village  was  named  was  originally  known  as 
"The  Diamond  of  the  Plain."  It  is  one  of  the  largest  springs  in  the  state 
and  was  a  well  known  station  on  the  old  Santa  Fe  trail.  This  station 
was  robbed  by  the  guerrilla,  Dick  Yeager,  on  the  night  of  May  4,  1863, 
and  in  the  raid  Augustus  Howell  was  killed  and  Mrs.  Howell  severely 
wounded. 

Dickinson  County,  located  near  the  central  part  of  the  state,  is  in  the 
third  tier  of  counties  south  from  Nebraska  and  the  sixth  west  from  the 
Missouri  river.  It  was  created  by  an  act  of  the  legislature  in  1857,  with 
the  following  bovmdaries :  "Beginning  at  the  southwest  corner  of  Clay 
county,  thence  west  along  the  southern  boundary  of  said  Clay  county 
to  the  southwest  corner  thereof;  thence  south  along  the  6th  principal 
meridian  to  the  corner  of  townships  16  and  17  south;  thence  east  along 
the  township  line  to  the  range  line  between  ranges  4  and  5  east ;  thence 
north  along-  said  range  line  to  the  middle  of  the  main  channel  of  the 
.Smoky  Hill  fork  of  the  Kansas  river;  thence  up  the  middle  of  the  main 
channel  of  the  Smoky  Hill  fork  to  the  southwest  corner  of  Riley  county ; 
thence  north  with  the  west  boundary  of  Riley  county  to  the  point  of 
beginning."  It  was  named  after  Daniel  S.  Dickinson,  United  States 
senator  from  the  state  of  New  York.  The  boundaries  at  present  are 
practically  those  established  by  the  act  of  creation  and  it  is  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Clay  county,  on  the  east  by  Geary  and  Morris,  on  the 
sotith  by  Marion  and  on  the  west  by  Saline  and  Ottawa  counties.  Its 
area  is  851  square  miles. 

It  is  supposed  that  the  first  white  men  to  pass  over  the  territory  now 
embraced  in  Dickinson  county  were  Coronado  (q.  v.)  and  his  followers, 
and  the  Bourgmont  expedition  probably  passed  through  the  county  in 
1724.     A  family  named  Lenon  located  on  Chapman  creek  in   1855,  but 


5l8  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

(lid  not  stay.  In  the  fall  of  the  next  year  T.  F.  Hersey  located  on  a 
claim  on  j\Iud  creek  near  the  present  city  of  Abilene,  but  there  was  an 
impression  that  land  so  far  west  was  not  fit  for  habitation  and  settle- 
ment was  slow.  By  some  authorities  it  is  estimated  that  there  were  not 
more  than  half  a  dozen  families  in  the  county  at  the  time  of  its  organi- 
zation. Prior  to  that  time  the  county  was  attached  to  Davis  (now  Geary) 
county  as  a  municipal  township  for  all  civil  and.  military  purposes.  C. 
W.  Staatz  settled  on  Lyon  creek  in  1857  and  in  1858  a  number  of  set- 
tlers arrived,  locating  along  dififerent  streams.  Among  them  were  Wil- 
liam I-amb,  who  took  a  claim  on  the  Smoky  Hill  river;  .\.  J.  Markley, 
who  settled  on  Turkey  creek;  William  Breeson,  on  Lyon  creek;  E.  W. 
Bradfield,  on  Mud  creek.  Although  white  settlers  were  coming  into 
the  county,  the  Smoky  Hill  valley  and  the  prairies  were  still  the  hunt- 
ing grounds  of  various  Indian  tribes,  and  the  pioneers  being  far  apart 
had  more  frequent  red  than  white  visitors.  The  Indians  committed  some 
depredations  and  at  one  time  were  caught  and  punished  by  Capt.  Stur- 
gis.  Settlement  was  retarded  by  the  Indians,  who,  while  they  professed 
friendship,  could  not  be  trusted.  Supplies  were  brought  this  far  west 
only  at  a  great  risk  and  inconvenience  by  slow  ox  teams.  Kansas  City 
and  Leavenworth  were  the  nearest  points  where  grain  could  be  ground 
and  supplies  purchased.  Trips  were  usually  made  to  these  cities  twice 
a  year  to  market  and  mill,  the  whole  family  going  along  as  it  was  un- 
safe to  leave  a  few  members  alone,  distant  from  other  settlements. 

Soon  after  tiie  creation  of  the  county  in  1857,  H.  M.  Rulison,  Dr. 
Gerat  and  Nicholas  White  formed  a  town  company  and  located  what 
was  known  as  Xevvport,  the  site  of  which  was  section  3,  town  13,  range 
3,  about  a  mile  east  of  wliere  Detroit  now  stands.  The  site  was  platted 
and  a  cabin  built  on  each  quarter  section.  In  i860  C.  H.  Thompson 
moved  lo  Dickinson  county  from  Leavenworth  and  located  on  land  cast 
of  and  adjoining  '!'.  F.  Hersey.  He  laid  out  a  town  on  Mud  creek,  which 
Mrs.  Hersey  named  Abilene,  and  a  few  log  houses  were  erected  there. 
Another  town,  called  I'ninn  City,  was  laid  out  sonlli  of  the  Snii>k\  llil! 
river,  on  Turkey  creek. 

The  first  white  cliild  Ixirn  in  the  county  was  t".  F.  Staatz,  son  of  C'.  W. 
Staatz,  who  lived  on  Lyon  creek,  his  birth  occurring  on  June  24,  1837. 
The  first  deatli  known  to  have  occurred  in  the  county  was  that  of  his 
sister  Julia,  wjio  died  in  Oct.,  1857.  The  first  marriage  was  that  of 
David  Rcigart  and  a  Miss  J.  F.  Staatz  in  1859.  The  first  school  was 
organized  on  Lyon  creek,  in  what  is  now  Liberty  township,  in  1859,  and 
was  taught  by  William  Miller.  In  Dickinson  county  the  pioneer  religious 
services  were  held  by  the  Methodists,  who  erected  a  log  cliurch  on 
Lyon  creek  in  tlie  spring  of  1861,  which  was  used  for  a  school  house  on 
week  days.  Peter  May  was  the  first  pastor  of  this  ])ioneer  congrega- 
tion. A  man  named  Jones  opened  the  lirst  store  in  the  county  at  Abi- 
lene in  i860,  and  the  first  Jiotcl  opened  was  the  Drover's  Cottage  at 
Abilene  in  1866,  owned  by  Jose])!)  G.  McCoy.  The  Chronicle,  the  first 
newspa|)er  of  the  coimlv,  was  eslahlislicd  at  Al)iKMU'  in  l'\-l).,  1870.  b\' 
V.  P.  Wilson. 


KANSAS    IlISTOKY  519, 

Dickinson  county  was  organized  in  1858  with  tiie  following  officers: 
Commissioners,  William  Lamb,  James  Long  and  William  Mulligan ; 
clerk,  Dr.  Gerot ;  treasurer,  John  Lamb;  sheriff,  Henry  Long;  register 
of  deeds,  John  Long.  The  county  board  declared  Newport  the  county 
seat.  The  records  of  the  territorial  era  were  burned  in  1882,  but  it  is 
known  that  in  1859,  a- voting  precinct  was  established  at  Newport  and 
20  votes  were  cast  at  the  November  election.  By  i860,  the  population  of 
Dickinson  county  had  increased  to  378  and  the  first  regular  election  was 
held  in  the  fall. 

The  Smoky  Hill  river  divides  the  county  nearly  in  equal  parts — the 
northern  and  southern.  To  accommodate  the  voters  on  both  sides  of 
the  river  the  county  commissioners  established  two  voting  precincts, 
one  on  the  north  side  at  Newport  and  one  on  the  south  side  at  A.  J. 
Markley's  house  in  Union  City.  The  officers  had  hardly  qualified  when 
the  county  seat  agitation  began,  the  contesting  points  being  Union 
City  on  the  south  and  Smoky  Hill  (now  Detroit),  Abilene  and  New- 
port on  the  north  side  of  the  river.  The  settlers  on  the  south  side  were 
fewer  than  those  on  the  north  side,  but  were  united,  while  those  on  the 
north  side  were  divided.  Thompson  and  Hersey  saw  that,  unless  the 
people  north  of  the  river  united,  the  county  seat  would  go  south  of  the 
river.  A  compromise  was  efifected  by  which  the  settlers  on  Chapman's 
creek  withdrew  their  support  from  Newport  in  favor  of  Abilene,  and 
thus  it  became  the  seat  of  justice.  The  election  took  place  in  1861.  In 
1870  a  brick  and  stone  court-house  was  built  at  the  corner  of  Broadway 
and  Second  streets.  On  Jan.  17,  1882,  the  court-house  burned  and  nearly 
all  the  county  records  were  destroyed,  except  those  of  the  register  of 
deeds,  which  were  in  another  building.  A  new  court-house  was  soon 
contracted  for  at  a  cost  of  $30,000  and  was  ready  for  occupancy  late  in 
the  year. 

The  first  railroad  to  enter  the  county  was  the  Kansas  Pacific,  built 
along  the  valley  of  the  Smoky  Hill  in  1866.  At  the  present  time  the 
Union  Pacific  railroad  crosses  the  county  from  east  to  west,  passing 
through  Abilene,  with  a  branch  south  from  Detroit.  The  Atchison,  To- 
peka  &  Santa  Fe  crosses  the  southern  boundary  a  few  miles  west  of  the 
southeast  corner,  traverses  the  count}'  in  a  northwesterly  direction,  and 
at  Abilene  branches,  one  line  running  west  into  Saline  county,  the  other 
running  northwest  to  Concordia.  A  line  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  & 
Pacific  system  crosses  the  southeast  corner  of  the  county,  with  a  branch 
from  Herington  to  Abilene  and  Salina.  A  line  of  the  Missouri  Pacific 
crosses  the  southern  part  of  the  county,  east  and  west,  passing  through 
Herington.  These  lines  give  the  county  more  than  152  miles  of  main 
track  road. 

Dickinson  county  is  divided  into  the  following  townships :  Banner, 
Buckeye,  Center,  Cheever,  Flora,  Fragrant  Hill,  Garfield,  Grant,  Havnes, 
Holland,  Hope,  Jeflferson,  Liberty,  Lincoln,  Logan,  Lyon.  Newbern, 
Noble.  Ridge,  Rinehart,  Sherman,  Union,  Wheatland  and  Willowdale. 
The  surface  of  the  conutry  is  gently  rolling  prairie  which  breaks  into 


I 


520  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

bluffs  along  some  of  the  streams.  River  valleys  average  2  miles  in  width 
while  the  valleys  of  the  creeks  are  only  about  a  mile  in  width.  This 
"bottom  land"  comprises  about  a  quarter  of  the  total  area  and  the  soil 
is  rich  and  deep  growing  somewhat  thinner  on  the  upland.  Timber — 
mostly  walnut,  ash,  elm,  hackberry,  burr  oak,  cottonwood,  hickory,, 
honey-locust,  box-elder  and  sycamore — is  found  along  the  streams.  The 
largest  water  course  is  the  Smoky  Hill  river,  which  flows  across  the 
county  from  west  to  east,  a  little  north  of  the  center.  This  stream,  with 
its  tributaries,  the  most  important  of  which  are  Chapman's,  Turkey 
and  Vine  creeks,  waters  all  of  the  county.  A  few  springs  exist  and  good 
well  water  is  found  at  a  depth  of  30  feet.  The  county  is  well  adapted 
to  agriculture,  the  principal  crops  being  winter  wheat,  corn,  and  other 
grains.  Tame  grasses  and  prairie  hay  are  also  important  products  and 
Dickinson  ranks  high  as  one  of  the  great  stock  raising  counties.  There 
are  more  than  225,000  bearing  fruit  trees,  about  half  of  which  are  apple. 
An  excellent  quality  of  limestone  is  abundant;  mineral  paint  and  clay 
for  brick  and  pottery  is  found  near  Abilene;  gypsum  is  plentiful  in  the 
southwest  and  is  extensively  utilized.  Salt  water  is  found  at  Solomon, 
in  the  western  part  of  the  county  and  in  Hope  township  in  the  south- 
west. There  are  two  mineral  springs  at  Abilene  supposed  to  have  medi- 
cal properties  and  the  water  is  bottled  and  shipped  to  some  extent. 

Abilene,  on  the  north  bank  of  Smoky  Hill  river  i6g  miles  west  of 
Kansas  City,  is  the  county  seat  and  largest  town.  The  population  of  the 
county  in  1910  was  24,361,  a  gain  of  2.445  during  the  preceding  decade. 
The  value  of  farm  crops  in  the  same  year  was  $3,293,338,  and  of  all  ag- 
ricultural products  $5,610,505. 

Dighton,  the  county  seat  of  Lane  county,  is  centrally  located  on  the 
Great  Bend  &  Scott  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R. 
96  miles  west  of  Great  Bend.  The  land  which  forms  the  town  site  was 
entered  by  W.  A.  Watson  in  the  spring  of  1879  and  a  postoffice  was  es- 
tablished the  same  year,  but  six  years  elapsed  before  the  town  began  to 
grow.  In  May,  1885,  there  were  only  three  houses  and  seven  voters  in 
Dighton,  but  the  prospects  of  early  railroad  communication  brought  an 
influx  of  population.  On  Feb.  18,  1886,  R.  W.  Montgomery  issued  the 
initial  number  of  the  Dighton  Journal,  which  states  that  there  tlien  were 
70  buildings  and  a  ])opulation  of  350,  with  about  50  new  buildings  in 
process  of  construction.  The  expectations  of  tiic  founders  at  that  time 
have  not  been  realized,  though  Dighton  is  one  of  the  active,  energetic 
towns  of  western  Kansas.  It  has  a  national  and  a  state  bank,  a  money 
order  postoflfice,  a  flour  mill,  a  grain  elevator,  2  weekly  news])apers  (the 
Journal  and  the  Herald),  graded  public  schools,  the  county  high  school, 
a  hotel,  .several  well  stocked  mercantile  cslablishments,  liap- 
tist.  Christian  and  Methodist  churches,  telegraph  and  express  service, 
a  cornet  band,  and  is  connected  with  the  surrounding  lowns  by  tele- 
[)h<)nf.  1 1  is  an  incorporated  city  of  tiie  third  class,  and  in  1910  reported 
a  poi)uIatic)n  of  370.  The  population  in  1900  was  only  194,  and  the  gain 
din'ing  the  ten  years  has  been  of  a  permaucnl  and  suhslantial  char- 
acter. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  521 

Dildine,  an  inland  hamlet  of  Wilson  county,  is  located  in  the  extreme 
northeastern  corner  of  the  county  21  miles  from  Fredonia,  the  county 
seat,  and  about  5  miles  north  of  Vilas,  the  nearest  railroad  station.  It 
receives  its  mail  from  Chanute  in  Neosho  county. 

Dillon,  one  of  the  larger  villages  of  Dickinson  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  on  the  line  between  Jefferson  and  Ridge  town- 
ships, about  16  miles  south  of  Abilene,  the  county  seat.  The  railroad 
name  is  Swayne  Station.  Dillon  has  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one 
rural  route,  a  creamery,  a  flour  mill,  some  well  stocked  general  stores, 
express  and  telegraph  service,  telephone  connections,  Methodist  and 
Presbyterian  churches  and  a  good  public  school  building.  The  popula- 
tion in  1910  was  161. 

Dillwyn,  a  small  village  in  the  western  part  of  Stafford  county,  is  in 
Richland  township,  8  miles  west  of  St.  John,  the  county  seat.  It  is  a 
station  on  the  Hutchison  &  Kinsley  cut  off  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  express  and  telegraph 
offices,  telephone  connections,  a  grain  elevator,  some  good  general  stores, 
and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  30. 

Dinas,  a  rural  money  order  postoffice  of  Harrison  township,  Wallace 
county,  situated  near  the  head  of  Hackberry  creek,  about  15  miles  south- 
cast  of  Sharon  Springs,  the  county  seat  and  most  convenient  railroad 
station.    The  population  in  1910  was  27. 

Dispatch,  a  small  hamlet  of  Smith  county,  is  located  on  Oak  creek, 
about  20  miles  southeast  of  Smith  Center,  the  county  seat.  Mail  is  re- 
ceived by  rural  delivery  from  Cawker  City.  Downs  is  the  nearest  rail- 
road  station. 

Division,  a  rural  postoffice  of  Lane  county,  is  about  14  miles  south 
of  Dighton,  the  county  seat  and  most  convenient  railroad  station. 

Divorce  Laws. — In  the  territorial  days  divorces  between  unharmonious 
husbands  and  wives  were  granted  by  acts  of  the  legislature,  but  when 
Kansas  became  a  state  and  the  constitution  was  adopted,  establishing 
the  various  departments  of  justice,  the  power  to  grant  divorce  was  vested 
in  the  district  court,  subject  to  regulation  by  law.  Under  the  code  or 
civil  procedure  "an  action  for  divorce,  or  to  annul  a  contract  of  mar- 
riage, or  for  alimony,  may  be  brought  in  the  county  of  which  the  plaintiff 
is  an  actual  resident  at  the  time  of  filing  the  petition  or  where  the  de- 
fendant resides  or  may  be  summoned."  (G.  S.  igoi  p.  4484.)  The  causes 
for  which  the  district  court  may  grant  a  divorce  are  as  follows :  i — 
when  either  of  the  parties  had  a  former  husband  or  wife  living  at  the 
time  of  the  subsequent  marriage;  2 — abandonment  for  one  year;  3 — 
adultery;  4 — impotency;  5 — when  the  wife  at  the  time  of  the  marriage 
was  pregnant  by  another  than  her  husband;  6 — extreme 'cruelty ;  7 — 
fraudulent  contract;  8 — habitual  drunkenness;  9 — gross  neglect  of  duty; 
10 — the  conviction  of  a  felony  and  imprisonment  in  the  penitentiary 
therefor  subsequent  to  the  marriage.     (G.  S.  1909.) 

The  plaintiff  in  an  action  for  divorce  must  have  been  an  actual  resi- 
dent in  good  faith  of  the  state  for  one  year  next  preceding  the  filing  of 


522  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

the  petition,  and  a  resident  of  the  county  in  which  the  action  is  brought 
at  the  time  the  petition  is  filed,  unless  the  action  is  brought  in  the 
county  where  the  defendant  resides  or  may  be  summoned.  A  wife  who 
resides  in  the  state  at  the  time  of  applying  for  a  divorce  is  considered 
a  resident  of  the  state  although  her  husband  resides  elsewhere.  When 
parties  applying  for  a  divorce  appear  to  be  "in  equal  wrong  the  court 
may  in  its  discretion  refuse  to  grant  a  di\orce,  and  in  any  such  case, 
or  in  any  other  case  where  a  divorce  is  refused,  the  court  may  make, 
for  good  cause  shown,  such  order  as  may  be  proper  for  the  custody. 
maintenance  and  education  of  the  children,  and  for  the  control  and 
equitable  division  and  disposition  of  the  property  of  the  parents,  or  of 
either  of  them,  as  may  be  proper,  equitable  and  just,  having  due  regard 
to  the  time  and  manner  of  such  property,  whether  the  title  thereto  be  in 
either  or  both  of  said  parties,  and  in  such  case  the  order  of  the  court  shall 
vest  in  the  parties  a  fee-simple  title  to  the  propert)-  so  set  apart  or  de- 
creed to  them,  and  each  party  shall  have  the  right  to  convey,  devise 
and  dispose  of  the  same  without  the  consent  of  the  other."     (G.  S.  1909.) 

After  a  petition  has  been  filed  for  divorce  and  alimony,  or  for  alimony 
alone,  the  court  may  make,  without  bond,  and  enforce  by  attachment, 
such  order  to  restrain  the  disposition  of  the  property  of  the  parties  or 
either  of  them,  or  for  the  use,  management  and  control  thereof,  or  for 
control  of  the  children  and  support  of  wife,  and  for  expense  of  the  suit. 
Parties  applying  for  divorce  must  have  reliable  competent  witnesses 
and  good  proof.  "When  a  divorce  is  granted  the  court  shall  make  pro- 
vision for  the  guardianship,  custody,  support  antl  education  of  minor 
children  of  the  marriage,  and  may  modify  or  change  any  order  wliene\^er 
circumstances  render  such  change  proper."     (G.  S.  1901.) 

The  laws  further  provide  for  the  restoration  of  the  wife's  maiden 
name  and  property,  if  she  possessed  any  before  marriage,  and  also  for 
the  division  nf  property  acquired  by  both  parties  after  marriage.  Far- 
ties  having  been  granted  a  divorce  cannot  marry  for  six  months,  or 
until  after  final  judgment  or  appeal.  Any  person  violating  this  law  is 
deemed  guilty  of  bigamy  and  if  convicted  may  be  punished  by  impris- 
onment in  a  penitentiary  for  a  term  of  not  less  than  one  year  nor  more 
than  three  years.  Furthermore,  marriage  by  incapables  may  be  annulled 
and  the  children  be  deemed  legitimate.  .'\lso,  a  wife  may  olilain  ali- 
mony from  the  husband  without  divorce,  for  any  of  the  causes  for  which 
a  divorce  may  be  granted.  The  husband  may  make  the  same  defense 
to  such  action  as  he  miglit  to  an  actit)n  for  divorce,  and  may,  for  suffi- 
cient cause,  obtain  a  divorce  from  the  wife  in  such  action. 
■  In  1907  tlie  legislature  passed  an  act  in  regard  to  foreign  judgments 
of  divorce  as  follows:  ".^ny  judgment  or  decree  of  divorce  rendered 
lipon  service  by  publication  in  any  state  of  the  \1.  S.  in  conformity  with 
the  law  thereof,  shall  be  given  full  failh  and  credit  in  this  state,  and 
shall  have  the  same  force  with  regard  to  persons  now  or  heretofore  resi- 
dent or  hereafter  to  become  a  resident  of  this  state  as  if  said  judgment 
had  been  rendered  bv  a  court   of  this  state,  and  shall,  as  to  the  status 


KANSAS    HISTORY  523 

of  all  i^ersons,  be  treated  and  considered  and  ^iveii  force  the  same  as  a 
judgment  of  the  courts  of  this  state  of  the  date  which  said  judgment 
hears." 

Doby,  a  rural  postoffice  of  Grant  county,  is  located  on  the  south  ffjrk 
of  the  Cimarron  river  about  4  miles  above  its  mouth  and  15  miles  south- 
east of  Ulysses,  the -county  seat.  Arkalon,  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island 
&  Pacific,  in  Seward  county,  is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Dodge  City,  the  county  seat  of  Ford  county  and  one  of  the  important 
cities  of  southwestern  Kansas,  is  situated  a  few  miles  west,  of  the  cen- 
ter of  the  county  on  the  Arkansas  river  and  the  main  line  of  the  Atchi- 
son, Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  It  is  also  the  terminus  of  a  division  of 
the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  that  connects  with  one  of  the  main 
lines  of  that  system  at  Bucklin,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Ford  county. 
The  city  takes  its  name  from  old  Fort  Dodge  (q.  v.),  which  was  located 
about  4  miles  below  on  the  same  side  of  the  river. 

The  history  of  Dodge  City  begins  with  the  completion  of  the  Atchi- 
son, Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  railroad  to  that  point  in  Sept.,  1872.  About  a 
month  before  the  railroad  reached  the  Arkansas  river,  the  tide  of  emigra- 
tion tvu"ned  toward  Dodge  City.  Buffalo  hunters  found  in  the  vicinity 
a  profitable  field,  and  in  the  fall  and  winter  of  1872  thousands  of  hides 
were  shipped  eastward  over  the  new  line  of  road.  Other  branches  of 
industry  were  introduced,  and  the  saloon — that  apparently  inevitable 
concomitant  of  a  frontier  civilization — flourished  in  all  its  pristine  glory. 
Among  the  early  comers  was  a  large  class  of  adventurers  who  had  lit- 
tle regard  for  human  life  and  less  for  "the  majesty  of  the  law."  This 
class  was  increased  in  numbers  when  Dodge  City  became  the  objective 
point  of  the  Texas  cattle  trade.  In  fact,  within  a  year  or  two  conditions 
became  so  bad  that  on  May  13,  1874,  the  commissioners  of  Ford  county 
adopted  a  resolution  to  the  efifect  "That  any  person  who  is  not  engaged 
in  any  legitimate  business,  and  any  person  imder  the  influence  of  intoxi- 
cating drinks,  and  any  person  who  has  ever  borne,  arms  against  the 
government  of  the  United  States,  who  shall  be  found  within  the  limits 
of  the  town  of  Dodge  City,  bearing  on  his  person  a  pistol,  bowie  knife, 
dirk,  or  other  deadly  weapon,  shall  be  subject  to  arrest  upon  charge  of 
misdemeanor,  and  upon  conviction  shall  be  fined  in  a  sum  not  exceed- 
ing $100,  or  by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  not  exceeding  three 
months,  or  both,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court,  and  same  to  take  efifect 
from  date." 

The  adoption  of  this  resolution  and  its  enforcement  had  a  tendency 
to  purify  the  civic  atmosphere,  but  it  was  several  years  before  Dodge 
City  was  entirely  purged  of  its  undesirable  population.  When  Presi- 
dent Hayes  passed  through  the  place  in  1879  he  declined  to  leave  his 
coach  because  of  the  turbulent  crowd  on  the  outside.  As  late  as  1883, 
n  gambler  named  .Short  committed  some  offense  against  the  public  wel- 
fare and  was  threatened  with  h-nching.  Matters  assumed  such  a  serious 
aspect  that  Gov.  Click  sent  Adjt.-Gen.  Moonlight  to  Dodge  City  and  a 
company  of  militia  was  held  in  readiness  at  Great  Rend  to  move  on  short 


524 


CVCLOl'EDIA    OF 


notice  to  the  scene  of  the  trouble,  but  the  adjutant-general  succeeded  in 
securing  promises  to  let  Short  be  tried  by  the  courts. 

The  Dodge  City  of  the  present  day  is  as  orderly  a  city  as  any  in  the 
state.  It  has  3  banks,  2  weekly  newspapers  (the  Globe-Republican  and 
the  Journal-Democrat),  electric  lights,  waterworks,  a  fire  department, 
a  fine  sewer  system,  good  public  schools,  an  opera  house,  and  its  inter- 
national money  order  postofifice  has  one  rural  route  that  supplies  daily 


SIG.NAI^    .SERVICE    O.N    WEATHER    BUILUIXG,    DODGE    CITY. 

mail  lo  the  inhabitants  in  a  large  section  of  the  adjacent  country.  Its 
manufacturing  industries  include  flour  mills,  machine  shops,  an  ice  plant. 
etc.  The  city  has  a  telephone  exchange,  telegraph  and  express  olfices, 
hotels,  and  a  number  of  well  appointed  mercantile  houses.  A  United 
States  land  office  was  established  at  Dodge  City  in  Feb.,  1894;  one  of 
ihc  state  forestry  stations  and  the  state  soldiers'  home  are  located  in 
liie  vicinit}-,  and  in  191 1  Dodge  City  was  designated  by  tlie  natic^nal 
government  as  the  site  of  a  i)oslal  savings  bank.  The  pii|)iil:ili.iii  in 
1910  was  3,214,  a  gain  of  687  during  the  preceding  decade. 

Dodge,  Henry,  soldier,  was  born  at  Vinccnnes,  Ind.,  Oct.  12.  1782, 
the  son  of  Israel  Dodge,  who  served  in  the  Continental  army  during  the 
Revolutionary  war.  In  the  war  of  1812  Henry  Dodge  commanded  a 
mounted  company  of  volunteer  rillemen  and  became  major  of  a 
Louisiana   reginuni    nf  militia    under   flen.   f  Inward.      ITc   w;is  majcir   in. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  525 

McNair's  regimcnl  of  Missouri  militia  and  commanded  a  haUalion  of 
Missouri  mounted  infantry,  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel,  from 
Aug.  to  Oct.,  1814.  He  served  as  colonel  of  Michigan  volunteers  during 
the  Black  Hawk  war,  and  was  commissioned  major  of  the  United  States 
rangers  in  1832.  On  March  4,  1833,  he  became  colonel  of  the  First 
United  States  dragoons  and  the  following  year  was  successful  in  making 
peace  with  the  frontier  Indians.  On  May  29,  1835,  he  left  Fort  Leaven- 
worth in  command  of  an  expedition  to  the  Rocky  mountains.  (See 
Dodge  Expedition.)  He  resigned  from  the  army  in  1836  to  become 
governor  of  Wisconsin  territory  and  subsequently  of  the  state.  Col. 
Dodge  died  at  Burlington,  la.,  June  19,   1867. 

Dodge's  Expedition. — A  squadron  of  dragoons,  consisting  of  2,^  men 
under  Capt.  Ford,  40  men  under  Capt.  Duncan,  and  40  men  under 
Lieut.  Lupton,  all  commanded  by  Col.  Henry  Dodge,  was  sent  to  the 
Rocky  mountains  in  1835  to  hold  councils  with  the  Indian  tribes  and 
to  look  after  the  interests  of  the  United  States  on  what  was  then  the 
Mexican  border.  A  large  supply  train  of  wagons  was  taken  along,  and 
in  addition  two  swivels  with  which  to  impress  the  savages.  Capt.  Gantt 
was  guide  to  the  expedition.  They  left  Fort  Leavenworth  on  May 
29,  1835,  accompanied  by  Maj.  Dougherty,  Indian  agent  to  the  Pawnees, 
and  marched  up  the  valley  of  the  Missouri.  The  route  through  Kansas 
can  best  be  described  by  quoting  from  Col.  Dodge's  journal  of  the 
expedition : 

"Commenced  the  march  in  a  direction  N.  \V.  over  a  high  rolling 
prairie,  with  frequent  ravines,  skirted  with  timber.  Marched  15  miles, 
and  encamped  on  a  small  creek.  Commenced  raining  during  the  night, 
and  continued  during  the  whole  of  the  next  day,  so  as  to  prevent  our 
marching.  May  31 — Commenced  the  march  in  a  direction  N.  20  degrees 
W.  over  a  rough,  broken  country ;  crossed  several  small  creeks  skirted 
with  timber,  with  flats  or  bottoms  of  considerable  extent,  the  soil  of 
which  was  very  fertile.  March  17  miles  and  encamped  on  Independence 
creek.  June  i — Marched  25  miles,  and  June  2d,  12  miles,  in  a  direction 
N.  30  degrees  W.  and  arrived  at  the  Big  Nemahaw.  The  general  face 
of  the  country  passed  over  was  that  of  a  high  rolling  prairie,  in  some 
places  rough  and  hilly,  with  numerous  small  creeks  and  ravines,  most 
of  which  were  skirted  with  timber  of  a  low  growth ;  the  soil  generally 
fertile,  especially  in  the  valleys  of  the  small  creeks.  .  .  .  The  country 
between  Fort  Leavenworth  and  the  Big  Nemahaw  belongs  to  the 
Kickapoo  Indians ;  it  is  sufificiently  large  and  well  adapted  to  afford 
them  all  the  necessities,  and  many  of  the  luxuries  of  life.  There  is  a 
sufficient  quantity  of  timber  for  fuel  and  for  building  purposes.  The 
soil  is  fertile,  and  will  produce  all  sorts  of  grain ;  the  pasturage  good, 
and  large  numbers  of  cattle  could  be  raised  with  but  little  labor.  As 
the  game  is  becoming  very  scarce  they  will  necessarily  be  obliged  to 
depend  upon  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  for  their  future  sustenance." 

The  expedition  reached  a  point  a  few  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Platte  river  of  Nebraska  on  June  9.     A  march  of  7  or  8  miles  further 


526  CYCLOrEDIA    OF 

lirought  the  party  to  the  Otoe  Indian  village,  where,  on  June  11,  was 
held  a  council  with  the  Otoes,  of  whom  Jti-tan,  or  I-e-tan,  was  head 
chief.  Here,  also,  the  Omahas  were  brought  b}'  messengers,  and  a 
cotmcil  was  held  with  them  on  the  17th,  Big  Elk  being  the  principal 
chief  present.  At  all  the  coimcils  presents  were  distributed.  The  expe- 
dition then  marched  up  the  Platte  to  the  Pawnee  villages  about  80 
miles  distant,  where  another  council  was  held  the  23d,  Angry  Man 
being  principal  chief  of  the  Grand  Pawnees,  Axe  of  the  Pawnee  Loups, 
Little  Chief  of  the  Pawnee  Tappeiges,  and  Mole  on  the  Face  of  the 
Republican  Pawnees.  Departing  on  the  24th,  the  expedition  reached 
the  lower  extremity  of  Grand  Island  the  following  day.  When  well  up 
the  Platte  a  cotmcil  was  held  on  July  5  with  the  Arickarees,  the  chiefs 
present  being  Bloody  Hand,  Two  Bulls  and  Star  or  Big  Head.  This 
cotmcil  was  held  near  the  falls  of  the  Platte.  At  this  time,  immense 
herds  of  Buffalo  siuTounded  the  expedition. 

On  the  15th  the  Rocky  mountains  were  seen  for  the  first  time  by  the 
expedition,  which  was  now  well  up  the  south  fork.  On  the  i8th  they 
passed  the  mouth  of  Cache  de  la  Poudre  river,  and  on  the  24th  reached 
the  point  where  the  Platte  emerges  from  the  mountatins.  After  this 
date  the  expedition  marched  southeast,  and  on  July  26,  arrived  at  the 
divide  between  the  Platte  and  the  Arkansas.  Passing  down  Boiling 
Springs  creek  and  the  Arkansas,  they  reached  Bent's  fort  on  Aug.  6. 
Near  this  noted  place,  councils  were  held  with  the  Arapahoes,  Cliey- 
ennes,  Blackfeet,  Gros  Ventres  and  others.  Leaving  Bent's  fort  on 
Aug.  12,  they  moved  down  the  Arkansas,  holding  councils  with  the 
Comanches,  Kiowas  and  others,  arriving  on  the  17th  at  Chouteau's 
island.  On  the  23d'  they  arrived  at  the  point  where  the  Santa  Fe  trail 
crossed  the  Arkansas  river,  and  upon  the  following  day  they  took  up 
their  line  of  march  along  this  trail. 

Quoting  again  from  the  journal  of  the  expcdiiion;  '■C)n  the  nth  |  of 
September]  a  man  of  Company  'A'  died,  the  first  death  thai  has 
occurred  on  our  whole  march,  and  the  only  severe  sickness.  The  colonel 
directed  him  to  be  buried  on  a  high  prairie  ridge,  and  a  stone  placed 
at  the  liead  of  the  grave,  with  his  name  and  regiment  engraved  thereon. 
Continued  the  march;  crossed  the  Hundrcd-and-ten-mile  creek,  and 
entered  upon  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  Kansas  and  Osage  rivers ; 
passed  Round  and  Elm  groves,  and  arrived  at  the  crossing  of  the 
Kanzas,  at  Dunlap's  ferry,  on  the  15th;  crossed  the  river,  and,  on  the 
i6tli,  arrived  at  Fort  Leavenworth.  Since  leaving  the  fort,  the  com- 
mand had  marched  upwards  of  T.600  miles,  over  an  interesting  country; 
had  visited  all  the  Indians  between  the  Arkansas  and  Platte,  as  far 
west  as  tlic  mountains;  liad  made  peace  between  several  tri1>cs,  and 
established  friendly  relations  with  them  all,  and  returned  to  Fort 
Leavenworth  in  a  perfect  slate  of  health,  with  the  loss  of  but  one  man. 
Our  provisions  lasted  until  the  day  of  our  arrival ;  and  our  horses,  most 
of  them,  returned  in  good  order.  The  expedition  had  exceeded,  in  inter- 
est and  success,  the  most  sanguine  .nnticipations." 


KANSAS    HISTORY  52/ 

Dog  Soldiers. — Among  the  western  Indian  tribes  there  were  a  num- 
ber of  military  societies,  most  of  them  of  a  secret  character.  To  illus- 
trate :  The  Kiowas  had  six  warrior  societies,  viz :  the  Rabbits,  the 
Young  Mountain  Sheep,  the  Black  Legs,  the  Horse  Caps,  the  Skunk- 
berry  People  (also  called  Crazy  Horses),  and  the  Chief  Dogs.  The 
first  was  composed  of  boys  from  ten  to  fourteen  years  of  age,  who,  as 
they  grew  older  were  eligible  into  some  of  the  other  societies,  determined 
by  their  skill  in  the  use  of  arms,  their  bravery,  etc.  The  Chief  Dogs 
were  limited  to  ten  picked  men,  selected  for  their  known  courage,  their 
fortitude,  and  their  power  of  endurance.  At  the  time  of  initiation  each 
member  was  invested  with  a  sash  and  took  a  solemn  oath  never  to  turn 
l)ack  in  the  face  of  a  foe  while  wearing  it,  unless  it  was  the  unani- 
mous decision  of  the  Dog  Chiefs  that  a  retreat  was  necessary.  The 
leader  wore  a  long  black  sash  around  his  neck  when  about  to  go  into 
battle,  and  was  expected  to  take  his  place  in  front  of  the  charge,  pin 
the  end  of  this  sash  to  the  ground  by  driving  his  lance  through  it,  from 
which  position  he  could  exhort  his  men  to  deeds  of  valor.  After  the 
fight,  if  he  was  still  alive,  he  was  released  by  his  men  pulling  out  the 
lance.  It  is  worthy  of  note,  however,  that  the  black  sash  was  not  worn 
unless  the  battle  w'as  to  be  one  of  extermination. 

The  Cheyennes  had  their  "Ho-ta-mit-a-neo"  or  dog  men,  an  organ- 
ization similar  in  character  to  the  Dog  Chiefs  of  the  Kiowas.  They 
were  leaders,  but  the  name  "Dog  Soldiers"  was  frequently  used  to 
designate  all  under  their  command.  The  Cheyenne  chiefs  White  Horse 
and  Bad  Face  were  dog  men.  The  initiation  into  the  Ho-ta-mit-a-neo 
was  one  calculated  to  test  thoroughly  the  bravery  of  the  candidate  and 
!iis  ability  to  withstand  punishment.  For  three  days  before  the  actual 
.zeremony  of  initiation,  the  candidate  is  not  permitted  to  eat,  drink  or 
sleep.  The  initiation  was  generally  observed  in  the  spring  of  the  year, 
and  was  the  occasion  of  a  tribal  holiday,  the  festivities  lasting  a  week 
or  ten  days.  It  was  considered  an  honor  among  the  young  men  to  serve 
under  a  chief  who  had  been  accepted  by  the  society  as  worthy  of  becom- 
ing a  member,  and  some  of  the  worst  atrocities  on  the  western  frontier 
were  committed  by  the  dog  soldiers.  They  were  at  the  battle  of  Aric- 
karee  in  force,  where  their  vindictiveness  toward  the  whites  was  dis- 
played in  the  most  cruel  and  brutal  manner.  The  leading  chiefs  of  the 
Cheyenne,  Arapahoe,  Comanche  and  Kiowa  tribes  disclaimed  all  respon- 
sibility for  the  depredations  of  the  dog  soldiers,  but  a  large  number  of 
the  young  braves  of  these  tribes  followed  the  leadership  of  the  Dog 
Chiefs  in  preference  to  following  that  of  the  recognized  war  chiefs  of 
the  tribe  to  which  they  belonged. 

Dolespark,  a  country  postofBce  of  Canton  township,  McPherson 
county,  is  located  near  the  eastern  boundary,  15  miles  from  McPherson, 
the  county  seat,  and  about  4  miles  from  Canton,  which  is  the  most  con- 
venient railroad  station. 

Donalson,  Israel  B.,  the  first  United  States  marshal  of  Kansas  Terri- 
tory,  was   born   in    Bourbon   county,   Ky.,   Jan.    12,    1797.     His   parents 


I 


528  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

removed  to  Ohio  soon  after  his  birth,  but  at  the  age  of  sixteen  years 
he  returned  to  Kentuckj-,  and  in  1835  was  elected  to  the  legislature  as 
a  Democrat.  In  1839  he  removed  to  Pike  county,  111.,  where  he  was 
elected  probate  judge  and  took 'part  in  the  "Mormon  war."  He  raised 
a  company  in  1847  for  service  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  was  made  major 
of  his  regiment,  and  was  voted  a  sword  by  the  legislature  of  Illinois 
for  his  services.  Upon  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California,  he  went 
there  and  remained  for  two  years.  In  1854  he  was  appointed  United 
States  marshal  for  Kansas  by  President  Pierce  and  served  through  the 
administrations  of  the  first  four  territorial  governors,  when  he  resigned 
and  removed  to  Canton,  Mo.  He  was  a  strong  pro-slavery  man.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  Civil  war  he  removed  to  Hays  county,  Tex.,  and. 
died  at  San  Marcos,  the  county  seat  of  that  county,  Oct.  27,  1895. 

Donegal,  an  inland  village  of  Dickinson  county,  is  situated  in  the 
Turkey  creek  valley,  about  12  miles  south  of  .Abilene,  the  county  seat, 
and  8  miles  northwest  of  Hope,  whence  mail  is  received  by  rural  deliv- 
ery. Navarre  is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  The  population  in  igio 
was  70. 

Doniphan,  one  of  the  older  villages  of  Doniphan  cnunty,  is  located 
in  Wayne  township  on  the  Chicago,  P>urlington  &  Ouincy  R.  R.,  10 
miles  south  of  Troy,  the  county  seat,  and  7  miles  from  Atchison.  It 
has  express  and  telegraph  offices  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one 
rural  route.  The  town  is  on  the  old  site  of  the  Kansas  Indian  village 
\\here  Bourgmo'nt  established  his  headquarters  in  1724.  The  Doniphan 
town  company  was  organized  in  1854,  with  T.  H.  Christopher  as  presi- 
dent;  J.  W.  Foreman,  treasurer;  Dr.  J.  H.  Crane,  secretary;  and  S.  K. 
Miller,  G.  \\'.  H.  Langdon,  J.  F.  Foreman,  Dr.  L.  A.  Chambers  and 
Felix  Robidoux.  trustees.  The  survey  was  made  by  J.  F.  Foreman  in 
1855  and  the  lots  were  put  on  sale.  Previous  to  this  a  trading  post 
under  Joseph  Utt  had  been  maintained.  The  first  building  erected  in 
the  new  town  was  the  dwelling  of  James  F.  Foreman,  the  second  a 
hotel  known  as  the  Doniphan  House,  kept  by  B.  O'Driscoll.  The  first 
general  store  was  opened  Ijy  the  Foreman  l'>ros.,  the  first  drug  store  by 
fiowdell  &  Drury.  George  A.  Cutler  was  the  first  physician  and  Col. 
D.  M.  Johnson  the  first  lawyer.  The  postoffice  was  established  in  1855 
and  at  the  first  election,  which  was  held  that  year,  J.  A.  Vanarsdale 
and  William  Shaw  were  elected  justices,  and  Josliua  Saunders  was 
elected  constable.  Samuel  Collins,  who  set  up  the  first  sawmill  in  the 
'spring  of  1855,  was  killed  that  fall  in  a  political  quarrel  by  Patrick 
I.aughlin. 

In  1857  James  H.  I,anc  was  made  the  president  of  the  Doniphan  town 
company.  The  government  land  office  was  located  here  in  that  year, 
but  was  subsequently  taken  to  Kickapoo.  At  this  time  there  were 
about  1,000  inhabitants  in  tlio  town  and  it  was  an  impurtaiil  political 
and  commercial  center. 

The  town  was  incorijorated  in  1869,  and  the  following  trustees 
appointed  liv  the  probate  judge  of  the  county:    E.  W.  Stratton,  T.  N. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  529 

Smallwood,  Thomas  H.  Franklin,  y\dam  Brenner  and  A.  C.  Low.  The 
first  council  was  organized  with  E.  W.  Stratton  as  presiding  officer, 
L.  A.  Hoffman,  town  clerk,  and  T.  H.  Franklin,  treasurer.  The  first 
school  was  taught  in  1856  by  Mrs.  D.  Frank.  The  population  in  1910 
was  only  178. 

Doniphan,  Alexander  W.,  soldier  and  statesman,  was  born  in  Mason 
county,  Ky.,  July  9,  1808.  Both  of  his  parents  were  Virginians.  When 
eight  years  of  age,  he  was  placed  under  the  instruction  of  Richard 
Keene  of  Augusta,  Ky.,  a  well  educated  Irishman,  and  at  the  age  of 
fourteen  entered  Augusta  College  at  Bracken,  Ky.  After  leaving  col- 
lege he  read  law  with  Martin  &  Marshall  of  Augusta,  and  in  1829  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  The  next  year  he  located  in  Lexington,  Mo.,  and 
in  1833  removed  to  Liberty,  Mo.,  where  he  continued  the  active  practice 
of  his  profession  until  i860,  gaining  great  fame  as  a  criminal  lawyer. 
During  the  Mormon  war  of  1838,  Col.  Doniphan  was  in  command  of  a 
brigade  of  state  militia.  When  the  Mexican  war  began  in  1846  he 
enlisted  as  a  private  but  was  at  once  elected  colonel  of  the  regiment. 
With  his  command  he  was  sent  on  an  expedition  against  the  Navajo 
Indians  in  the  Rocky  mountains.  (See  Doniphan's  Expedition.)  On  his 
return  to  Liberty  at  the  close  of  the  war,  Col.  Doniphan  resumed  his 
law  practice.  In  1853  he  was  appointed  commissioner  of  schools  and 
organized  the  first  teachers'  institute  in  Missouri  He  took  an  active 
part  in  politics  and  in  the  legislature  of  1854  was  the  Whig  nominee 
for  United  States  senator.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
peace  commission  that  met  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  to  try  to  avert  Civil 
war.  During  the  war  he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  and  in  1868  to  Rich- 
mond, Mo.,  where  he  resided  until  his  death  on  Aug.  8,  1887. 

Doniphan  County,  one  of  the  33  original  counties  formed  by  the  first 
territorial  legislature  and  one  of  the  first  counties  to  be  organized,  is 
located  in  the  extreme  northeastern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  small  in 
area,  but  important  historically.  The  Missouri  river  forms  its  northern, 
eastern  and  a  part  of  its  southern  boinidary  making  90  miles  of  river 
front,  Atchison  county  on  the  south  and  Brown  on  the  west  form  its 
complete  boundaries.  The  white  man's  era  in  Doniphan  county  began 
with  Bourgmont'  the  French  explorer  and  embassador  to  the  Indians. 
(See  Bourgmont's  Expedition.)  The  earliest  settlement  was  effected 
in  1837,  under  the  auspices  of  the  American  Board  of  Foreign  Missions, 
which  sent  out  Rev.  S.  M.  Irvin  and  wife  as  pioneer  missionaries.  Six 
months  later  Rev.  William  Hamilton  joined  them.  The  Iowa  and  Sac 
mission  was  established  and  the  two  men  wrote  and  printed  a  number 
of  text  books  to  be  used  by  the  Indians.  The  first  mission  school  was 
taught  by  Rev.  William  Hamilton,  Rev.  S.  !\I.  Irvin.  Miss  Walton 
and  Miss  Fullerton.  Lumber  was  brought  all  the  way  from  Pittsburgh, 
Pa.,  in  1845  to  construct  a  mission  building. 

The  California  road  ran  through  Doniphan  county  and  was  used  as 
early  as  1847  by  emigrants  to  the  Pacific  coast,  but  occasional  emi- 
grants passed  through  the  county  before  that  time,  as  is  attested  bv  the 
(1-34) 


330  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

fact  that  Mrs.  Comstock,  the  wife  of  an  emigrant,  died  on  the  Oregon 
trail  near  the  mission  in  1842.  This  was  the  first  death  in  the  county. 
The  first  birth  was  Elliott  Irvin,  son  of  the  missionary,  in  1837.  The 
first  marriage  in  the  county  and  probably  the  first  in  the  state  occurred 
on  Juh'  3,  1845,  between  Silas  Pierce  and  Mary  Shook.  The  ceremony 
was  performed  by  Rev.  William  Hamilton.  The  first  emigrant  train 
of  any  consequence  came  through  the  county  in  1842.  It  was  led  by 
Peter  Burnett  and  was  made  up  of  25  wagons.  This  was  the  beginning 
of  the  north  branch  of  the  California  and  Oregon  trail. 

"Squatter  Sovereignty"  had  its  birth  in  Doniphan  county  in  1854 
immediately  after  the  treaty  with  the  Kickapoos.  The  first  meeting  of 
"The  Squatter  Association  of  Kansas"  was  held  at  the  home  of  J.  R. 
Whitehead  on  June  24  of  that  year.  A.  M.  Mitchell  of  St.  Joseph,  Mo., 
was  chairman;  J.  R.  Whitehead,  secretary;  and  the  executive  com- 
mittee consisted  of  John  H.  Whitehead,  H.  Smallwood,  J.  B.  O'Toole, 
J.  W.  Smith,  Sr.,  Sam  Montgomery,  B.  Harding,  J.  W.  Smith,  Jr.,  J.  J. 
Keaton,  T.  W.  W^aterson,  C.  B.  Whithead,  Anderson  Cox  and  Joseph 
Sicliff.  Vigilance  committees  to  guard  the  rights  of  settlers  and  claim 
owners  against  loss  of  their  property  by  claim  jumpers  were  appointed 
and  the  members  paid  50  cents  for  each  service.  The  county  was 
organized  in  1855  and  named  after  Alexander  \\'.  Doniphan  (q.  v.).  an 
ardent  partisan  in  the  slavery  agitation.  It  was  surveyed  by  John 
Calhoun,  who  in  1854  was  appointed  surveyor-general  of  the  twin  terri- 
tories of  Kansas  and  Nebraska.  The  first  officer  in  the  county  was 
James  R.  Whitehead,  who  was  commissioned  constable  of  the  district 
in  1854  after  the  state  had  been  districted,  and  Doniphan.  Wolf  Creek 
and  Burr  Oak  were  named  as  voting  precincts.  The  first  commissioners 
were  Joel  P.  Blair,  Alexander  Dunning  and  E.  V.  B.  Rodgers.  They 
held  their  first  meeting  on  Sept.  18,  1855,  ''"^  elected  Mr.  W'hitehead 
county  clerk,  ex-officio  clerk  of  the  probate  court,  and  register  of  deeds. 
The  commissioners  appointed  by  the  legislature  to  locate  a  county  seat 
staked  off  the  site  of  Troy  in  October  of  that  j-ear.  In  the  stale  election 
held  in  March,  1855,  the  polling  places  were  controlled  b_y  armed  Mis- 
sourians.  About  fifteen  minutes  before  the  polls  opened  in  the  morning 
Maj.  Fee,  a  free-stale  candidate,  announced  from  the  stump  that  the 
ticket  of  his  faction  would  be  withdrawn  and  the  pro-slavery  men  would 
be  allowed  a  clear  field.  Notwithstanding  this  armed  men  guarded  llie 
polls  until  they  were  closed. 

Daniel  Woodson,  who  had  been  acting  governor,  was  the  first  receivei 
of  the  land  office  at  Doniphan  and  later  at  Kickapoo,  holding  this  posi- 
tion from  1857  to  1861.  The  Pony  Express  from  St.  Joseph  to  the 
Pacific  coast  went  through  Doniphan  county,  the  route  leading  by  the 
sites  of  the  present  towns  of  Wathena.  Trov.  Rendena.  Denton  and 
Purcell. 

Tlie  drouth  of  i860  caused  great  suffering  in  DuniplKni  cinnly  as 
well  as  other  parts  of  the  state  and  they  received  relief  to  the  extent 
of    138.750    pounds    of   provisions.      Doniphan    being    a    iKirdcr    county 


KANSAS    IIISTOKY  531 

suffered  considerable  annoyance  and  damage  to  life  and  properly  from 
the  raids  of  the  border  ruffians.  In  i860  guards  were  kept  on  duty  in 
all  the  little  cities  at  night.  The  women  took  an  important  part  with 
the  men  in  protecting  their  homes,  and  many  are  the  instances  of 
courage  on  the  part  of,  young  girls  and  women  in  times  of  distress  and 
danger.     In  one  instance  a  girl  in  men's  clothes  was  shot  by  the  guard. 

After  the  Civil  war  was  over  and  the  border  troubles  settled,  the 
people  began  improvements  again.  Three  miles  of  track  had  been  laid 
in  i860  near  Wathena  by  the  St.  Joseph  &  Grand  Island  Railway  com-  . 
pany.  After  the  close  of  the  war  a  new  company  was  organized,  and 
Doniphan  county  voted  bonds  for  the  construction  of  the  road.  Travel 
up  to  this  time  had  been  carried  on  by  boat  on  the  rivers  and  by  stage 
and  freight  wagon  west  of  St.  Joseph,  Mo.  This  first  road  entered  the 
covmty  at  Elwood,  passed  through  Wathena  and  Troy,  leaving  about 
midway  on  the  western  line.  The  next  road  to  be  built  was  the  Atchi- 
son &  Nebraska,  for  which  the  county  voted  $200,000  in  bonds  and  gave 
in  individual  subscriptions  $10,000.  This  road  was  built  as  far  as 
White  Cloud  in  1871,  The  St.  Joseph  &  Elwood  bridge  was  built  the 
same  year.  In  1872  a  railroad  was  built  from  Wathena  to  Doniphan 
via  Palmero  by  George  H.  Flail,  John  L.  Motter,  O.  B.  Craig.  William 
Craig  and  George  W.  Barr.  It  was  finally  acquired  by  the  St.  Joseph 
&  Western  company  and  the  rails  were  taken  up  and  used  on  that  line. 
At  present  Doniphan  county  has  three  lines  of  railroad,  the  Chicago, 
Burlington  &  Ouinc}',  extending  from  southeast  to  northwest,  passing 
through  Troy;  the  St.  Joseph  &  Grand  Island  enters  from  St.  Joseph  at 
Elwood  and  crosses  directly  west;  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific 
enters  in  the  southwest,  runs  northeast  to  Troy  and  east  to  St.  Joseph. 

When  the  county  was  first  organized  it  was  divided  into  five  town- 
ships, Wayne,  Washington,  Iowa,  Wolf  River  and  Burr  Oak.  In  1856 
Center  township  was  formed  out  of  the  western  portions  of  Washing- 
ton and  Burr  Oak,  in  1878  Union  township  was  formed  out  of  the  terri- 
tory of  Wolf  River,  Marion  was  formed  later  between  Washington  and 
'Wayne.  A  number  of  the  historic  towns  of  earlier  times  have  disap- 
peared from  the  map.  These  include  Columbus,  Charleston,  Lafayette, 
Normanville,  Mt.  Vernon,  Palermo,  Ridge  Farm,  Syracuse,  Walnut 
Grove,  Whitehead  and  Wolf  River.  The  towns  and  postoffices  of  the 
present  are,  Bendena,  Blair,  Brenner,  Denton,  Doniphan,  Elwood,  Fan- 
ning, Gabriel,  Geary,  Highland,  Highland  Station,  Iowa  Point,  Leona, 
Moray,  Palmero,  Purcell,  Severance,  Sparks,  Troy,  Wathena  and  White 
Cloud. 

The  surface  of  the  county  is  rolling  except  for  the  bluffs  along  the 
Missouri  river.  There  are  a  number  of  smaller  streams  among  which 
Wolf  river  is  the  most  important.  It  enters  from  the  west  flows  in  a 
northeasterly  direction  through  Leona  and  Severance  and  empties  into 
the  Missouri.  Clear  creek  and  Mission  creek  also  empty  into  the  Mis- 
souri. 

The  geological  formations  of  Doniphan  county  are  very  interesting. 


532  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Many  relics  of  prehistoric  ages  have  been  taken  from  the  bluffs  and 
banks  of  streams.  A  few  years  ago  a  large  tooth  weighing  5  pounds 
was  unearthed.  Mounds  in  which  the  prehistoric  races  were  accus- 
tomed to  bury  their  dead  existed  in  considerable  numbers  in  the  early 
days  of  the  white  man's  occupation.  Limestone  is  found  in  considerable 
quantities,  also  sandstone  of  a  good  quality  and  potter's  clav.  Coal  is 
lound  to  some  extent  but  not  in  commercial  quantities. 

The  area  is  379  square  miles  or  242,560  acres,  of  which  177,297  acres 
are  under  cultivation.  The  principal  products  are  wheat,  corn,  oats  and 
fruits.  The  county  is  one  of  the  foremost  in  horticulture,  having  about 
350,000  bearing  fruit  trees.  In  1910  the  total  income  from  farm  pro- 
ducts was  $2,705,712,  of  which  corn  was  worth  $1,034,982;  wheat, 
$119,247;  and  oats,  $193,790.  The  assessed  valuation  of  property  was 
$24,909,152,  and  the  population  was  14,422,  which  makes  the  wealth 
of  the  county  average  nearly  $1,700  per  capita. 

The  educational  advantages  cannot  be  surpassed  anywhere.  There 
are  68  organized  school  districts  with  a  school  population  of  4,553.  The 
Highland  University,  which  was  the  outgrowth  of  the  early  missions  of 
1837,  is  the  oldest  chartered  educational  institution  in  the  state.  There 
are  Roman  Catholic  and  Lutheran  schools  at  \Vathena.  The  first  school 
for  white  children  was  estatblished  near  Highland  in  1858.  John  F. 
Sparks  was  the  first  teacher.  The  school  house,  which  was  built  of 
logs,  was  on  the  site  of  the  building  now  belonging  to  district  56.  In 
1867  an  unsuccessful  attempt  was  made  by  the  Methodist  church  to 
found  a  boarding  school  at  Burr  Oak. 

Doniphan's  Expedition. — In  May,  1846,  Gov.  Edwards  of  Missouri 
requested  Col.  Alexander  W.  Doniphan,  a  lawyer  of 'Liberty,  to  assist 
him  in  raising  troops  in  the  western  counties  of  the  state  for  volunteer 
service  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  and  he  acceded  to  the  request.  The 
enthusiasm  of  the  people  was  high  and  in  a  week  or  so  the  eight  com- 
])anies  of  men  had  volunteered,  which,  upon  organization  at  Fort 
Leavenworth,  formed  the  famous  First  Missouri  mounted  volunteers. 
This  regiment  formed  a  portion  of  the  column  known  as  the  Army  of 
the  West,  commanded  b\^  that  chivalric  soldier,  Gen.  Stephen  W. 
Kearney.  .\11  of  the  troops  rendezvoused  at  Fort  Leavctnvorlli.  The 
volunteers  having  undergone  a  few  weeks'  drilling,  the  Army  of  the 
West  commenced  its  march  to  Santa  Fe  on  June  26,  1846,  and  on  Aug. 
18  following  (jen.  Kearney's  army  entered  Santa  Fc  without  firing  a 
gun. 

In  November  of  the  same  year,  Col.  Doniphan  was  ordered  with  his 
regiment  into  the  country  of  the  Navajo  Itulians,  on  the  western  slope 
of  the  Rocky  mountains,  to  overawe  or  chastise  them,  lie  completed 
this  movement  with  great  celerity.  His  soldiers  toiled  through  snows 
three  feet  deep  on  the  crests  and  eastern  slope  of  the  mountains.  Hav- 
ing accomplished  the  object  of  the  expedition  by  concluding  a  satis- 
factory treaty  with  the  Indians,  he  returned  to  the  Rio  del  Norte,  and 
on  the  hanks  of  that  stream  collected  and  refreshed  his  men,  jMeparatory 
to  effecting  what  was  tlnii  intended  to  bo  a  junction   with  Ci-n.   Wool. 


KANSAS    IIISI'ORV  533 

He  was  here  reinforced  by  two  batteries  of  light  artillery.  In  Dec, 
1846,  he  turned  his  little  column  to  the  south  and  put  it  in  motion 
towards  Chihuahua.  In  quick  succession  followed  his  brilliant  and 
decisive  victories  at  Brazito  and  Sacramento,  the  capture  of  Chihuahua, 
the  plunge  of  his  little  army  into  the  unknown  country  between  Chi- 
huahua and  Saltillo,  and  its  emergence  in  triumph  at  the  latter  city. 
After  his  arrival  at  Saltillo,  inasmuch  as  the  period  of  enlistment  of 
his  men  would  soon  expire,  his  regiment  was  ordered  home.  The 
march  was  continued  to  Matamoras,  where  the  regiment  embarked  for 
New  Orleans.  The  men  were  discharged  at  New  Orleans  and  arrived 
at  home  about  July  i,  1847. 

The  march  of  this  regiment  from  Fort  Leavenworth  to  Santa  Fe, 
Chihuahua,  Saltillo  and  Matamoras — a  distance  of  near  3,600  miles — 
is  called  Doniphan's  Expedition,  and  in  a  measure  is  germane  to  Kansas 
history.  There  was  no  road,  not  even  a  path,  leading  from  Fort 
Leavenworth  into  the  regular  Santa  Fe  trail.  The  army,  therefore, 
steered  its  course  southwesterly,  with  the  view  of  intersecting  the  main 
Santa  Fe  trail,  at  or  near  the  Narrows,  65  miles  west  of  Independence. 
In  accomplishing  this,  many  deep  ravines  and  creeks  with  high  and 
rugged  banks  were  encountered.  The  heat  was  often  excessive ;  the 
grass  was  tall  and  rank;  the  earth  in  many  places  so  soft  that  the 
heavily  loaded  wagons  would  sink  almost  up  to  the  axle  upon  the  level 
prairie,  and  the  men  were  frequently  compelled  to  dismount  and  drag 
them  from  the  mire  with  their  hands.  Hence  the  march  was,  of  neces- 
sity, both  slow  and  tedious.  About  noon  on  June  30,  they  arrived  upon 
the  banks  of  the  Kansas  river,  which  they  crossed  in  boats  without  loss 
or  accident,  and  encamped  for  the  night  on  the  west  bank  among  the 
friendly  Shawnees.  On  July  i  the  troops  continued  their  march  in  a 
southwesterly  direction,  to  intersect  the  road  leading  from  Independ- 
ence to  Santa  Fe.  After  a  toilsome  march  of  some  15  miles,  without 
a  guide,  through  the  tall  prairie  grass  and  matted  pea-vines,  sometimes 
directing  their  course  to  the  southward  and  someti  mes  to  the  west- 
ward, they  at  length  struck  upon  the  old  Santa  Fe  trace,  and  encamped 
for  the  night  near  Black  Jack,  in  what  is  now  Douglas  county.  Pro- 
visions (chiefly  bread-stufifs,  salt,  etc.)  were  conveyed  in  wagons,  and 
beef-cattle  driven  along  for  the  use  of  the  men.  The  animals  subsisted 
entirely  by  grazing.  By  July  5  the  troops  had  reached  Council  Grove, 
now  the  county  seat  of  Morris  county,  Kan.,  one  of  the  most  important 
stations  on  the  old  trail.  Advancing  about  16  miles  further  they 
encamped  near  the  Diamond  Springs.  On  July  9,  they  arrived  upon 
the  banks  of  the  Little  Arkansas,  in  what  is  now  Rice  county.  The 
evening  of  July  12  found  them  at  Walnut  creek,  in  what  is  now  Barton 
county,  and  the  following  day  brought  them  to  the  noted  Pawnee  rock, 
near  which  place  they  diverged  from  the  main  Santa  Fe  road  and  fol- 
lowed the  Arkansas  river  to  a  point  near  the  present  city  of  Pueblo.  Col., 
where  they  crossed  into  the  enemy's  country. 

Then  ensued  what  proved  to  be  one  of  the  most  remarkable  military 
campaigns   in   American   history.     The   principal   engagement   was   the 


534  CYCLOPEDIA   OF 

battle  of  Sacramento,  which  one  writer  says  "was  the  most  wonderful 
ever  fought  by  American  arms."  Col.  Doniphan's  men  attacked  a  forti- 
fied position  held  by  troops  outnumbering  them  nearly  five  to  one,  and 
in  speaking  of  their  charge  at  that  place  the  same  writer  says,  "It  has 
ne\-er  been  equaled  in  all  the  annals  of  the  world's  warfare."  The  State 
of  Kansas  has  honored  Col.  Doniphan  by  naming  a  county  and  a  town 
for  him,  and  the  State  of  Missouri  named  the  seat  of  Ripley  county 
in  his  honor. 

Dorn  County. — (See  Xeosho  County.) 

Dorrance,  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  Russell  county,  is  located  in 
Plymouth  township,  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  and  near  the  Smoky 
Hill  river,  17  miles  east  of  Russell,  the  county  seat.  It  was  settled 
about  the  time  the  railroad  was  built,  was  incorporated  in  1910.  and  the 
same  year  reported  a  population  of  281.  Dorrance  has  a  bank,  an  inter- 
national money  order  postoffice  with  three  rural  routes,  telegraph  and 
express  offices,  telephone  connections,  a  hotel,  churches  of  various 
denominations,  a  good  public  school  system,  and  a  number  of  well 
equipped  mercantile  establishments.  Being  located  in  the  midst  of  a 
rich  agricultural  district,  it  is  an  important  shipping  point  for  grain, 
live  stock,  and  other  farm  products. 

Doster,  a  small  village  of  Sumner  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Kansas 
Southwestern  R.  R.  6  miles  west  of  Caldwell  and  about  20  miles  south- 
west of  Wellington,  the  county  scat.  Mail  is  received  by  rural  delivery 
from  Caldwell. 

Doster,  Frank  M.,  lawyer  anil  the  first  Democrat  to  be  electctl  to 
the  office  of  chief  justice  of  the  Kansas  supreme  court,  was  born  in 
Virginia,  Jan.  19,  1849.  He  received  his  education  at  the  Indiana  State 
University  and  Illinois  College,  and  later  graduated  at  the  Benton  Law 
Institute  of  Indiana.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  years  he  enlisted  in  the 
Eleventh  Indiana  cavalry,  under  Lincoln's  last  three-year  call,  and 
served  for  two  years.  In  the  summer  of  1865  his  company  was  sent 
from  the  south  and  served  along  the  Santa  Fe  trail.  Prior  to  his 
enlistment  he  served  in  the  state  militia  and  took  part  in  the  Morgan 
raid  of  1863.  He  commenced  to  practice  law  in  Piatt  county.  111.,  but 
in  about  a  year  removed  to  Kansas  and  located  in  Marion  cotmty.  In 
1872  Mr.  Doster  was  elected  to  the  state  legislatiu-e.  Three  years  later 
he  was  elected  judge  of  the  Twenty-fifth  judicial  district,  but  was 
defeated  for  reelection  in  1891.  In  1893  he  was  appointed  judge  of  tlic 
district  court  and  on  Jan.  11,  1897,  was  made  chief  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Kansas,  where  he  served  until  1903.  Judge  Doster  is  an  able 
lawyer,  a  close  student,  and  though  a  Socialist,  at  the  time  of  his  elec- 
tion he  said,  "I  know  only  one  code  of  law  and  that  is  the  same  one 
studied  by  the  other  lawyers  and  T  shall  try  to  follow  it  as  best  I  can." 
While  upon  the  supreme  bench  Judge  Doster  advocated  an  amend- 
ment to  the  constitution  which  would  increase  the  supreme  court  to 
seven  members.  On  Jime  22,  1901,  the  following  statement  appeared 
in  the  Kansas  rit\-  Star,  "lie  cxnnunded  the  law  as  ho  fmiml  it   and  ;i'^ 


KANSAS    HISTORY  535 

he  learned  it  from  celebrated  jurists  who  have  gone  before  him  in 
America  and  England.  No  judge  was  ever  more  impartial,  and  to  the 
corporation  and  the  humble  citizen  alike  he  has  given  equal  and  exact 
justice.  More  than  a  learned  judge,  Judge  Doster  is  a  man  of  scholarly 
attainments,  and  his  opinions  have  a  classic  flavor  seldom  found  on  the 
dry  pages  of  court  reports."  One  able  lawyer  said,  "He  is  a  credit  to 
the  state,  a  credit  to  the  bench  and  a  credit  to  his  profession." 

Douglas  County,  located  in  the  second  tier  of  counties  west  of  Mis- 
souri and  in  the  fourth  tier  south  of  Nebraska,  is  bounded  on  the  north 
by  Jefiferson  and  Leavenworth  counties,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
the  Kansas  river;  on  the  east  by  Johnson  county;  on  the  south  by 
Franklin  county,  and  on  the  west  by  Osage  and  Shawnee  counties.  It 
is  one  of  the  original  33  counties  created  by  the  first  territorial  legis- 
lature with  the  following  boundaries:  "Beginning  at  the  main  channel 
of  the  Kansas  river,  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Johnson  county ;  thence 
south  to  the  southwest  corner  of  Johnson  county ;  thence  west  24  miles 
to  a  point  e(|uidistant  between  the  limits  (embraced  in  the  original 
plots)  of  the  towns  of  Lecompton  and  Tecumseh." 

It  was  named  in  honor  of  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  United  States  senator 
from  Douglas  at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill. 

It  has  an  area  of  469  square  miles  and  is  divided  into  the  following 
townships :  Clinton,  Eudora,  Grant,  Kanwaka,  Lecompton,  Marion, 
Palmyra,  Wakarusa  and  Willow  Springs.  The  general  surface  of  the 
country  is  undulating,  breaking  into  high  blufifs  along  the  Kansas  and 
Wakarusa  rivers.  The  bottom  lands  or  valleys,  which  comprise  about 
a  quarter  of  the  area,  are  from  2  to  4  miles  in  width.  Timber  belts  are 
generally  found  along  the  streams,  and  average  about  a  mile  in  width. 
The  principal  varieties  of  native  timber  are  ash,  elm,  cottonwood,  oak, 
walnut  and  hackberry.  The  main  water  course  is  the  Kansas  river, 
which  flows  in  a  general  southeasterly  direction  and  forms  the  northern 
boundary.  The  Wakarusa  river,  also  an  important  stream,  flows  nearly 
across  the  county  from  the  west  and  empties  into  the  Kansas  river. 
The  main  tributaries  of  the  Wakarusa  are  Deer,  Rock,  Washington 
and  Coal  creeks,  while  Plumb  creek  flows  across  the  extreme  northeast 
corner.  In  the  south  are  Eight  Mile  and  Ottawa  creeks,  and  along  the 
eastern  boundary  Captain's  creek.  Springs  are  abundant  and  good  well 
water  is  usually  found  at  a  depth  of  25  feet.  The  soil  is  extremely  fer- 
tile, and  all  grains  grow  well.  The  principal  crops  are  winter  wheat, 
Kafir-corn  and  hay,  but  the  county  ranks  high  in  the  production  of 
Irish  potatoes.  Limestone  is  extensively  quarried  in  Wakarusa  and 
Lecompton  townships.  Potter's  clay  is  foimd  along  the  Kansas  river, 
and  coal  has  been  mined  in  limited  quantities  south  of  Lawrence.  The 
county  also  ranks  high  in  live  stock  and  there  are  over  200,000  bearing 
fruit  trees  in  the  county,  more  than  half  of  which  are  apple. 

The  first  white  men  to  visit  the  present  Douglas  county,  so  far  as  is 
known,  were  French  traders,  who  passed  up  the  Kansas  river  in  the 
first  quarter  of  the  eighteenth  century  and  carried  on  an  extensive  trade 


536  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

with  the  native  Indian  tribes.  Following  them,  but  nearly  a  century 
later,  were  the  white  explorers  who  generally  followed  the  waterways 
toward  the  west.  Thomas  Sa3''s  route  lay  along  the  south  bank  of  the 
Kansas  river  through  what  is  now  Douglas  county,  when  he  passed  up 
the  stream  in  1819.  Fremont  followed  this  route  in  1842  and  again  in 
1843,  when  he  went  west  to  explore  the  Rocky  mountains.  In  1842, 
the  expedition  camped  within  the  limits  of  Douglas  county  near  the 
present  site  of  Lawrence,  and  in  his  journal  of  the  expedition,  Fremont 
wrote,  "We  encamped  in  a  remarkably  beautiful  situation  on  the  Kansas 
bluffs,  which  commanded  a  fine  view  of  the  river."  The  Santa  Fe  Trail 
(q.  v.),  traversed  the  southern  part  of  the  country  from  east  to  west, 
and  the  route  to  the  gold  fields,  which  began  at  Westport,  Mo.,  crossed 
the  Wakarusa  near  what  was  once  the  town  of  Franklin,  a  little  south- 
west of  the  present  town  of  Eudora,  passed  near  Lawrence,  and  left 
the  county  beyond  the  present  town  of  Big  Springs.  Thousands  passed 
westward  over  these  famous  highways  after  gold  was  discovered  in 
California,  but  there  were  none  who  stopped  to  settle  as  it  was  Indian 
territory  and  the  only  habitations  were  the  stations  kept  by  \^•llites  for 
the  accommodation  of  the  travelers. 

The  first  permanent  white  settlement  in  what  is  now  Douglas  county 
was  made  by  Frederick  Chouteau  in  1827,  when  he  established  a  trading 
post,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Kansas  river,  a  little  above  the  present 
hamlet  of  Lake  View.  It  remained  but  a  short  time,  as  he  removed 
to  Shawnee  county  in  1830.  In  1848  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church 
established  a  mission  am'ong  the  Shawnees  on  the  south  bank  of  the 
Kansas  river,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wakarusa,  but  in  1857  it  was 
abandoned. 

Prior  to  the  passage  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill,  much  of  the  best 
land  in  the  valley  of  the  Kansas  river  had  been  marked  for  preemption 
by  Missourians.  The  undue  haste  of  the  pseudo  settlers,  made  against 
the  protests  of  the  Indians,  and  the  great  influx  into  the  territory  was 
probably  stimulated  by  the  knowledge  that  organizations  were  being 
formed  in  the  north  to  send  emigrants  to  Kansas  with  the  avowed  pur- 
pose of  working  to  make  it  a  free-state.  Hence,  by  staking  out  claims, 
the  Missourians  hoped  to  hold  the  land  against  these  undesirable  set- 
tlers. 

Some  of  the  first  men  who  came  tO  Kansas  in  the  summer  of  1854  and 
settled  along  the  California  road  were  F.  W.  Lunkins,  A.  R.  Hopper, 
Clark  Stearns,  H.  R.  Lykins,  the  Wade  brothers,  J.  A.  Wakefield,  S.  N. 
Wood,  William  Lyon,  Josiah  Hutchinson,  and  a  number  of  others. 
South  of  the  California  road  were  Joel  K.  ("londin  and  William  r.rey- 
man.  A.  W.  and  A.  G.  Glenn,  William  Shirley,  and  M.  S.  Winter  set- 
tled at  Lecompton ;  Jacob  Branson,  Charles  Dow  and  Franklin  Cole- 
man located  near  the  present  site  of  Vinland  in  1854.  A  little  farther 
south,  near  the  present  city  of  Baldwin,  claims  were  taken  by  Robert 
and  Richard  Pierson,  Jacob  Cantrell  and  L.  F.  Green.  Douglas,  a  pro- 
slavery  town,  was  laid  out  2  miles  southeast  of  Lecompton  on  the  claim 


KANSAS    HISTORY  537 

of  Paris  Ellison,  and  later  in  the  year  William  Harjier  and  J<jhn 
Chamberlain  settled  in  the  extreme  northwestern  part  of  the  county 
where  Big  Springs  was  afterward  laid  out.  In  May,  1855,  Napoleon 
Blanton  settled  on  the  Wakarusa  4  miles  south  of  Lawrence,  where  a 
bridge  was  soon  built,  known  as  Blanton's. 

Most  of  the  claims  taken  by  the  Missourians  were  merely  staked  out, 
or  a  few  logs  cut  and  piled  up  crosswise  to  show  occupation,  sometimes 
only  a  notice  was  posted.  These  non-resident  squatters  nearly  all 
returned  to  Missouri,  but  they  had  organized  and  agreed  to  have  no 
interference  with  the  "paper"  claims,  threatening  to  shoot  any  man  who 
attempted  to  take  possession.  But  the  most  systematic  movement 
toward  colonization  was  made  by  the  New  England  Emigrant  Aid 
company  (q.  v.)  which  directed  a  party  of  men  from  Massachusetts 
and  Vermont  to  start  for  Kansas  with  a  view  of  establishing  permanent 
settlements  and  working  to  make  Kansas  a  free-state.  Other  com- 
panies followed  and  together  they  founded  the  city  of  Lawrence. 

When  claims  were  taken  by  squatters,  it  was  assumed  that  they  had 
secured  the  land  for  a  permanent  home  and  intended  to  improve  them, 
but  as  many  did  not  do  this  the  early  settlers  formed  associations  to 
protect  themselves  against  such  encroachment  upon  the  land.  Before 
the  New  England  emigrants  came  to  the  territory  two  such  organiza- 
tions had  been  formed  in  what  afterward  became  Douglas  county.  A 
call  was  issued  for  a  meeting  to  be  held  on  July  8,  1854,  at  Blue  Jacket's 
store  on  the  Wakarusa.  The  free-state  men  who  had  already  located 
in  the  vicinity  believed  that  the  meeting  was  to  be  of  men  friendly  to 
making  Kansas  a  free-state  and  attended  in  considerable  numbers,  but 
upon  their  arrival  discovered  that  it  was  a  meeting  of  squatters  to  make 
rules  and  regulations  with  regard  to  claims.  A  number  of  those  present 
were  pro-slavery  in  sentiment  and  wished  to  introduce  resolutions 
barring  emigrants  opposed  to  that  institution  of  slavery.  There  were 
too  many  free-state  men  present  to  carry  out  that  plan,  and  a  com- 
promise was  effected  by  which  any  person  had  a  right  to  bring  property 
into  the  state  and  the  question  of  slavery  was  to  be  settled  when  the 
territory  had  a  sufficient  population  to  be  admitted  to  statehood.  Some 
of  the  more  bitter  pro-slavery  men  were  not  satisfied  with  the  turn 
affairs  had  taken  and  openly  declared  that  they  intended  to  fight  the 
settling  of  the  territory  by  free-state  men,  especially  the  New  England 
company.  This  first  organization  was  known  as  the  Wakarusa  Asso- 
ciation. 

A  meeting  of  the  settlers  was  called  for  Aug.  12  at  the  house  of  Brice 
W.  Miller,  at  Miller's  Spring,  or  Millersburg,  the  object  of  which  was 
the  adoption  of  some  regulations  that  would  afford  protection  to  the 
actual  settlers,  not  unlike  those  adopted  by  the  pro-slavery  men  farther 
east.  By  that  time  northern  men  had  come  into  the  Wakarusa  valley 
in  considerable  numbers,  and  the  meeting  was  of  great  importance.  It 
was  generally  understood  that  only  actual  settlers  were  expected  to 
attend,  but  the  members  of  the  Wakarusa  Association  and  many  pro- 


538  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

slavery  men  were  present.  Settlers  and  claimants  came  from  a  radius 
of  40  miles,  but  the  question  was  of  burning  interest  and  not  confined 
to  an}-  localit}-.  John  A.  Wakefield  called  the  meeting  to  order  and 
stated  the  object  to  be  a  conference  of  actual  settlers  in  the  territory. 
A  Mr.  Dunham  from  Mjssouri  caused  some  disturbance,  as  the  spokes- 
man of  the  Missourians  present,  who  were  practically  in  the  majority. 
This  led  to  a  quarrel  and  the  meeting  came  near  breaking  up,  but  a 
compromise  was  affected.  John  A.  Wakefield  was  chosen  president  of 
the  Actual  Settlers'  Association  and  S.  N.  Wood  register.  After  con- 
siderable argument  and  deliberation  a  committee  was  chosen  from  each 
of  the  associations  to  agree  upon  some  plan  by  which  they  could  work 
together,  for  the  benefit  of  both.  This  joint  committee  submitted  a 
report,  which  was  adopted  and  proved  effective  in  settling  many  of  the 
claim  difficulties  and  disputes  that  arose  thereafter,  until  title  could 
be  gained  from  the  government.  As  new  settlers  came  into  the  terri- 
tory they  joined  either  association  as  they  preferred. 

The  first  election  in  what  is  now*  Douglas  county  was  held  on  Nov. 
26,  1854,  for  a  delegate  to  Congress.  The  free-state  men  did  not  take 
much  interest  in  it,  but  from  the  great  number  of  Missourians  who  voted 
at  that  time  the  residents  should  have  had  some  hint  of  what  would 
follow  at  the  local  elections.  Douglas  county,  with  only  50  legal  voters, 
cast  283  votes.     (See  Reeder's  Administration.) 

The  election  for  members  of  tlie  first  territorial  legislature  was  set 
for  ]\Iarch  30.  1855.  The  district  in  which  Lawrence  was  located  had 
369  voters.  For  weeks  before  the  election  the  residents  in  the  border 
counties  of  Missoini  were  active  and  the  Blue  Lodges  perfected  a  plan 
of  campaign  by  which  their  members  were  to  march  into  Kansas  on 
election  day,  take  possessions  of  the  polls  and  by  a  heavy  vote  gain 
control  of  the  legislature.  Companies  were  sent  into  every  council  dis- 
trict in  the  territory,  and  into  every  representative  district  but  one,  in 
such  numbers  that  they  could  control  the  election.  They  came  openly, 
with  the  avowed  purpose  of  voting,  heavily  armed  and  provided  with 
provisions.  About  1,000  of  these  men  came  into  what  is  now  Douglas 
county  on  the  evening  preceding  the  election,  and  the  morning  of  elec- 
tion day.  Richard  Cordley  in  his  history  of  Lawrence  says,  "On  the 
morning  of  the  election  the  Missourians  came  over  to  the  place  of  voting 
from  their  camp,  in  companies,  or  bodies,  of  100  at  a  lime.  Mr.  Pdan- 
ton,  one  of  the  judges,  not  appearing.  Col.  Young  claimed  that  as  the 
people  of  the  territory  had  two  judges,  it  was  nothing  more  than  right 
that  the  Missourians  should  have  the  other  one  to  look  after  their 
interests.  Robert  Cummins  was  elected  in  P.Janton's  stead  because  In- 
considered  that  every  man  had  a  right  to  vote  if  he  had  not  been  in  the 
territory  an  hour.  The  Missourians  brought  their  tickets  willi  tlicm. 
Not  having  enough  they  had  300  more  printed  in  l.;iwronrc  liu-  i-voning 
before  and  the  day  of  the  election." 

The  finlls  were  crowded  all  day  and  the  Missotuians  forced  tlie  free- 
state  men  tn  pniss  through  two  lines  before  reaching  the  polls.     During 


KANSAS    HISTORY  539 

the  day  some  free-state  voters  were  driven  away  and  prevented  from 
voting.  Although  the  district  had  but  369  voters,  according  to  the 
census,  1,034  votes  were  cast  and  a  careful  examination  showed  that 
only  232  were  legal.    (See  Border  War.) 

Samuel  J.  Jones  was  appointed  sheriff  of  Douglas  county  by  the  first 
territorial  legislature,-  and  the  county  was  organized  on  Sept.  24,  1855, 
when  the  county  commissioners  assembled  at  Lecompton  in  response 
to  a  proclamation  of  the  sheriff.  The  first  commissioners  were  Dr. 
John  Wood,  chairman  and  ex-officio  probate  judge;  John  M.  Banks  and 
George  W.  Johnston.  James  Christian  was  appointed  clerk ;  Hugh 
Cameron,  treasurer;  Peter  Crockett,  coroner;  A.  C.  W.  Stafford,  attor- 
ney; and  O.  H.  Browne,  assessor.  The  commissioners  divided  the 
county  into  the  municipal  townships  of  Lecompton,  Lawrence,  Franklin, 
\A^ashington  and  Louisiana.  The  county  seat,  by  "the  first  act  organiz- 
ing the  county,  was  designated  as  Lecompton,  which  b}'  the  same  legis- 
lature was  made  the  capital  of  the  territory,  and  it  remained  the  county 
seat  and  territorial  capital  as  long  tis  the  pro-slavery  part}^  was  in 
power.  In  1858  an  act  was  passed  b}'  the  legislature  removing  the 
county  seat  to  Lawrence,  where  it  has  since  remained.  For  a  number 
of  years  the  county  offices  w^ere  located  in  dift'erent  business  blocks  but 
when  the  city  hall  was  built  in  1869,  offices  for  the  use  of  the  county 
were  rented  there.  In  1903  a  fine  new  court-house  was  erected  on  the 
corner  of  Massachusetts  and  Ouincy  streets  at  a  cost  of  $85,000.  The 
county  jail  and  sherift"'s  house  are  located  just  back  of  the  court-house 
on  Hancock  street.  This  building  was  erected  at  the  same  time  as  the 
court-house  at  a  cost  of  $22,000.  Tiie  money  for  the  county  buildings 
was  raised  by  direct  tax  levy. 

That  the  people  of  the  count}-  were  interested  in  agriculture  is  demon- 
strated by  the  .fact  that  a  fair  association  was  started  in  Douglas 
county  as  early  as  1868.  The  race  track  was  laid  out  where  Woodland 
Park  is  now  located,  and  the  present  track  is  the  old  one  repaired. 
After  a  few  years  this  pioneer  organization  died  out  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  the  Western  National  Fair  Association,  which  had  grounds 
a  mile  and  a  half  northeast  of  Lawrence  laid  out  in  1879.  It  ran  for 
several  years  and  was  followed  by  several  organizations  which  tried  to 
form  a  Douglas  County  Fair  Association  but  no  great  success  was 
achieved  until  the  present  fair  association  was  formed  in  1905.  The 
race  track  at  Woodland  is  used  amd^.it  is  expected  that  within  a  few 
years  permanent  buildings  will  be  erected. 

The  first  railroad  in  Douglas  county  was  the  Union  Pacific,  con- 
structed in  1864.  In  1869  the  Leavenworth,  Lawrence  &  Galveston  was 
built  south  from  Lawrence  into  Franklin  county,  and  subsequently  the 
road  along  the  south  bank  of  the  Kansas  river  was  constructed.  Both 
of  these  roads  now  belong  to  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  system. 
The  L'uion  Pacific  runs  along  the  northern  border  of  the  count}--  on  the 
north  bank  of  the  Kansas  river;  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  tra- 
verses the  entire  countv  east  and  west  along  the  south  bank  of  the  river; 


540  CYCLOrEDIA    OF 

a  branch  of  the  same  system  runs  south  from  Lawrence,  so  that  the 
eastern  and  northern  portion  of  the  county  have  excellent  transporta- 
tion facilities.  The  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  operates  its  trains 
over  the  Union  Pacific  tracks  from  Kansas  City  to  Topeka.  There  are 
over  55  miles  of  main  track  railroad  in  the  county. 

Lawrence,  the  seat  of  justice,  is  located  on  the  south  bank  of  the 
Kansas  river,  in  the  north  central  portion,  40  miles  west  of  Kansas  City. 
The  state  university  is  located  there  and  has  property  valued  at  over 
$1,500,000.  Haskell  Institute,  an  industrial  school  maintained  by  the 
government  of  the  L'nited  States  for  the  Indians,  is  situated  just  south 
of  Lawrence.  Baldwin,  Eudora  and  Lecompton  are  incorporated  towns 
of  more  or  less  importance. 

According  to  the  U.  S.  census  for  1910  the  population  of  Douglas 
county  was  24,724.  The  assessed  value  of  the  property  for  taxation  in 
the  same  year  was  $33,800,845,  and  the  value  of  all  farm  products  was 
$3,039,086 — of  field  crops  alone,  $2,032,119.  The  five  leading"  crops  were 
as  follows:  Corn,  $1,218,068;  hay,  $295,228;  wheat,  $182,355;  oats, 
$142,236;  Irish  potatoes,  $120,232. 

Douglas,  Stephen  Arnold,  statesman,  United  States  senator  from 
Illinois  at  the  time  the  Territory  of  Kansas  was  organized  in  1854,  was 
born  at  Brandon,  Vt.,  April  23,  1813.  His  father,  a  phjsician,  died  in 
June,  1813,  and  he  lived  with  his  mother  on  a  farm  near  Brandon  until 
he  was  fifteen  years  of  age.  He  then  went  to  Middlebury,  Vt.,  to  learn 
the  trade  of  cabinet-maker,  but  after  eighteen  months  his  health  became 
impaired  and  he  gave  up  the  occupation.  After  attending  the  academy 
at  Brandon  for  one  year,  he  removed  with  his  mother  to  New  York 
state.  In  Dec,  1832,  he  began  the  study  of  law.  The  following  year  he 
visited  the  cities  of  Cleveland  and  Cincinnati,  Ohio;  Louisville,  Ky. ; 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  Jacksonville,  111.,  in  quest  of  remunerative  employ- 
ment, and  in  March,  1834,  he  began  the  practice  of  law  at  Jacksonville. 
Two  weeks  later  he  made  his  first  political  speech,  in  which  he  defended 
the  administration  of  President  Jackson.  This  was  the  turning  ])oint 
in  his  career.  His  courageous  support  of  the  president  aided  him  to 
build  up  a  clientage  among  Jackson's  friends,  and  when  the  legislature 
met  he  was  elected  attorney-general,  although  not  yet  twenty-two  years 
old.  This  office  he  resigned  in  Dec,  1835,  having  been  elected  to  the 
lower  branch  of  the  Illinois  legislature,  in  which  he  was  the  youngest 
member.  Below  the  medium  height,  with  a  slight  physical  frame  at 
that  time,  hut  ready  in  debate,  he  acquired  the  sobriquet  of  the  "Little 
Giant."  In  1837  '''^  was  appointed  register  of  the  L'nited  States  land 
office  at  Springfield,  111.;  was  defeated  for  Congress  in  1840;  became 
one  of  the  justices  of  the  Illinois  supreme  court  in  Feb.,  1841 ;  was 
elected  to  Congress  in  1842  and  was  tv^ice  reelected ;  and  on  March  4, 
1847,  he  became  a  member  of  the  United  States  senate,  where  he  served 
until  his  death.  In  1852  and  again  in  1856  he  received  support  in  the 
Democratic  national  conventions  for  the  ])residency.  and  was  nominated 
for  that  office  by  the  convention  in  i860,  but  a  split  in  the  party  caused 


KANSAS    HISTORY  541 

liis  defeat  and  the  election  of  Alnaham  Lincoln.  While  a  member  of 
the  national  house  of  representatives,  he  was  for  two  years  chairman 
of  the  committee  on  territories,  at  that  time  a  position  of  great  import- 
ance on  account  of  the  agitation  of  the  slavery  question,  and  after  enter- 
ing the  senate  he  was  for  eleven  years  chairman  of  the  same  committee 
in  that  body.  During  this  period  he  reported  bills  for  the  organization 
of  the  territories  of  Minnesota,  Oregon,  New  Mexico,  Utah,  Washing- 
ton, Kansas  and  Nebraska  (see  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill),  and  for  the 
admission  of  the  states  of  Iowa,  California,  Minnesota  and  Oregon.  He 
opposed  the  Wilmot  proviso  and  supported  the  compromise  measures 
of  1850,  for  which  he  was  denounced  as  a  traitor  by  the  Chicago  city 
council  on  Oct.  22,  1850.  The  next  evening  (Oct.  23)  Douglas  spoke 
in  the  same  hall  in  defense  of  his  attitude,  and  on  that  occasion  promul- 
gated the  dogma  that  later  became  so  widely  known  as  the  doctrine  of 
"Squatter  Sovereignty"  (q.  v.).  In  the  session  of  1857-58  he  opposed 
the  admission  of  Kansas  under  the  Lecompton  constitution,  denouncing 
that  instrument  on  the  ground  that  "it  is  not  the  act  of  the  people  of 
Kansas,  and  does  not  embody  their  will."  In  the  session  of  1860-61  he 
was  a  member  of  the  "committee  of  thirteen,"  and  did  all  he  could  in 
an  honorable  way  to  avert  civil  war,  and  up  to  the  time  of  his  death 
gave  an  unequivocal  support  to  President  Lincoln's  administration.  Mr. 
Douglas  died  at  Chicago,  111.,  June  3,  1861. 

Douglass,  an  incorporated  town  of  Butler  county,  is  located  on  the 
Walnut  river  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  24  miles 
southwest  of  Eldorado,  the  county  seat.  It  was  settled  in  1869  and  in 
igio  reported  a  population  of  657.  Douglass  has  2  banks,  a  weekly 
newspaper  (the  Tribune),  modern  public  school  buildings,  churches  of 
several  denominations,  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with 
three  rural  routes,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  connections, 
general  stores,  jewelry,  drug  and  hardware  houses,  an  opera  house,  a 
good  hotel,  and  its  location  makes  it  an  important  shipping  point  for 
a  rich  section  of  the  Walnut  river  valley. 

Dover,  a  village  of  Mission  township,  Shawnee  county,  is  located  on 
Mission  creek  about  18  miles  southwest  of  Topeka,  the  county  seat,  and 
9  miles  south  of  Willard,  which  is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  It  has 
a  money  order  postofifice,  telephone  connections,  and  is  a  trading  center 
for  that  portion  of  the  county.     The  population  in  1910  was  175. 

Downer's  Station. —  (See  Fort  Downer.) 

Downs,  an  incorporated  cit}'  of  Osborne  county,  is  situated  in  Ross 
township  on  the  Solomon  river  and  at  the  junction  of  two  lines  of  the 
Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  10  miles  east  of  Osborne,  the  county  seat.  The 
city  owes  its  origin  to  the  construction  of  the  Central  Branch  R.  R., 
which  was  completed  to  this  point  in  1879.  Downs  was  platted  by 
John  A.  Beal  and  A.  Z.  Blunt  in  Aug.,  1879,  and  the  following  Decem- 
ber the  town  was  incorporated  with  the  following  of^cers :  Mayor,  J. 
B.  Craney;  clerk,  J.  G.  Poole;  councilmen,  John  Parish,  O.  Denton, 
L.  F.  Pennington,  J.  E.  Kentzel  and  G.  W.  Howell.     The  railroad  com- 


34-  CVCLOPEDIA    OF 

pany  made  Downs  a  division  point  and  erected  a  roundhouse  and  repair 
shop,  which  gave  the  place  an  impetus.  On  Feb.  9,  1880,  Thomas  G. 
Nicklin  issued  the  first  number  of  the  Downs  Times,  and  in  -\ug.,  18S0, 
bonds  were  voted  for  tlie  erection  of  a  modern  school  building.  Churches 
and  lodges  of  various  fraternal  orders  were  established,  and  the  growth 
of  Downs  has  been  steady  and  substantial  from  the  start. 

In  1910  Downs  reported  a  population  of  1,427,  a  gain  of  489  during 
the  preceding  ten  years.  The  city  is  equipped  with  electric  lights,  a 
fire  department,  waterworks,  well  kept  streets,  etc.  It  has  2  banks,  an 
international  money  order  postoffice  with  three  rural  routes,  express 
and  telegraph  service,  a  telephone  exchange,  a  public  library,  an  opera 
house,  2  weekly  newspapers  (the  Times  and  the  News),  an  ice  and 
cold  storage  plant,  flour  mills,  grain  ele\'ators,  brick  and  tile  works,  the 
railroad  machine  shops,  good  mercantile  establishments,  and  the  pro- 
fessions are  well  represented. 

Doy,  John,  Rescue  of. — In  1859  Dr.  John  Doy,  a  free-state  man, 
was  arrested  near  Lawrence,  and  carried  to  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  where  he 
was  tried  upon  the  charge  of  abducting  slaves  from  that  state.  He 
was  convicted  and  sentenced  to  the  penitentiary  for  five  years.  Doy's 
friends  all  knew  that  the  charges  were  false,  as  he  had  not  been  in 
Missouri  for  some  time  prior  to  the  escape  of  th^  slaves,  and  Maj. 
James  B.  Abbott  organized  a  party  of  ten  men  to  rescue  the  doctor 
from  the  jail  at  St.  Joseph.  The  rescuing  party  consisted  of  James  R. 
Abbott,  Silas  Soule,  Joseph  Gardiner,  Charles  JDoy.  two  men  named 
Lennox  and  Hayes,  Thomas  .Simmons,  Joshua  A.  Pike,  John  E.  Stewart 
and  S.  J.  Willis.  They  assembled  at  Lawrence  and  from  there  by  dif- 
ferent routes,  in  order  to  avoid  attention,  went  quietly  to  Elwood,  a 
town  opposite  St.  Joseph,  where  they  arranged  a  plan  of  action.  As 
all  the  men  were  total  strangers  in  Elwood  and -St.  Joseph  they  pro- 
ceeded with  great  caution.  The  only  man  who  knew  of  their  mission 
was  Dr.  Grant,  the  editor  of  tlie  free-state  paper,  who  proxcd  a  valu- 
able friend  and  rendered  assistance.  When  mingling  with  the  people 
of  the  two  towns  some  of  the  men  of  the  rescuing  party  rejircsented 
themselves  as  miners,  others  as  men  from  the  east  on  their  way  to  the 
mines  and  when  meeting  each  other  acted  as  strangers. 

Several  plans  of  rescue  were  discussed,  and  finally  tho\  (letenniiud 
to  break  into  the  jail  by  force.  It  was  necessary  to  inform  the  prisoner 
of  this  plan  and  Silas  Soule  represented  himself  as  coming  from  Doy's 
wife.  He  was  admitted  to  the  jail  and  delivered  his  message.  With 
him  Soule  carried  a  note  saying,  "tonight  at  twelve  o'clock,"  wrajiped 
with  a  piece  of  twine  and  by  diverting  the  attenti<in  of  the  jailer  man- 
aged to  throw  this  behind  him  upon  tlie  floor  of  Doy's  cell.  That  night 
a  small  stone  attached  to  the  siring  hanging  from  Doy's  window 
apprised  the  party  that  he  was  ready.  Soule  reported  tli.it  it  would  take 
at  least  three  hours  to  break  into  the  jail,  showing  tliat  such  .1  pl.ut 
was  quite  imjjractical :  so  the  men  decided  to  take  n  prisoner  to  j.iij 
upon  the  charge  of  horse  stealing.     'I'lic  day   was  one  of  driving  lain. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  543 

but  the  men  familiarized  themselves  with  the  streets  and  the  <lilU-rcnt 
routes  to  the  river  where  two  boats  had  been  secured,  for  the  jail  was 
in  the  heart  of  the  town.  At  lo  o'clock  p.  m.  Maj.  Abbott  assigned 
the  men  their  positions  and  told  each  what  he  was  to  do.  Simmons 
was  chosen  for  the  thief.  His  wrists  were  apparently  bound  f)_\'  hcav}- 
thongs  of  buffalo  hide,  but  in  the  hollow  of  his  right  hand,  attached 
to  the  thong,  he  held  a  leaden  egg,  which  was  an  excellent  weapon 
in  the  hands  of  such  a  powerful  man  and  under  the  desperate  circum- 
stances he  would  be  placed  during  the  rescue.  Gardiner,  a  man  six  feet 
and  four  inches  in  height  and  proportionately  powerful,  and  Willis, 
almost  as  strong,  led  the  thief  to  the  jail  entrance,  where  they  rapped. 
The  jailer  asked  what  was  the  matter  and  upon  receiving  a  repl}^  that 
the  men  had  a  horse  thief  whom  they  had  pursued  all  da\'  and  captured, 
he  said  that  he  would  be  down.  The  jailer  asked  Gardiner  and  \A'illis 
if  they  had  a  warrant  for  the  arrest  of  the  thief,  and  upon  learning  that 
the)'  did  not,  said  he  disliked  putting  Simmons  in  jail,  but  that  Sim- 
mons looked  like  a  thief  and  he  would  risk  it. 

The  three  men  entered  with  the  jailer,  and  Abbott  slipped  into  the 
lower  room  to  hear  what  followed  as  well  as  to  be  ready  to  render 
assistance.  The  jailer  unlocked  the  door  of  the  cell,  but  Simmons 
refused  to  enter,  sa_\ing:  "T  \von"t  go  in  there  among  nig.gers,"  a 
signal  previously  agreed  upon.  The  jailer  said  the  negroes  were  on 
the  floor  below  and  opened  the  door  where  Doy'  was  confined.  Gardiner 
inquired  where  the  negro  abductor  was  and  the  jailer  replied,  "Here 
he  is."  The  three  men  then  told  the  jailer  they  had  come  for  the  pur- 
pose of  taking  Doy  with  them.  The  jailer  realized  the  situation  but 
too  late  to  close  the  door,  being  covered  by  the  revolvers  of  Gardiner 
and  Willis.  He  told  the  rescuers  that  if  Doy  was  left  in  the  jail  he 
would  get  another  trial,  while  if  they'  carried  him  off  he  would  be  liable 
to  seizure  at  any  time.  The  decision  was  left  to  Doy,  who  said:  "I  will 
go  with  my  friends." 

Other  prisoners  attempted  to  avail  themselves  of  the  oppurtunit}-  to 
get  out,  but  were  driven  back  by  the  Kansas  men,  who  said  that  they 
had  not  come  to  release  thieves  and  murderers  but  to  free  an  innocent 
man.  The  rescuing  party  left  the  jail  just  as  the  theater  let  out.  They 
mingled  with  the  crowd  on  the  street,  in  order  to  avoid  attention  from 
the  police,  and  on  reaching  the  river  divided  into  two  parties  to  reach 
their  boats.  Doy's  party  was  even  followed  and  watched  by  two  police- 
men as  they  bailed  out  their  boat.  They  shoved  off  into  the  stream, 
soon  crossed  the  Missouri  to  the  Kansas  side,  where  friends  met  them 
with  teams  and  a  guide,  and  they  were  soon  on  their  wa}-  to  safety. 
The  next  night  was  spent  at  Grasshopper  Falls,  and  on  the  afternoon 
of  the  second  day  they  reached  home,  where  friends  had  already  learned 
of  the  success  of  the  expedition  in  the  St.  Joseph  newspapers,  but  the 
men  of  the  party  were  not  known.  They  had  been  followed  bv  a  posse 
from  St.  Joseph  and  one  of  the  scouts  overtook  them,  but  on  nearing 
Lawrence   the   Missourians  turned   back   and   the    eleven    men    reached 


544  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

their  destination  without  further  pursuit.  This  was  regarded  as  one 
of  the  bravest  and  most  daring  exploits  of  the  free-state  men  of  the 
territory. 

Draft  of  1864. — Although  Kansas  had  furnished  more  than  her  quota 
of  men  under  the  calls  for  volunteers  during  the  early  years  of  the  war, 
the  provost  marshal  general.  Brig. -Gen.  James  B.  Fr}',  on  Dec.  19,  1864, 
ordered  a  draft  on  the  state  for  more  troops.  While  the  draft  was  in 
progress,  Gov.  Crawford  was  inaugurated  in  Jan..  1865.  During  the 
session  of  the  legislature  he  acquainted  himself  with  actual  conditions, 
having  the  adjutant-general  of  the  state  prepare  a  complete  list  of  all 
enlistments,  reenlistments,  etc.,  and  on  March  2,  1865,  the  day  follow- 
ing the  adjournment  of  the  legislature,  the  governor  set  out  for  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  to  convince  the  national  authorities  that  the  draft  was 
unjust  and  not  warranted  by  the  actual  state  of  aftairs.  After  encoun- 
tering a  number  of  obstacles,  he  succeeded  in  obtaining  credit  for  3,039 
men  more  than  were  shown  on  the  state's  muster  rolls  at  Washington, 
thus  placing  the  state  2,000  men  in  excess  of  all  calls  and  demands. 

Prior  to'  that  action  on  the  part  of  the  governor,  a  number  of  men 
had  been  drafted  and  some  had  been  assigned  to  duty  in  the  field.  The 
secretary  of  war  refused  to  discharge  these  men,  oiifering  as  an  excuse 
for  his  refusal  the  fact  that  other  states  were  making  similar  claims. 
Gov.  Crawford  then  went  to  Gen.  Fry,  who  ordered  the  draft  suspended. 
The  adjutant-general's  report,  1861-65,  gives  three  lists  of  drafted  men. 
On  page  646.  vol.  I,  are  the  names  of  34  men  unassigned  to  companies; 
on  page  989,  same  volume,  are  the  names  of  35  men  assigned  to  new 
Company  C,  Tenth  Kansas  infantry ;  and  on  page  993  are  the  names  of 
50  men  assigned  to  new  Company  D  of  the  same  regiment.  The  Tenth 
Kansas  was  at  that  time  in  Gen.  Canby's  command  in  the  Red  river 
country. 

Upon  Gov.  Crawford's  return  to  Kansas,  he  learned  that  some  of  the 
drafted  men  were  still  held  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  and  on  April  11  tele- 
graphed to  Gen.  Fry  asking  their  release.  An  order  to  that  effect  was 
received  on  the  15th  and  those  conscripts  at  the  fort  were  discharged 
from  further  service.  In  June  the  governor  made  another  trip  to  Wash- 
ington and  obtained  an  order  for  the  discharge  of  the  men  under  Gen. 
Canby,  but  the  war  was  already  ended  and  they  were  mustered  out 
with  the  regiment. 

The  most  charitable  view  that  can  be  taken  of  tlie  draft  on  Kansas 
is  that  in  the  work  of  raising,  organizing  and  equipping  the  great  Fnion 
army  errors  occurred  in  the  records,  causing  a  misunderstaniling  as  to 
the  actual  number  of  men  furnished  by  the  state.  Hut  the  fact  remains 
that  the  draft  was  unmerited  and  calculated  to  ])lacc  the  state  in  a 
false  light.  The  men  of  Kansas  answered  every  call,  and  once  mustered 
into  service  they  disharged  their  duties  with  credit  to  themselves  and 
honor  to  the  state. 

Dred  Scott  Decision. — On  March  6,  1S57,  Chief  Justice  Roger  R. 
Taney,  of  tlic   United  States  supreme  court,  handed   down   an   opinion 


KANSAS    HISTORY  545 

which  perhaps  occasioned  more  comment  from  the  press  and  more 
excitement  among  the  people  than  any  other  decision  ever  rendered  by 
that  court.  The  events  leading  up  to  the  decision  had  their  beginning 
more  than  twenty  years  before.  Dr.  Emerson,  a  resident  of  Missouri, 
was  appointed  surgeon  at  the  military  post  at  Rock  Island,  111.,  in 
1834,  and  upon  assuming  his  duties  there  took  with  him  a  negro  slave 
named  Dred  Scott.  The  next  year  the  doctor  was  assigned  to  duty 
at  Fort  Snelling,  Minn.,  whither  Scott  accompanied  him.  Not  long 
after  his  arrival  at  Fort  Snelling,  Dr.  Emerson  bought  a  negro  girl 
named  Harriet,  who  subsequently  became  the  wife  of  Scott.  A  child 
was  born  to  the  couple  at  Fort  Snelling,  and  in  1838  Dr.  Emerson 
returned  to  Missouri,  taking  the  colored  family — father,  mother  and 
child — along  with  him.  A  few  years  later  Dr.  Emerson  died,  and  in 
1848  Scott,  who  in  the  meantime  had  been  sold  to  a  man  named  Sand- 
ford,  brought  suit  in  the  circuit  court  of  St.- Louis  county.  Mo.,  to  estab- 
lish his  freedom. 

In  filing  this  suit,  Scott's  contention  was  that  the  Ordinance  of  1787 
prohibited  slavery  in  Illinois;  that  the  Missouri  Compromise  express';-' 
prohibited  it  in  that  part  of  the  Louisiana  purchase  north  of  the  line  of 
36°  30',  and  that  his  residence  at  Rock  Island  and  Fort  Snelling  annuled 
all  rights  of  ownership  which  his  master  might  have  had  prior  to  the 
removal  into  free  territory.  The  circuit  court  decided  in  his  favor,  but 
an  appeal  was  taken  to  the  Missouri  supreme  court,  which  in  1852 
ruled  against  him,  on  the  ground  that  his  return  to  Missouri,  without 
resistance  or  objection  on  his  part,  restored  to  his  master  any  right 
of  ownership  which  might  have  been  forfeited  by  the  temporary  resi- 
dence in  territory  declared  free  by  the  acts  cited.  The  case  was  then 
taken  to  the  I'nited  States  circuit  court,  where  in  1854  the  state  supreme 
court  was  sustained,  though  it  was  admitted  that  Scott  was  a  citizen 
and  could  be  a  party  to  an  action  in  the  Federal  courts. 

x'Vs  soon  as  this  decision  was  rendered,  several  prominent  anti-slavery 
lawyers  offered  to  carry  the  case  through  the  United  States  supreme 
court,  without  charging  Scott  any  fees  for  their  services,  and  the  result 
was  the  decision  of  Mr.  Taney,  which  was  concurred  in  by  the  other 
members  of  the  supreme  bench  except  Justices  Curtis  and  McLean. 
The  first  question  to  be  decided  was  that  of  citizenship.  In  this  part 
of  his  opinion  the  chief  justice  said :  "It  is  difficult,  at  this  day,  to 
realize  the  state  of  public  opinion  in  relation  to  that  unfortunate  race 
which  prevailed  in  the  civilized  and  enlightened  portions  of  the  world 
at  the  time  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  when  the  constitu- 
tion was  framed  and  adopted.  But  the  public  history  of  every  European 
nation  displays  it  in  a  manner  too  plain  to  be  mistaken.  They  had  for 
more  than  a  century  before  been  regarded  as  beings  of  an  inferior  race, 
and  altogether  unfit  to  associate  with  the  white  races,  either  in  social 
or  political  relations ;  and  so  far  inferior  that  they  had  no  rights  which 
the  white  man  was  bound  to  respect,  and  that  the  negro  might  justly 
and  lawfully  be  reduced  to  slavery  for  his  benefit." 
(1-35)  ■ 


546  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Having  thus  elaborately  settled  the  question  of  citizenship  adversely 
to  Dred  Scott  and  all  his  race.  Judge  Taney  next  proceeded  to  efface 
the  Missouri  Compromise  as  follows:  "It  is  the  opinion  of  the  court, 
that  the  act  of  Congress  which  prohibited  a  citizen  from  holding  and 
owning  property  of  this  kind  in  the  territory  of  the  L'nited  States  north 
of  the  line  therein  mentioned,  is  not  warranted  by  the  constitution, 
and  is  therefore  .V(_)id."  And  by  referring  to  the  case  of  Strader  et  al. 
vs.  Graham,  where  a  slave  had  been  taken  from  Kentucky  to  Ohio  and 
returned,  he  disposed  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787  in  a  similar  way. 

The  immediate  eft'ect  was  that  the  slaveholders  of  the  South  found 
reasons  for  rejoicing  in  the  decision  of  the  court  in  thus  declaring 
unconstitutional  the  laws  prohibiting  slavery  within  certain  bounds ; 
that  slaves,  being  property,  were  entitled  to  protection  under  the  con- 
stitution; and  that  Congress  had  no  power  to  enact  laws  prohibiting 
the  slave  holder  from  taking  his  chattels  anywhere  he  pleased.  This 
part  of  the  opinion  was  regarded  by  many  of  the  leading  attorneys  of 
the  country  as  extra-judicial — a  sort  of  obiter  dictum — and  without 
direct  bearing  on  the  case  at  issue,  but  it  gave  encouragement  to  the 
slave  power  to  know  tliat  a  majority  of  the  members  of  the  supreme 
court  held  such  views. 

Then  came  the  reaction.  Goldwin  Smith  says:  "B}-  this  presenta- 
tion of  the  iniquity,  naked  and  in  its  most  repulsive  form,  Taney  did 
no  small  harm  to  the  party  which  he  intended  to  aid.  It  has  been 
said  that  slavery  plucked  its  ruin  on  its  own  head  by  its  aggressive 
violence.  It  could  not  help  showing  its  native  temper,  nor  could  it 
help  feeding  its  hunger  of  land,  insisting  on  the  restoration  of  its  run- 
aways, or  demanding  a  foreign  policy  such  as  would  fend  off  the 
a])proach  of  emancipation.  lUit  'fancy's  judgment  was  a  gratuitous 
aggression  and  an  insult  to  humanity  at  the  same  time,  for  which,  sup- 
posing the  Southern  leaders  inspired  it,  they  paid  dear.  If  the  slave 
was  mere  property,  his  owner  might  be  entitled  to  take  him  anywhere, 
and  thus  slavery  might  be  made  national.  The  boast  of  a  daring  partisan 
of  slavery  might  be  fulfilled,  that  the  day  would  come  when  men  might 
be  bought  and  sold  in  Boston  as  freely  as  any  other  goods.  The  issue, 
which  all  politicians  had  striven  to  keep  <nit  of  sight,  was  presented  in 
its  most  startling  and  shocking  form." 

For  a  moment  the  abolitionists  of  the  North  were  paralyzed.  Then 
they  seized  with  avidity  upon  the  expression,  "The  negro  has  no  rights 
which  the  white  man  is  bound  to  respect,"  and  made  it  their  slogan. 
Although  this  expression  had  been  used  by  Mr.  Tamy  in  the  nature 
of  a  quotation,  merely  to  show  the  social  status  of  the  black  race  dur- 
ing the  century  ]ireccding  tlic  founding  of  the  .\nierican  rc])ublic,  it 
was  part  of  the  decision  of  the  court,  and  there  is  little  room  for  doubt 
that  the  use  of  this  "war  cry"  had  much  to  do  with  crystallizing  the 
anti-slavery  sentiment  in  the  Northern  slates. 

In  Kansas,  as  elsewhere,  the  first  effect  of  the  opinion  w.is  to  cause 
elation  among  the  friends  of  slavery.     When,  on  Aug.   15,   1857,  Prof. 


KANSAS    JIXSTORY  54/ 

Benjamin  Sillinian  and  forty-two  citizens  of  C'onnccticut  sent  a  memorial 
lo  President  lUichanan,  calling  jiis  attention  to  the  fact  that  (lov. 
Walker  was  em])loyi"g'  the  army  in  Kansas  to  force  the  people  tn  nhe)- 
laws  they  did  not  make,  the  president  sought  shelter  l)ehin<l  the  Dred 
Scott  decision,  declaring  that  "Slavery  existed  at  that  period  (when 
the  Black  Laws  were  passed  by  the  territorial  legislature)  and  still 
exists  in  Kansas  under  the  constitution  of  the  L'nited  States.  This 
point  has  at  last  been  finally  settled  by  the  highest  tribunal  known  to 
our  laws.  Flow  it  could  ever  have  been  doubted  is  a  mystery."  .Wain, 
m  his  message  of  Feb.  2,  1858  (see  Slavery),  he-  reiterated  ana  em- 
phasized the  fact — as  he  viewed  it — that  Kansas  was  slave  territory 
tmder  the  constitution.  With  the  reaction  came  a  tide  of  free-state 
emigration,  and  there  is  no  question  that  the  Dred  Scott  case  played 
a  part  in  making  Kansas  a  free  state,  as  it  also  did  in  precipitating  the 
Civil  -war. 

Dresden,  a  prosperous  little  town  of  Decatur  cnuiity,  is  situated  in 
the  township  of  the  same  name,  about  16  miles  south  of  Oberlin,  the 
county  seat.  It  is  a  station  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R. 
R.,  has  2  banks,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes,  tel- 
graph,  express  and  telephone  service,  grain  elevators,  a  creamery,  some 
well  stocked  general  stores,  hardware  and  implement  houses,  a  hotel, 
churches  of  the  leading  denominations,  and  good  public  schools.  The 
pn|)ulation   in   1910  was  325. 

Droughts. — As  early  as  1837,  in  a  report  from  the  Shawnee  Mission, 
Mr.  Johnson  stated  that  the  crops  were  short  from  drought,  but  he 
hoped  they  would  have  a  sufficiency.  Samuel  J.  Stewart,  in  writing 
of  the  early  days  of  Kansas  in  1856,  says :  "There  was  an  overflow 
of  the  Neosho  in  May ;  then  the  rains  ceased  to  fall  and  by  the  4th 
of  July  all  the  little  branches  we  had  believed  'flowed  on  forever'  were 
entirely  dry.  By  August  all  the  springs  were  no  more,  and  we  suf- 
fered from  lack  of  water.  Sickness  came  and  a  few  died ;  others  turned 
their  faces  to  the  east." 

So  severe  was  the  suffering  of  the  pioneers  that  the  eastern  states 
raised  funds  for  relief.  The  Massachusetts  legislature  appropriated 
$20,000  for  the  relief  of  Massachusetts  men  in  Kansas  and  large  sums 
were  raised  in  other  eastern  states  by  relief  societies.  The  year  1857 
was  also  very  dry,  the  driest  in  some  sections  of  the  territory  ever 
known  up  to  that  date.  The  rivers  were  unusually  low  and  it  was 
possible  to  ford  the  Kansas  at  almost  any  point,  while  several  of  the 
main  tributaries  became  mere  rivulets.  On  Aug.  26,  1857,  Mons.  Bor- 
deau  arrived  at  Kansas  City  w^ith  the  first  news  of  gold  in  the  Pike's 
Peak  region,  and  advised  the  gold  seekers  to  take  the  Arkansas  river 
route,  as  the  "Kansas  is  destitute  of  timber  and  water." 

It  was  the  summer  of  i860,  however,  which  gave  Kansas  its  reputa- 
tion for  droughts.  During  the  fall  and  winter  of  1859-60  but  little  rain 
fell.  The  spring  of  i860  continued  dry  though  there  were  a  few'showers 
that  put  the  ground  in  condition  for  cultivation.     The  account  of  Hart- 


548  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

man  Lichtenhan,  one  of  the  early  settlers,  as  given  in  the  Kansas  His- 
torical Collections,  says :  "During  the  year  i860  not  a  drop  of  rain  fell 
from  the  15th  of  May  until  the  following  January.  Nothing  was  raised, 
and  in  consequence  provisions  were  very  high.  I  freighted  all  sum- 
mer from  Leavenworth  and  Kansas  City  to  the  towns  in  the  western 
part  of  the  territory." 

Horace  Greeley,  in  the  New  York  Independent  of  Feb.  7.  1861, 
said :  "Drought  is  not  unknown  to  us  :  but  a  drought  so  persistent  and 
so  severe  as  that  which  devastated  Kansas  in  i860  is  a  stranger  to  the 
states  this  side  of  the  Mississippi.  No  rain,  or  none  of  any  consequence, 
over  an  area  of  40,000  square  mil.es  from  seed  time  to  harvest.  Such 
has  been  the  woeful  experience  of  seven-eighths  of  Kansas  during 
i860." 

The  settlers  were  poor,  without  money  to  buy  provisions  at  the  pre- 
vailing prices,  consequenth'  they  grew  disheartened  and  nearly  one- 
fourth  of  the  population  left  the  territory  for  new  lands  or  returned  to 
their  old  homes  in  the  east.  On  Oct.  29,  i860,  Thaddeus  Hyatt  wrote 
to  the  war  and  interior  departments :  "Thousands  of  once  thrifty  and 
prosperous  American  citizens  are  now  perishing  for  want.  Winter  is 
upon  them ;  of  clothing  they  are  nearly  bereft ;  food  they  have  not  to 
last  them  through  the  cold  season  that  is  approaching.  Some  have 
already  died ;  others  are  daily  dying." 

Meetings  were  held  in  the  principal  towns  of  nearly  every  county 
to  learn  the  extent  of  crop  failure  and  devise  means  for  assistance. 
Dr.  Samuel  Ayers,  who  traveled  through  portions  of  Linn  and  Lykins 
counties,  said:  "There  will  be  almost  universal  destitution,  and  unless 
aided  the  people  can  not  live."  Aid  societies  were  formed  in  the  east 
and  the  abolition  societies  of  New  Eiigland  sent  Samuel  C.  Pomeroy 
to  Kansas  as  distributing  agent.  Money  and  clothing  were  collected 
in  all  the  eastern  states  and  sent  to  Atchison,  the  distributing  point. 
In  addition  to  the  actual  necessaries  of  life,  the  committee  also  fur- 
nished seed  wheat  for  the  farmers,  most  of  it  being  contributed  by  the 
farmers  of  New  York,  Wisconsin  and  Missouri.  Forty-one  counties 
received  aid  through  the  relief  society  and  in  a  few  cases  special  trains 
were  used  to  transport  supplies  to  the  counties  which  suffered  most. 

Mrs.  Emily  Harrison,  of  Ellsworth,  in  her  reminiscences  of  early  days 
in  Ottawa  county,  published  in  Vol.  IX,  Kansas  Historical  Collec- 
tions, says  that  in  1867  there  was  a  flood  in  June;  "The  drought  fol- 
lowed, and  after  the  drought  came  the  grasshoppers  of  1867.  They 
covered  the  earth  and  stripped  the  prairies.     Food  was  costly." 

The  summer  of  1870  was  dry  with  a  partial  failure  of  crops.  Forty- 
two  days  passed  without  rain.  The  legislatures  of  iSfiQ,  1871  and  1872 
each  made  appropriations  for  the  relief  of  drought  suflcrers.  (See 
Harvey's  Administration.)  In  1874  came  the  long  dry  spell  wliich  gave 
the  state  the  name  of  "Droughty  Kansas."  Only  eighteen  inches  of 
rain  fell  in  eighteen  months.  Rev.  W.  Bristow,  pastor  of  a  church  at 
Eureka.   Kan.,   tliat  year,  says:     "The    1.4th   dny   of  June  .1   hc.ivy   rain 


KANSAS    HISTORY  549 

fell ;  all  through  the  months  of  July  and  August  occasionally  heavy 
black  clouds  would  loom  up  in  the  west,  but  no  rain  would  come ;  the 
wheat  crop  was  cut  short;  the  chinch  bugs  went  from  the  wheat  fields 
into  the  corn  fields;  then  came  the  hot  winds  like  a  blast  furnace  until 
it  seemed  that  nothin_g  green  could  survive.  And  to  add  to  our  troubles, 
late  in  the  summer  the  grasshoppers  came  and  completed  the  destruc- 
tion of  everything  green." 

Similar  conditions  prevailed  in  central  and  western  Missouri,  Ne- 
braska and  Colorado.  Famine  stared  people  in  the  face,  and  the  situa- 
tion became  so  alarming  that  the  governors  of  the  four  suffering  states 
met  at  Omaha  to  consult  with  regard  to  means  of  alleviating  the  distress. 

Some  parts  of  the  state  suffered  so  from  crop  failure  in  1881  that 
the  legislature  appropriated  $25,000  for  general  relief.  The  state  then 
had  a  respite  from  droughts  until  1891,  when  the  legislature  found  it 
necessary  to  appropriate  $60,000  for  general  relief  and  to  provide  seed, 
the  state  railroad  commission  being  made  the  disbursing  agent.  To 
benefit  by  this  appropriation  the  counties  issued  warrants  payable  to 
the  state  on  or  before  Feb.  i,  1892,  and  the  county  took  each  applicant's 
obligation  for  the  cost  of  grain  furnished  him,  payable  before  Jan.  i, 
1892,  with  interest  at  six  per  cent.  Only  four  years  elapsed  before  the 
state  again  suffered  from  a  lack  of  rainfall,  and  the  legislature  of  1895 
appropriated  $100,000  "or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,"  for 
the  purchase  and  distribution  of  seed  grain  by  the  board  of  railroad 
commissioners  in  certain  counties  of  the  Fourth,  Sixth  and  Seventh 
Congressional  districts.  No  one  was  to  receive  grain  unless  a  resident 
of  the  state  for  a  year  or  more. 

In  1891  occurred  the  last  drought  of  which  there  is  a  record.  Old 
settlers  claimed  that  the  summer  was  the  driest  since  i860.  The  mean 
temperature  for  the  summer  was  103°,  that  of  1874,  94.7°,  while  for 
i860  it  was  103.9°.  On  July  15,  1901,  it  was  estimated  that  $2,000,000 
a  day  would  hardly  cover  the  losses  of  the  farmers  in  grain  and  stock. 
George  M.  Walden,  president  of  the  Kansas  City  stock-yards  company, 
said:  "Ten  more  days  without  rain  in  this  section  will  mean  ruin  to 
the  corn  and  hay  crops  and  absolutely  no  feed  for  next  winter."  In 
nearly  every  case  of  drought  the  succeeding  year  has  brought  bountiful 
crops,  and  the  farmers  of  the  state  have  been  able  to  recoup  themselves 
for  their  losses. 

Drury,  a  village  of  Falls  township.  Sumner  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Kansas  Southwestern  R.  R.  about  20  miles  south  of  Wellington,  the 
county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  a  f^our  mill,  a  good  local 
trade,  and  is  a  shipping  point  of  some  importance.  The  population  in 
1910  was  28. 

Drywood,  a  little  village  of  Crawford  county,  is  located  in  Lincoln 
township,  about  12  miles  northeast  of  Girard,  the  county  seat.  It  is 
a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  has  a  money  order  pbstoffice, 
express  and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  connections,  a  good  local  trade, 
and  in   1910  reported  a  population  of  40. 


I 


550  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Dubuque,  a  little  village  of  Center  township,  Russell  county,  is  located 
near  the  head  of  Beaver  creek,  about  20  miles  southeast  of  Russell,  the 
count}-  seat.  It  was  formerly  a  postoffice,  but  after  the  introduction 
of  the  rural  delivery  system  the  office  was  discontinued,  the  people 
now  receiving  mail  through  the  office  at  Dorrance.  which  is  tlic  miist 
convenient  railroad  station.     The  population  in  1910  was  26. 

Dull  Knife  Raid. —  (See  Cheyenne  Raid,   1878. 1 

Dun,  a  small  hamlet  of  Wilson  count}-,  is  a  station  on  the  St.  Louis 
&  San  Francisco  R.  R.  8  miles  southeast  of  Fredonia,  the  county  seat, 
and  4  miles  from  Neodesha,  from  \^•hich  place  it  receives  dailx-  mail. 
The  railroad  name  is  Lazarus  station. 

Dunavant,  a  hamlet  of  JefTerson  county,  is  located  on  a  branch  (if  the 
Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  7  miles  southeast  of  Valley  Falls  and  5  miles 
north  of  Oskaloosa,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice, 
telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  some  local  trade.  The  pnpnlation  in 
1910  was  85. 

Dunbar,  John,  clergyman,  missionar}'  to  the  Pawnee  Indians,  and 
first  treasurer  of  Brown  county,  Kan.,  was  born  at  Palmer,  Mass., 
March  3,  1804.  In  1832  he  was  graduated  at  Williams  College,  and 
later  he  was  graduated  at  the  .\uburn  Theological  Seminary.  While 
a  student  at  the  latter  institution  he  received  an  appointment  as  mis-- 
sionary  to  the  western  Indians;  was  ordained  at  Ithaca,  N.  ^'.,  May 
I,  1834,  and  on  the  5th  left  there  for  the  scene  of  his  labors,  with  instruc- 
tions to  cross  the  Rocky  mountains  to  the  Nez  Perces.  Upon  .-irriving 
at  St.  Louis  on  the  23d,  he  learned  that  the  party  of  traders  with 
whom  he  was  to  travel  had  already  left  for  the  ^\'est,  and  this  changed 
his  entire  plan.  At  St.  Louis  he  was  informed  that  the  Pawnee  tribe 
needed  missionaries,  and  he  decided  to  go  there.  .\s  soon  as  possible 
he  reported  at  the  mission  and  agency  at  Bellevuc,  g  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Platte  river,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Missouri,  and  began 
his  wr)rk  as  missionar\ .  In  Sc])t..  1836.  he  returned  to  Massachusetts, 
and  while  there  superintended  the  printing  of  a  book  of  74  pages  in  the 
Pawnee  language.  On  Jan.  12.  1837.  he  married  Miss  F.slher  I^niith, 
and  the  following  s])ring  returned  to  ricllcvue.  where  he  and  hi--  wife 
began  housekeeping  in  an  old  trading  house.  Later  he  went  tn  IJnlt 
county,  Mo.,  but  preferring  a  residence  in  a  free  state,  and  confident 
that  Kansas  was  tn  be  admitted  as  such,  he  removed  to  r.rown  county, 
Kan.,  in  i85(').  and  located  on  the  Wolf  ri\er.  abmit  j  miles  west  of  the 
town  of  Robinson.  C)n  March  i(>.  1857,  he  was  a])pointed  treasurer  to 
the  board  of  counl\  connnissioners,  bi'inii'  the  lirsl  man  e\er  to  hold 
that  office  in  the  count}'.  Neither  Mr.  |)niil);ir  nor  his  wife  li\cd  long 
after  their  removal  to  Kansas.  Slie  <Hcd  on  \ii\.  |.  1850.  ,ind  his  de;Uii 
occurred  on  Nov.  3.   1857. 

Dunbar,  John  B.,  son  of  the  above,  w.is  liorn  at  jjellevue.  in  what  is 
now  the  Stale  of  Nebraska.  .\i)ril  3,  1841.  lie  received  his  early  instruc- 
tion from  his  father,  after  which  he  S])ent  one  year  .-it  the  Hopkins 
Acadcni}-.   TIadlew    Mass.,  and   gr.-idn.-itccl   rit     \mlu-rsl    College   in    1804, 


KANSAS    IIISTORV  551 

after  he  had  served  as  private,  serg'eant  and  lieutenant  in  a  light  artillery 
company  for  three  and  a  half  years.  From  i86g  to  1878  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  Latin  and  Greek  languages  in  Washburn  Ccjllege  at  Topeka, 
and  in  1872-73  he  assisted  Father  Gaillard  of  St.  Mary's  mission  in  the 
preparation  of  a  Pottawatomie  grammar  and  dictionary.  Later  he  com- 
piled a  brief  grammar  and  partial  vocabulary  of  the  Pawnee  language, 
but  it  was  never  published.  On  Aug.  22,  1876,  he  married  Miss  Alida 
S.  Cook,  whose  parents  were  at  that  time  connected  with  Washburn 
College.  After  leaving  Topeka  Prof.  Dunbar  was  connected  with  the 
public  schools  at  Deposit  and  Brooklyn.  N.  Y.,  and  Bloomfield.  N.  J., 
where  he  still  resides.  In  early  life  he  became  interested  in  the  French 
and  Spanish  exploration's  in  the  southwest,  and  his  library  is  rich  in 
books  and  manuscripts  relating  to  this  subject.  In  Jan..  1885,  he  was 
elected  a  corresponding  member  of  the  Kansas  Historical  Society,  and 
among  his  contributions  to  that  society  may  be  mentioned  a  transla- 
tion of  a  French  manuscript  bearing  on  the  Bourgmont  expedition"; 
an  account  of  the  Villazur  expedition  of  1720;  and  a  bibliography  of 
early  French  and  Spanish  authorities  on  the  Southwest.  He  has  con- 
tributed to  the  Magazine  of  American  History  and  other  publications, 
and  has  aided  such  writers  as  Shea  and  Brinton,  but  the  greater  part  of 
his  work  is  still  in  manuscript  form. 

Duncan,  a  small  hamlet  of  Miami  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri 
Pacific  R.  R.  12  miles  southwest  of  Paola,  the  county  seat.  The  inhab- 
itants receive  mail  by  rural  delivery  through  the  postoffice  at  Lane. 

Duncan,  Norman,  author  and  educator,  was  born  at  Brantford, 
Ontario.  Canada,  July  2.  1871,  a  son  of  Augustus  and  Susan  (Hawley) 
Duncan.  He  was  educated  in  the  L^niversity  of  Toronto,  where  he  was 
graduated  in  1895.  From  1897  to  1901  he  was  on  the  staff  of  the  New 
York  Evening  Post,  and  in  1902  was  appointed  professor  of  rhetoric 
in  Washington  and  Jefiferson  College,  Washington,  Pa.,  which  position 
he  held  until  1906,  when  he  became  adjunct  professor  of  English  litera- 
ture in  the  LTniversit}-  of  Kansas.  In  1907-08  he  was  correspondent  of 
Harper's  Magazine  in  S}a-ia,  Palestine,  Arabia  and  Egypt,  and  prior 
to  that  time  had  made  several  trips  to  Labrador  and  Newfoundland. 
Prof.  Duncan  is  a  contributor  to  several  of  the  leading  magazines.  His 
best  known  published  works  are  "The  Soul  of  the  Street,"  ''The  Way 
of  the  Sea,"  "Every  Man  for  Himself,"  "Going  Down  from  Jerusalem." 
"Dr.  Greenfell's  Parish,"  and  "The  Adventures  of  Billy  Topsail." 

Duncan,  Robert  K.,  professor  of  industrial  chemistry  in  the  L^niversity 
of  Kansas  and  brother  of  the  above,  was  born  at  Brantford,  Ontario, 
Nov.  I,  1868.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of  Toronto  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  class  of  1892,  taking  first  honors  in  physics  and  chemistry. 
During  the  years  1892-93  he  was  a  fellow  in  chemistry  in  Clark  L^ni- 
versity,  and  was  then  instructor  in  physics  and  chemistry  in  the  Au- 
burn (N.  Y.)  academy  and  high  school  until  1895.  He  then  became 
an  instructor  in  Sach's  Collegiate  Institute  at  New  York,  and  in  1897-98 
was   a  graduate  student   in   chemistrv  at   Columbia   Universitv.     From 


552  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

1898  to  1901  he  was  professor  of  chemistry  in  Washington  and  Jefl'er- 
son  College,  and  in  1906  came  to  his  present  position  in  the  University 
of  Kansas.  On  Dec.  27,  1899,  he  married  Miss  Charlotte  M.  Foster. 
Prof.  Duncan  is  the  discoverer  of  a  new  process  of  manufacturing 
phosphorus,  of  melting  glass  at  a  low  temperature,  and  of  decorating 
glass.  In  1901  he  was  sent  abroad  by  the  publishers  of  McClure's 
Magazine  to  study  radio  activity ;  in  1903  he  again  visited  Europe  in 
the  interests  of  the  publishing  house  of  A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.,  and  in  1905 
he  again  crossed  the  Atlantic  as  a  representative  of  Harper's  Magazine. 
In  1910  he  was  appointed  professor  of  industrial  research  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pittsburgh,  and  holds  this  position  in  connection  with  a 
similar  one  in  the  University  of  Kansas.  He  is''a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
can Chemical  Society,  the  Kansas  Academy  of  Science,  and  other  similar 
organizations ;  is  a  contributor  to  scientific  journals  and  magazines  ; 
editor  of  the  New  Science  series,  and  author  of  "The  New  Knowledge 
and  the  Chemistry  of  Commerce." 

Dundee,  a  village  of  Barton  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  8  miles  southwest  of  Great  Bend,  the  county 
seat,  from  which  place  mail  is  received  by  rural  delivery.  It  has  a  local 
trade,  does  some  shipping,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  68. 

Dunkers. — This  religious  sect,  also  known  as  German  Baptists,  arose 
early  in  the  eighteenth  century  in  Germany,  as  a  result  of  the  great 
religious  awakening.  The  original  aim  was  not  to  protest  against 
Catholicism,  but  rather  against  the  barrenness  of  Protestantism  itself. 
They  had  no  intention  of  organizing  a  new  sect  and  caused  no  great 
religious  upheaval,  but  their  work  resulted  in  a  healthy  wave  of  spiritual 
action  in  the  churches  already  established.  The  believers  in  the  new 
movement  organized  under  Alexander  Mack  in  Westphalia  in  1708, 
but  he  was  not  recognized  as  the  founder  of  the  church. .  Eight  of 
the  Pietists,  as  they  were  called,  were  baptised  by  Mack  and  were 
among  the  first  to  receive  the  trine  immersion  in  the  history  of  the 
Protestant  church.  This  pioneer  congregation  became  the  basis  of  the 
Taufer,  Tunkers  or  Dunkers,  or  German  Brethren  as  a  separate  church. 

The  church  in  Westphalia  grew,  other  congregations  were  organ- 
ized in  the  Palatinate,  but  persecutions  drove  them  across  the  ocean 
to  America,  and  from  1719  to  1729  a  number  of  Dunkers  settled  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  United  States.  One  colony  located  near  German- 
town,  Pa.,  where  the  first  church  in  this  country  was  established  in 
1723.  From  there  they  extended  westward  over  the  old  Rraddock  road, 
and  after  the  Revolution  to  western  Pennsylvania,  and  from  the  Caro- 
linas  to  Kentucky.  They  w,ere  among  the  first  to  enter  the  valleys  of 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi,  since  which  time  they  have  become  estab- 
lished in  nearly  every  state  in  the  Union,  being  most  numerous  in 
Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia,  Ohio.  Indiana.  Illinois,  Tmva,  Mis- 
souri, Nebraska,  Kansas  and  South  Dakota. 

The  Dunkers  of  colonial  time  were  for  the  most  part  German  or 
Dutch.     They   derived   the   common    name    from   the   mode   of   baptism 


KANSAS    HISTORY  553 

by  immersion,  rejecting  infant  baptism  and  laying  great  stress  upon 
simple  clothes  and  language.  As  early  as  1872  they  prohibited  slavery 
and  preached  against  the  system.  They  refuse  to  take  oaths  and 
carry  arms,  anoint  the  sick,  and  reject  the  use  of  medicine.  Every 
male  member  is  allowed  to  speak  in  the  congregation  and  the  best 
speaker  is  usually  appointed  to  the  position  of  minister,  being  ordained 
by  the  laying  on  of  hands. 

In  polity  the  church  corresponds  more  nearly  to  the  Presbyterian 
than  to  any  other  special  ecclesiastical  form.  The  local  congregation 
is  governed  by  a  council  of  all  the  members,  which  is  presided  over  by 
the  ruling  elder  or  bishop  and  attends  to  all  local  afifairs.  The  individual 
congregations  elect  delegates,  lay  and  clerical,  to  a  state  district  meet- 
ing and  above  this  state  or  district  meeting  is  an  annual  meeting  of 
all  the  brotherhood.  In  the  general  sessions  of  the  annual  meeting 
there  is  free  discussion  and  the  delegates  vote  upon  the  final  disposal 
of  a  matter.  The  decisions  are  binding  upon  the  local  congregations. 
Baptism  is  by  forward  trine  immersion.  Reception  into  the  church  is 
by  the  holy  kiss  or  right  hand  of  fellowship,  according  to  the  sex  of 
the  person  received.  The  ceremony  of  foot-washing  is  observed  and  is 
followed  by  a  love  feast.  Immediately  after  this  the  communion  is  cele- 
brated. In  1881  the  church  became  divided  and  now  consists  of  the 
following  bodies :  The  German  Baptist  Brethren  church  (Conservative), 
Old  Order  German  Baptist  Brethren,  the  Brethren  Church  (Progressive 
Dunkers),  and  according  to  the  "census  the  Seven  Day  Baptists  are 
included,  although  they  organized  as  a  separate  church  in  Pennsylvania 
in  1728. 

The  Dunkers  came  to  Kansas  with  the  tide  of  immigration  that 
flowed  into  the  state  during  the  pioneer  days  of  settlement.  In  1890 
there  were  91  organizations  in  Kansas  with  a  membership  of  4,067. 
During  the  next  fifteen  years  the  number  of  organizations  fell  to  81, 
but  the  total  membership  increased  to  4,821. 

Dunlap,  an  incorporated  city  of  the  third  class  in  Vallej-  township, 
Morris  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  R.  R.  9 
miles  southeast  of  Council  Grove,  the  county  seat.  The  town  was 
founded  by  and  named  for  Joseph  Dunlap,  the  first  white  settler  in 
Valley  township,  who  located  there  in  1870.  At  the  time  of  the  "Negro 
Exodus"  (q.  V.)  a  number  of  colored  people  settled  in  and  around 
Dunlap.  The  population  in  1910  was  333.  Dunlap  has  a  bank,  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes,  telegraph,  express  and  telephone 
service,  several  general  stores,  drug  and  hardware  houses.  Baptist, 
Congregational  and  Methodist  churches,  a  hotel,  etc.  Its  location  on 
the  Neosho  river,  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  agricultural  section,  makes  it 
an  important  shipping  point  for  portions  of  Morris,  Chase  and  Lvon 
counties. 

Duquoin,  a  village  of  Harper  county,  is  located  in  Grant  township 
18  miles  northwest  of  Anthony,  the  county  seat.  It  is  a  station  on  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  has  telegraph  and  express  offices,. 


554  '  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

a  money  order  postoffiee  with  one  rural  route,  general  stores,  two  grain 
elevators  and  a  flour  mill.    The  population  in  1910  was  75. 

Durachen,  an  inland  village  of  Chelsea  township,  Butler  county,  is 
situated  about  15  miles  northeast  of  Eldorado,  the  county  seat,  from 
which  place  mail  is  received  by  rural  delivery.  De  Graff,  on  the  Atch- 
ison. Topeka  &  Santa  Fe,  is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  The  popula- 
tion in  1910  was  58. 

Durham,  an  incorporated  city  of  Marion  county,  is  located  in  Durham 
Park  township,  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  and  the 
Cottonwood  river,  15  miles  northwest  of  Marion,  the  county  seat.  It 
is  in  the  midst  of  some  of  the  richest  cattle  lands  in  the  state.  The 
farmers  in  the  vicinity  are  mostly  German  and  make  a  specialty  of 
thoroughbred  stock.  All  the  main  lines  of  business  are  represented, 
including  a  bank,  lumber  yard,  hotel  and  elevator.  Grain  and  live  stock 
are  shipped  in  considerable  quantities.  The  town  is  supplied  with 
express  and  telegraph  offices  and  has  a  money  order  postoffiee  with  one 
rural  route.  It  was  incorporated  in  1906.  The  population,  according 
to  the  census  of  igio.  was  268. 

Dutisne's  Expedition. — On  Sept.  14,  1712,  Anloine  Crozat  was  granted 
a  monopoly  of  the  Louisiana  trade  for  a  period  of  15  j^ears.  .\bout 
two  years  later  there  arrived  at  Mobile,  then  the  headquarters  of  the 
colony,  a  j-oung  Canadian  named  Claude  Charles  Dutisne  (the  name  is 
sometimes  written  Du  Tissenet)  to  enter  Crozat's  employ.  From  the 
mines  at  Kaskaskia  he  brought  specimens  of  lead  ore,  which  he  pre- 
sented to  Gov.  Cadillac,  and  then  took  charge  of  a  grant  of  lantl  until 
Crozat  was  succeeded  by  the  Western  Company  in  1717.  I'luhr  the 
new  regime  llienville  superseded  Cadillac  as  governor,  M.  dc  liois- 
briant  was  appointed  governor  of  Illinois  and  left  for  his  post  in  Oct., 
1818,  and  Dutisne  was  ordered  to  join  him  at  Kaskaskia  before  the 
close  of  the  year. 

In  1719,  by  order  of  Bienville,  Dutisne  led  an  expedition  to  the  In- 
dians west  of  the  Mississi])|)i.  Hale,  in  his  "Kanzas  and  .Vcbraska," 
published  in  1854,  says:  "He  found  the  Osages  ai  Iho  spot  which  they 
still  occupy.  If  his  measurements  were  exact,  his  first  rawneo  or 
Panioukee  village  was  near  the  nionih  nf  the  Republican  I'drk-.  I''il'tcrn 
days  westward  travel  must  liavc  been  up  the  valley  of  one  of  the  forks 
of  the  Kansas  river;  but  the  name  of  the  Padoucah  Indians  is  now 
lost.  From  the  lime  he  reached  the  Osage  villages,  Dutisne  was  explor- 
ing the  territory  of  Kansas.  .  .  .  Dutisne,  therefore,  may  be 
regarded  as  the  discoverer  of  Kansas  to  the  civilized  world." 

Cutler's  History  of  Kansas  says  th;it   Dutisne  probably  crossed   Kan 
sas   "from  about   the  locality   of    I, inn   county,   northwest    to   thr    forks 
of  the  Kansas  and  thence  west  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Smoky  I  lill." 

Maloy,  a  writer  in  the  ,\gora  Magazine  (vol.  II,  ]>.  16)  says  that 
Dutisne  in  1719  "passed  through  Morris  and  Geary  counties,  and  dis- 
covered indubitable  evidence  of  Coronado's  tr;iil  .ind  r.inip  ncn  I'ort 
Rilev." 


KANSAS    lIISTdin'  555 

Other  writers  have  made  similar  statements,  with  the  resiiU  that  the 
opinion  has  naturally  become  prevalent  that  J)iitisne  was  in  Kansas. 
But  the  report  of  his  expedition  will  hardly  justify  that  belief.  On 
Nov.  22,  1719,  Dutisne  wrote  a  letter  to  I'.ienville,  in  which  he  gave  the 
following  account  of  his  expedition:  "When  T  went  among  the  Osages 
I  was  well  received  by  them.  Having  explained  my  intentions  to  them, 
they  answered  me  well  in  everything  that  regarded  themselves,  but 
when  I  spoke  of  going  among  the  Panis  ffawnees),  they  all  opposed 
it,  and  would  not  assent  to  the  reasons  which  I  gave  for  going.  Mav- 
ing  learned  that  they  did  not  intend  for  me  to  carry  away  the  goods 
which  I  had  brought,  I  proposed  to  them  to  let  me  take  three  guns, 
for  myself  and  my  interpreter,  telling  them  decidedly  that  if  they  did 
not  consent  I  would  be  very  angry  and  you  would  be  indignant ;  upon 
which  they  consented.  Knowing  the  character  of  these  savages,  T  did 
not  delay,  but  set  out  on  the  road.  In  four  days  I  was  among  the 
Panis,  where  I  was  very  badly  received,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
Osages  had  made  them  believe  that  our  intentions  were  to  entrap 
them  and  make  them  slaves.  .  .  .  but  when  they  learned  the  false- 
hood of  the  Osages  they  consented  to  make  an  alliance  and  treated  me 
very  well." 

Then,  after  explaining  how  he  traded  the  three  guns,  etc.,  for  three 
horses  and  a  mule,  "marked  with  a  Spanish  brand,"  he  continues:  "I 
proposed  to  them  to  let  me  pass  through  to  the  Padoucahs.  To  this 
they  were  much  opposed,  as  they  are  deadly  enemies.  Seeing  they 
would  not  consent,  I  questioned  them  in  regard  to  the  Spaniards. 
It  seems  to  me  we  could  succeed  in  making  peace  between 
this  tribe  and  the  Padoucahs,  and  by  this  means  open  a  route  to  the 
Spaniards.  It  could  be  done  by  giving  back  to  them  their  slaves  and 
making  them  some  presents.  I  told  them  it  was  your  desire  they  should 
be  friends.  We  could  yet  attempt  the  passage  by  the  Missouri,  going 
to  the  Panismahas  to  carry  them  some  presents.  I  have  offered  M. 
de  Boisbriant  to  go  there  myself,  and  if  this  is  your  wish  I  am  ready 
to  execute  it  so  as  to  merit  the  honor  of  your  protection.  .  .  .  The 
way  to  go  there  from  the  Osages  is  south,  one-quarter  west." 

In  Margry's  works  (vol.  VI,  pp.  309-12)  is  an  extract  from  one  of 
La  Harpe's  relations,  apparently  taken  from  Dutisne's  report.  This 
relation  says  the  Pani  villages  were  40  leagues  southwest  from  the 
Osages.  The  latter  Dutisne  described  as  being  80  leagues  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Osage  river,  near  the  present  town  of  Osceola,  in  St. 
Clair  county,  Mo.  Forty  leagues  southwest  from  that  point  would 
bring  the  site  of  the  Pani  villages  near  the  southeast  corner  of  Kan- 
sas, possibl}'  inside  the  present  boundary  of  the  state.  There  is  nothing 
in  Dutisne's  report,  or  any  account  of  the  expedition,  to  show  that  he 
made  the  fifteen  days'  journey  up  the  Smoky  Hill  river  mentioned  by 
Hale,  though  Dutisne  did  say  that,  according  to  the  report  of  the 
Panis,  "it  is  fifteen  days'  journc}-  to  the  great  village  of  the  Padou- 
•cahs."     It  is   therefore   extremely    problematical   whether   Dutisne   was 


556  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

ever  in  what  is  now  the  State  of  Kansas,  though  from  the  distances 
and  directions  mentioned  in  his  report  he  may  have  touched  the  south- 
east corner  of  the  state. 

Dwight,  an  incorporated  city  of  the  third  class  in  Ohio  township, 
Morris  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R. 
R.  some  15  miles  north  of  Council  Grove,  the  county  seat.  It  was 
settled  about  the  time  the  railroad  was  built,  and  on  March  4,  1903, 
Gov.  Bailey  approved  an  act  authorizing  the  town  to  incorporate  and 
organize  as  a  city  of  the  third  class.  The  incorporation  was  not  effected, 
however,  until  in  1905.  In  1910  the  population  was  298.  Dwight  has 
a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes,  express,  tele- 
graph and  telephone  service,  Christian,  Methodist,  Episcopal  and  Presby- 
terian churches,  good  public  schools,  and  is  the  principal  trading  and 
shipping  point  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county. 

Dyche,  Lewis  Lindsay,  zoologist,  was  born  at  Berkeley  Springs,  W. 
Va.,  March  20,  1857.  In  early  life  he  came  to  Kansas,  and  in  1884  he 
received  the  degrees  of  B.  S.  and  B.  A.  from  the  University  of  Kansas. 
During  the  years  1885-86  he  was  assistant  professor  of  zoology,  and  in 
1886  he  received  the  degree  of  A.  M.  He  was  then  made  professor 
of  comparative  anatomy,  which  position  he  held  until  1890,  receiving 
the  degree  of  M.  S.  in  1888.  From  1890  to  1900  he  was  professor  of 
zoology  and  curator  of  birds  and  mammals,  and  since  1900  has  held 
the  chair  of  systematic  zoology  and  taxidermy.  Prof.  Dyche  has  made 
more  than  a  score  of  scientific  expeditions,  covering  North  America 
from  Mexico  to  Alaska,  including  Greenland  and  the  Arctic  regions, 
and  as  a  result  of  his  work  the  University  of  Kansas  has  one  of  the 
largest  and  finest  collections  of  mammals  in  the  world.  A  collection 
of  these  specimens  was  exhibited  at  the  Columbian  expedition  at  Chi- 
cago in  1893  and  excited  much  favorable  comment.  On  Oct.  4,  1884, 
Prof.  Dyche  married  Miss  Ophelia  Axtell  of  Sterling,  Kan.  He  has 
lectured  at  various  places  upon  the  subjects  with  which  he  is  so  welt 
acquainted,  and  has  contributed  articles  on  zoology  and  kindred  topics 
to  the  leading  magazines.  In  191 1  he  was  appointed  state  game  warden 
and  fish  commissioner,  a  position  for  which  he  is  admirably  fitted  by 
his  long  training  as  a  student  of  animal  life,  the  habits  of  birds  and 
mammals,  etc. 


E 


Eagle,  a  small  settlement  of  Elwood  township.  Barber  county,  is 
situated  in  the  forks  of  Little  Mule  creek,  about  12  miles  southwest  of 
Medicine  Lodge,  the  county  seal,  and  most  convenient  railroad  slatinn. 
The  people  receive  mail  by  rural  delivery  from  Lasswcll. 

Earleton,  one  of  the  thriving  little  tinvns  of  Neosho  county,  is  located 
in  t  anxillc  township  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  12  miles 
west  r)f  Erie,  the  county  seat.  All  lines  of  business  are  represented, 
including  banking.    There  is  an  express  office  and  a  money  order  post- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  557 

office  with  two  rural  routes.  The  population  in  1910  was  250.  Earle- 
ton  was  founded  by  J.  C.  Lantz  in  1870,  in  the  interests  of  the  railroad 
company,  which  was  supposed  to  own  the  land.  Mr.  Lantz  was  the  first 
postmaster  and  kept  the  first  store.  The  growth  of  the  town  was 
retarded  by  litigation  for  the  title  of-  the  land  and  little  was  done  in  the 
way  of  building  uiitil  the  matter  was  settled  in  1876.  In  1877  several 
new  business  enterprises  sprang  up,  a  depot  was  erected  and  the  town 
started  on  its  career. 

Early  River  Commerce. — When  the  first  actual  white  settlers  came 
to  Kansas,  there  were  no  railroads  west  of  the  Mississippi  river,  and 
the  various  water-courses  were  depended  upon  to  furnish  the  means  of 
transportation.  As  early  as  1819  four  steamboats — the  Thomas  Jef- 
ferson, Expedition,  R.  M.  Johnson  and  Western  Engineer — were  built 
for  the  navigation  of  the  upper  Missouri,  and  were  used  in  the  first 
Yellowstone  expedition.  Prior  to  that  time  the  only  species  of  water 
craft  on  the  western  streams  were  the  Indian  canoes  or  the  keel  boats 
and  pirogues  of  the  fur  traders.  In  1830  a  steamboat  called  the  Car 
of  Commerce  was  built  for  the  Missouri  river  trade,  but  was  sunk  near 
the  mouth  of  the  river  two  years  later.  The  Yellowstone  ascended  the 
river  in  1831,  and  between  that  time  and  1840  the  Assiniboine  and  the 
Astoria  made  regular  trips.  About  the  time  Kansas  was  organized  as 
a  territory,  the  best  known  steamers  on  the  Missouri  were  the  A.  C. 
Goddin,  the  A.  B.  Chambers  and  the  Kate  Swinney.  The  last  named, 
a  side-wheeler  200  feet  long  and  30  feet  wide,  was  sunk  on  the  upper 
river  on  Aug.  i,  1855.  Others  steamers  on  the  Missouri  were  the  Key- 
stone (upon  which  Gov.  Geary  came  to  Kansas),  the  Robert  Campbell, 
the  Paul  Jones,  the  Polar  Star  and  the  J.  M.  Converse. 

Lewis  and  Clark's  journal  for  June  5,  1804,  contains  the  following 
entry:  "Passed  the  Creek  of  the  big  rock  about  15  yds  wide  on  the 
left  side  at  11  oClock  brought  too  a  small  Caissee  (raft  made  of  two 
canoes  tied  together)  in  which  was  two  french  men,  from  80  leagues 
up  the  Kansias  R  where  they  wintered,  and  brought  a  great  quantity 
of  Beaver,"  etc. 

It  may  be  that  this  early  report  was  partially  responsible  for  the 
popular  belief  some  years  later  that  the  Kansas  was  navigable  for  a 
distance  of  80  leagues.  (See  Kansas  River.)  The  first  attempt  to  navi- 
gate the  river  by  steam  was  in  1854,  when  Capt.  C.  K.  Baker  bought 
the  Excel,  a  vessel  of  79  tons  with  a  draft  of  only  2  feet,  for  the  Kansas 
river  trade.  On  one  trip  down  the  river,  this  boat  made  the  run  from 
Fort  Riley  to  Kansas  City  in  24  hours,  stopping  at  thirty  landings.  In 
1855  eight  new  steamboats  attempted  the  navigation  of  the  Kansas, 
viz:  the  Bee,  New  Lucy,  Hartford,  Lizzie,  Emma  Harmon,  Financier 
No.  2,  Saranak  and  Perry.  The  Hartford  made  but  one  trip.  On  June 
3  she  ran  aground  a  short  distance  above  the  mouth  of  the  Blue  river, 
where  she  lay  for  a  month  waiting  for  high  water.  With  a  rise  in  the 
river  she  dropped  down  to  Manhattan,  where  she  unloaded  her  cargo, 
and  with  the  next  rise  started  for  Kansas  City,  but  grounded  opposite 


I 


558  cvcLorEDiA  of 

St.  Alary's  mission,  where  she  caught  tire  and   was  burned.     The  bell 
of  this  boat  is  now  in  the  steeple  of  the  Methodist  church  at  Alanhattan. 

In  1856  the  steamers  Perry,  Lewis  Burns,  Far  West  and  llrazil  made 
their  appearance  on  the  Kansas.  In  this  year  the  fiat-boat  Pioneer  took 
out  the  first  load  of  freight  from  up  the  river,  arriving  at  Kansas  City 
in  April.  The  following  year  four  new  steamboats  were  added.  They 
were  the  Lightfoot,  \'iolet,  Lacon  and  Otis  Webb.  The  Lightfoot  of 
Ouindaro,  a  stern-wheeler,  was  the  first  steamboat  ever  built  in  Kansas. 
The  Violet  was  built  at  Pittsburg.  She  arrived  at  Kansas  City  on 
April  7,  1857,  and  two  days  later  reached  Lawrence.  Here  the  captain 
noticed  that  the  river  was  falling  and  declined  to  go  any  farther.  Dis- 
charging his  cargo  and  passengers,  he  started  back  down  the  river  and 
arrived  at  Kansas  City  on  May  10,  having  spent  the  greater  part  of  a 
month  on  the  sand  bars.    The  vessel  never  tried  a  second  trip. 

In  1858  the  Otis  A\'ebb,  the  Minnie  Belle  and  the  Kate  Swinney  were 
the  principal  steamboats  on  the  Kansas,  but  in  1859  came  the  Silver 
Lake,  Morning  Star,  Gus  Linn.  Adelia,  Colona,  Star  of  the  West  and 
the  Kansas  Valley.  In  i860  the  Eureka.  Izetta  and  Mansfield  were 
added  to  the  list.  Then  came  the  Civil  war  and  but  little  was  done  in 
the  way  of  river  commerce  until  peace  was  restored  to  the  country.  The 
Tom  Morgan  and  the  Emma  began  the  navigation  of  the  Kansas  in 
1864;  the  Hiram  Wood,  Jacob  Sass  and  E.  Hensley  were  pu\  in  com- 
mission in  1865,  and  in  1866  the  Alexander  Majors  was  added. 

The  early  navigation  of  the  Kansas  was  attended  by  many  difficul- 
ties. Wood  was  used  for  fuel,  and  it  was  no  tmusual  occurrence  for  a 
boat  to  tie  up  while  the  crew  went  ashore  to  fell  trees  and  lay  in  a 
supply  of  wood.  On  one  occasion  the  Financier  No.  2  ascended  the 
Rei^ublican  river  for  a  distance  of  40  miles  b}-  way  of  exiJeriment.  This 
was  the  farthest  that  river  has  ever  been  navigated.  A  correspondent 
of  the  St.  Louis  Democrat,  on  Nov.  18,  1855,  said :  "The  bed  of  the 
Kansas,  like  that  of  the  Missouri,  is  quicksand,  ever  changing  and  ever 
dangerous  wdiile  the  water  will  not  average  over  two  feet  in  depth  at 
any  i)lace  for  a  distance  of  500  feet  along  its  banks.  If  the  bottom  was 
rock  and  the  banks  precipitous,  a  line  of  steamers  would  pay  well ;  but 
as  it  is,  no  sensible  capitalist  will  invest  his  money  in  a  single  boat. 
Kansas  is  destined  bynature  to  be  the  Railroad  state." 

When  the  counties  of  Cowley,  .Sedgwick  and  Sumner  were  settled, 
about  1870,  the  question  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the  Arkansas 
became  one  of  interest  to  the  settlers,  who  were  desirous  of  finding  an 
outlet  to  market.  In  the  fall  of  1875  A.  W.  Berkey  and  A.  C.  Winton 
of  Cowley  county  built  a  flat-lioat  at  .Arkansas  City  and  loaded  it  witli 
flour,  wliich  they  took  down  the  river  and  sold  at  Little  Rock.  .\rk. 
Upon  their  return  a  stock  company  was  formed  iov  the  purcliase  of  a 
steaml)oat.  A  light  draft  boat  was  bought  and  it  ascended  the  river 
nearly  to  Fort  (iibson.  when  the  engines  were  fimnd  to  be  of  insufficient 
power  to  stem  llie  current.  In  the  summer  of  1S78  W.  II.  Speer  and 
Amos  Walton  huilt  a  flat-boat  50  feet  long  and  16  feet  wide,  equipped 


KANSAS    HISTORY  559- 

it  with  a  10  liorse-puvver  thresher  engine,  and  with  this  riovel  craft  made 
several  trips  up  and  down  the  river  lor  a  distance  of  60  miles  froni 
Arkansas  City  while  the  water  was  at  a  low  stage. 

Through  correspondence,  the  business  men  of  I^ittle  Rock  were 
induced  to  send  a  boat  on  trial  trip  to  Kansas.  The  boat  selected  was 
the  Aunt  Sally,  which  had  been  built  for  the  bayou  cotton  trade  of 
Arkansas.  She  arrfved  at  Arkansas  City  on  June  30,  1878,  and  the 
officers  of  the  boat  expressed  the  opinion  that  a  boat  built  especially 
for  the  purpose  could  make  regular  trips  up  and  down  the  river  at  all 
seasons  of  the  year.  Thus  encouraged,  McCloskey  Seymore  had  the 
Cherokee  built  at  Arkansas  City.  This  boat  was  launched  on  Nov.  6, 
1878;  was  85  feet  long,  22  feet  wide;  and  had  a  draught  when  loaded 
to  the  guards  of  only  16  inches.  Other  steamers  that  were  built  for 
the  Arkansas  river  trade  were  the  Gen.  Miles,  the  Necedah  and  the 
Nonesuch.  But,  before  the  commerce  of  the  Arkansas  river  was  fully 
established,  the  railroad  came,  and  the  certainty  of  railroad  traffic,  when 
compared  with  the  difficulties  attending  that  of  the  river,  made  the 
operation  of  the  steamboats  unprofitable.  However,  as  late  as  1884  a 
steamboat  called  the  Kansas  Millers  was  built  for  the  trade.  This  was 
the  last  attempt  at  steam  navigation  of  the  Arkansas,  though  some  flat- 
boats  and  barges  continued  to  transport  wheat  and  flour  down  the  river 
until  the  railroad  lines  were  more  fully  developed. 

Eastern  Orthodox  Church. —  (See  Greek  Church.) 

Eastern  Star,  Order  of. — (See  Freemasons.) 

Easton,  one  of  the  important  early  settlements  of  I^eavenworth 
:ount\ ,  is  situated  on  the  Stranger  river  and  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R. 
n  the  north\\'estern  part  of  the  count}'  11  miles  northwest  of  Leayen- 
worth.  In  the  autumn  of  1854,  Gen.  L.  J.  Eastin,  and  his  associates 
located  the  town  of  Eastin  and  it  was  named  in  honor  of  the  general. 
The  spelling  was  changed  to  Easton  through  the  influence  of  Gov. 
Reeder,  for  his  native  town  in  Pennsylvania.  The  first  settler  was 
Andrew  Dawson,  who  opened  a  store  just  above  the  bridge  in  1852.  In 
1855  Stephen  Minard  bought  this  store,  settled  in  the  village  and 
opened  the  first  hotel.  In  Dec,  1855,  a  postoffice  was  opened  and  the 
village  began  to  thrive.  A  number  of  free-state  men  settled  in  the  town 
and  vicinity  and  during  the  border  troubles  it  was  regarded  as  a  head- 
quarters for  men  of  this  political  faith.  (See  Easton  Expedition.)  Sev- 
eral churches  were  built  at  an  early  day,  a  school  was  opened  and  great 
things  were  expected  of  the  town.  Early  in  the  '80s  it  had  two  general 
stores,  a  blacksmith  shop  and  grocery.  Today  the  town  is  the  supply 
and  shipping  point  for  a  rich  agricultural  community,  has  several  gen- 
eral stores,  a  hardware  and  implement  house,  lumber  yard,  money  order 
postoffice,  express  and  telegraph  facilities,  hotel,  good  graded  school, 
and  is  one  of  the  leading  towns  in  the  western  part  of  the  county.  In 
1910  the  population  was  310. 

Easton  Expedition. — In  the  fall  of  1853  a  free-state  mayor  was  elected 
in  Leavenworth.     He  became  intimidated  bv  the  demonstrations  at  the 


560  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

December  elections,  and  fearing  the  dissatisfaction  of  the  people 
because  of  the  hopelessness  of  performing  his  duty,  resigned  on  Jan. 
13.  1856,  two  days  before  the  date  fixed  for  the  election  of  state  officers 
under  the  Topeka  constitution.  The  president  of  the  council  forbade 
the  election  to  be  held,  and  although  no  polls  were  opened,  the  election 
was  held  in  an  informal  way  by  carrying  the  ballot  box  around.  Some 
of  the  free-state  men  determined  that  an  election  should  be  held  in  the 
Leavenworth  district  free  from  the  pro-slavery  influence. 

At  Easton,  11  miles  northwest  of  Leavenworth,  the  election  had 
been  postponed  to  the  17th  because  of  the  threats  to  break  it  up  as 
had  been  done  at  Leavenworth.  The  election  was  held  at  the  house 
of  T.  A.  Minard,  about  a  half  mile  from  the  village,  and  a  number  of 
Leavenworth  men  attended  to  see  that  the  election  was  fair,  one  of 
them  being  Capt.  Reese  P.  Brown,  member-elect  of  the  legislature. 
About  6  o'clock  p.  m.  an  attack  was  made  upon  the  polls,  which  were 
defended  by  the  free-state  men  under  command  of  Stephen  Sparks.  A 
message  was  sent  to  Minard  by  the  pro-slavery  men,  demanding  the 
ballot  box,  and  informmg  him  that  unless  it  was  given  up  they  would 
come  for  it.  No  disturbance  occurred,  however,  until  the  next  morn- 
ing, when  news  was  brought  that  Sparks  and  his  son  had  been  taken 
prisoners.  Capt.  Brown  and  a  party  started  out  to  rescue  them.  On 
reaching  the  village  they  found  Sparks  and  his  son  standing  at  bay  in 
a  fence  corner.  Sparks  and  his  son  were  released,  but  threats  were 
made  that  they  would  soon  be  recaptured.  The  parties"  had  not  separated 
before  guns  were  fired,  a  pro-slavery  man  named  Cook  being  killed  and 
two  free-state  men  slightly  wounded.  Brown  and  seven  others  then 
started  for  Leavenworth,  but  when  about  half  way  there  tliey  were 
met  by  a  company  of  Kickapoo  rangers  under  command  of  Capt.  Martin 
and  a  company  from  Leavenworth  under  Capt.  Dunn  on  Iheir  way  to 
Easton  to  avenge  the  death  of  Cook.  L'pon  being  assured  that  they 
would  be  treated  kindly,  the  free-state  men,  seeing  the  odds  against 
them,  gave  up  their  arms  and  were  taken  back  to  Easton,  where  a  mock 
trial  was  attempted.  The  soldiers  became  unruly,  and  Capt.  Martin 
said  that  nothing  could  save  Brown.  All  the  other  prisoners  were 
released,  but  Brown  was  kept  locked  in  a  room  to  prevent  the  mob 
from  interfering.  Upon  being  told  thai  iho  men  holding  the  trial  Iiad 
decided  to  take  Brown  to  Leavenworth  to  await  his  trial  according 
to  law,  the  mob  said  that  he  too  would  fscape.  They  broke  open  the 
door  where  he  was  confined,  and  a  man  named  Gilbert  struck  liim  on 
the  head  with  a  hatchet.  He  was  dragged  out  of  doors,  stabbed  and 
hacked  from  head  to  foot,  and  finally  thrown  in  a  wagon,  in  which  he 
was  jolted  over  the  frozen  ground  to  his  home,  where  he  died.  Brown 
was  a  prominent  free-state  man,  he  had  previously  taken  part  in  the 
defense  of  Lawrence  and  was  feared  by  the  pro-slavery  men. 

Echo,  a  hamlet  of  Douglas  county,  is  located  in  the  soutliern  portion 
about  10  miles  northwest  of  Baldwin,  the  nearest  railroad  station,  from 
which  it  has  rural  free  delivery.     The  population  in  1910  was  25 


KANSAS    HISTORY  561 

Electric   Medical  Association. —  (See  Medical   Societies,  State.) 

Eden,  a  hamlet  of  Atchison  county,  is  located  in  the  northern  portion 
on  Independence  creek,  about  5  miles  east  of  Huron,  the  nearest  rail- 
road point.  It  has  rural  free  delivery  from  yVtchison,  the  county  seat, 
which  is  about  10  miles  southeast.     In  1910  the  population  was  20. 

Edgerton,  one  of  the  large  towns  of  Johnson  county,  is  situated  in 
the  southwestern  portion,  near  the  junction  of  two  branches  of  Bull 
creek,  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  14  miles  southwest 
of  Olathe,  the  county  seat.  The  town  was  laid  out  after  the  building 
of  the  railroad  in  1870  and  named  after  the  chief  engineer.  The  first 
building  was  the  railroad  station.  It  was  followed  by  a  dwelling  and 
store  the  same  year  and  in  1871  Reuben  Perkins  built  the  first  hotel. 
The  first  school  house  was  also  built  in  1871  and  school  was  taught  by 
Robert  Qtiay  that  winter.  The  town  lies  in  a  rich  agricultural  country 
and  is  a  shipping  point  for  produce  sent  to  Kansas  City.  It  has  a  money 
order  postotiice,  good  hotel,  hardware  and  implement  house,  lumber 
yard  and  good  public  school  system.     The  population  in  1910  was  400. 

Edith,  a  country  postofiice  of  Lee  township,  Logan  county,  is  situated 
on  Twin  Butte  creek  about  12  miles  southeast  of  Russell  Springs,  the 
county  seat,  and  about  half-way  between  Monument,  on  the  Union 
Pacific,  and  Scott,  on  the  Missouri  Pacific,  which  are  the  nearest  rail- 
road stations. 

Editorial  Association,  State. — Wilder's  Annals  of  Kansas  fp.  372) 
says  that  on  Oct.  7,  1863,  a  meeting  of  the  state  editors  was  held  at 
Leavenworth,  and  that  the  next  day  a  society  was  formed  with  John 
Speer  as  president;  Hovey  E.  Loman,  vice-president;  D.  H.  Bailey, 
secretary ;  and  Daniel  W.  Wilder,  treasurer.  This  is  the  only  mention 
of  this  organization  to  be  found,  and  it  does  not  appear  that  a  second 
meeting  was  ever  held. 

In  Dec,  1865,  a  call  was  issued  for  the  editors  of  the  state  to  meet 
at  Topeka  on  Jan.  17,  1866,  the  anniversary  of  Benjamin  Franklin's  birth, 
to  consider  the  advisability  of  organizing  a  state  editorial  association. 
At  that  time  there  were  but  37  papers  published  in  the  state,  and  at 
the  Topeka  meeting  20  of  these  were  represented  as  follows :  M.  W. 
Reynolds,  Lawrence  Journal;  J.  B.  Oliver,  Lawrence  Tribune;  W.  H. 
Bisbee,  Leavenworth  Conservative ;  H.  Buckingham,  Leavenworth 
Times;  J.  A.  Martin,  Atchison  Champion;  F.  G.  Adams,  Atchison  Free 
Press;  F.  P.  Baker  and  S.  D.  McDonald,  Topeka  Record;  J.  F.  Cum- 
mings,  Topeka  Leader;  J.  P.  Greer,  Topeka  Tribune;  P.  LI.  Peters, 
Marysville  Enterprise;  E.  C.  Manning,  Marysville  Union;  R.  B.  Tay- 
lor, Wyandotte  Gazette;  D.  B.  Emmert,  Fort  Scott  Monitor;  Sol  Mil- 
ler, White  Cloud  Chief;  Jacob  Stotler,  Emporia  News;  M.  M.  Mur- 
dock,  Burlingame  Chronicle;  Joseph  Bond,  Humboldt  Herald;  Sol 
Miller,  Mound  City  Sentinel;  William  Springs,  Garnett  Plaindealer; 
George  W.  Martin,  Junction  City  Union. 

A  committee  consisting  of  P.  H.  Peters,  F.  G.  Adams  and  M.  W. 
Reynolds,  was  appointed  to  draft  a  constitution  and  by-laws  with  a 
(I-36) 


562  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

view  to  perfecting  a  permanent  organization.  This  committee  in  its- 
report,  suggested  the  name  of  "Kansas  Editors'  and  Publishers'  Associa- 
tion," the  objects  of  which  should  be  "to  promote  the  mutual  welfare 
of  the  Kansas  press,  protect  its  rights,  inculcate  feelings  of  harmony,  and 
elevate  its  tone  and  character." 

The  report  of  the  committee  was  adopted  and  the  following  officers 
were  elected:  R.  B.  Taylor,  president;  M.  W.  Reynolds,  John  A.  Mar- 
tin, M.  M.  Murdock  and  J.  F.  Cummings,  vice-presidents ;  S.  D.  McDon- 
ald, secretary;  and  P.  H.  Peters,  treasurer. 

For  some  years  the  annual  meetings  of  the  association  were  held  on 
Jan.  17,  the  anniversary  of  the  organization.  Then  the  time,  as  well  as 
the  place,  of  holding  meetings  was  left  for  the  members  to  decide.  In 
1871  the  meeting  was  held  at  Lawrence  late  in  October,  and  the  meeting 
of  1872  was  held  at  Emporia  in  May.  Following  the  custom  of  similar 
organizations  elsewhere,  the  meetings  of  the  association  were  generally 
accompanied  by  a  banquet  or  an  excursion  to  some  point  of  interest. 
No  meetings  were  held  in  1876,  1880,  1881  and  1884,  though  in  1876  a 
number  of  the  members  got  together  and  went  as  an  excursion  party 
to  Philadelphia  to  attend  the  Centennial  exposition.  The  old  associa- 
tion continued  in  existence  until  it  was  replaced  by  the  present  one. 

In  May,  1892,  the  Kansas  delegates,  while  on  the  way  home  from  the 
meeting  of  the  National  Editorial  Association,  formed  a  temporary  or- 
ganization with  D.  A.  Valentine  as  president  and  Ewing  Herbert  as 
secretary.  These  officers  called  a  state  convention  to  meet  on  April 
21,  1893,  when  about  40  newspaper  men  from  various  sections  of  the 
state  assembled  at  the  Copeland  hotel  in  Topeka  and  organized  the 
present  "Kansas  Editorial  Association."  On  July  25  a  call  was  issued 
for  a  meeting  of  the  association  on  Sept.  11-12,  1893,  to  be  followed  by 
an  excursion  to  the  Columbian  exposition  at  Chicago  during  Kansas 
week.  Meetings  have  been  held  annually  since  the  organization  in 
1892.  At  these  meetings  papers  relating  to  the  interests  of  the  press 
are  read  and  discussed,  and  the  business  exercises  are  usually  followed 
by  a  banquet  or  a  visit  to  the  state  institutions. 

The  meeting  of  191 1  was  held  in  Topeka  on  Jan.  30-31,  when  the  fol- 
lowing officers  were  elected:  President,  W.  Y.  Morgan,  Hutchinson 
News;  vice-president,  Clyde  H.  Knox,  Sedan  Times-Star;  correspond- 
ing secretary.  Mack  Cretcher,  Sedgwick  Pantagraph  ;  recording  secre- 
tary, Charles  Brown,  Horton  Headlight ;  treasurer,  W.  E.  Miller,  St. 
Mary's  Star.  At  that  meeting  196  members  were  reported,  and  that  alt 
parts  of  the  state  are  fully  represented  may  be  seen  from  the  following 
list  of  presidents,  together  with  the  papers  with  which  they  are  con- 
nected :  In  1892,  D.  A.  Valentine,  Cla}-  Center  Times;  1893,  Charles  F. 
Scott,  Inla  Register;  1894,  J.  E.  Junkin,  Sterling  Bulletin;  1895,  W.  II. 
Nelson,  Smith  Center  Pioneer;  1896,  F.  II.  Roberts,  Oskaloosa  Inde- 
pendent; 1897,  H.  A.  Perkins,  Manhattan  Nationalist;  1898,  S.  IF.  Dodge, 
Beloit  (iazette;  1899,  George  W.  Martin,  Kansas  City  Gazette;  1900, 
L.  I'.  Randnlpl),  Nortonvillc  News;  1901,  G.  T.  Davies,  Concordia  Kai> 


KANSAS    HISTORY  563 

sail ;  1902,  F.  C.  Raney,  Fort  Scott  Republican;  1903,  D.  R.  Anthony, 
Leavenworth  Times ;  1904,  Ewing  Herbert,  Hiawatha  World ;  1905, 
Mack  P.  Cretcher,  Sedgwick  Pantagraph ;  1906,  W.  E.  Blackburn,  An- 
thony Republican;  1907,  Thomas  Charles,  Belleville  Freeman;  190S, 
Sheridan  Ploughe,  Hutchinson  Independent;  1909,  Arthur  Capper,  To- 
peka  Capital;  1910,  H.  C.  Sticher,  Belleville  Telescope;  191 1,  W.  Y. 
Morgan,  Hutchinson  News. 

Edmond,  a  town  of  Solomon  township,  Norton  county,  is  located  on 
the  Solomon  river  and  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  about  14  miles  south- 
east of  Norton,  the  county  seat.  It  is  a  flourishing  place,  has  a  national 
bank,  a  grain  elevator,  a  flour  mill,  a  creamery,  a  hotel,  graded  public 
schools,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  and  a  large  local 
trade  in  all  lines  of  merchandise.    The  population  in  1910  was  350. 

Edna,  an  incorporated  town  of  Labette  county,  is  located  on  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific  R.  R.,  in  Elm  Grove  township,  18  miles  southwest  of  Os- 
wego, the  county  seat.  It  has  2  banks,  2  elevators,  a  flour  mill  and  a 
machine  shop.  There  are  express  and  telegraph  offices,  and  an  interna- 
tional money  order  postoiifice  with  3  rural  routes.  The  population  in 
1910  was  489.  In  1876  Alexander  Patterson  and  Mr.  Booth  opened  a 
general  store  at  this  point  in  a  shanty  11  by  14  feet.  That  fall  they 
built  a  frame  store.  Nothing  was  done  toward  building  a  town  until  the 
railroad  came  through  in  1886.  The  plat  was  made  that  summer.  A 
bank  was  opened  in  1887  by  C.  T.  Ewing,  but  it  failed  in  1892.  There 
have  been  two  disastrous  fires,  both  of  which  burned  several  business 
houses,  the  first  occurring  in  1889  and  the  other  in  1891.  The  town 
was  incorporated  in  1892  as  a  city  of  the  third  class.  The  following 
were  the  first  officers:  Mayor,  J.  H.  Hoole ;  police  judge,  J.  H.  Reasor ; 
city  clerk,  J-  E.  Blunk;  councilmen,  G.  W.  Reasor,  T.  G.  Harris,  H.  H. 
Clark,  A.  C.  Veach  and  J.  C.  Arnold. 

Edson,  a  village  of  Sherman  county,  is  located  in  Washington  town- 
ship, 9  miles  east  of  Goodland,  the  county  seat.  It  is  a  station  on  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.,  has  a  money  order  postoffice  with 
one  rural  route,  an  express  ofSce,  a  general  store,  and  does  some  ship- 
ping. 

There  is  also  a  village  named  Edson  in  Crawford  county,  a  station 
on  the  Joplin  &  Pittsburg-  electric  railway.  The  people  there  receive 
mail  by  rural  delivery  from  Franklin. 

Education. — In  Kansas  education  is  compulsory.  It  became  so  by 
the  law  of  1S74,  which  made  it  the  duty  of  every  parent  ot  guardian, 
having  control  of  any  child  or  children  between  the  ages  of  eight  and 
fourteen  years,  to  send  such  child  or  children  to  a  public  or  private 
school,  taught  by  a  competent  instructor,  for  a  period  of  at  least  twelve 
weeks  in  each  year,  six  weeks  of  which  time  should  be  consecutive, 
unless  such  child  or  childten  were  excused  from  such  attendance  by 
the  board  of  education.  Lack  of  wearing  apparel  and  ill  health  were 
the  conditions  upon  which  a  child  could  be  excused.  In  1903  this  law 
was  revised  and  made  more  stringent,  and  provision  was  also  made  for 


564  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

incorrigible  children.  In  1905  laws  were  passed  requiring  the  educa- 
tion of  the  deaf,  mute  and  blind. 

In  1907  the  legislature  created  truancy  districts,  each  under  the  charge 
of  a  truancy  officer  whose  duty  it  was  to  investigate  the  cases  of  de- 
linquent children  and  see  that  the  mandates  of  the  educational  act  are 
obe3^ed.  By  this  method  many  children  with  careless  parents  or  with 
small  inclination  for  study  received  benefit  from  the  school  where 
otherwise  they  would  not.  Provision  was  made  for  healthy  children  in 
the  general  schools,  and  for  the  afflicted  and  abnormal  children  in  spe- 
cial schools,  both  of  which  are  maintained  by  the  state ;  thus  m  Kansas 
education  becomes  a  necessity  insisted  upon  for  the  betterment  of  the 
state. 

The  value  of  education  was  recognized  b}'  the  first  settlers,  who  came 
from  communities  in  which  the  free  schools  had  a  high  place,  and  who 
appreciated  the  power  of  a  good  public  school  system  in  the  making 
of  a  state.  These  pioneers  had  been  preceded  by  missionaries  who 
entered  the  West  to  assist  in  civilizing"  the  Indians  through  the  com- 
bined agents — religion  and  education — and  who  taught  what  white  chil- 
dren there  were  in  the  vicinity  of  the  missions,  but  until  Kansas  became 
a  territory  there  were  few  white  children  to  teach.  The  real  beginning 
of  educational  life  in  Kansas  was  made  in  1855,  after  the  great  influx 
of  pioneers  had  begun.  Small  schools  were  organized  in  towns  like 
Lawrence,  \\''yandotte  and  Leavenworth,  and  maintained  by  public  sub- 
scription. Although  a  territorial  superintendent  was  appointed  in  1857 
to  oversee  all  the  schools  of  the  territory,  very  little  was  done  in  an  edu- 
cational way  until  1859.  Oii  J^'^-  i  o^  that  year  not  mure  than  five 
school  districts  had  been  organized  in  Douglas  county,  which  was  in 
better  circumstances  than  any  other  in  the  territory.  Rut  before  Jtme 
of  the  same  year  the  number  had  been  increased  to  thirty  districts. 
On  Jan.  4,  1866.  Mr.  Greer,  then  superintendent  of  schools,  reported  222 
organized  school  districts.  School  was  taught  in  138  districts  and  2,087 
persons  were  enrolled.  In  1908  there  were  8,689  districts  and  507.827 
persons  of  school  age.    (See  Public  School  System.) 

The  state  constitution  contains  important  sections  relative  to  educa- 
tion, one  of  which  provides  that  no  distinction  shall  be  ni.idc  between  the 
sexes.  This  principle  has  been  observed  in  all  the  public  schools  and 
the  state  university.  The  men  and  women  of  Kansas  have  the  same 
opportunity  for  learning.  The  public  schools  of  the  state  have  en- 
larged and  developed  into  a  permanent  and  effective  system  nf  educa- 
tion, that  touches  every  section  of  llie  commonwealth,  every  ]ihase  of 
activitv.  Each  county  is  divided  into  districts,  the  pupils  completing  the 
elementary  work  enter  the  high  schools,  the  high  schools  arc  accredited 
to  the  higher  institutions  of  learning,  the  iini\crsily,  Ihc  state  iicinnal 
school,  and  the  state  agricultural  college. 

The  instructors  of  common  and  high  schools  are  involved  in  the 
svstcm  by  wav  of  normal  institutes  and  teachers'  associations,  and  those 
who  have  completed  courses  in  the  higher  institutions  of  learning,  as 


KANSAS    JilS'l'OKY  565 

well  as  those  who  have  not,  are  organized  into  county,  district  and  the 
state  associations  for  the  purpose  of  supplementing  their  training  and 
improving  the  work  in  the  schools.  The  higher  institutions  of  learning 
perform  a  great  duty  in  penetrating  all  districts  with  their  messages 
and  help.  The  university  conducts  an  extension  department,  thereby 
sending  the  benefits  of  the  institution  to  those  people  who  cannot  go 
to  it,  by  lectures,  by  its  professors,  through  correspondence  courses 
and  its  public  welfare  department.  The  agricultural  college,  through 
lectures,  through  the  experiment  station  bulletins,  and  through  the 
farmers'  institutes,  does  its  part  toward  the  improvement  of  the  state, 
and  the  state  normal  school  by  sending  out  well-trained  teachers  con- 
tributes its  quota.  At  the  head  of  all  is  the  state  board  of  education, 
consisting  of  the  state  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  the  chancel- 
lor of  the  university,  the  president  of  the  normal  school,  the  president 
of  the  agricultural  college,  and  the  others  appointed  by  the  governor. 

The  course  of  study  given  to  the  public  schools  is  broader  than  in 
early  days,  and  embraces  more  departments.  The  high  school  gives 
the  same  grade  of  work  the  college  used  to  give,  and  many  high  schools 
present  a  collegiate  course — embracing  literature,  history  and  lan- 
guages— a  normal  course,  and  a  business  course.  The  introduction  of 
industrial  training  into  the  schools  marks  the  beginning  of  a  new  kind 
of  education.  To  develoop  the  hand  as  well  as  the  brain  assists  in  bring- 
ing together  the  world  of  theory  and  practice  and  presents  a  more  com- 
plete education.  An  indispensable  adjunct  of  the  school  is  the  library, 
and  this  source  of  education  has  been  developing  accordingly.  In  1855 
the  schools  had  scarcely  enough  text  books  for  the  pupils  to  learn  their 
lessons,  in  1910  the  school  libraries  of  Kansas  owned  497,142  volumes. 
Another  important  factor  in  education  is  the  Aplington  art  gallery  (q.  v.) 
which  is  sent  to  any  part  of  the  state  by  the  request  of  any  school 
or  club. 

The  public  school  system  is  supplemented  by  denominational  schools 
located  at  various  points  throughout  the  state.  There  are  nearly  200  of 
these  schools,  many  of  them  small,  but  they  do  very  good  work.  The 
-business  college  also  has  come  to  stay  and  assists  in  fitting  students  for 
direct  entrance  into  the  business  world. 

Edwards  County. — On  March  7,  1874,  Gov.  Osborn  approved  an  act 
creating  several  new  counties  and  defining  the  boundaries  of  some  pre- 
viously erected.  By  this  act  Edwards  county  was  called  into  existence 
with  the  following  described  boundaries:  "Commencing  at  the  inter- 
section of  the  east  line  of  range  16  west  with  the  north  line  of  town- 
ship 24  south,  thence  west  with  said  township  line  to  the  east  line  of 
range  19  west,  thence  north  with  said  range  line  to  the  north  line  of 
township  23  south,  thence  west  with  said  township  line  to  the  east 
line  of  range  21  west,  thence  south  with  said  range  line  to  the 
north  line  of  township  27  south,  thence  east  with  said  township  line 
to  the  east  line  of  range  16  west,  thence  north  to  the  place  of  beginning." 

By  the  act  of  March  5,  1875,  which  abolished  Kiowa  county,  two  tiers 


566  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

of  townships  were  added  to  Edwards  on  the  south,  giving  it  an  area 
of  972  square  miles.  Kiowa  county  was  reestablished  b}-  the  act  of  Feb. 
ID,  1886,  when  the  original  boundaries  of  Edwards  county  were  restored, 
so  that  the  present  area  of  the  county  is  612  square  miles.  It  was 
named  for  W.  E.  Edwards,  one  of  the  early  settlers,  who  erected  the 
first  brick  block  in  the  county,  which  block  was  occupied  as  a  court- 
house for  several  years  before  a  building  was  erected  by  the  county. 

Lieut.  Zebulon  M.  Pike's  expedition  passed  through  the  county  in 
1806,  following  closely  the  route  which  afterward  became  historic  as 
the  Santa  Fe  trail.  In  the  fall  of  1872  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
railroad  was  completed  as  far  as  Edwards  county,  and  in  March,  1873, 
a  colony  from  Massachusetts  settled  where  Kinsley  now  stands,  W.  C. 
Knight,  who  was  elected  county  superintendent  of  schools  in  Nov..  1874, 
being  the  first  man  to  erect  a  building.  Soon  after  the  first  settlers  lo- 
cated there  E.  K.  Smart  started  a  lumber  yard,  and  a  little  later  T.  L. 
Rogers  opened  the  first  general  store.  A  postoffice — called  Peters — 
was  established  in  May,  1873,  with  N.  C.  Boles  as  postmaster.  The  first 
school  was  taught  the  following  fall  by  Mrs.  A.  L.  ]\IcGinnis  in  a  room 
12  by  16  feet,  a  little  over  $30  having  been  subscribed  for  a  three 
months'  term,  the  law  requiring  three  months  of  school  to  have  been 
taught  in  the  county  before  it  was  entitled  to  participate  in  the  public 
school  fund. 

On  May  18,  1874,  a  memorial  was  filed  with  the  governor,  represent- 
ing that  the  population  of  the  county  was  more  than  600  and  praying 
for  its  organization.  The  petitioners  also  asked  for  the  appointment  of 
Charles  L.  Hubbs,  Nicholas  L.  Humphrey  and  George  W.  Wilson  as 
county  commissioners,  James  A.  Walker  as  county  clerk,  and  that  Kins- 
ley be  named  as  the  temporary  county  seat.  Robert  McCause  was  ap- 
pointed to  take  a  census,  which  showed  the  population  of  the  county  to 
be  633,  and  on  Aug.  i,  1874,  Gov.  Osborn  issued  his  proclamation  de- 
claring the  county  organized,  with  the  officers  and  county  seat  recom- 
mended in  the  memorial.  One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  board  of  commis- 
sioners was  to  divide  the  county  into  the  townships  of  Brown,  Kinsley, 
and  Trenton,  and  designate  voting  places  for  the  general  election  in 
November,  when  the  following  officers  were  elected:  Charles  L.  Hubbs, 
representative;  F.  C.  Blanchard,  J.  A.  Brothers  and  T.  E.  Rogers,  county 
commissioners;  William  Emerson,  county  clerk:  J-  TT.  Woods,  clerk 
of  the  district  court;  E.  A  Boyd,  treasurer;  V.  D.  Billings,  sheriff;  L. 
W.  Higgins,  register  of  deeds ;  Massena  Moore,  probate  judge ;  Taylor 
Flick,  countv  attorney;  J.  L.  Perry,  coroner;  Frank  A.  White,  sur- 
veyor; W.  C.  Knight,  superintendent  of  public  instruction. 

Edwards  county  suffered  greatly  the  year  it  was  organized  from  grass- 
hoppers. After  investigating  the  conditions  in  the  county,  the  com- 
missioners met  in  special  session  on  Sept.  15.  when  they  made  out  a 
report  to  the  governor  in  which  they  said:  "Our  crops  are  totally  de- 
stroyed; not  one  bushel  of  vegetables  or  grain  being  saved  for  man  or 
beast.    Our  people  are  mostly  poor  |ii'i>|ilc,  widmni   wraltlix-  rcl.-ili\cs  or 


KANSAS   HISTORY  567 

friends  to  assist  them  in  tlieir  extremity.  We  have  personally  and  care- 
fully investigated  each  case  and  find  six  families,  containing  22  persons, 
totally  destitute;  five  families,  containing  18  persons,  partially  destitute. 
The  above  are  the  only  persons  in  the  county  that  will  need  aid  to  carry 
them  to  another  crop.  We  believe  $500,  judiciously  expended,  will  be 
sufficient  with  what  -thev  can  earn,  to  keep  them  in  the  necessaries  of 
life." 

The  commissioners  also  suggested  that,  if  aid  was  extended  by  the 
extra  session  of  the  legislature  then  about  to  meet,  the  persons  having 
charge  of  the  distribution  of  such  funds  employ  needy,  able-bodied  men 
to  work  on  the  public  highways,  etc.  The  grasshopper  scourge  of  1874 
and  the  short  crops  of  1878  retarded  for  a  time  the  settlement  of  the 
county,  but  in  1885,  the  reports  of  abundant  crops  and  cheap  land 
brought  hundreds  of  new  settlers  to  southwestern  Kansas,  and  the 
population  of  Edwards  county  was  nearly  doubled  during  the  year. 

Along  the  Arkansas  river,  which  enters  the  county  near  the  south- 
west corner  and  flows  northeast,  the  "bottoms"  are  about  3  miles  wide, 
constituting  about  one-fourth  of  the  area.  The  remaining  surface  is 
generally  level  or  undulating  prairie.  Narrow  belts,  of  cottonwood  trees 
are  found  along  the  Arkansas  river  and  Rattlesnake  creek,  which  flows 
across  the  southeast  corner.  These  comprise  about  all  the  native  tim- 
ber, but  many  fine  artificial  groves  have  been  planted.  Building  stone  is 
found  on  the  hills,  which  is  the  principal  mineral  of  anv  kind.  Transpor- 
tation facilities  are  afforded  by  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R., 
the  main  line  of  which  crosses  the  county  from  east  to  west  a  little  north 
of  the  center,  and  a  branch  runs  northeast  from  Kinsley  to  Great  Bend 
in  Barton  county.  Altogether  there  are  a  little  over  37  miles  of  main 
track. 

The  population  of  Edwards  county  in  1910  was  7,033,  a  gain  of  3.351, 
or  more  than  90  per  cent,  during  the  preceding  decade.  The  county  is 
divided  into  the  following  civil  townships:  Belpre,  Brown,  Franklin, 
Jackson,  Kinsley.  Lincoln,  I^ogan,  Trenton  and  Wayne.  In  1910  the 
assessed  valuation  of  property  was  $15,220,616.  The  value  of  farm 
products  for  the  year  was  $2,137,608.  The  five  leading  crops  in  the 
order  of  value  were:  Wheat,  $1,442,741;  corn,  $230,225;  hay.  $62,247; 
Kafir  corn.  $50,152;  oats,  $46,444. 

Edwardsville,  one  of  the  larger  towns  of  Wyandotte  countv,  is  located 
on  the  north  bank  of  the  Kansas  river  and  the  I 'uion  Pacific  R.  R.,  about 
13  miles  west  of  Kansas  City.  A  postoffice  was  established  there  in 
1867.  The  town  received  its  name  in  honor  of  John  H.  Edwards,  gen- 
eral passenger  agent  of  the  railroad  and  state  senator  from  Ellis  county, 
at  the  time  the  town  was  surveyed  in  1869.  The  land  now  covered 
by  the  town  originally  belonged  to  Half  Moon,  an  Indian  chief  of  the 
13elawares.  He  sold  his  land  to  Gen.  Smith,  who  in  turn  sold  it  to  Wil- 
liam Knous,  by  whom  it  was  platted.  The  Methodist  Episcopal  church 
perfected  an  organization  at  Edwardsville  in  1868;  dwellings  were  built, 
a  school  established,  and  several   stores  opened.     Todav  the  town  is  a 


568  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

thrifty  conimunit)-,  with  hardware  and  implement  houses,  a  mone)"  order 
postoffice,  express  and  telegraph  facilities,  and  in  1910  it  had  a  popula- 
tion of  209. 

Edwin,  a  small  hamlet  of  Stanton  county,  is  located  on  Bear  creek 
about  5  miles  northeast  of  Johnson,  the  county  seat,  from  which  place 
mail  is  received  by  rural  delivery.  Syracuse  is  the  nearest  railroad 
station. 

Another  hamlet  of  the  same  name  in  Wabaunsee  county,  is  about  3 
miles  southwest  of  Alma,  the  county  seat,  from  which  place  mail  is  de- 
livered.    It  is  a  flag  station  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R. 

Effingham,  an  incorporated  town  in  Atchison  county,  is  located  in  the 
southwestern  portion  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  18  miles  southwest 
of  Atchison.  The  town  was  started  soon  after  the  building  of  the 
old  Central  Branch  R.  R.  and  was  a  thriving  community  early  in  the 
'80s.  It  was  laid  out  on  a  part  of  the  McGilvery  farm,  and  from  the 
first  was  the  supply  and  shipping  town  for  a  large  and  rich  agricul- 
tural district.  Several  churches  were  established  at  an  early  day;  there 
were  several  general  stores  and  a  graded  school  in  1882,  and  since  that 
time  the  town  has  continued  to  grow.  It  has  a  lumber  yard,  general 
stores,  hotel,  implement  houses,  2  banks,  a  money  order  postoffice,  a 
weekly  newspaper  (the  New  Leaf),  telegraph  and  express  facilities,  and 
is  one  of  the  leading  towns  of  the  western  part  of  the  county.  In  1910 
it  had  a  population  of  674.  Effingham  is  the  seat  of  the  county  high 
school. 

Elba,  an  inland  hamlet  of  Chase  county,  is  located  in  the  extreme 
northeast  corner  of  the  county,  13  miles  from  Cottonwood  Falls,  the 
county  seat,  and  6  miles  north  of  Saffordville,  on  tlie  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  the  nearest  railroad  station  and  shipping  point,  and 
the  piistiifficc  from  which  its  mail  is  distributed. 

Elbing,  a  village  of  F'airmount  townshi]).  Butler  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  Iv.  near  the  northwest  corner 
of  the  county,  about  22  miles  from  Eldorado,  the  county  seat.  It  has 
a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  express  and  tele- 
grai)h  offices,  telephone  connections,  and  is  the  principal  trading  ]iciint 
for  that  section  of  the  county.     The  population  in  i<)io  was  175. 

Elco,  a  small  settlement  in  the  southwestern  corner  of  I. yon  county, 
is  8  miles  from  Olpc,  the  nearest  railroad  station,  whence  it  receives  its 
mail  by  rural  (k'li\erv.  and  15  miles  from  Emporia,  the  county  seat. 

Elder,  Peter  Percival,  for  man)'  years  intimately  connected  w  ith  Kan- 
sas affairs,  was  boni  in  Somerset  county,  Me.,  Sept.  20,  1823.  He  was 
educated  in  his  native  state  and  in  1857  came  to  Kansas,  locating  in 
Franklin  county,  which  he  helped  to  organize.  In  1859  he  was  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Osawalomic  convention  which  organizccl  the  Keptiblican 
party  in  Kansas,  and  in  1860-61  he  was  a  meml)er  of  ihc  territorial  legis- 
lative council.  President  Lincoln  appointed  him  ageni  of  the  ( )sage  and 
Seneca  Indians  at  Fort  Scott,  and  while  serving  in  that  capacity  he  re- 
cruited a  regiment  of  Osages  for  service  in  the  liiion  .iiniy  in  llic  ('i\il 


KANSAS    HISTORY  569 

war.  After  four  years  as  Indian  agent,  Mr.  Elder  resif^ned,  and  in  1865 
engaged  in  the  banking  business  at  Ottawa.  Jn  1870  he  was  elected 
lieutenant-governor  on  the  Republican  ticket.  Subsequently  he  served 
several  terms  in  the  state  legislature;  was  speaker  of  the  house  in  1878 
and  again  in  1891.  He  is  si  ill  li\ing  at  Ottawa,  practically  retired  from 
active  business  cares. 

Eldon,  a  little  hamlet  of  Cherokee  county,  is  situated  about  8  miles 
southeast  of  Columbus,  the  county  seat,  and  3  miles  north  of  Galena, 
whence  mail  is  received  Vjy  rural  delivery. 

Eldorado,  the  county  seat  and  largest  city  of  Butler  county,  is  beau- 
tifully situated  on  the  Walnut  river,  a  short  distance  northwest  of 
the  center  of  the  county.  The  first  known  settler  in  the  locality  was 
William  Hildebrand,  who  built  a  cabin  there  in  the  late  '50s.  His  house 
became  a  rendezvous  for  men  believed  to  be  horse  thieves,  and  in  1859 
the  place  was  raided  by  the  settlers.  Hildebrand  was  given  a  severe 
flogging  and  ordered  to  leave  the  neighborhood  within  24  hours.  He  did 
not  wait  for  a  second  notice. 

Two  houses  were  built  where  the  city  now  stands  in  1867,  but  the 
history  of  Eldorado  begins  with  the  year  1868.  On  March  23  of  that 
year  B.  F.  Gordy  entered  the  land,  and  a  little  later  sold  Byron  O.  Carr, 
Samuel  Langdon  and  Henry  Martin  each  one-fifth  of  his  claim,  retaining 
two-fifths  for  himself.  These  four  men  formed  a  town  company  and  the 
first  lots  were  sold  at  $10  each.  Several  houses  were  erected  before  the 
close  of  the  year.  Elias  Main  established  a  sawmill  on  the  Walnut  river, 
and  Henry  Martin  built  the  first  frame  house  in  the  town.  As  soon  as 
it  was  completed  he  put  in  a  stock  of  goods — the  first  store  in  Eldorado. 
Town  companies  were  common  in  those  days,  but  Eldorado  being  situ- 
ated at  the  crossing  of  the  Fayetteville  emigrant  trail  (sometimes  called 
the  California  road),  it  soon  outstripped  its  competitors.  In  1869  Bron- 
son  &  Sallee  published  the  "Emigrant's  Guide,"  calling  attention  to  the 
advantages  of  Butler  county,  and  to  Eldorado  in  particular.  In  1870 
there  was  an  influx  of  settlers  and  the  town  was  enlarged  by  several 
"additions."  On  March  4,  1870,  the  first  number  of  the  Walnut  Valley 
Times  was  issued,  a  flour  mill  was  established,  and  the  town  began  to 
assume  an  appearance  of  permanency.  The  growth  continued  and  on 
Sept.  12,  1871,  Eldorado  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third  class, 
J.  C.  Lambdin,  who  had  been  chairman  of  the  board  of  trustees,  acting 
as  mayor  until  the  election  of  Henry  Falls.  It  was  not  many  years 
before  Eldorado  became  a  city  of  the  second  class. 

The  Eldorado  of  the  present  day  has  4  banks,  an  electric  lighting 
plant,  waterworks,  a  fire  department,  fine  public  school  buildings,  2 
daily  and  3  weekly  newpsapers,  good  hotels,  well  kept  streets,  a  num- 
ber of  first  class  mercantile  houses,  a  telephone  exchange,  some  manu- 
facturing interests,  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  four 
rural  routes,  telegraph  and  express  service,  a  number  of  fine  church 
edifices,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  3,129.  The  transportation 
and  shipping  facilities  are  excellent.     A  line  of  the  Atchison.  Topeka  & 


570  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Santa  Fe  system  runs  north  and  south  through  the  city ;  a  line  of  the 
Missouri  Pacific  runs  east  and  west,  and  a  branch  of  the  same  system 
runs  from  Eldorado  to  McPherson.  With  these  lines  radiating  in  five 
different  directions,  the  city  is  in  touch  with  markets  and  easily  acces- 
sible. 

Election  Laws. — The  first  legislative  assembly  of  the  Territory  of 
Kansas  passed  an  act  providing  that  on  the  first  Monday  in  Oct..  1855, 
and  every  two  years  thereafter,  an  election  for  delegate  to  the  house 
of  representatives  of  the  United  States  should  be  held,  and  in  October 
of  the  even  years,  beginning  with  1856,  representatives  in  the  legislative 
assembly  and  all  other  elective  ofiicers  not  otherwise  provided  for  should 
be  chosen.  Every  county  was  made  an  election  district,  "and  all  elec- 
tions shall  be  held  at  the  court-house  of  such  county."  and  if  there  be 
no  court-house,  then  at  such  house  as  the  county  commissioners  might 
name.  It  was  made  the  duty  of  the  sheriff  to  give  notice  of  the  place, 
either  by  posting  or  by  publication  in  a  newspaper,  at  least  ten  days 
before  the  day  of  the  election.  The  county  commissioners  were  given 
power  to  establish  such  additional  precincts  as  might  seem  to  them 
necessary  and  proper,  but  in  no  case  could  more  than  one  precinct  be 
established  in  a  township.  The  county  commissioners  appointed  the 
judges  of  election ;  the  polls  were  opened  at  g  o'clock  in  the  morning  and 
continued  open  until  6  o'clock  in  the  evening;  but  if  all  the  votes  could 
not  be  taken  before  the  closing  hour,  the  judges,  by  public  proclamation, 
might  adjourn  such  election  until  the  following  day,  thoiigh  in  no 
case  could  it  be  continued  beyond  the  second  day. 

Every  free  white  male  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  every  male 
Indian  who  had  been  made  a  citizen  by  treaty  or  otherwise,  and  over 
the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  who  was  an  inhabitant  of  the  territory  and 
of  the  county  or  district  in  which  he  offered  to  vote,  and  who  had  paid 
a  territorial  tax,  was  deemed  a  qualified  elector  for  all  elective  offices. 
It  was  provided  further  that  no  person  convicted  of  any  violation  of  any 
of  the  provisions  of  the  "Fugitive  Slave  I.aw,"  whether  such  conviction 
was  by  criminal  proceeding  or  by  civil  action,  was  entitled  vo  vote  at 
any  election,  or  to  hold  any  office  in  the  territory,  .^nother  provision 
was  that  if  any  person  ofl'cring  to  vote  should  be  challenged  and  re- 
quired to  take  an  oath  or  affirmation  that  he  would  sustain  the  provisions 
of  the  "Fugitive  Slave  Law"  and  the  "Kansas-Nebraska  .Act,"  and  re- 
fused to  take  such  oath  or  affirmation,  his  vote  should  be  rejected.  Each 
member  of  the  legislative  assembly,  and  every  officer  elected  or  ap- 
pointed to  office  under  the  laws  of  the  territory,  was  also  required  to 
take  an  oath  or  affirmation  to  support  these  two  Congressional  enact- 
ments.    Elections  were  to  be  by  ballot. 

The  constitution  of  the  State  of  Kansas,  adapted  at  Wyandotic,  July 
2Q,  1859,  provided  that  general  elections  sliould  be  licld  annually  on  the 
Tuesday  succeeding  the  first  Monday  in  No\'cmber.  This  was  changed 
by  amendment,  in  1902,  to  biennial  elections  for  all  offices,  held  in  >ears 
bearing  even  numbers.     This  also  includes  township  officers,  which,  in 


KANSAS    HISTORY  571 

the  original  constitution,  were  to  be  elected  annually  on  the  first  Tues- 
day in  April.  In  1861  the  first  state  legislature  effectually  disposed  of 
the  acts  of  what  was  known  as  the  "Bogus  Legislature"  of  1855,  and 
among  those  repealed  was  the  one  requiring  an  oath  or  affiimation  to 
support  the  "Fugitive  Slave  Law,"  etc.  By  an  act  passed  in  1862  no 
person  was  entitled  to  vote  who  should  refuse  to  take  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance to  the  government  of  the  United  States. 

Chapter  78  of  the  Session  Laws  of  1893  introduced  into  Kansas  what 
is  popularly  known  as  the  "Australian  Ballot  Law."  This  act  provided 
for  the  printing  and  distribution  of  ballots  at  the  public  expense,  and  for 
the  nomination  of  candidates  for  public  offices;  regulated  the  manner 
of  holding  elections ;  and  was  designed  to  enforce  the  secrecy  of  the 
ballot  and  to  provide  punishment  for  violation  of  the  act.  This  statute 
was  repealed,  in  1897,  by  the  passage  of  an  act  "To  regulate  nominations 
and  elections,"  under  which,  as  amended  by  the  laws  of  1909,  the  ballots 
are  printed  at  public  expense.  As  amended  by  the  laws  of  1901,  all 
nominations  made  by  political  parties  are  known  and  designated  as 
"party  nominations,"  and  the  certificates  by  which  such  nominations 
are  certified  are  known  and  designated  as  "party  certificates  of  nomina- 
tion." Party  nominations  of  candidates  could  be  made  only  by  a  dele- 
gate or  mass  convention,  primary  election  or  caucus  of  voters  belonging 
to  a  political  party  having  a  national  or  state  organization,  and  such 
nominations  were  placed  upon  the  official  ballot.  All  nominations  other 
than  party  nominations  were  designated  "independent  nominations,"  and 
might  be  made  by  nomination  papers  signed  by  not  less  than  2,500  voters 
of  the  state  for  each  candidate.  In  counties,  districts,  etc.,  the  papers 
must  be  signed  by  not  less  than  five  per  cent,  of  the  voters  therein,  and 
in  no  case  by  less  than  25  voters,  in  a  county  or  district,  or  10  in  a  town- 
ship, cit}^  or  ward.  Party  certificates  of  nomination  were  required  to 
contain  a  representation  of  some  simple  device  or  emblem  to  designate 
and  distinguish  the  candidates  thus  nominated. 

Certificates  of  nominations  and  nomination  papers  of  state  candidates 
must  be  filed  with  the  secretary  of  state  not  less  than  forty  days  be- 
fore the  day  of  election,  and  all  other  candidates  with  the  county  clerks 
of  the  respective  counties  not  less  than  thirty  days.  No  person  can 
accept  more  than  one  nomination  for  the  same  office,  and  if  he  receive 
two  or  more  he  must  elect  which  one  he  will  accept,  otherwise  he  will 
be  deemed  to  have  accepted  the  nomination  first  made.  The  names  of 
all  candidates  for  the  different  general  offices  are  printed  on  one  ballot. 
Election  boards  are  composed  of  three  judges  and  two  clerks,  and  the 
voting  places  contain  booths  in  which  voters  prepare  their  ballots, 
screened  from  all  observation  as  to  the  manner  in  which  they  do  so. 
Any  voter  who  cannot  read  or  mark  his  ballot  is  assisted  by  two  elec- 
tion officers. 

Electoral  Vote. — The  first  presidential  election  in  which  Kansas  was 
entitled  to  representation  in  the  electoral  college  was  that  of  1864.  .Vt 
that  time  the  state  had  two  senators  and  one  representative  in  Congress, 


572  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

and  was  therefore  entitled  to  three  presidential  electors,  the  votes  of 
which  were  cast  for  Abraham  Lincoln  and  Andrew  Johnson.  As  the 
population  increased,  the  number  of  electors  increased  in  proportion,  and 
since  1864  the  electoral  vote  has  been  as  follows:  1868,  3  for  Ulysses 
S.  Grant  and  Schuyler  Colfax :  1872,  3  for  Ulysses  S.  Grant  and  Henry 
Wilson;  1876,  5  for  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  and  William  A.  Wheeler; 
1880,  5  for  James  A.  Garfield  and  Chester  A.  Arthur:  1884.  9  for  James 
G.  Blaine  and  John  A.  Logan;  1888,  9  for  Benjamin  Harrison  and  Levi 
P.  Morton;  1892,  10  for  James  B.  Weaver  and  James  G.  Field;  1896,  10 
for  \\'illiam  J.  Bryan  and  Arthur  Sewall ;  1900,  10  for  William  McKinley 
and  Theodore  Roosevelt ;  1904.  10  for  Theodore  Roosevelt  and  Charles 
W.  Fairbanks:  1908,  10  for  William  H.  Taft  and  James  S.  Sherman. 

Elgin,  the  oldest  town  in  Chautauqua  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchi- 
son, Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  in  Hendricks  township,  10  miles  south- 
west of  Sedan,  the  county  seat.  It  has  banking  facilities,  telegraph  and 
express  offices,  and  a  money  order  postoffice.  The  town  is  supplied 
with  good  schools  and  churches.  The  first  preaching  in  the  count)'  was 
held  here  by  Rev.  S.  Peacock.  The  first  school  house  in  the  county, 
as  well  as  the  first  store,  the  first  mill,  and  the  first  Masonic  lodge  was 
at  Elgin.  The  town  was  founded  in  1869  by  L.  P.  Getman.  The  popula- 
tion according  to  the  1910  report  was  350. 

Elk,  a  country  postoffice  with  one  general  store  in  Chase  county,  is 
located  on  Middle  creek  near  the  west  line  of  the  county,  19  miles 
northwest  of  Cottonwood  Falls,  the  county  seat,  and  9  miles  east  of 
Antelope,  in  Marion  county,  the  nearest  railroad  station  and  shipping 
point  and  the  postoffice  from  which  its  mail  is  distributed.  The  popula- 
tion according  to  the  census  of  1910  was  45. 

Elk  City,  an  incorporated  town  of  Montgomery  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  and  on  the  .-Xtchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  railroads, 
13  miles  northwest  of  Independence.  It  has  natural  gas  for  heating, 
lighting  and  commercial  purposes.  There  is  a  brick  and  tile  manufac- 
turing works,  a  flour  mill,  a  weekly  newspaper,  one  state  and  one 
national  bank.  The  town  is  sujiplied  with  express  and  telegraph  offices 
and  has  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  6  ruial  routes. 
The  population  according  to  the  1910  census  was  639. 

Elk  City  is  the  oldest  town  in  Montgomery  county,  being  an  out- 
growth of  the  trading  ])ost  cstalilished  at  that  point  by  John  Ka|)pcl  in 
1868.  A  town  company  was  formed  the  same  year  and  the  site  located. 
A.  E.  Baird  put  in  a  stock  of  general  merchandise  and  in  1870  M.  1). 
Wright,  who  had  brought  a  stock  of  notions  with  him  in  his  prairie 
schooner  opened  the  third  store.  A.  R.  Qnigg  started  a  hardware  store. 
The  first  saw  mill  was  built  in  i8ri9  by  S.  B.  Davis,  T.  J.  Brown  and 
Samuel  Mai)lcs.  The  first  blacksmith  shop  was  built  l>y  J.  P.  Morgan. 
The  first  death  as  well  as  the  first  birth  was  in  the  Ihimniond  f.nnily. 
In  .April,  1869,  a  son  was  born  to  Thomas  and  Bertha  llammoiid.  The 
child  was  killed  by  accident  the  same  month.  Thomas  I  l.-imun  ind  w  ;is 
slH)t  and  killed  by  a  man  by  llic  name  of  Morrison  in  .1  iiu.urcl  over 
a  plow. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  573 

Tn  1870  the  Elk  City  por.toffice  was  established  with  William  II.  H. 
Southard  as  postmaster.  The  next  year  the  town  was  incorporated  as 
a  city  of  the  third  class.  The  first  election  resulted  in  the  choice  of  the 
following  officers:  Mayor,  Herbert  Prentis;  police  judge,  James  Smith; 
councilnien,  Uri  Coy,  J.  Baldwin,  William  H.  H.  Southard,  W.  W. 
Woodring  and  A.  R.  Quigg. 

The  first  school  was  taught  in  a  log  school  house  by  William  Osborne 
in  1869.  The  first  bank  was  established  by  E.  E.  Turner  in  1881.  Prior 
to  1882  three  attempts  had  been  made  to  establish  newspapers.  A 
brick  yard  and  a  flour  mill  had  been  put  in  operation. 

In  1902  a  company  was  organized  to  prospect  for  gas,  which  was 
found  after  several  failures.  Several  companies  are  now  operating  in 
the  vicinity  and  a  number  of  fine  oil  wells,  as  well  as  gas  wells  are 
producing. 

Elk  County,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state,  is  the  fourth  county 
west  of  the  Missouri  line  and  in  the  second  tier  north  from  Oklahoma. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Greenwood  county,  on  the  east  by  Wil- 
son and  Montgomery,  on  the  south  by  Chautauqua,  and  on  the  west 
by  Cowley  and  Piutler.  The  count}^  was  established  in  1875  by  an  act 
which  divided  Howard  county  into  Elk  and  Chautauqua  counties.  Its 
history  prior  to  that  date  will  be  as  that  part  of  Howard  county  which 
later  became  Elk. 

In  common  with  the  stu'rounding  territory,  the  lands  of  Elk  county 
were  settled  before  they  were  legally  open  to  white  occupation.  The 
first  white  man  to  locate  within  the  limits  of  the  county  was  Richard 
Graves  in  1856.  He  was  twice  driven  out  by  the  Indians  and  finally 
abandoned  his  claim.  A  strip  of  land  6  miles  wide  along  the  eastern 
border  which  was  legally  open  to  settlement  formed  the  attraction  which 
drew  the  earliest  immigrants,  but  once  here  many  of  the  more  adventiu"- 
ous  risked  their  lives  to  take  up  the  rich  lands  in  the  river  bottoms  be- 
longing to  the  Indians.  By  1870  these  squatters  had  reached  a  consid- 
erable number,  among  them  being  J.  C.  Pinney,  James  Shipley,  R.  M. 
Humphrey,  Elison  Neat,  H.  G.  Miller,  J.  B.  Roberts  and  others.  Among 
those  who  settled  within  the  legal  limits  were  Isaac  Howe  and  Eliza 
Lewis,  who  were  among  the  first  five  that  located  in  Libert}'  township. 
The  claims  were  all  staked  out  by  private  sur-\'ey,  which  gave  rise  to 
a  great  deal  of  trouble  among  claimants  when  the  government  survey 
was  made.  Those  who  had  been  possessors  of  fine  tracts  of  land  bj' 
private  survey  often  found  themselves  without  anything  or  only  with 
a  small  strip,  when  the  true  lines  were  run.  The  land  which  was  cut 
off  by  the  government  survey  having  no  legal  owner,  there  were  par- 
ties ready  to  file  on  it  without  delay.  This  brought  about  claim  wars, 
which  sometimes  resulted  in  the  death  of  one  of  the  parties  involved, 
and  sometimes  were  settled  peaceably.  All  pioneer  districts  experience 
trouble  of  some  sort  and  this  happened  to  be  the  difficulty  which  was 
most  keenly  felt  in  Elk  county. 

The  first  church  organization  was  made  by  the  Missionary  Baptists 


574  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

in  Liberty  township  in  1866.  The  first  church  building  to  be  erected 
was  at  the  town  of  Longton  in  1871.  The  first  newspaper  was  the  How- 
ard County  Ledger,  published  in  1871  by  Adrian  Reynolds.  The  first 
marriage  was  between  D.  M.  Spurgeon  and  Sarah  Knox,  and  the  first 
birth  was  that  of  Sarah  F.  Shipley  in  Dec,  1866. 

The  dissension  among  the  towns  of  Elk  Falls,  Howard,  Boston,  Peru 
and  Longdon,  which  had  reached  a  serious  and  lawless  stage,  and  in 
which  three  companies  of  militia  took  part,  led  to  the  organization  of 
Elk  county.  In  1871  steps  were  taken  to  have  two  new  counties  formed, 
but  it  was  not  accomplished  until  1875,  when  Edward  Jaquins  introduced 
a  bill  in  the  legislature  to  that  end,  which  was  passed,  and  the  counties 
of  Elk  and  Chautauqua  formed  out  of  Howard  count}-,  by  running  a 
line  east  and  west  through  the  middle.  The  organization  of  Elk  was 
perfected  by  calling  an  election  at  which  the  following  officers  were 
chosen:  Commissioners,  Thomas  \\'righl,  John  Hughes  and  G.  W. 
IMcKey;  county  clerk,  Thomas  Hawkins;  county  treasurer,  W'.  W. 
Jones;  sherifif,  J.  \\'.  Riley;  register  of  deeds,  Frank  Osborne;  probate 
judge,  A.  P.  Searcy;  county  attorney,  S.  B.  Oberlander ;  county  super- 
intendent, J.  N.  Young.  The  county  has  suffered  twice  from  defaulting- 
treasurers,  and  once  from  a  defaulting  sheriff.  In  1879,  '^'''^  citizens  of 
Howard  erected  a  court-house  in  return  for  the  county  seat  being  lo- 
cated at  that  place.  The  agricultural  society  of  Elk  county  was  organ- 
ized in  that  year  and  held  yearly  fairs. 

The  first  railroad  to  be  built  was  what  is  now  the  east  and  west  line 
of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  in  1879.    Another  line  of  the  same- 
system  enters  the  county,  on  the  north,  runs  directly  south  and  connects 
with  the  first  line  at  Moline.    A  third  line  runs  southeast  from  Longton 
into  Montg(3mery  county. 

The  county  is  divided  into  ten  townships,  as  follows:  Elk  Falls, 
Greenlield,  Howard,  Liberty,  Longton,  Oak  Valley,  Painterhood,  Paw 
Paw,  Union  Center  and  Wild  Cat.  The  towns  and  villages  are,  Blanche, 
Bushy,  Cave  Springs,  Chaplin,  Elk  Falls,  Grcnola.  Ploward,  the  judicial 
seat.  Longton,  Moline,  Oak  \'alley,  Upola  and  \\'estern  Park. 

The  surface  is  rolling  and  in  some  places  hilly  and  bluffy.  Bottom 
lands,  which  average  about  one  mile  in  width,  comi)rise  20  per  cent,  of 
the  area.  The  timber  belts  along  the  streams  average  a  quarter  of  mile 
in  width  and  consist  of  oak,  cottonwood,  elm,  hackberry,  box  elder, 
maple,  hickorj-,  butternut,  red-bud  and  sycamore.  The  principal  stream 
is  Elk  river,  which  enters  the  county  in  the  nortiiwest  corner  and  (lows 
southeast.  Its  main  trilnitaries  are  Wild  Cat,  Paw  Paw  and  Painter- 
hood  creeks.  There  are  numerous  other  streams.  Well  water  is  found 
at  a  depth  of  20  feet.  Sandstone  and  limestone  arc  found  in  abundance; 
marble  of  a  fair  quality  and  coal  are  found  in  limited  .ininnnis.  ;in(l  nil 
and  gas  are  present  in  cmnmercial  quantities. 

'ilic  farm  products  of  the  county  amount  to  alxjul  $2,250,000  a  year. 
Tiic  total  area  is  over  400,000  acres,  nearly  two-thirds  of  which  have 
been  brought   under  cultivation.     In    1876  there  were  46,000  cultivated 


KANSAS    HISTORY  575 

and  in  1882,  68,000.  The  number  of  apple  trees  in  1882  was  58,000,  as 
against  100,000  in  1910.  The  most  valuable  crop  is  Indian  corn  which 
brings  $250,000  a  year.  Kafir  corn  comes  next,  and  is  worth  about 
$150,000  annually.  Other  leading  products  are  millet,  oats,  wheat,  hay, 
live,  stock,  poultry,  butter  and  eggs.  The  total  assessed  valuation  of 
property  is  over  $14,000,000  as  against  $1,000,000  in  1880.  The  popula- 
tion in  i$io,  according  to  the  government  census  report,  was  10,128,. 
about  ten  limes  what  it  was  in  1880. 

Elk  Falls,  an  incorporated  city  of  Elk  county,  is  located  in  Elk  Falls 
township  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  10  miles  south-- 
east  of  Howard,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  weekly  newspaper 
(the  Journal),  good  churches  arid  schools,  a  money  order  postoffice  with 
one  rural  route,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  a  large  local  trade. 
It  derives  its  name  from  the  waterfall  in  the  Elk  river  near  by.  The 
population  according  to  the  1910  census  report  was  271. 

The  first  house  at  Elk  Falls  was  a  10  by  12  box  house  on  the  claim  of 
R.  H.  Nichols,  and  was  built  in  1870.  A  postoffice  was  established  in 
the  same  year.  Mr.  Nichols  put  up  an  office  in  which  he  conducted  a 
loan  and  real  estate  business,  and  a  store  building  was  erected  by  A.  F. 
Gitchell  and  his  son,  Charles  Gitchell,  in  which  they  conducted  a  gen- 
eral merchandise  business.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Miss  Dora 
Simmons,  in  her  father's  residence  in  1870.  The  attendance  was  about 
25.    The  next  year  the  first  school  building  was  erected. 

Elk  River,  one  of  the  picturesque  streams  of  southeastern  Kansas, 
rises  in  the  northwest  corner  of  Elk  county,  flows  in  a  southeasterly  direc- 
tion past  the  towns  of  Western  Park,  Howard,  Elk  Falls,  Longton,  Oak 
Valley  and  Elk  City,  and  empties  into  the  Verdigris  river  not  far  from 
Independence,  Montgomery  county. 

Elkader,  a  money  order  postoffice  of  Logan  county,  is  located  in  the 
Smoky  Hill  valley,  20  miles  due  south  of  Oakley,  which  is  the  nearest 
railroad  station,  and  about  the  same  distance  southeast  of  Russell 
Springs,  the  county  seat.  It  is  a  trading  center  for  the  neighborhood  in^ 
which  it  is  situated,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  25. 

Elkhorn,  a  rural  post-hamlet  of  Ellsworth  county,  is  situated  on  Elk- 
horn  creek,  about  12  miles  northeast  of  Ellsworth,  the  county  seat,  and 
9  miles  from  Carneiro,  which  is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  The  popu- 
lation in  1910  was  25. 

Elks,  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of. — About  the  close  of  the 
Civil  war  a  number  of  "good  fellows"  in  the  city  of  New  York  fell  into 
the  habit  of  spending  their  evenings  at  a  public  house,  where  they  could 
"sing  songs,  swap  3'arns,  and  in  other  ways  make  the  hours  pass  pleas- 
antly." In  1867  a  permanent  club  of  fifteen  members  called,  "The  Jolly 
Corks,"  was  organized.  Charles  S.  Vivian,  the  son  of  an  Englishman, 
is  given  credit  for  inventing  the  plan  of  organization.  A  few  of  the  orig- 
inal fifteen  "charter"  members  are  still  living.  By  1868  a  number  of 
new  members  had  been  added,  and  it  was  decided  to  make  "The  Tolly 
Corks"   a   secret   society,   with    certain   social   and   benevolent   features. 


576  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

The  old  name  was  considered  inappropriate,  and  a  committee  was 
appointed  to  select  a  new  one.  A  historical  sketch  of  the  order  says : 
"This  committee  visited  Barnum's  museum,  where  they  saw  an  elk  and 
learned  something  of  its  instincts  and  habits  worthy  of  emulation, 
wliich  led  to  the  adoption  of  the  name." 

From  the  manner  in  which  the  order  originated,  many  people  have 
been  led  to  believe  that  the  Elks  are  a  lot  of  congenial  spirits  banded 
together  simply  for  the  purpose  of  "having  a  good  time."  However, 
in  recent  years  the  convivial  feature  has  practically  disappeared,  giving 
way  to  "charit\%  justice,  brotherly  love  and  fidelity."  The  motto  of  the 
Elks  is:  "The  faults  of  our  brothers  we  write  upun  the  sands;  their 
virtues  upon  the  tablets  of  love  and  memor3\" 

In  the  plan  of  organization  there  are  no  state  grand  lodges,  and  only 
one  lodge  is  permitted  in  a  city.  As  all  these  lodges  are  in  direct  com- 
munication with  the  supreme  grand  lodge,  it  is  a  difficult  matter  to 
secure  any  definite  or  authentic  account  of  the  Elks  in  any  particular 
state,  owing  to  lack  of  a  state  grand  lodge  or  headquarters  where 
records  of  work  in  the  state  can  be  consulted.  Topeka  Lodge  was  insti- 
tuted in  April,  1891,  by  some  Elks  from  Missouri,  and  at  the  time  it 
was  chartered  it  had  26  members.  It  now  has  about  500  and  owns  a 
fine  club  house  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Seventh  and  Jackson  streets. 
Since  April,  1891,  lodges  have  been  organized  in  most  of  the  principal 
cities  of  the  state,  those  at  Kansas  City,  Leavenworth,  Hutchinson, 
Pittsburg  and  Wichita  being  particularly  strong  and  active. 

About  the  beginning  of  the  present  century  an  effort  was  made  to 
form  a  state  association  "to  bring  the  brothers  of  our  state  into  closer 
relations  with  one  another,  to  make  us  one  large  family  with  a  common 
purpose,  and  to  concentrate  our  state  representation  in  the  sessions  of 
the  grand  lodge  so  that  we  may  carry  some  weight  in  its  deliberations 
and  compel  recognition  of  the  fact  that  Kansas  is  'on  the  map.'  "  The 
state  association  was  only  a  partial  success,  and  was  never  made  a 
permanent  institution. 

The  purposes  of  the  order,  as  expressed  in  tlie  constitution  and  by- 
laws, are  "to  aid  those  in  sickness  and  distress ;  to  comfort  the  widow 
and  the  orphan,  and  to  lay  away  its  dead  with  such  heartfelt  ceremony 
as  may  teach  the  lesson  of  the  brotherhood  of  man."  At  the  close  of 
1910  the  order  consisted  of  the  grand  lodge,  1,208  subordinate  lodges, 
and  331,288  members.  Since  the  beginning  in  1868  the  Elks  have  dis- 
bursed in  benefits  nearly  $3,500,000,  the  amount  in  1910  alone  having 
been  $401,091.  The  initials  I!.  P.  O.  E.  have  been  interpreted  as  stand- 
ing for  the  "Best  People  On  I'.arth,"  and  in  a  social  way  tiie  members 
come  very  near  to  living  up  to  the  interpretation.  They  are  good  enter- 
tainers and  the  man  who  may  be  so  fortunate  as  to  receive  an  invitation 
to  an  "Elks  club  house"  is  sure  of  a  cordial  welcome. 

Ellen  is  a  little  inland  iiamlcl  in  Osage  county,  almui  3  miles  soutli  nf 
Lyndon,  the  county  seat,  whence  it  receives  mail  by  rural  route,  and 
which  is  the  nearest  shipping  point  and  railroad  station. 


KANSAS    IlISTOKY  577 

Ellinor,  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  in  Ciiase 
county,  is  located  6  miles  northeast  of  Cottonwood  Falls,  the  cotinty 
seat,  and  3  miles  west  of  Saffordville,  from  which  place  its  mail  is  dis- 
tributed by  rural  route. 

Ellinwood,  an  incorporated  city  of  the  third  class  in  Barton  county 
and  the  third  largest  city  of  the  county,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Arkansas  river  10  miles  east  of  Great  Bend,  the  county  seat.  It  is 
on  the  main  line  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  and  is  the 
western  terminus  of  the  Florence  &  Ellinwood  division  of  the  same 
system.  The  town  site  was  located  and  platted  in  1871,  and  the  first 
house — a  small  frame  structure — was  erected  by  William  Misner.  This 
building  was  occupied  late  in  the  year  by  A.  Burlisson,  who  put  in  a 
stock  of  goods  and  became  the  pioneer  merchant  of  the  town.  A  few 
miles  west  was  the  old  village  of  Zarah,  and  when  Ellinwood  was 
started  most  of  the  inhabitants  of  Zarah  removed  to  the  new  town.  One 
of  the  buildings  thus  removed  in  1872  became  Ellinwood's  first  hotel, 
conducted  by  Rugar  &  Greever.  The  railroad  was  completed  to  the 
town  in  the  summer  of  1872  and  the  settlement  of  the  place  was  more 
rapid.  A  number  of  new  inhabitants  arrived  in  the  spring  of  1873,  and 
that  year  the  first  school  house  was  built,  the  first  school  being  taught 
by  Miss  Carrie  Bacon.  For  the  next  five  years  the  growth  was  slow. 
Many  of  the  pioneers  were  Germans,  who  broue'ht  with  them  the 
customs  of  the  Fatherland,  and  in  1875  ^  brewery  was  established,  one 
of  the  first  in  western  ICansas.  The  big  crops  of  1878  gave  the  town  a 
new  impetus.  Early  in  that  year  the  Ellinwood  Express  was  started 
and  the  new  paper  aided  materially  in  building  up  the  town.  The  branch 
railroad  was  completed  in  1881,  a  roundhouse  was  erected,  and  before 
the  close  of  the  year  Ellinwood  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third 
class  with  F.  A.  Steckel  as  the  first  mayor. 

Since  its  incorporation  the  growth  of  Ellinwood  has  been  of  a  sub- 
stantial character.  In  1890  the  population  was  684;  in  1900  it  was  760. 
and  in  1910  it  was  976.  It  has  2  banks,  2  large  flour  mills,  2  creameries, 
a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Leader),  3  grain  elevators,  an  international 
money  order  postoffice  with  three  rural  routes,  a  telephone  exchange, 
hotels,  churches,  and  annually  ships  large  quantities  of  grain,  flour  and 
live  stock. 

Elliott,  a  small  hamlet  of  Sheridan  county,  is  located  in  the  valley  of 
the  north  fork  of  the  Solomon  river,  about  12  miles  northeast  of  Hoxie, 
the  county  seat.  Dresden,  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific,  is  the 
nearest  railroad  station,  from  which  mail  is  delivered  by  rural  carrier. 

Ellis,  an  incorporated  city  of  the  third  class,  the  second  largest  in 
Ellis  county,  is  located  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  at  the  crossing  of 
Big  creek,  14  miles  west  of  Hays,  the  county  seat.  The  town  was  laid 
out  in  1873  by  the  Kansas  Pacific  Tnow  the  Union  Pacific)  Railroad 
company,  which  established  a  roundhouse  and  machine  shops  there  and 
erected  a  two-story  stone  building  for  a  depot  and  hotel  combined. 
Thomas  Daily  was  the  first  merchant.  Other  early  merchants  were 
(1-37) 


578  CVCLOPEDIA    OF 

Nichols  Bros.,  Eli  Sheldon,  Reading  &  Bovven  and  G.  F.  Lee.  For  a 
time  in  1877-78  Ellis  was  the  center  of  a  large  cattle  trade,  and  during 
that  period,  like  all  towns  where  the  cattle  trade  centered,  it  had  the 
reputation  of  being  a  "tough  place."  Law-abiding  people  were  glad 
when  the  trade  moved  elsewhere.  In  1882  a  two-story  stone  school 
house  was  built,  the  old  frame  building  being  sold  to  the  Congrega- 
tionalists  who  converted  it  into  a  church,  the  first  in  the  town.  In  1910 
there  were  four  church  edifices  in  the  city. 

The  Ellis  of  the  present  da}'  has  2  banks,  4  grain  elevators,  the  rail- 
road repair  shops,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Review-Headlight),  good 
hotels,  a  modern  public  school  building,  several  well  appointed  mercan- 
tile establishments,  an  international  money  order  postoffice,  etc.,  and 
in  1910  reported  a  population  of  1,404,  a  gain  of  472  during  the  pre- 
ceding decade. 

Ellis  County,  located  in  the  third  tier  of  counties  south  of  the  State 
of  Nebraska  and  the  sixth  east  of  Colorado,  was  created  by  the  act  of 
Feb.  26,  1867,  with  the  following  boundaries:  "Commencing  where  the 
east  line  of  range  16  west  intersects  the  second  standard  parallel,  thence 
south  to  the  third  standard  parallel,  thence  west  to  the  east  line  of 
range  21  west,  thence  north  to  the  second  standard  parallel,  thence  east 
to  the  place  of  beginning." 

The  boundaries  as  thus  established  are  the  same  as  at  the  present 
tirrie,  giving  the  county  an  area  of  900  square  miles.  Popularly  speak- 
ing, it  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Rooks  county ;  on  the  east  by  Russell ; 
on  the  south  by  Rush,  and  on  the  west  by  Trego.  It  was  named  for 
Lieut.  George  Ellis  of  Company  I,  Twelfth  Kansas  infantrj',  who  was 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Jenkins"  Ferry,  Ark.,  .'\pril  30,  1864.  The  surface 
of  the  county  is  practically  the  same  as  that  of  all  western  Kansas — one 
broad  stretch  of  prairie,  with  but  little  natural  timber  growth,  though 
some  artificial  groves  have  been  planted,  and  there  are  about  25,000 
bearing  fruit  trees  in  the  county.  Across  the  northern  portion  the  Saline 
river  flows  in  an  easterly  direction,  and  the  southern  part  is  watered 
by  the  Smoky  Hill  river  and  its  tributaries,  the  largest  of  which  is  Big 
creek.  Along  some  of  the  streams  there  is  a  natural  growth  of  maple, 
Cottonwood,  black  walnut,  ash,  box-elder  and  hackberry,  but  these  belts 
do  not  average  more  than  200  feet  in  width.  Magnesian  limestone  is 
plentiful ;  limestone  of  a  finer  quality  is  found  along  the  Smoky  Hill 
river;  clay  suitable  for  brick  making  is  abundant  near  Hays;  gypsum 
is  known  to  exist  in  some  localities,  and  there  are  a  few  salt  marshes 
in  tiie  county. 

Fort  Fletcher  (later  Fort  Hays,  q.  v.)  was  established  in  the  fall  of 
1865,  but  the  first  settlement  was  made  in  the  latter  part  of  May,  1867, 
by  the  Lull  brothers  of  Salina.  They  located  on  the  west  side  of  Big 
creek,  a  little  north  of  the  railroad,  and  by  the  middle  of  June  several 
houses  had  been  erected.  The  town  was  called  Rome  and  its  founders 
expected  it  to  become  the  metropolis  of  the  county.  Early  in  June. 
Bli)nm(u'I(I,  Moses  &  Co.  established  a  general  supjily  store  there,  and 


KANSAS    HISTORY  579 

later  Joseph  Perry  built  a  two-story  frame  hotel.  A  little  later,  how- 
ever, the  "Big  Creek  Land  company"  platted  the  town  of  Hays,  or  as 
it  was  at  first  called,  "Hays  City,"  on  the  east  side  of  the  creek.  .\  rivalr}' 
at  once  sprang  up  between  the  two  places,  but  the  railroad  company 
threw  its  support  to  Hays  and  the  town  of  Rome  passed  out  of  exist- 
ence. Some  of  the  buildings,  including  Perr;^'s  hotel,  were  removed 
to  Hays. 

In  Oct.,  1867,  a  memorial  praying  for  the  organization  of  the  county 
was  presented  to  the  governor.  The  petitioners  recommended  Pliny 
Moore,  William  Rose  and  Judson  E.  Walker  for  commissioners,  James 
G.  Duncan  for  county  clerk,  and  Hays  City  as  the  temporary  county 
seat.  W.  E.  Webb,  H.  P.  Field  and  U.  S.  Thurmond  were  appointed 
to  take  a  census  of  the  county.  The  census  showed  a  population  of 
633 — a  few  more  than  the  minimum  number  required  by  law  for  the 
organization  of  the  county — and  Gov.  Crawford  issued  his  proclamation 
declaring  the  county  organized,  with  the  officers  and  temporary  coimty 
seat  recommended  by  the  petitioners.  At  a  special  election  in  Api'il, 
1870,  for  the  location  of  the  permanent  county  seat,  59  votes  were  cast, 
all  in  favor  of  Hays.  On  the  question  of  erecting  county  buildings, 
there  were  58  votes  in  favor  of  the  proposition  and  i  opposed.  Con- 
sequently, on  April  22,  the  commissioners  issued  an  order  for  the  erec- 
tion of  suitable  buildings,  but  it  was  some  time  before  the  financial  con- 
dition of  the  county  would  justify  the  execution  of  the  order.  At  the 
present  time  (1911)  Ellis  county  has  a  fine  stone  court-house,  two  stories 
high  with  basement,  containing  sufficient  room  for  the  transaction  of  all 
the  county  business. 

The  settlement  was  slow  for  a  time.  In  1872  a  small  colony  from 
Ohio  located  near  Walker,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county,  and  was 
soon  followed  by  two  others — one  from  Pennsylvania  and  one  from  New 
York.  The  same  year  an  Englishman  named  George  Grant  purchased 
50,000  acres  of  land  from  the  railroad  company,  intending  to  colonize 
it  with  English  farmers,  and  during  the  next  two  years  some  300  Eng- 
lishmen, several  of  them  with  their  families,  located  on  the  purchase. 
The  grasshopper  scourge  of  1874  caused  a  large  number  of  the  settlers 
to  leave  the  county,  but  in  the  three  years  beginning  with  1875  a  large 
number  of  Russian  emigrants  came  to  take  the  places  of  those  who 
had  left. 

The  first  white  child  born  in  the  county  was  John  Bauer,  whose  birth 
occurred  on  Jan.  29,  1868,  and  the  same  year  witnessed  the  first  mar- 
riage, the  contracting  parties  being  Peter  Tondell  and  Elizabeth  Duncan. 
The  first  court  was  held  soon  after  the  county  was  organized,  Judge 
Humphrey  presiding.  The  county  has  but  one  line  of  railroad — the 
Union  Pacific — which  crosses  it  from  east  to  west  near  the  center,  giving 
it  a  little  over  32  miles  of  main  track. 

In  1910  the  population  of  Ellis  county  was  12,170,  a  gain  of  3,544 
during  the  preceding  decade.  The  county  is  divided  into  the  following 
civil  townships:  Big  Creek,  Buckeye,  Catherine,  Ellis,  Freedom,  Hamil 


580  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

ton,  Herzog,  Lookout.  Pleasant  Hill,  Saline,  Smoky  Hill,  Victoria, 
Walker  and  Wheatland.  The  assessed  value  of  property  for  1910  was 
$18,938,312,  and  the  value  of  farm  products,  including  live  stock,  was 
$2,867,960.  The  five  leading  crops,  in  the  order  of  value,  were :  wheat, 
$1,718,900;  corn,  $261,882;  hay,  including  alfalfa,  $119,702;  Kafir  corn, 
$110,160;  barley,  $40,760.  The  value  of  dairy  products  for  the  year 
was  $94,718.  According  to  the  report  of  the  state  superintendent  of 
public  instruction,  there  were  53  organized  school  districts,  with  a 
school  population  of  4,138.  , 

Ellsworth,  the  county  seat  and  largest  city  of  Ellsworth  county,  is 
situated  about  4  miles  northwest  of  the  center  of  the  county,  on  the 
north  bank  of  the  Smoky  Hill  river  and  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  It  is 
also  the  terminus  of  a  division  of  the  St.  Louis  and  San  Francisco  R.  R. 
that  runs  southeast  to  Wichita.  The  town  site  was  surveyed  in  the 
spring  of  1867  by  McGrath  and  Greenwood  for  a  company  of  which  H. 
J.  Latshaw  was  president.  E.  W.  Kingsbury  built  the  first  house,  which 
was  used  for  the  double  purpose  of  hotel  and  store  and  was  known  as 
"The  Stockade."  At  that  time  it  was  thought  by  many  people  that 
Ellsworth  would  be  the  western  terminus  of  the  railroad  for  some  years 
to  come,  and  the  place  grew  with  such  rapidity,  that  in  a  short  time  it 
boasted  a  population  of  1,000  or  more. 

The  town  was  at  first  located  on  low  ground  near  the  Smoky  tlill 
river,  in  sections  28  and  29.  On  June  8,  1867,  that  stream  rose  suddenly, 
and  in  a  short  time  Ellsworth  was  in  four  feet  of  water,  some  of  the 
frail  frame  houses  being  washed  from  their  foundations.  A  new  site  was 
then  surveyed  in  section  20,  a  short  distance  northwest  and  on  higher 
ground.  Those  who  had  bought  lots  in  the  old  town  were  given  new 
ones  in  the  "Addition."  But  the  flood  was  not  the  only  disaster  the 
new  city  had  to  encounter.  Scarcely  had  the  new  site  been  surveyed 
when  the  Indians  began  to  commit  dei)redations  in  the  vicinity,  and  in 
July  the  cholera  (q.  v.)  broke  out  both  in  town  and  at  l*\irt  Darker, 
about  4  miles  to  the  southeast.  Floods,  Indian  raids  and  cholera  in 
such  rapid  succession  were  more  than  the  people  could  stand,  and  in  a 
short  time  the  1,000  population  of  Ellsworth  dwindled  to  less  than  30. 

Then  came  a  second  growth,  more  substantial  and  more  permanent 
in  character.  In  the  fall  of  1867  Arthur  Larkin  built  a  second  hotel, 
called  the  Larkin  House,  business  enterprises  sprang  up,  buildings  of 
a  better  class  were  erected,  etc.  For  some  time  Ellsworth  enjoyed  a 
large  trade  from  the  1.500  soldiers  stationed  at  Fort  Ilarker,  especially 
in  liquors,  and  from  the  emigrant  trains  that  passed  through  on  their 
way  westward.  In  1868  Ellsworth  was  incorporated  as  a  village,  with 
J.  H.  Edwards  as  ])resident  of  the  council  of  five  members.  'J'he  first 
school  was  taught  in  rented  quarters  by  a  man  named  Wellington.  In 
1869  «i  one-story  school  house  was  erected,  which  served  imtil  1873, 
when  the  people  voted  $9,000  in  bonds  for  the  erection  of  a  larger  and 
more  modern  building.  The  first  number  of  the  Ellsworth  Reporter  was 
issued  in  Nov.,  1870,  by  M.  C.  Davis. 


KANSAS    IIISTORV  58 1 

In  1873  a  large  sliarc  tif  the  cattle  trade  came  to  h".llsv\i  irth.  and  with 
it  came  the  usual  turbulent  element  that  concentrated  in  the  western 
cattle  towns.  Shooting  scrapes  were  common,  gambling  houses  were 
run  "wide  open,"  and  the  better  class  of  citizens  were  pleased  when  the 
cattle  trade  moved  on. westward,  because  its  disadvantages  more  than 
offset  its  advantages.  The  pioneer  church  of  Ellsworth  was  established 
by  the  Catholics  in  1869,  and  it  remained  the  only  house  of  worship  in 
the  place  until  1878,  when  a  building  was  erected  by  the  Presbyterians. 
Several  other  denominations  came  later  and  the  city  now  has  a  number 
of  cozy  church  buildings.  The  Mother  Bickerdyke  home  for  soldiers' 
widows  and  orphans  is  located  here. 

Ellsworth  is  a  city  of  the  third  class.  It  owns  its  electric  lighting 
plant  and  waterworks,  has  a  telephone  exchange,  2  banks,  4  grain  ele- 
vators, a  large  flour  mill,  a  salt  plant  with  a  daily  capacity  of  500  barrels, 
a  good  public  school  system,  a  normal  training  school,  an  international 
money  order  postoffice  with  three  rural  routes,  express  and  telegraph 
offices,  two  weekly  newspapers  (the  Reporter  and  the  Messenger), 
machine  shops,  wagon  works,  and  a  number  of  well  appointed  stores 
in  all  lines  of  merchandising.  The  streets  are  paved  with  a  by-product 
of  the  salt  works,  making  a  roadway  that  is  both  dustless  and  noiseless. 
Coal  and  building  stone  are  found  in  the  vicinity  and  are  a  source  of 
wealth.  The  commercial  club  is  always  alert  to  the  interests  of  the  city, 
which  in  tqio  had  a  po])ulation  of  2,041,  a  gain  of  492  over  the  preceding 
U.  S.  census. 

Ellsworth  County,  located  nearly  in  the  geographical  center  of  the 
state,  was  created  in  1867  with  the  following  boundaries :  "Commencing 
at  the  southeast  corner  of  the  county  of  Lincoln,  thence  west  30  miles; 
thence  south  24  miles ;  thence  east  to  the  west  line  of  McPherson  county, 
thence  north  to  the  place  of  beginning."  It  was  formed  out  of  unor- 
ganized territory  and  has  an  area  of  720  square  miles.  The  county  was 
named  in  honor  of  Allen  Ellsworth,  a  lieutenant  in  the  army,  who  built 
Fort  Ellsworth  on  the  Smoky  Hill  river  in  1864.  At  the  present  time 
it  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Lincoln  county,  on  the  east  by  Saline 
and  McPherson,  on  the  south  by  Rice  and  on  the  west  by  Barton  and 
Russell  counties,  and  is  divided  into  the  following  townships :  .\sh 
Creek,  Black  Wolf,  Carneiro,  Clear  Creek,  Columbia,  Ellsworth,  Empire, 
Garfield,  Green  Garden,  Langley,  Lincoln,  Mulberry,  Noble,  Palacky, 
Sherman,  Thomas,  Valley  and  Wilson. 

The  surface  of  the  country  is  diversified  and  may  be  divided  into 
"bottom"  land,  upland  or  rolling  prairie  and  bluff  land.  The  "bottom" 
lands  or  valleys  are  from  a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  a  mile  in  width  and 
aggregate  about  one-eighth  of  the  entire  area.  The  bluiT  land  is  found 
near  the  rivers  and  creeks,  while  the  south  half  of  the  county  is  nearly 
all  undulating  prairie  or  table  land.  The  principal  water  course  in  the 
Smoky  Hill  river,  which  enters  the  county  about  6  miles  south  of  the 
northwest  corner  and  flows  in  the  southeasterly  direction,  leaving  the 
county  about  t;  miles  north  of  the  southeast  corner.     Its  main  tributaries 


582  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

are  Blood,  Buffalo,  Turkey,  Ox  Hide,  Oak,  Ash,  Clear,  Thompson's, 
Elm,  Bluff  and  Mule  creeks.  Plumb  creek  crosses  the  southwest  corner. 
The  soil  is  well  adapted  to  grains  and  the  most  important  crops  are 
corn  and  winter  wheat,  but  oats,  Kafir  corn  and  prairie  hay  are  also 
extensively  raised.  The  county  ranks  high  in  live-stock  raising  and 
there  are  over  50,000  bearing  fruit  trees.  Magnesium  limestone  is 
abundant  in  the  northeastern  portion  and  red  sandstone  in  the  central 
and  southwestern  parts.  Mineral  paint  of  a  good  quality  and  excellent 
potter's  clay  are  found  in  many  localities.  Large  quantities  of  gypsum 
exist  in  the  high  lands  and  in  the  central  part  are  vast  beds  of  rock  salt 
which  is  extensively  mined  at  Ellsworth  and  Kanapolis.  Coal  is  the 
chief  mineral  product,  however,  three  mines  having  been  opened  in  the 
early  '80s,  near  Wilson,  south  of  the  Smoky  Hill  river. 

One  of  the  earliest  settlements  in  the  county  was  made  late  in  the 
'50S  by  P.  M.  Thompson.  Others  who  came  about  this  time  were  Adam 
Weadle,  D.  H.  Page,  D.  Cushman  and  Joseph  Lehman.  They  all  set- 
tled in  the  same  locality.  In  i860  a  settlement  was  made  on  Clear  creek 
north  of  the  Smoky  Hill  by  S.  D.  Walker,  C.  L.  and  J.  J.  Prater  and 
Henry  and  Irwin  Farris.  Late  in  the  same  year  H.  Wait  and  H.  P. 
Spurgeon  came  to  Ellsworth,  the  former  settling  on  Thompson's  creek 
and  the  latter  with  the  Walker  party  on  Clear  creek.  All  of  these  men 
were  unmarried  or  without  their  wives.  T.  D.  Bennett  moved  to  the 
county. in  Aug.,  1861,  and  his  wife  was  the  first  white  woman  in  the 
settlements. 

In  the  summer  Indian  troubles  began,  when  a  settler  on  Cow  creek 
and  S.  D.  Walker  of  the  Clear  Creek  settlement  were  killed.  Fearing 
another  attack,  the  settlers  in  the  county  took  refuge  at  the  stage  station 
on  the  Smoky  Hill,  where  all  the  people  of  the  surrounding  country 
gathered,  but  learning  that  the  Indians  were  coming  in  great  numbers 
they  left  for  the  east.  In  June,  1864,  Lieut.  Allen  Ellsworth  and  forty 
men  were  stationed  at  Page's  old  ranch,  where  they  built  a  blockhouse, 
and  in  July  Gen.  Curtis  named  it  Fort  Ellsworth  (q.  v.) 

On  April  2,  1868,  the  first  marriage  was  solemnized  in  the  county. 
when  George  W.  Hughes  married  Rusha  Maxon.  For  some  years  immi- 
gration was  slow,  and  it  was  not  until  1873  that  rapid,  settlement  began 
by  foreigners.  The  Swedes  located  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the 
county,  some  Bohemians  in  the  west,  and  the  Germans  were  scattered, 
but  were  especially  numerous  in  the  south.  A  large  colony  arrived  from 
Penns3'lvania  in  the  spring  of  1878  and  located  near  tJic  present  town 
of  Wilson.  In  the  early  '80s  large  tracts  were  bought  up  for  ranches, 
some  of  tiiem  containing  as  many  as  18,000  acres,  ami  ihi.'^  li.id  a  It-n- 
dency  to  keep  the  population  down.  In  time,  as  the  hind  increased  in 
value,  these  large  ranches  were  broken  up  and  sold  as  farms  so  that 
today  Ellsworth  is  essentially  a  farming  country. 

When  the  county  was  organized  in  1867,  the  following  officers  were 
appointed  by  the  governor:  J.  H.  Edwards,  V.  R.  Osborn  and  Tra  Clark, 
commissioners;  E.  W.  Kingsbury,  sheriff;  M.  O.  ITaJl,  clerk.     At  their 


KANSAS    HISTORY  583 

first  meeting  on  July  9,  1867,  the  commissioners  ordered  an  election  to 
be  lield  on  Aug.  10,  for  the  election  of  county  officers  to  serve  until  the 
next  general  election.  There  were  to  be  four  polling  places,  Ellsworth, 
Merriam's  house  on  Elkhorn  creek,  Clark's  house  on  Thompson's  creek 
and  Farris'  house  on  Clear  creek.  At  the  election  V.  B.  Osborn,  W.  J. 
Ewing  and  J.  H.  Blake  were  elected  commissioners :  E.  W.  Kingsbury, 
sheriff;  M.  O.  Hall,  clerk;  J.  C.  Hill,  probate  judge;  Thomas  Delacour, 
register  of  deeds;  M.  Newton,  treasurer;  J.  H.  Runkle,  attorney;  C.  C. 
Duncan,  superintendent  of  public  schools;  J.  C.  Ayers,  surveyor;  M. 
Joyce,  coroner,  and  J.  E.  New,  assessor.  They  perfected  the  county 
organization  on  Aug.  24,  1867.  Prior  to  that  time  it  had  been  attached 
to  Saline  county  as  a  municipal  township.  The  town  of  Ellsworth  was 
made  the  seat  of  justice.  In  1871  agitation  was  begun  for  the  erection 
of  a  county  court-house.  Bonds  to  the  amout  of  $12,000  were  issued  for 
.its  construction  on  July  30,  1872,  two  lots  had  already  been  donated  the 
county  for  a  site,  and  a  fine  two-story  brick  building  was  erected.  A 
stone  jail,  also  two  stories  in  height,  was  built. 

The  Ellsworth  County  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Fair  association 
was  organized  in  1877,  "for  the  purpose  of  advancing  the  agricultural, 
horticultural  and  mechanical  interests  of  the  county."  It  has  become 
one  of  the  well  known  institutions  of  the  county.  The  first  paper  in  the 
county  was  the  Ellsworth  Reporter.  The  second  was  the  Wilson  Echo, 
published  by  S.  A.  Coover,  and  made  its  initial  appearance  in  Aug.,  1879. 
The  first  railroad  in  the  county  was  the  Kansas  Pacific,  built  in  1868, 
which  followed  the  general  course  of  the  Smoky  Hill  river,  while  today 
five  lines  of  railroad,  with  a  total  of  88  miles  of  main  track,  afiford  excel- 
lent transportation  and  shipping  facilities. 

The  population  of  the  county  in  1910  was  10,444,  ^  g^i"  of  818  during 
the  preceding  ten  years.  The  assessed  valuation  of  the  property  was 
$25,103,723,  and  the  value  of  agricultural  products  for  the  year,  includ- 
ing live  stock,  $3,458,260. 

Elm  City,  a  hamlet  of  Labette  county,  is  located  on  the  Missouri 
Pacific  R.  R.  in  Elm  Grove  township,  13  miles  southwest  of  Oswego, 
the  county  seat,  and  about  2  miles  east  of  Edna,  from  which  place  it 
receives  mail  daily.  The  population  in  1910  was  "jj.  The  town  was 
founded  by  Jesse  Edmundson  soon  after  the  railroad  was  built  in  1886. 
The  first  building  erected  was  occupied  by  Wilson  &  Vanbibber,  the 
first  merchants.    This  is  a  grain  shipping  point. 

Elmdale,  a  town  in  Chase  county,  is  located  on  the  Cottonwood  river, 
in  Diamond  Creek  township,  6  miles  west  of  Cottonwood  Falls,  the 
county  seat.  It  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R., 
has  telegraph  and  express  offices,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two 
rural  routes,  all  the  main  lines  of  merchandising,  a  bank,  and  a  weekly 
newspaper  called  the  Elmdale  Gas  Jet.  The  town  was  incorporated  as 
a  city  of  the  third  class  in  1904.  The  population  according  to  the  census 
of  1910  was  253.     Natural  gas  has  lately  been  discovered  in  the  vicinity. 

Elmo,  a  thriving  little  town  of  Dickinson  county,  is  located  in  Banner 


584  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

township  and  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  16  miles  south 
of  Abilene,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  grain  elevator,  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  express  and  telegraph  offices, 
telephone  connections.  Catholic  and  Methodist  churches,  several  well 
stocked  stores,  etc.,  and  annually  ships  considerable  quantities  of  agri- 
cultural products.     The  population  in  1910  was  225. 

Elmont,  a  village  of  Soldier  township,  Shawnee  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  7  miles  north  of  Topeka, 
with  which  city  it  has  telephone  connection.  It  has  a  money  order 
postoffice  with  two  rural  routes,  a  good  local  trade,  telegraph  and  express 
service,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  61. 

Elmore,  Rush,  one  of  the  first  associate  justices  of  Kansas  Territory, 
was  born  in  Autauga  county,  Ala.,  Feb.  27,  1819.  He  was  educated  at 
the  University  of  Alabama,  then  studied  law  and  soon  after  attaining 
to  his  majority  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  Montgomery,  where  he 
began  the  practice  of  his  profession.  In  a  short  time  he  had  established 
a  lucrative  practice,  but  upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  with  Mexico 
he  raised  a  company  in  Montgomery,  was  elected  captain,  and  served 
to  the  close  of  the  war.  After  the  restoration  of  peace,  Capt.  Elmore 
formed  a  partnership  with  his  brother,  John  A.  Elmore,  and  William 
L.  Yancey.  He  was  also  made  brigadier-general  of  the  Alabama  militia 
and  held  the  office  until  appointed  associate  justice  of  the  Kansas  terri- 
torial court  in  the  fall  of  1854.  After  serving  about  a  3-car  he  was 
removed,  at  the  same  time  Gov.  Reeder  and  Judge  Johnston  were 
removed,  but  in  the  spring  of  1857  '^^  ^^''"is  reappointed  by  President 
Buchanan  and  continued  on  the  bench  until  the  establishment  of  the 
state  government  in  Feb.,  1861.  In  addition  to  his  judicial  duties.  Judge 
Elmore  was  one  of  the  delegates  to  the  Lecompton  constitutional  con- 
vention, where  he  made  a  fight  to  have  the  constitution  submitted  to 
the  people.  When  Kansas  was  admitted  as  a  state  he  located  at  Topeka, 
where  he  formed  a  partnership  with  John  Martin  and  continued  in  the 
practice  of  law  until  his  death,  which  occurred  on  Aug.   14,  1864. 

El  Paso  County,  one  of  the  early  counties  of  Kansas,  was  created  by 
the  territorial  legislature  on  Feb.  7,  1859,  out  of  territory  which  was 
later  included  in  the  State  of  Colorado.  El  Paso  is  a  Spanish  word 
meaning  the  passage,  or  the  gap.  At  the  time  of  its  creation,  the  boun- 
daries of  the  county  were  defined  as  follows:  "Commencing  at  the 
northeast  corner  of  Fremont  county  and  running  thence  due  east  to  the 
southeast  corner  of  Montana  county,  thence  due  south  to  a  point  20 
miles  south  of  the  391h  parallel  of  latitude,  thence  due  west  to  a  ]ioint 
20  miles  west  of  the  105111  meridian  of  longitude,  tlience  due  north  to- 
the  place  of  beginning."  The  same  act  appointed  William  II.  Green, 
G.  W.  Allison  and  William  O.  Donnall  commissioners,  and  they  were 
authorized  to  locate  a  temporary  seat  of  justice  as  nc.ir  the  geographical' 
center  of  the  county  as  was  convenient. 

Elsmore,  an  incorporated  town  of  Allen  county,  is  a  station  on  the 
Missouri.  Kansas  &  Texas  R.  R.  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  cunnty,. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  58S 

£.ome  15  miles  soiitlieast  of  lola,  the  county  seal.  'Hie  old  lown  of 
Elsmore,  which  for  several  years  was  the  center  of  attraction  for  the 
citizens  of  Elsmore  township,  was  located  farther  west,  not  far  from 
Big  creek.  On  Aug.  25,  1888,  after  the  route  of  the  railroad  from  Kansas 
City  to  Parsons  had  been  definitely  settled,  N.  L.  Ard,  J.  L.  Roberts, 
J.  A.  Nicholson,  W.'D.  and  H.  W.  Cox,  and  O.  P.  Mattson,  purchased 
20  acres  where  the  present  town  of  Elsmore  stands  and  platted  the 
town.  It  soon  became  a  popular  trading  center  and  shipping  point  for 
that  section  of  the  county,  and  in  1909  was  incorporated.  In  1910  it 
reported  a  population  of  216.  Elsmore  has  a  money  order  postofifice 
with  two  rural  delivery  routes,  a  bank,  several  good  stores,  some  small 
manvifacturing  enterprises,  telegraph  and  express  facilities,  good 
schools,  etc. 

Elwood,  formerly  "Roseport,"  one  of  the  principaj  towns  of  Doniphan 
county,  is  located  on  the  Missouri  river  opposite  St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  with 
which  it  is  connected  by  bridges.  It  is  at  the  extreme  eastern  point  of 
the  county,  in  Washington  township,  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  & 
Pacific,  and  on  the  St.  Joseph  &  Grand  Island  railroads.  14  miles  east 
of  Troy,  the  county  seat. 

A  trading  post  was  established  on  the  site  of  Elwood  in  1852  by  Henry 
Thompson,  who  in  1856  sold  160  acres  to  the  "Roseport  Ti:)\vn  cfimpany" 
which  had  been  organized  by  St.  Joseph  capitalists.  The  consideration 
paid  Thompson  was  $10,000.  The  town  grew  rapidly  in  its  early  years 
and  was  a  dangerous  rival  to  St.  Joseph.  A  hotel  of  75  rooms  was  built 
and  enjoyed  liberal  patronage.  In  1858  there  were  ten  stores,  all  lines 
of  business  was  well  represented.  By  1859  the  population  was  2,000,, 
and  the  town  might  have  outstripped  its  neighbor  had  not  the  inroads 
of  the  Missotiri  river  washing  away  acres  of  the  best  improved  property, 
discouraged  capital  and  enterprise.  The  first  store  was  opened  by  A.  N. 
Campbell,  in  1856,  and  the  first  sawmill  by  William  High  in  the  same 
year.  The  next  year  Daniel  W.  Wilder,  author  of  Wilder's  Annals  of 
Kansas,  opened  a  real  estate  office,  and  James  P.  Brace  was  made  post- 
master of  the  newly  established  postofifice.  In  i860  the  town  was 
incorporated  as  a  "city  of  the  first  class."  The  first  company  of  the  first 
regiment  sent  into  the  Civil  war  by  Kansas  was  or^fanized  here. 

In  1876  the  town  was  reorganized  and  an  election  held  which  resulted 
in  the  selection  of  J.  W.  Montgomery  as  mayor  and  the  appointment 
of  J.  R.  Stone  as  city  clerk.  The  population  in  1910  was  636.  It  has  a 
money  order  postoffice,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  telephone  con- 
nections, graded  ptfblic  schools,  and  a  good  local  trade. 

Elyria,  a  village  of  McPherson  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri 
Pacific  R.  R.,  7  miles  southeast  of  McPherson,  the  county  seat.  It  is 
in  King  City  township,  not  far  from  the  former  site  of  the  historic  King 
City.  It  has  a  postoffice,  general  stores  and  an  express  office.  The 
population  according  to  the  census  of  1910  was  100. 

Ematon,  a  money  order  post-village  of  Stevens  coimty,  is  located 
about   15  miles  southeast  of  Hugoton,  the  county  seat,  and   the  same 


586  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

distance. from  Liberal,  which  is  the  most  convenient  railroad  station.  It 
has  a  general  store  and  is  a  trading  point  for  the  adjacent  farmers,  and 
in  1910  reported  a  population  of  20. 

Emerald,  a  little  settlement  of  Anderson  county,  is  located  in  the 
extreme  northwest  corner,  about  3  miles  north  of  Amiot,  which  is  the 
nearest  railroad  station.  Mail  is  received  by  rural  delivery  from  Wil- 
liamsburg, Franklin  county. 

Emerson,  a  small  hamlet  on  Rattlesnake  creek  in  the  southwest  corner 
of  Stafford  county,  is  about  15  miles  from  St.  John,  the  county  seat, 
from  which  place  mail  is  received  by  rural  delivery. 

Emigrant  Aid  Societies. — While  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill  (q.  v.)  was 
pending  in  Congress  it  became  apparent  that  there  would  be  a  struggle 
between  the  friends  and  foes  of  slavery  for  the  territory  of  Kansas  as 
soon  as  it  was  organized.  In  fact  before  the  bill  became  a  law  a  number 
of  aid  societies  and  cooperative  associations  were  formed  in  the  North, 
for  the  purpose  of  peopling  Kansas  with  a  sturdy  yeomanry  opposed 
to  slavery.  Some  of  these  societies  were  incorporated  under  the  laws 
of  different  New  England  states;  some  were  private  companies;  and 
some  were  of  local  significance — formed  in  a  town  or  county — but  all 
had  the  same  end  in  view. 

Eli  Thayer  (q.  v.),  evolved  the  plan  of  a  society  which  should  oft'er 
to  anti-slavery  emigrants  inducements  sufficient  to  offset  the  hardships 
of  frontier  life.  His  plan  was  for  an  investment  company  to  give  advan- 
tages to  those  whom  it  induced  to  go  to  Kansas,  and  at  the  same  time 
defeat  slavery.  Mr.  Thaj'er,  as  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  house 
of  representatives,  presented  to  that  body  in  March,  1854,  a  petition  for 
the  incorporation  of  the  "Massachusetts  Emigrant  Aid  Company,"  and 
on  April  26,  1854,  more  than  a  month  before  the  passage  of  the  Kansas- 
Nebraska  bill,  this  company  was  chartered  with  a  capital  of  $5,000,000. 

The  incorporators  selected  a  committee  consisting  of  Eli  Thayer, 
Alexander  H.  Bullock  and  Edward  Everett  Hale,  to  recommend  a  system 
of  operation.  The  first  charter  proving  unsatisfactory,  the  company 
reorganized  under  a  charter  granted  by  the  Connecticut  legislature,  and 
a  third  charter  was  obtained  -in  1855,  when  the  name  was  changed  to 
the  "New  England  l-jnigranl  .Xid  ci)ni]iany."  with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000. 
The  work  done  by  this  society,  directly  and  indirectly,  was  one  of  the 
greatest  factors  in  making  Kansas  a  free-state.  Agitation  of  the  ques- 
tion, advertisements  in  the  papers  and  the  literature  distributed,  started 
many  for  Kansas,  who  never  knew  of  the  country  until  this  work  com- 
menced. 

Charles  Robinson,  S.  C.  Pomeroy  and  M.  F.  Conway  were  the  com- 
pany's agents.  They  secured  low  rates  of  transportation  to  the  terri- 
tory, and  the  first  emigrants,  30  in  number,  led  by  Charles  11.  Rrans- 
comb,  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas  river  on  July  28,  1854.  Two 
weeks  later  they  were  followed  by  a  second  and  larger  party,  and  these 
men  laid  the  foundations  of  I.avvrcnrc,  (he  first  free-state  settlement  in 
Kansas. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  587 

"The  Emigrant  Aid  Company  of  New  York  and  Connecticut,"  was 
organized  on  July  i8,  1854,  under  a  charter  from  the  Connecticut  legis- 
lature, its  objects  being  the  same  as  those  of  the  New  England  society, 
with  which  it  was  ultimately  consolidated,  with  John  Carter  Brown  of 
Providence,  R.  I.,  as  president,  and  Eli  Thayer  as  vice-president.  The 
company  was  not  a  financial  success.  Its  original  capital  was  depleted 
until  in  1862,  it  amounted  to  only  $16,000,  but  the  work  of  the  society 
was  done,  for  Kansas  had  been  admitted  as  a  free-state.  In  1901,  the 
state  legislature  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  regents  of  the  state 
university  to  build  a  gymnasium  with  the  money  appropriated  by 
Congress  in  payment  of  the  claim  assigned  to  the  university  by  the 
New  England  Emigrant  Aid  company. 

Several  minor  aid  societies  were  formed  in  the  north.  The  "Union 
Emigrant  Aid  Societ}^"  was  organized  in  Washington,  D.  C,  in  the 
spring  of  1854,  "bysuch  members  of  Congress  and  citizens  generally,  as 
were  opposed  to  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise  and  the  opening 
of  Kansas  and  Nebraska  to  the  institution  of  slavery."  John  Goodrich 
of  Massachusetts  was  president;  Francis  P.  Blair,  vice-president;  and 
its  directors  were  from  various  northern  states.  Agents  were  appointed 
in  several  states  to  call  the  attention  of  the  public  to  its  work  and 
organize  auxiliary  societies  to  promote  immigration  to  Kansas. 

The  "Kansas  Aid  Society,"  was  formed  just  after  the  passage  of  the 
Kansas-Nebraska  bill,  with  John  Goodrich  of  Massachusetts  as  presi- 
dent, and  a  Mr.  Fenton  of  New  York  as  vice-president.  Some  assist- 
ance was  rendered  to  emigrants,  but  its  records  can  not  be  found,  and  it 
is  supposed  to  have  been  absorbed  by  the  New  England  Emigrant  Aid 
company. 

The  "Worcester  County  Kansas  League,"  was  formed  at  Worcester. 
Mass.,  July  6,  1854,  "for  the  encouragement  and  organization  of  emi- 
gration to  the  new  territory  of  Kansas."  The  plan  of  the  league  was 
to  arrange  parties  of  emigrants,  so  that  they  could  travel  together  and 
settle  in  the  same  locality.  Their  first  train  for  Kansas  left  Worcester 
on  July  17,  1854,  only  eleven  days  after  the  league  was  organized. 

The  "Kansas  League,"  was  organized  by  Eli  Thayer  about  1856.  Its 
members  promoted  emigration,  organized  parties  who  wished  to  go  to 
Kansas,  and  published  a  "History  of  Kansas,  also  Information  Regard- 
ing, Rates,  Laws,"  etc.,  which  was  widely  circulated.  Some  of  the 
other  organizations  of  this  character  were  the  "Oberlin  Kansas  League," 
the  "Kansas  National  Committee,"  and  after  the  sack  of  Lawrence  the 
"General  National  Kansas  Aid  Committee,"  the  "Boston  Relief  Com- 
mittee," the  "Kansas  Aid  Society  of  Wisconsin,"  and  the  "Female  Aid 
Society  of  ^^'isconsin,"  all  i)f  which  were  formed  to  send  people  and 
supplies  to  Kansas,  and  in  other  wa3'S  aid  in  defeating  the  friends  of 
slavery. 

Eminence,  a  village  of  Garfield  township,  Finney  county,  is  situated 
on  the  Pawnee  river,  25  miles  northeast  of  Garden  City,  the  county  seat, 
and  about   18  miles  north  of  Charleston,  the   nearest   railroad   station. 


588  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

It  has  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  a  good  local  trade, 
and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  92. 

Emmet,  a  hamlet  in  the  southwestern  part  of  Wyandotte  county,  is 
about  3  miles  north  of  Bonner  Springs,  the  nearest  railroad  station,  from 
which  it  has  rural  free  delivery. 

Emmett,  a  village  of  Pottawatomie  county,  is  located  in  Emmett 
township  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.,  20  miles  southeast  of  Westmore- 
land, the  county  seat.  It  has  banking  facilities,  a  local  telephone  com- 
pan}^  and  all  the  main  lines  of  business  are  represented.  There  is  a 
money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  telegraph  and  express 
offices,  and  the  population  in  1910  was  200. 

Emmons,  a  village  of  Charleston  township,  Washington  county,  is 
a  slatimi  011  the  (.hicago,  ljurlingt(jn  &  Ouincy  R.  R.  4  miles  nurtheast  of 
Washington,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph 
and  express  offices,  some  general  stores,  etc.,  and  in  1910  reported  a 
population  of  50. 

Empire  City,  a  station  on  the  St.  Louis  iH;  San  h'rauciscn  R.  R.  in  the 
southeast  corner  of  Cherokee  county,  was  founded  early  in  the  year 
1877  by  the  West  Joplin  Lead  and  Zinc  company.  A  postoffice  was 
established,  and  soon  afterward  the  place  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of 
the  third  class  with  S.  L.  Cheeney  as  the  first  mayor.  For  some  time 
there  was  a  spirited  rivalry  between  Empire  City  and  Galena,  located 
on  opposite  sides  of  Short  creek  within  a  stone's  throw  of  each  other, 
but  in  1907  this  rivalry  was  ended  by  the  annexation  of  Empire  City 
to  Galena  (q.  v.). 

Emporia,  the  county  seat  of  Lyon  county  and  one  of  the  principal 
cities  of  llie  state,  is  located  near  the  center  of  the  county  and  is  6i 
miles  southwest  of  Topeka.  It  is  an  important  railroad  center,  being 
at  the  junction  of  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  and  the  main  line  of 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe,  and  is  the  terminus  of  three  branches 
of  the  latter  system,  one  of  wliich  runs  to  Holliday,  one  to  Chanute,  and 
the  other  to  Moline.  It  has  waterworks,  electricity  for  lighting  and 
power  purposes,  police  and  fire  departments,  well  paved  streets,  and  a 
public  library.  A  street  railway  is  soon  to  begin  operating  its  cars. 
Among  the  industries  of  the  city  are  woolen  and  Hour  mills,  foundries, 
machine  shops,  carriage  and  wagon  works,  ice  plant,  broom  facl(M-ies, 
a  planing  mill,  creamery,  brick  and  tile  works,  a  corrugated  culvert 
factory  and  a  marble  works.  Emporia  has  3  banks,  i  daily  and  2  weekly 
newspapers,  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  ten  rural' 
routes,  an  opera  house,  tclegrajih  and  express  service,  and  is  an  import- 
ant mercantile  center.    The  population  in  1910  was  9,058. 

Emporia  was  founded  in  1857,  Preston  B.  Plumb  (q.  v.)  being  the 
princijjal  promoter.  Interested  with  him  were  George  W.  Dcit/.ler. 
G.  VV.  Brown,  Lyman  Allen  and  Columbus  Tlornsby.  Tlie  first  building 
was  a  boarding  house  erected  by  John  Ilammotid;  the  second  was  the 
Store  of  Hornsby  &  Pick,  and  the  third  was  the  Emjioria  House,  the 
town   company's    hotel.      In    the    fall    the   jiostoffirc    \\;is     nuneil     from 


KANSAS    HISTORY  589 

Columbia  to  Emporia  and  Mr.  Pick  became  postmaster.  Tiic  first 
number  of  the  "Kansas  News,"  later  the  Emporia  News,  was  printed  on 
June  6,  1857,  in  an  up-stairs  room  of  the  Emporia  House  while  the 
printing  office  was  being  built.  No  gambling  and  no  selling  of  intox- 
icating liquor  was  allowed,  the  penalty  being  the  forfeiture  of  the  prop- 
erty on  which  the  misdemeanor  took  place.  The  growth  of  the  town  was 
brisk  from  the  first.  During  the  year  1857  and  subsequent  years  before 
the  war,  a  steady  stream  of  settlers  located  in  the  town  and  in  the  sur- 
rounding country,  new  business  enterprises  were  established,  churches 
and  schools  were  built.  The  town  company  encouraged  improvement 
by  setting  aside  a  number  of  lots  to  be  given  to  those  who  would  put  up 
buildings  on  them.  A  special  act  was  secured  in  1862  allowing  Emporia 
to  issue  bonds  to  the  extent  of  $6,000  to  build  a  school  house.  When 
finished  it  was  the  finest  in  the  state  except  one  at  Leavenworth.  Seeing 
how  successfully  the  plan  worked  this  special  act  was  made  the  basis 
of  a  general  school  law  for  the  whole  state.  Emporia  has  always  figured 
prominently  in  the  educational  matters  of  the  state.  It  is  the  seat  of 
the  state  normal  school  and  the  College  of  Emporia;  and  is  the  home 
of  the  well  known  Kansas  author,  William  Allen  White. 

Emporia  was  one  of  the  towns  listed  in  Price's  itinerary  of  destruc- 
tion and  would  have  been  sacked  and  burned  but  for  the  prompt 
response  all  through  eastern  Kansas  to  check  the  invasion.  This  was 
a  stopping  place  for  the  soldiers  on  their  various  campaigns  against  the 
bushwhackers  and  Indians  during  and  after  the  war.  At  the  time  of 
the  operations  of  the  Nineteenth  Kansas  Emporia  had  about  800  inhabi- 
tants. The  town  was  incorporated  as  a  village  in  1865,  the  following 
being  chosen  trustees,  R.  M.  Ruggles,  chairman ;  J.  C.  Fraker,  John  L. 
Catterson,  William  Clapp,  and  John  Hammond.  In  1870  it  was  made 
a  city  of  the  second  class.  The  first  election  resulted  in  the  choice  of, 
H.  C.  Cross,  mayor;  E.  W.  Cunningham,  police  judge;  H.  W.  McCune, 
clerk;  S.  B.  Riggs,  treasurer;  a  Mr.  Wilson,  engineer;  P.  B.  Plumb, 
attorney:  W.  A.  Randolph,  marshal;  E.  Borton,  L.  N.  Robinson.  W.  W. 
Williams,  C.  V.  Eskridge.  R.  D.  Thomas,  C.  Wheelock.  F.  Hirth,  George 
W.  Fredericks,  councilmen.  In  common  with  the  other  river  towns 
of  Kansas,  Emporia  suffered  severel}'  in  the  flood  of  1903,  and  on 
account  of  a  cloud  burst,  suffered  almost  as  severely  in  1908. 

Emporia  College,  one  of  the  best  known  denominational  schools  of 
Kansas,  was  founded  on  Oct.  9,  1882,  by  the  Presbyterian  synod  of 
Kansas.  Forty  acres  of  land,  overlooking  the  valley  ofthe  Neosho,  and 
$40,000  in  money  were  donated  to  the  synod  by  the  citizens  of  Emporia 
to  aid  in  establishing  the  institution.  The  charter  declares  that  the 
purpose  of  the  organizers  was  "to  found  an  institution  for  instruction 
in  literature,  science  and  art,  according  to  the  highest  standards  of 
education."  The  college  was  formally  opened  in  Nov.,  1883,  witli  17 
students  in  attendance.  The  second  year  80  students  were  enrolled. 
For  three  years  the  college  work  was  carried  on  in  rented  quarters, 
poorly  adapted  to  teaching,  but  in  1886,  a  sum  of  $10,000  was  given  to 


590  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

the  college  by  Airs.  Robert  L.  Stuart,  of  New  York  city,  and  a  fine 
building  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $65,000.  This  was  called  Stuart  Hall 
in  memory  of  Mrs.  Stuart.  Class  rooms,  laboratory,  museum,  library, 
reading  rooms  and  halls  for  literary  societies,  were  provided  in  this 
building.  In  1887,  William  Austin  of  Emporia  gave  $5,000  for  com- 
pleting a  chapel  in  the  east  wing,  which  was  called  William  Austin 
chapel,  after  the  donor.  It  was  dedicated  on  Dec.  8,  1889.  In  1886,  a 
large  residence  on  the  north  side  of  the  campus  was  purchased  for  a 
dormitory  for  female  students.  Andrew  Carnegie  gave  $30,000  to  the 
college  to  erect  a  library  in  memory  of  his  friend,  John  B.  Anderson  of 
Manhattan,  Kan.  This  building  was  dedicated  in  1902,  and  contains 
some  30,000  volumes.  The  college  has  a  three-year  preparatory  and 
four-year  college  course,  and  a  special  course  in  music.  Many  young 
men  attended  Emporia  College  who  are  preparing  to  enter  the  ministry. 
The  expenses  of  the  institution  are  met  by  tuition  and  contributions  from 
church  and  individuals. 

Enabling  Act. — (See  Admission.) 

Englevale,  a  village  of  Lincoln  township,  Crawford  count}^  is  a  sta- 
tion on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  about  9  miles  northeast  of  Girard, 
the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  express  and  telegraph 
service,  telephone  connections,  a  hotel,  a  feed  mill,  some  good  general 
stores,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  140. 

Englewood,  an  incorporated  city  of  Clark  county,  is  situated  in  the 
township  of  the  same  name  15  miles  southwest  of  Ashland,  the  county 
seat.  It  is  the  terminus  of  a  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe  railway  system,  has  2  banks,  grain  elevators,  a  hotel,  flour  mills, 
telephone  connections,  an  international  money  order  postoffice,  tele- 
graph and  express  offices,  churches  of  some  of  the  leading  Protestant 
denominations,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Leader-Tribune),  some  well 
stocked  mercantile  establishments,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population 
of  518. 

Englewood  was  founded  in  1884  by  a  town  company  of  which  X.  E. 
Osborn  was  president;  M.  L.  Mim,  vice-president;  B.  B.  Bush,  secre- 
tary, and  Grant  Hatfield,  treasurer.  The  capital  stock  of  the  company 
was  $60,000.  Soon  after  the  town  was  laid  out  a  stage  line  was  opened 
to  Dodge  City,  the  stages  leaving  Englewood  on  Tuesdays,  Thursdays 
and  Saturdays.  On  April  24.  1885,  G.  M.  Magill  published  the  first 
number  of  the  Clark  County  Chief  at  Englewood.  In  1890  the  popu- 
lation was  175,  and  in  1900  it  was  181. 

English  Bill. — On  April  13,  while  the  question  of  admitting  Kansas 
under  the  Lecompton  constitution  was  before  Congress,  the  United 
States  senate  voted — 30  to  24 — for  a  conference  committee.  The  next 
day  the  house,  on  motion  of  William  H.  English  of  Indiana,  by  a  vote 
of  109  to  108,  agreed  to  such  a  commiltec.  James  S.  Green  of  Missouri, 
R.  M.  T.  Hunter  of  Virginia,  and  William  H.  Seward  of  New  York, 
were  appointed  on  the  part  of  the  senate,  and  Mr.  English,  Alexander 
H.  Stephens  of  Georgia,  and  William  A.  Howard  of  Michigan  on  the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  591 

part  of  the  house.  On  the  23d  Mr.  English  reported  a  measure — tlie 
work  of  the  conference  committee — which  has  become  known  in  history 
as  the  "English  Bill,"  Seward  and  Howard  dissenting  to  its  introduc- 
tion. The  principal  provisions  of  this  bill  were  the  clauses  in  the 
preamble  and  sectio.n  i  of  the  bill  itself,  the  former  relating  to  the 
changes  made  by  Congress  in  the  ordinance  passed  by  the  constitutional 
convention,  and  the  latter  to  the  submission  of  the  constitution  to  the 
people.     The  provision  of  the  preamble  was  as  follows: 

"Whereas,  Said  ordinance  is  not  acceptable  to  Congress,  and  it  is 
desirable  to  ascertain  whether  the  people  of  Kansas  concur  in  the 
changes  in  said  ordinance  hereafter  stated,  and  desire  admission  into 
the  Union  as  a  state  as  herein  proposed :  therefore, 

"Be  it  enacted,  etc..  That  the  State  of  Kansas  be  and  is  hereby  ad- 
mitted into  the  Union  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  original  states  in 
all  respects  whatever,  but  upon  this  fundamental  condition  precedent, 
namely:  That  the  question  of  admission  with  the  following  proposition, 
in  lieu  of  the  ordinance  framed  at  Lecompton,  shall  be  submitted  to  the 
vote  of  the  people  of  Kansas,  and  assented  to  by  them,  or  the  majority 
of  the  voters  voting  at  an  election  to  be  held  for  that  purpose,  namely: 
That  the  following  propositions  be  and  the  same  are  hereby  offered  to 
said  people  of  Kansas  for  their  free  aceptance,"  etc. 

Then  follows  the  six  propositions  relating  to  land  grants,  viz:  i.  That 
sections  16  and  36  in  each  township  should  be  given  the  state  for  the 
benefit  of  the  public  schools.  2.  That  72  sections,  to  be  selected  by 
the  governor,  should  be  granted  for  the  support  of  a  state  university. 
3.  That  10  sections,  also  to  be  selected  by  the  governor,  should  be 
granted  to  the  state  for  the  erection  of  public  buildings.  4.  That  all 
the  salt  springs  within  the  state,  not  exceeding  12  in  number,  should 
be  the  property  of  the  state.  5.  That  5  per  cent,  of  the  proceeds  of  sales 
of  public  lands  within  the  state  should  be  paid  to  the  state  to  aid  in  the 
construction  of  highways.  6.  That  the  state  should  never  tax  the  prop- 
erty of  the  United  States.  These  provisions  were  substantially  the  same 
as  those  in  the  act  of  admission  which  was  signed  by  President  Buchanan 
on  Jan.  29,  1861,  and  would  no  doubt  have  been  accepted  by  the  people 
of  the  state  in  1858  had  it  not  been  for  the  bitter  feeling  growing  out 
of  the  arbitrary  course  of  the  Lecompton  constitutional  convention. 
(See  Constitutional  Conventions.) 

Section  i  of  the  bill,  which  provided  for  the  submission  of  the  consti- 
tution to  a  vote  of  the  people,  in  connection  with  the  propositions  of 
the  preamble,  was  as  follows: 

"That  the  State  of  Kansas  be  and  is  hereby  admitted  into  the  Union, 
on  an  equal  footing  with  the  original  States,  with  the  constitution 
framed  at  Lecompton;  and  this  admission  of  her  into  the  Union  as  a 
state  is  here  declared  to  be  upon  this  fundamental  condition  precedent, 
namely:  That  the  said  constitutional  instrument  shall  be  first  submitted 
to  a  vote  of  the  people  of  Kansas,  and  assented  to  by  them,  or  a  majority 
of  the  voters  at  an  election  to  be  held  for  that  purpose.     At  the  said 


S9-  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

€leclion  the  voting  shall  be  by  ballot,  and  by  indorsing  on  his  ballot,  as 
each  voter  may  please,  'For  proposition  of  Congress  and  admission,'  or, 
"Against  proposition  of  Congress  and  admission.'  The  president  of  the 
United  States,  as  soon  as  the  fact  is  duly  made  known  to  him,  shall 
announce  the  same  by  proclamation;  and  thereafter,  and  without  any 
further  proceedings  on  the  part  of  Congress,  the  admission  of  the  State 
of  Kansas  into  the  Union  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  original  states, 
in  all  respects  whatever,  shall  be  complete  and  absolute;  and  said  state 
shall  be  entitled  to  one  member  in  the  house  of  representatives  in  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States  until  the  next  census  be  taken  by  the 
Federal  government.  But,  should  the  majority  of  the  votes  be  cast  for 
'Proposition  rejected,"  it  shall  be  deemed  and  held  that  the  people  of 
Kansas  do  not  desire  admission  into  the  Union  with  said  constitution, 
under  the  conditions  set  forth  in  said  proposition ;  and  in  that  event  tlie 
people  of  said  territory  are  hereby  authorized  and  empowered  to  form 
for  themselves  a  constitution  and  state  government,  by  tlie  name  of  the 
State  of  Kansas,  according  to  the  Federal  constitution,  antl  may  elect 
delegates  for  that  purpose  whenever,  and  not  before,  it  is  ascertained, 
by  a  census  duly  and  legally  taken,  that  the  population  of  said  territory 
equals  the  ratio  of  representation  required  for  a  member  of  the  house 
of  representatives  of  the  United  States ;  and  whenever  thereafter  such 
delegates  shall  assemble  in  convention,  they  shall  first  determine  by  a 
vote  whether  it  is  the  wish  of  the  people  of  the  proposed  state  to  be 
admitted  into  the  Union  at  that  time,  and,  if  so,  shall  proceed  lo  form 
a  constitution,  aiul  take  all  necessary  steps  for  the  establishment  of  a 
state  government,  in  conformity  with  the  Federal  constitution,  suliject 
to  the  limitations  and  restrictions  as  to  the  mode  and  manner  of  its 
approval  or  ratification  by  the  people  of  the  proposed  state  as  they  may 
have  prescribed  by  law,  and  shall  be  entitled  to  admission  into  the 
Union  as  a  state  under  such  constitution,  thus  fairly  and  legally  made, 
with  or  without  slavery,  as  said  constitution  may  prescribe." 

The  remaining  sections  of  the  bill  described  how  the  election  should 
be  held,  etc.  On  the  30th  it  passed  the  house  by  a  vote  of  112  to  103, 
and  the  senate  by  a  vote  of  30  to  22.  President  Buchanan  signed  it  on 
May  4.  The  submission  of  the  Lecomplon  constitution  lo  the  ]U'ople 
did  not  please  the  pro-slavery  press,  which  denounced  the  bill  as  the 
"English  Swindle,"  and  some  of  the  free-state  men  exi)ressed  their  dis- 
satisfaction with  the  measure  because  there  was  a  possible  contingency 
of  Kansas  being  admitted  imder  a  constitution  to  which  they  were  so 
bitterly  opposed.  However,  on  June  3  Gov.  Denver  issued  his  procla- 
mation calling  an  election  under  the  bill  for  Aug.  2,  wlnu  the  Uecomp- 
ton  constitution  and  the  propositions  of  Congress  were  defeated  l>y  a 
vote  of  11,300  to  1,788.  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  English  bill  was  a  wise 
measure.  It  gave  the  people  of  Kansas  an  opportiuiity  to  express  them- 
selves on  a  question  that  Congress  had  tried  to  settle  without  (heir 
voice,  and  it  paved  the  way  for  the  Wyandotte  constitution,  under 
which  the  stale  was  finally  admiltod.   (See  Conslitulions.) 


X 


KANSAS    HISTORY  593 

English,  William  H.,  lawyer,  member  of  Congress  and  capitalist,  was 
born  at  Lexington,  Scott  county,  Ind.,  Atig.  27,  1822.  He  was  educated 
at  Hanover  College  in  his  native  state,  studied  law,  and  before  he  was 
23  years  of  age  was  admitted  to  practice  in  the  Indiana  supreme  court. 
He  served  as  deputy  clerk  of  Scott  county;  was  chief  clerk  of  the  lower 
house  of  the  state  legislature  in  1843;  was  principal  secretary  of  the 
Indiana  constitutional  convention  in  1850,  and  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  first  legislature  under  that  constitution.  In  1852  he  was  elected  to 
represent  his  district  in  Congress,  where  he  continued  until  1861,  when 
he  resigned  to  engage  in  the  banking  business.  While  in  Congress  he 
was  appointed  on  the  conference  committee  to  report  a  bill  relating  to 
the  Lecompton  constitution.  (See  English  Bill.)  In  this  capacity  Mr. 
English  showed  himself  to  be  the  friend  of  fair  play,  as  it  was  under  the 
provisions  of  his  bill  that  the  proposition  to  admit  Kansas  under  the 
Lecompton  constitution  was  finally  defeated,  though  he  made  many 
enemies  among  the  administration  members  of  his  party.  To  these 
enemies  Mr.  English  replied  that  the  corner-stone  of  Democracy  was 
the  right  of  the  majority  to  rule,  and  that  the  people  of  Kansas  ought 
to  have  the  right  to  express  themselves  upon  a  question  which  con- 
cerned them  more  than  the  people  of  any  other  state.  During  the  time 
he  was  in  Congress  Mr.  English  was  one  of  the  regents  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution.  In  1880  he  was  the  Democratic  nominee  for  vice- 
president  on  the  ticket  with  Gen.  W.  S.  Hancock,  which  was  his  last 
appearance  in  public  life.  The  balance  of  his  life  was  devoted  to  literary 
work,  and  for  several  years  he  was  president  of  the  Indiana  Historical 
.Society.    He  died  at  Indianapolis,  Feb.  7,  1896. 

Enoch  Marvin  College. — About  1878  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church 
South  established  an  educational  institution  at  Oskaloosa,  JefYerson 
county,  and  named  it  Enoch  Marvin  College.  Owing  to  sectional  feel- 
ing, the  college  failed  to  receive  local  support  sufficient  to  insure  its 
success,  and  in  1880  the  enterprise  was  abandoned.  The  building  had 
been  erected  upon  a  tract  of  land  dedicated  to  school  purposes  and  so 
entailed  that  it  could  be  used  for  nothing  else.  About  1904  the  old 
structure  was  torn  down  and  a  high  school  building  erected  on  the 
site. 

Enon,  a  small  hamlet  of  Barber  county  is  situated  about  14  miles 
east  of  Medicine  Lodge,  the  county  seat,  and  4  miles  from  Sharon, 
which  is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  Mail  is  received  by  rural  deliv- 
ery through  the  postoffice  at  Attica. 

Enosdale,  a  little  settlement  of  Washington  count}-,  is  about  4  miles 
south  of  Morrow,  the  nearest  railroad  station,  and  7  miles  southwest 
of  Washington,  the  county  seat,  whence  mail  is  received  by  rural 
delivery. 

Ensign,  a  rural  postoffice  of  Hess  township,  Gray  county,  is  located 
14  miles  southeast  of  Cimarron,  the  county  seat,  and  12  miles  south 
of  Wettick,  the  nearest  railroad  station.    The  population  in  1910  was  41. 

(I-38) 


594  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Enterprise,  an  incorporated  city  of  Dickinson  county,  is  located  o» 
tlie  right  bank  of  the  Smoky  Hill  river  6  miles  east  of  Abilene,  the 
county  seat,  at  the  junction  of  the  Union  Pacific,  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe,  and  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  railways.  A  set- 
tlement was  started  on  the  site  as  early  as  1868,  when  C.  Ifoffman 
built  a  frame  mill  there.  The  following  year  Senn  &  Ehrsam  opened 
a  store,  and  in  1872  the  Methodists  erected  a  small  church  building. 
The  town  was  not  laid  out,  however,  until  1872,  when  the  survey  was 
made  by  G.  R.  Wolfe,  the  county  surveyor.  In  Jan.,  1875,  a  town  com- 
pany was  organized  with  V.  P.  Wilson  as  president;  John  Johntz, 
vice-president ;  T.  C.  Henry,  secretary,  and  C.  Hoffman,  treasurer. 
Before  the  close  of  the  year  several  new  business  enterprises  had  been 
launched,  a  hotel  was  built  by  Edward  Parker,  and  Mr.  Hofljman 
erected  a  larger  mill,  which  was  used  as  a  woolen  mill  until  1881,  when 
it  was  converted  into  a  flour  mill  with  a  capacity  of  200  barrels  a  day. 
Five  years  later  the  population  had  grown  to  such  proportions  as  to 
demand  better  educational  facilities,  and  a  new  school  house  was 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $7,000. 

Enterprise  has  an  appropriate  name,  as  it  is  one  of  the  most  ener- 
getic and  progressive  cities  of  its  size  in  Kansas.  It  has  one  of  the 
largest  flour  mills  in  the  state,  machine  shops,  a  manufactory  of  flour 
mill  machiner}",  wall  plaster  works,  2  banks,  a  creamery,  good  hotels, 
a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Push  and  Journal),  waterworks,  graded  pub- 
lic schools,  a  normal  academy,  and  is  the  center  of  trade  for  a  large 
and  populous  agricultural  district.     The  population  in  1910  was  706. 

Entomological  Commission,  State. — The  act  creating  the  state  ento- 
mological commission  was  approved  by  Gov.  Iloch  on  March  i,  1907. 
It  provided  that  the  commission  should  consist  of  the  secretary  of  the 
state  board  of  agriculture,  the  secretary  of  the  state  horticultural 
society,  the  professors  of  entomology  in  the  University  of  Kansas  and 
the  Agricultural  College,  and  some  nurseryman — a  resident  of  Kan- 
sas— to  be  appointed  by  the  governor  for  a  term  of  two  years.  The 
act  also  appropriated  .$500  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  on  June  30,  1908, 
and  a  like  sum  for  the  year  ending  on  June  30,  1909. 

The  first  commission  was  composed  of  F.  D.  Coburn,  Prof.  T.  J. 
Headlee,  Prof.  S.  J.  Hunter,  Walter  Wellhouse  and  F.  H.  Stannard.. 
In  the  organization  of  the  commission,  IVTr.  Coburn  was  elected  chair- 
man and  Mr.  Wellhouse  secretary.  I'nder  the  law,  the  commission 
was  given  authority  to  adopt  rules  for  the  inspection  of  nursery  stock, 
seeds,  etc.,  and  was  required  to  report  annually  on  or  before  Dec.  i. 
For  the  sake  of  convenience,  and  in  order  to  conduct  llie  work  more 
systematically,  the  state  was  divided  into  two  sections  by  a  line  run- 
ning east  and  west,  as  near  the  center  as  practicable,  the  northern 
half  to  be  under  the  supervision  of  Prof.  ITcadlce  of  the  Agricultural 
College,  and  the  sfnitltern  under  Prof.  Hunter  df  tin-  University  of  Kan- 
sas. Aided  by  the  apprnprialinn,  although  small,  the  commission 
began  a  careful  study  of  the  insects  that    work  u|ii>ii  ijic  cinps.  pl.iuts. 


KANSAS    HISTORY 


595 


and  orchards  of  the  state,  and  in  the  reports  and  bulletins  issued  there 
is  much  valuable  information  for  the  farmer  and  horticulturalist  regard- 
ing the  methods  of  destroying  these  insect  pests,  the  spraying  of  fruit 
trees,  the  selection  of  nursery  stock,  etc. 

Epileptic  Hospital: — In  the  establishment  of  this  institution  the 
intention  of  the  legislature  was  to  make  it  a  third  insane  asylum,  in 
order  to  relieve  the  crowded  condition  of  the  hospitals  at  Topeka  and 
Osawatamie.  It  was  authorized  by  an  act  of  the  legislature  of  1899, 
which  provided  that  a  site  should  be  selected  by  a  committee  of  the 
legislature — four  senators  and  five  representatives — and  appropriated 
$100,000  for  the  erection  of  buildings.  There  was  a  spirited  rivalry 
among  a  number  of  cities  for  the  new  hospital,  and  when  the  com- 
mittee decided  to  locate  it  at  Parsons,  the  citizens  of  Clay  Center  insti- 
tuted injunction  proceedings.  The  question  was  finally  settled  by  the 
supreme  court,  which  sustained  the  action  of  the  committee,  but  the 
litigation  delayed  the  erection  of  the  buildings  so  much  that  the  appro- 
priation lapsed.  The  legislature  of  1901  reappropriated  the  unex- 
pended balance  of  the  $100,000  so  that  the  work  could  proceed  without 
further  delay. 


'*'*^-»., 


liiiii 


.^iiWIi^: 


i;,-.v . . 


■     VW'-  ,Bi.i-t 


STATE    HOSPITAL    FOR    EPILEPTICS,    PARSONS. 


In  the  meantime,  the  state  board  of  charities,  in  its  report  for  1900, 
said:  "In  the  judgment  of  the  board,  it  would  be  better  to  establish 
an  epileptic  colony,  and  thereby  relieve  the  congested  condition  of  the 
asylums,  than  to  build  a  new  asylum."  Following  this  suggestion,  the 
trustees  of  the  state  institutions  reported  in  1932,  that  "After  a  care- 
ful investigation  of  the  subject,  we  decided  to  make  the  Parsons  insti- 
tution one  wholly  for  the  treatment  of  epileptics,  both  sane  and  insane. 


596  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

The  Parsons  purchase  is  especially  adapted  to  an  institution  of  this 
character.  The  large  acreage  of  land  gives  us  plenty  of  work,  and 
the  epileptic  patients  are  not  only  capable  of  work,  but  are  benefited 
thereby." 

With  the  appropriation  a  dormitory  capable  of  accommodating  70 
persons,  two  cottages  capable  of  accommodating  30  each,  and  two 
capable  of  accommodating  16  each  were  erected,  the  institution  being 
modeled  after  the  epileptic  hospital  at  Sonyea,  N.  Y.  The  legislature 
of  1903  made  an  additional  appropriation  of  $200,000,  with  which  the 
original  five  buildings  were  fully  completed  and  five  similar  buildings 
were  erected  for  women.  In  Oct..  1903,  the  institution  was  ready  for 
occupancy  and  more  than  100  epileptic  patients  were  removed  from  the 
insane  hospitals  at  Topeka  and  Osawatomie,  and  the  hospital  was 
opened  with  M.  L.  Perry  as  superintendent.  Since  the  opening  an 
administration  building  has  been  erected  at  a  cost  of  $70,000;  a  barn, 
laundr}',  heating  and  power  plant  and  a  superintendent's  residence  have 
been  built,  and  in  1910  the  property  of  the  institution  was  valued  at 
$500,000.  The  legislature  of  1905  designated  the  institution  as  the 
"State  Hospital  for  Epileptics." 

Sane  persons  who  are  merely  epileptics  are  admitted  and  many  of 
these  acquire  a  good  common  school  education,  as  the  hospital  is  edu- 
cational as  well  as  curative.  Nearly  all  the  imnates  can  he  taught  some 
simple  form  of  manual  labor,  and  many  leave  the  hospital  improved  in 
both  mind  and  body.  The  institution  has  been  under  the  charge  of 
Mr.   Perry  ever  since  it  was  established. 

Equal  Suffrage  Association. —  (See  Woman  Suii'rage.) 

Erie,  the  judicial  seat  of  Neosho  count}-,  is  located  3  miles  east  of  the 
geographical  center  of  the  county,  a  little  north  of  the  Neosho  ri\er, 
and  at  the  junction  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fc  ami  the  Mis- 
souri. Kansas  &  Texas  railroads  in  Erie  township.  It  is  liglilcd  and 
heated  by  natural  gas,  which  is  found  in  the  vicinity,  .\niong  its  busi- 
ness enterprises  are  sawmills,  flour  mills,  grain  elevators,  a  creamery, 
oil  refinery,  canning  factory.  2  banks,  2  weekly  newspapers,  and  numer- 
ous mercantile  establishments.  It  has  express  and  Iclegraph  offices 
and  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  li\c  rural  mules.  The 
population  in   1910  was  1,300. 

Erie  was  founded  in  1866  as  a  compromise  between  two  rival  towns 
in  the  vicinity — "Old  Erie"  and  Crawfordsvillc.  In  November  of  that 
year,  the  two  towns  having  both  been  abandoned,  a  new  site  was 
selected  and  a  town  company  formed  by  D.  W.  Bray,  Luther  Packet. 
Peter  Walters  and  J.  F.  TTcmilwright.  .\  dozen  others  were  admitted 
to  membership  later.  Tlic  lirsl  house  built  was  a  log  cai)in  by  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  E.  Spivey.  The  building  was  afterward  used  as  a  school 
house  and  church,  for  a  boarding  house,  and  for  vari(^us  other  pur- 
poses in  the  early  days.  The  first  store  was  erected  \>\  Hi.  C.  15.  Ken- 
nedy, Dr.  A.  F.  Neely  and  J.  C.  Carpenter  in  18^17,  and  the  same  ycir 
a  hotel  was  erected  by  J.   A.  Wells.     The  first  residence  was   put   tip 


KANSAS    HISTORY  597 

by  Virgil  Slillwcll.  Carpenter  &  Porter  opened  the  first  law  office 
early  in  1868.  The  postoffice  was  established  in  1866,  with  A.  H. 
Roe  as  postmaster,  and  was  moved  to  the  new  town  in  1867.  The  first 
child  born  was  Byron  C.  Wells,  son  of  J.  A.  and  Matilda  Wells.  In 
July,  1868,  the  county  offices  were  moved  to  Erie.  After  a  contest 
lasting  several  years  the  county  seat  was  permanently  located  at  luie 
by  a  decision  of  the  supreme  court  in   1874. 

The  early  growth  of  Erie  was  remarkable.  It  developed  from  a 
single  log  house  in  1867  to  a  town  of  800  inhabitants  in  1869,  and  this 
in  spite  of  the  extreme  difficulty  of  obtaining  lumber  and  other  build- 
ing materials.  Its  growth  was  checked  by  a  destructive  fire  in  1872, 
and  by  a  cyclone  which  swept  the  county  the  next  year.  The  com- 
bined financial  loss  to  Erie  was  $20,000.  A  depression  followed  and 
the  town  dwindled  to  300  inhabitants,  due  to  having  no  railroad.  How- 
ever, when  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  built  a  line,  running  east 
and  west  in  1863,  the  town  began  to  show  prosperity  again.  New 
brick  buildings  were  erected  and  new  enterprises  started.  In  1887  the 
Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  R.  R.  running  north  and  south  was  built 
through  Erie.  In  1899  the  Erie  Gas  and  Mineral  company  was  formed, 
which  drilled  and  discovered  oil  and  gas.  The  telephone  exchange  was 
added  to  the  conveniences  in  1901. 

Erie  was  organized  by  a  decree  of  the  probate  court  in  1869,  and 
the  following  men  were  appointed  trustees:  J.  A.  Wells,  G.  W.  Dale, 
John  McCullough,  Isaac  M.  Fletcher  and  Douglas  Putnam.  The  trus- 
tees met  on  Dec.  30  of  that  year  and  declared  the  place  a  city  of  the 
third  class.  J.  A.  Wells  was  elected  mayor  and  appointed  all  the  other 
officers.  The  first  newspaper  was  the  Neosho  County  Record,  estab- 
lished in   1876  by  George  W.  McMillin. 

Esbon,  an  incorporated  city  of  Jewell  county,  is  located  in  the  town- 
ship of  the  same  name,  13  miles  west  of  Mankato,  the  county  seat.  It 
is  a  station  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.,  has  2  banks, 
a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Times),  Christian  and  United  Brethren 
churches,  good  public  schools,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  four  rural 
routes,  a  number  of  good  stores,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  tele- 
phone connections,  and  is  the  principal  shipping  point  between  Man- 
kato and  Smith  Center.  Esbon  was  incorporated  in  1904  and  in  1910 
reported  a  population  of  347. 

Eskridge,  an  incorporated  town  of  Wabaunsee  county,  is  situated  in 
Wilmington  township,  16  miles  southeast  of  Alma,  the  county  seat, 
on  the  Burlingame  &  Alma  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &:  Santa 
Fe  R.  R.  It  was  first  laid  out  by  E.  H.  Sanford  in  1868,  but  the  town 
did  not  become  a  reality  until  after  the  completion  of  the  railroad  in 
1880,  when  the  railroad  company  selected  a  town  site  adjoining  San- 
ford's.  The  first  house  in  the  place  was  built  by  Dr.  Trivet  in  June, 
1880.  In  1881  a  school  house  was  erected,  and  that  fall  the  first  school 
was  opened  with  Miss  Emma  Henderson  as  teacher.  The  same  year 
the  first  store  was  started  by  William  Earl,  and  the  first  church  in  the 
town  was  erected. 


I 


598  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Eskridge  is  the  second  largest  town  in  the  county.  It  has  2  banks, 
an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  four  rural  routes,  elec- 
tric lights,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Tribune-Star),  express  and  tele- 
graph service,  graded  schools,  telephone  connections,  a  large  retail 
trade,  hotels,  the  Kansas  \\'esleyan  Bible  school,  churches  of  five  dif- 
ferent faiths,  and  is  a  shipping  point  of  considerable  importance.  The 
population  in  1910  was  797. 

Essex,  a  money  order  post-hamlet  of  Finney  county,  is  located  on 
a  small  tributary  of  the  Pawnee  river,  18  miles  northeast  of  Garden 
City,  the  county  seat.  The  population  in  1910  was  28.  Charleston  is 
the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Ethelton,  a  rural  postofifice  and  neighborhood  trading  point  of 
Seward  county,  is  located  tin  the  Cimarron  river  in  Seward  township, 
about  20  miles  northwest  of  Liberal,  the  county  seat  and  most  con- 
venient railroad  station. 

Eudora,  one  of  the  largest  towns  of  Douglas  county,  is  located  in 
the  northeastern  part  of  the  county  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Kansas 
river  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  7  miles  east  of 
Lawrence.  Early  in  the  summer  of  1856  a  company  of  Germans  organ- 
ized in  Chicago,  111.,  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  settlement  some  where 
in  the  west.  From  50  members  it  grew  to  600  stockholders  and  in 
March,  1857,  a  locating  committee  left  for  the  west  to  select  a  town 
site.  They  spent  some  time  in  Missouri  and  Kansas  and  finally  decided 
upon  the  site  where  Eudora  now  stands.  A  tract  of  800  acres  of  land 
was  bought  from  the  Shawnee  Indians  through  Pascal  Fish,  their 
chief,  who  was  to  receive  every  alternate  lot.  The  land  was  surveyed 
and  named  Eudora  in  honor  of  the  chief's  daughter.  When  the  com- 
mittee returned  to  Chicago  it  was  determined  to  colonize  the  place 
and  men  representing  different  trades  and  professions  were  sent  out 
by  the  association,  under  the  leadership  of  P.  Hartig.  These  pioneers 
arrived  at  Eudora  on  April  18,  1877,  and  at  once  erected  rude  cabins 
and  made  other  improvements.  Pascal  Fish  had  built  a  cabin  on  the 
town  site  before  the  advent  of  the  whites,  which  was  used  as  a  hotel 
and  locally  known  as  the  "Fish  House."  In  May  a  sawmill  and  corn 
cracker  was  sent  out  by  the  association  and  was  put  in  operation.  The 
first  store  was  opened  the  following  summer  and  the  village  began  to 
flourish.  A  postoffice  was  also  established  in  the  summer  of  1857, 
with  A.  Summerfield  as  the  first  postmaster.  On  Feb.  8,  1859,  Eudora 
was  incorporated  under  the  territorial  laws  and  ten  years  later  the  town 
was  divided  into  two  wards  for  municipal  ]Mir]-)oses.  It  is  now  an  incor- 
porated city  of  the  third  class.  A  fresh  impetus  was  given  to  the  town 
with  the  building  of  the  .'Vtchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  railroad,  and  it 
has  become  the  shipping  and  supply  point  for  a  rich  agricultural  dis- 
trict. Eudora  has  many  beautiful  homes,  good  public  schools,  sev- 
eral general  stores,  hardware  and  implement  houses,  a  drug  store, 
wagon  and  blacksmith  shops,  a  money  order  postoffice,  express  and 
telegraph  facilities,  2  banks,  and  a  population  of  640,  according  to  the 
U.  S.  census  of  lOTO. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  599 

Eureka,  the  judicial  seat  and  largest  town  in  Greenwood  county,  is 
located  south  and  a  little  west  of  the  center  of  the  county  on  Fall  river 
and  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  and  the  Missouri  Pacific  rail- 
roads. It  is  158  miles  southwest  of  Atchison  and  109  miles  south  of 
Topeka.  Eureka  has  all  the  modern  improvements  expected  in  a  city 
of  its  size.  It  is  ligjited  by  electricity,  has  natural  gas  for  lighting, 
heating  and  commercial  purposes,  a  fire  department  and  waterworks. 
Among  the  business  enterprises  are  a  wagon  factory,  broom  factory, 
flour  mill,  4  banks,  good  hotels  and  two  weekly  newspapers.  All  the 
leading  denominations  of  churches  are  represented  and  the  schools 
are  unsurpassed  in  the  state.  This  is  an  important  grain,  live-stock  and 
produce  shipping  point.  There  are  telegraph  and  express  offices  and 
an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  five  rural  routes.  The 
population,  according  to  the  census  of  1910,  was  2,333. 

Eureka  was  located  in  1857,  and  the  first  building  was  a  school  house 
built  of  short  planks  hewn  from  logs.  This  was  a  general  purpose 
house  and  was  used  for  all  public  purposes.  The  town  site  belonged 
to  David  Tucker  and  Levi  N.  Prather.  Mr.  Tucker  bought  out  Prather 
for  $160,  and  in  1867  sold  the  whole  site  to  the  town  company  for 
$50.  The  postoffice  was  established  in  1858,  with  Edwin  Tucker  as 
postmaster.  There  was  no  store  until  after  the  war,  and  all  goods 
had  to  be  brought  from  Kansas  City  or  Atchison  with  ox  teams.  The 
first  store  was  a  community  afifair.  James  Kenner  agreed  to  keep  the 
store,  with  the  understanding  that  if  it  interfered  too  much  with  his 
occupation  of  farming,  he  would  turn  it  over  to  Edwin  Tucker  at  the 
end  of  the  year.  This  he  did.  The  store  was  opened  on  April  i,  1866. 
Among  the  first  business  and  professional  men  were :  Dr.  Reynolds, 
the  first  physician;  McCartney,  blacksmith,  1866;  Judge  Lillie,  the 
first  lawyer,  1868:  Hawkins,  the  first  carpenter,  1867,  and  Mr.  Akers, 
who  was  the  first  landlord  of  the  company  hotel. 

The  first  newspaper  was  the  Eureka  Herald,  published  by  S.  G. 
i\Iead,  the  initial  number  of  which  appeared  in  Aug.,  1866.  The  first 
school  was  taught  by  Edwin  Tucker  in  1858.  The  first  bank,  which 
was  also  the  firsfbank  in  the  county,  opened  in  the  summer  of  1870. 
It  closed  the  first  of  the  next  year.  The  Eureka  Bank,  opened  in  Nov., 
1870,  and  continued  to  do  a  successful  business.  In  1867  the  town 
was  laid  out  and  lots  were  sold.  It  was  incorporated  first  in  1870, 
with  the  following  trustees :  I.  R.  Phenis,  A.  F.  Nicholas,  L.  H.  Pratt, 
Harley  Stoddard  and  C.  A.  Wakefield.  The  next  year  it  became  a 
city  of  the  third  class  with  Ira  P.  Nye  as  mayor  and  George  H.  Lillie 
as  city  clerk.  Eureka  became  the  county  seat  and  the  first  term  of 
court  was  held  in  May,  1867,  but  adjourned  without  transacting  any 
business. 

Evangelical  Association. — At  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century  a 
great  religious  awakening  took  place  in  the  United  States,  which  was 
at  first  confined  to  the  English  speaking  population.  In  time  the  revival 
reached  the  Germans  living  in  eastern   Pennsylvania,  whose  ancestors 


600  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

in  the  preceding  century  had  fled  from  the  Rhenish  provinces  of  the 
Palatinate.  Jacob  Albright,  a  German  Methodist  minister,  who  was 
drawn  more  and  more  to  his  own  people,  devoted  himself  to  work 
among  them  in  their  own  language.  It  had  not  been  Albright's  idea 
to  form  a  new  church,  but  the  opposition  of  the  Methodists  to  the 
mode  of  worship  by  his  converts  made  a  separate  organization  neces- 
sary. In  1790  Albright  began  to  travel  as  an  evangelist.  Ten  years 
later  he  organized  a  class  of  converts,  which  in  1807  was  organized 
as  a  church  at  a  general  assembly  held  in  eastern  Pennsylvania.  Annual 
conferences  were  formed  and  the  first  general  conference  was  held  in 
1816.  Albright  was  elected  bishop,  articles  of  faith  and  the  book  of 
disciples  were  adopted,  but  the  full  form  of  church  government  was 
not  completed  for  some  years. 

While  at  the  beginning  the  activities  of  the  church  were  confined 
to  the  German  language,  it  was  soon  widened  by  taking  up  work 
among  the  English  speaking  population.  The  faith  spread  into  the 
other  middle  states,  west  to  the  Pacific  coast,  and  north  into  Canada. 
A  division  occurred  in  1891,  which  resulted  in  the  organization  of  the 
United  Evangelical  Church,  which  took  a  large  number  of  ministers 
and  members.  In  doctrine  and  theology  the  Evangelical  Association 
is  Arminian  and  its  articles  of  faith  and  plan  of  organization  corre- 
spond very  closely  to  those  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church.  The 
bishops  are  elected  by  the  general  conference  for  a  term  of  four  years, 
but  are  not  ordained  or  consecrated  as  such.  They  have  the  general 
oversight  of  the  church,  preside  at  the  annua!  conferences,  and,  as  a 
board,  decide  all  questions  of  law  between  general  conference  sessions. 
Presiding  elders  are  elected  for  four  years  by  the  annual  conference, 
pastors  are  appointed  annually,  on  the  itinerant  system,  the  time  limit 
being  five  consecutive  years  in  any  field  except  a  missionary  con- 
ference. 

The  Evangelical  Association  was  established  in  Kansas  sometime 
in  the  '70s.  At  first  congregations  were  formed  and  churches  erected 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state,  but  as  settlements  pushed  farther  west 
the  people  carried  their  faith  with  them  and  congregations  were  fnrnied 
all  over  the  state.  In  1890  there  were  96  church  organizations  with  50 
church  edifices  and  a  membership  of  4,459.  During  a  little  over  a 
decade  and  a  half  the  association  has  increased  but  ahuut  400.  while 
the  United  Evangelical  church,  etablisjied  in  t8i)1.  now  has  ;i  nu-tn- 
hership  of  547. 

Evanston,  a  Iiamlct  of  Leavenworth  county,  is  located  in  tlic  west- 
ern portion  on  tlic  Stranger  creek  5  miles  norlli  of  JarliaJo,  tlic  nearest 
railroad  town,  and  11  miles  southwest  of  Leavenworth,  the  county  seat, 
from  which  it  has  rural  free  delivery. 

Eve,  a  hamlet  in  tlie  extreme  nortliwestern  part  of  P.ourlion  county, 
is  situated  on  a  tributarj'  of  the  Little  Osage  ri\ir.  it  has  rural  dcliv- 
erv  from  Bronson. 


I 


KANSAS    HISTORY  6oi 

Everest,  an  incorporated  town  of  Brown  county,  is  situated  in  Wash- 
ington township  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  19  miles  southeast  of 
Hiawatha,  the  county  seat.  A  CathoHc  church  was  estabhshed  there 
in  1868.  but  the  town  dates  its  beginning  from  the  completion  of  the 
railroad  and  the  fact  that  the  company  decided  to  establish  a  station 
at  that  point.  One  of  the  first  imi)ortant  business  enterprises  in  Ever-- 
est  was  the  elevator  erected  by  the  Farmers'  Elevator  and  Mill  com- 
pany in  July,  1882.  Everest  has  2  banks,  a  money  order  postoffice  with 
two  rural  routes,  a  metal  stamping  works,  graded  schools,  a  weekly 
newspaper  (the  Enterprise),  telegraph  and  express  offices,  telephone 
connections,  a  hotel,  Catholic  and  Methodist  churches,  and  a  number 
of  well  stocked  mercantile  concerns.     The  population  in   1910  was  436. 

Ewell,  a  small  village  of  Sumner  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri 
Pacific  R.  R.  33  miles  southwest  of  Wichita  and  5  miles  south  of  Con- 
way Springs,  from  which  place  it  receives  mail  by  rural  delivery. 

Ewing,  Thomas,  Jr.,  soldier  and  first  chief  justice  of  the  State  of 
Kansas,  was  born  at  Lancaster,  Ohio,  Aug.  7,  1829.  He  was  the  third 
son  of  the  statesman  of  that  name,  who  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Whig  party  while  a  member  of  the  United  States  senate  and  served 
in  the  cabinets  of  Presidents  Harrison  and  Taylor.  The  Ewings  are 
Scotch-Irish,  being  descended  from  Findley  Ewing,  of  lower  Loch 
Lomond,  Scotland,  who  was  presented  with  a  sword  by  William  H 
for  conspicuous  bravery  at  the  siege  of  Londonderry.  The  first  Ameri- 
can ancestor  was  Thomas  Ewing,  whose  son,  George,  was  ensign  and 
subsequently  lieutenant  of  the  Second  Jersey  regiment  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary war.  On  the  maternal  side,  Gen.  Ewing's  great-grandfather 
was  Neil  Gillespie,  who  came  from  Donegal,  Ireland,  to  western  Penn- 
sylvania late  in  the  eighteenth  century.  Chief  Justice  Ewing  received 
a  common  school  education  and  when  only  nineteen  years  old  was 
appointed  secretary  of  the  commission  to  settle  the  boundary  between 
Ohio  and  Virginia.  He  also  served  as  private  secretary  to  President 
TaA'lor  during  his  administration.  After  the  president's  death  he 
entered  Brown  LTniversity,  where  he  graduated  in  1854.  A  year  later 
he  received  his  degree  from  the  Cincinnati  Law  School  and  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar.  In  Nov.,  1856,  he  removed  to  Leavenworth,  Kan.,  and 
became  a  member  of  the  law  firm  of  Sherman,  Ewing  6c  McCook. 
Mr.  Ewing  soon  took  a  place  at  the  head  of  his  profession  and  played 
a  conspicuous  part  in  the  great  political  struggle  of  the  territorial  era 
as  a  free-state  man.  When  the  free-state  men  met  in  convention  in 
Dec,  1857,  to  decide  whether  the  opponents  of  slavery  in  the  territory 
should  take  part  in  the  election  of  Jan.  4,  1858,  Mr.  Ewing  urged  that 
they  vote.  This  motion  was  defeated  and  with  twelve  others  Ewing 
retired.  They  organized  and  nominated  men  for  all  the  offices,  each 
candidate  being  pledged  to  vote  for  a  new  constitution  that  should  for- 
ever prohibit  slavery  in  Kansas.  Ten  days  before  the  election  Ewing 
and  his  twelve  associates  started  to  canvass  the  territory.  The  sur- 
vevor-general,   John  Calhoun,  whose  dutv  it  was  to  await  the  election 


602  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

returns,  tried  to  defeat  the  free-state  party  by  declaring  the  pro-slavery 
men  had  won,  and  went  so  far  as  to  start  for  \\'^ashington,  to  submit 
the  Lecompton  constitution  to  Congress  for  the  purpose  of  having 
Kansas  admitted  as  a  slave  state.  Mr.  Ewing  was  able  to  get  the 
free-state  territorial  legislature  to  appoint  a  committee,  of  which  he 
was  the  head,  to  investigate  the  election  returns.  (See  Walker's  and 
Denver's  Administrations.)  At  the  election  for  state  officers  on  Dec. 
6,  1859,  the  first  held  under  the  Wyandotte  constitution,  Mr.  Ewing 
was  elected  chief  justice  for  a  term  of  six  years,  and  took  his  seat  on 
the  bench  in  Feb.,  1861,  w^hen  the  state  government  was  established. 
In  the  summer  of  1862  he  aided  in  recruiting  the  Eleventh  Kansas. 
He  was  appointed  colonel  on  Sept.  14,  and  soon  after  resigned  as  chief 
justice  to  take  command  of  the  regiment.  He  took  part  in  the  actions 
of  Cane  Hill,  Van  Buren  and  Prairie  Grove,  and  on  ]\Iarch  13,  1863, 
was  commissioned  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  by  President  Lin- 
coln, for  "gallant  and  meritorious  services."  Until  June,  1863,  he  com- 
manded the  first  division  of  the  Army  of  the  Frontier,  under  Maj.-Gen. 
Herron.  The  division  was  then  discontinued  and  Gen.  Ewing  was 
assigned  to  the  command  of  the  District  of  the  Border,  comprising 
all  of  Kansas  north  of  the  38th  yjarallcl  and  of  the  western  tier  of  coun- 
ties in  Missouri  north  of  that  line.  His  command  was  kept  actively  at 
work  in  repelling  guerrilla  raids.  Gen.  Ewing  found  that  such  men 
as  Ouantrill  and  Yeager  had  an  impregnable  base  of  operations  in  the 
three  border  counties  of  Missouri,  with  spies  scattered  throughout  the 
country.  After  the  Quantrill  raid  and  sack  of  Lawrence,  he  issued 
"General  Order  No.  11"  (q.  v:).  a  severe  but  necessary  measure  which 
efiFectually  cleared  the  border  of  a  population  supporting  the  guerrillas. 
The  order  was  sustained  by  the  general  government,  but  in  the  Demo- 
cratic national  convention,  which  met  in  New  York  city  on  July  6, 
1868,  he  was  defeated  for  nomination  for  vice-president  Ijecause  of  this 
order.  The  assaults  made  upon  him  by  his  political  enemies  in  Kan- 
sas and  Missouri,  caused  Gen.  Ewing  to  ask  for  a  court  of  inquiry, 
but  the  president  refused  to  order  it  and  at  the  same  time  enlarged 
the  district  under  the  general's  command.  In  Feb..  1864,  when  the 
District  of  the  Border  was  divided  by  the  erection  of  Kansas  as  a  depart- 
ment. Gen.  Ewing  relieved  Gen.  Fisli  of  the  command  of  southeastern 
Missouri,  with  headquarters  at  St.  Louis.  In  the  fall  of  1864,  he  was 
actively  engaged  against  Gen.  Price,  who  invaded  Missouri.  On  Feb. 
23,  1865,  Gen.  Ewing  resigned  his  command  and  on  March  T3,  was 
breveted  major-general.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  resumed  his  law 
practice  in  Wasliingtrm.  liut  returned  to  his  native  state.  Oliio.  in  1870. 
In  1873  he  was  a  member  of  the  Oliio  constitutional  convention  and 
served  in  Congress  from  1877  to  1881.  He  opposed  the  use  of  Federal 
troops  at  the  state  elections;  favored  the  rcmonetization  of  silver,  rind 
was  one  of  the  leaders  of  tlie  movement  to  preserve  the  greenback 
currency.  In  1879  lie  was  the  Democratic  candidate  for  governor  of 
Ohio.     Three  years  later  he   rcirioved   to   New    'N'ork    cit\-   ;nul   entered 


KANSAS    HISTORY     •  603 

into  i^artnership  with  Southard  &  Fairchild,  subsequently  the  firm 
became  Ewing,  Wliitman  &  Ewing.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  Ohio 
society  in  New  York  and  its  president  for  three  years.  In  1856  Gen. 
Ewing  married  Ellen  E.,  daughter  of  William  Cox  of  Piqua.  Ohio. 
They  had  three  sons  and  two  daughters.  Gen.  Ewing  died  Ian.  21, 
1896,  as  a  result  of  an  accident  on  a  street  car. 

Example,  a  rural  postoffice  in  Lockport  township,  ITaskell  county, 
is  located  near  the  northeast  corner  of  the  county,  12  miles  from  Santa 
Fe,  the  county  seat,  and  about  the  same  distance  from  Piercevillc,  the 
nearest  railroad  station. 

Excelsior  Colony. — Early  in  May,  1869,  a  colony  of  Scotch  mechanics 
from  New  York  city  located  in  Jewell  county.  Lewis  A.  Walker  was 
president  and  A.  Macdonald  secretary  of  the  organization,  the  mem- 
bers of  which  selected  claims  on  White  Rock  creek,  between  Burr 
Oak  and  Johns  creek.  This  section  at  that  time  was  on  the  frontier, 
and  for  protection  against  the  hostile  Indians  the  settlers  erected  a 
blockhouse  about  2  miles  east  of  the  present  Holmwood.  On  R-Iay  25 
some  of  the  settlers  and  colonists  in  that  immediate  neighborhood  peti- 
tioned Gov.  James  M.  Harvey  for  protection  against  the  Indians,  who 
they  reported  had  killed  and  scalped  about  20  settlers.  Arms,  am- 
munition and  authority  to  raise  militia  companies  were  asked.  Relief 
not  coming  as  promptly  as  the  situation  demanded,  the  colonists 
decided  to  abandon  their  location.  Some  of  them,  while  moving  their 
effects  to  a  place  of  safety,  were  attacked  by  Indians  and  robbed  of 
all  their  possessions,  but  succeeded  in  escaping  alive. 

But  three  women  were  with  the  colony  at  this  time.  During  the 
summer  the  company  probably  underwent  a  reorganization,  being 
known  later  as  the  Excelsior  Cooperative  Colony  of  Kansas.  John  F. 
McClimont  was  president ;  Henry  Evans,  vice-president,  and  Hugh  Mc- 
Gregor, secretary.  At  the  time  the  colony  was  composed  of  about  200 
families  of  Scotch  mechanics  and  farmers  who  came  to  New  York  and 
there  effected  an  organization.  The  cheap  lands  in  the  west  proved 
an  attractive  inducement  for  their  settlement  in  Kansas,  and  at  a  meet- 
ing held  in  New  York,  at  their  hall,  on  Oct.  2,  1869,  John  F.  McClimont, 
Hugh  McGregor  and  Alex  Whyte  (or  White),  Jr.,  were  appointed  a 
locating  committee  and  immediately  entered  upon  their  duties.  They 
must  have  spent  the  most  of  their  time  in  Kansas,  for  inside  of  forty 
days  they  addressed  a  communication  to  Gov.  Harvey,  dated  Topeka, 
Kan.,  Nov.  12,  1869,  in  which  they  said:  "We,  the  undersigned,  have 
been  appointed  a  committee  for  the  purpose  of  selecting  a  location 
for  the  colony.  We  have  spent  four  weeks  in  the  inspection  of  various 
localities  and  have  finally  resolved  upon  settling  upon  a  tract  embraced 
in  townships  i  and  2,  of  the  ranges  i,  2,  3  and  4,  west  meridian,  being 
situated  in  Republic  county. 

''Our  colony  numbers  200  families,  composed  of  farmers  and  me- 
chanics of  various  trades.  It  is  our  intention  to  found  a  town  in  the 
center  of  our  location  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  various  manu- 
factories. 


604  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

"We  would  respectfully  submit  the  following  propositions,  viz. :  i — 
A  free  grant  of  one  section  of  state  land  for  the  purpose  of  founding 
a  town  as  near  as  possible  in  the  center  of  the  location.  2 — A  loan  of 
breech-loading  arms,  with  amnumition,  for  the  protection  of  the  colony 
against  the  inroads  of  hostile  Indians.  3 — That  you  furnish  the  officers 
of  the  colony  with  a  copy  of  the  statutes  of  the  State  of  Kansas,  with 
such  other  information  as  you  would  consider  desirable  for  the  further- 
ing of  the  interests  of  the  colony. 

"If  you  would  kindly  answer  the  propositions  at  your  earliest  con- 
venience, you  would  be  conferring  a  great  favor  upon, 

"Your  most  obedient  servants, 

"John    F.    M-cClimont, 
"Hugh   McGregor, 
"Alex.  Whyte,  Jr- 

"Locating  Committee. 

"Please  address  John  McKenzie,  acting  secretary.  Cooperative  Hall, 
214  Bowery,  N.  Y." 

The  colony  left  New  York  soon  after  and  arrived  in  Rc])ublic  county 
early  in  Dec,  1870.  All  were  poor  and  the  first  money  they  earned 
was  turned  into  a  common  treasury,  the  proceeds  being  used  for  the 
purchase  of  a  yoke  of  o.xen  to  haul  stone  to  build  a  colony  house.  After 
this  was  built  the  members  occupied  it  until  the  spring  of  1871.  when 
they  separated  to  work  at  their  trades  to  obtain  money  to  develop 
their  claims.  It  is  said  that  seventeen  of  these  colonists  had  nc\cr 
driven  a  horse.  They  applied  themselves  to  the  task  of  developing 
their  claims  and  of  those  who  remained  many  are  now  among  the 
most  well-to-do  citizens  of  the  state. 

Executions. — The  plaintifT  wishing  to  execute  his  judgment  must 
apply  tn  tlic  clerk  of  the  court  rendering  it,  who  will  issue  a  writ 
directed  to  the  sheriff  of  the  county,  ordering  a  seizure  and  sale  of 
sufficient  property  of  the  defendant  to  satisfy  the  judgment  and  costs. 
Lands,  tenements,  goods  and  chattels  not  exempt  by  law  are  subject 
to  the  payment  of  debts  and  are  liable  to  be  taken  on  execution  and 
sold.  -Ml  real  estate,  not  bound  by  the  lien  of  the  judgment,  as  well 
as  goods  and  chattels  of  the  debtor,  are  bound  from  the  time  they 
are  seized  in  execution.  If  execution  is  not  sued  out  within  live  years 
from  the  date  of  any  judgment,  including  judgments  in  I;i\im-  of  the 
state  or  any  municipality  in  the  state,  or  if  five  years  intervene  between 
the  date  of  the  last  execution  issued  on  such  judgment  and  the  time 
of  suing  out  another  writ  of  execution  thereon,  such  judgment  liecomcs 
dormant  and  ceases  to  operate  as  a  lien  on  the  estate  of  the  judgment 
debtor. 

The  officer  who  levies  upon  goods  and  chattels,  by  virtue  of  an  execu- 
tion issued  by  a  court  of  record,  before  lie  ]Mocceds  to  sell  the  same, 
must   cause  public   notice   to   be   given    of   the    lime   ami    place  of  sale. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  605 

The  notice  must  be  given  by  advertisement,  published  in  sume  news- 
paper printed  in  the  county,  or  if  none  is  printed  tlierein  l)y  posting 
advertisements  in  five  public  places  in  the  county.  Two  advertisements 
must  be  put  up  in  the  township  where  the  sale  is  to  be  held.  Lands 
and  tenements  taken  on  execution  must  not  be  sold  inilil  the  officer 
cause  public  notice  of  the  time  and  place  of_  sale  to  be  given  for  at 
least  30  days  before  the  day  of  sale.  All  sales  of  lands  or  tenements 
under  execution  must  be  held  at  the  court-house  in  the  county  where 
they  are  situated.  The  officer  to  whom  a  writ  of  execution  is  deliv- 
ered must  proceed  immediately  to  levy  the  same  upon  the  goods  and 
chattels  of  the  debtor ;  but  if  no  goods  and  chattels  can  be  found  the 
officer  indorses  oji  the  writ  of  execution  "No  goods."  and  forthwith 
levies  upon  the  lands  and  tenements  of  the  debtor  which  may  be  liable 
to  satisfy  the  judgment.  If  any  of  such  lands  and  tenements  be  encum- 
bered by  mortgage  or  any  other  lien  or  liens,  such  lands  and  tenements 
may  be  levied  upon  and  appraised  and  sold  subject  to  such  lien  or 
liens,  which  must  be  stated  in  the  appraisement.  If  on  any  sale  made 
there  is  in  the  hands  of  the  sherifif  or  other  officer  more  money  than 
is  sufficient  to  satisfy  the  writ  or  writs  of  execution,  with  interest  and 
costs,  the  balance  must  be  jiaid  to  the  defendant  or  his  legal  representa- 
tives. The  defendant  owner  may  redeem  any  real  property  sold  under 
execution,  at  the  amount  sold  for,  together  with  interest,  costs  and 
taxes,  at  any  time  within  eighteen  months  from  the  day  of  sale,  and 
shall  in  the  meantime  be  entitled  to  the  possession  of  the  property. 
If  he  leaves  the  property  it  is  deemed  a  forfeiture  of  his  rights. 

Executive  Council. — The  executive  council  of  the  State  of  Kansas 
was  created  by  the  act  of  March  lo,  1879.  It  consists  of  the  governor, 
secretary  of  state,  auditor,  treasurer,  attorney-general  and  superintend- 
ent of  public  instruction,  a  majority  of  whom  shall  constitute  a  quorum 
for  the  transaction  of  business.  By  the  provisions  of  the  act,  the  coun- 
cil is  required  to  hold  regular  meetings  on  the  last  Wednesday  of 
each  month ;  examine  all  official  bonds  of  the  state  officers,  warden 
of  the  penitentiary,  regents,  trustees  and  superintendents  of  charitable 
and  benevolent  institutions;  have  charge  and  care  of  the  state-house 
and  grounds;  provide  furniture  for  the  state  offices  and  the  legislature; 
make  estimates  of  stationery  and  advertise  for  proposals  for  furnish- 
ing the  same;  approve  the  estimates  of  the  state  printer  for  materials, 
etc. 

Exemptions. — Under  the  constitution  as  adopted  in  1859  "A  home- 
stead to  the  extent  of  160  acres  of  farming  land,  or  of  one  acre  within 
the  limits  of  an  incorporated  town  or  city,  occupied  as  a  residence  by 
the  family  of  the  owner,  together  with  all  improvements  on  the  same, 
shall  be  exempted  from  forced  sale  under  any  process  of  law,  and  shall 
not  be  alienated  without  the  joint  consent  of  husband  and  wife,  wjien 
that  relation  exists ;  but  no  property  shall  be  exempt  from  sale  for 
taxes,  or  for  the  payment  of  obligations  contracted  for  the  purchase 
of  said  premises,   or  for  the  erection  of  improvements  thereon  :     Pro- 


636  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

vided,  The  provisions  of  this  section  shall  not  apply  to  any  process  of 
law  obtained  by  virtue  of  a  lien  given  by  the  consent  of  both  husband 
and  wife." 

^^^hile  the  constitutional  convention  was  in  session,  a  warm  debate 
occurred  over  the  incorporation  of  this  section, v  and  it  was  finally 
decided  to  submit  it  to  a  vote  of  the  people,  as  a  separate  proposition, 
leaving  to  them  the  question  whether  it  should  become  a  part  of  the 
constitution.  At  the  election  the  homestead  exemption  clause  was 
ratified  by  a  vote  of  8,788  to  4,772,  and  was  therefore  made  a  part  of 
the  constitution. 

It  is  provided  by  appropriate  legislation  that  whenever  any  levy  shall 
be  made  upon  the  lands  or  tenements  of  a  householder  whose  home- 
stead has  not  been  selected  and  set  apart,  such  householder,  his  wife, 
agent  or  attorney  may  notify  the  officer  in  writing  at  the  time  of  mak- 
ing such  levy,  or  at  any  time  before  the  sale,  of  what  he  regards  as  his 
homestead,  with  a  description  thereof,  and  the  remainder  alone  shall 
be  subject  to  sale  under  such  levy. 

Under  the  statute,  every  person  residing  in  this  state  and  being  the 
head  of  a  family  shall  have  exempt  from  seizure  and  sale  upon  any 
attachment,  execution  or  other  process  issued  from  any  court  in  the 
state,  the  following  articles  of  personal  property :  The  family  Bible, 
school  books,  and  famil}'  library;  family  pictures:  musical  instruments 
used  by  the  family;  a  seat  or  pew  in  any  church  or  place  of  public 
worship;  a  lot  in  any  burial-ground:  all  the  wearing  apparel  of  the 
debtor  and  his  family;  all  beds,  bedsteads  and  bedding  used  by  the 
debtor  and  his  family;  one  cooking-stove  and  appendages,  and  all  other 
cooking  utensils;  all  other  stoves  and  appendages  necessary  for  the 
use  of  the  debtor  and  his  family:  one  sewing-machine,  all  spinning- 
wheels,  looms,  or  other  implements  of  industry:  all  other  household 
furniture  not  herein  enumerated,  not  exceeding  in  value  $500:  2  cows, 
10  hogs,  one  yoke  of  oxen,  one  horse  or  mule,  or  in  lieu  of  one  yoke 
of  oxen  and  one  horse  or  mule,  a  span  of  horses  or  mules ;  20  sheep 
and  the  wool  from  the  same,  either  in  the  raw  material  or  manufactured 
into  yarn  or  cloth  ;  the  necessary  food  for  the  support  of  the  stock 
mentioned  for  one  year,  either  provided  or  growing,  or  both,  as  the 
debtor  may  choose ;  one  wagon,  cart  or  dray,  two  plows,  one  drag  and 
other  farming  utensils,  including  harness  and  tackle  for  teams,  not 
exceeding  in  value  $300;  the  grain,  meat,  vegetables,  groceries  and 
other  provisions  on  hand,  necessary  for  the  support  of  the  debtor  and 
his  family  for  one  year;  all  the  fuel  on  hand  necessary  for  their  use 
for  one  year;  the  necessary  tools  and  implements  of  any  mechanic, 
miner  or  other  person,  used  and  kept  in  stock  for  the  pnrjiose  of  carry- 
ing on  his  trade  or  business,  and  in  addition  thereto,  stock  in  trade  not 
enceeding  $400  in  value;  the  library,  implements,  ;nul  nlTico  fitniiture 
of  any  profesisonal  man. 

The  following  property  only  is  exempt  from  alt.ubnu'iil  .ind  execu- 
tion, when  owned  by  any  person  residing  in   this  st;itc,  oilier  than  the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  6oj 

head  of  a  family:  The  wearing  apparel  of  the  debtor;  a  seat  or  pew 
in  any  church  or  place  of  public  worship ;  a  lot  in  any  burial-ground ; 
the  necessary  tools  and  instruments  of  any  mechanic,  miner  or  other 
person,  used  and  kept  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  his  trade  or  busi- 
ness, and,  in  additictn  thereto,  stock  in  trade;  the  library,  implements 
and  office  furniture  of  any  professional  man. 

No  personal  property  is  exempt  from  taxation  or  sale  for  taxes  under 
the  laws  of  the  state,  and  none  of  the  personal  property  mentioned 
is  exempt  from  attachment  or  execution  for  the  wages  of  any  clerk, 
mechanic,  laborer  or  servant.  The  earnings  of  the  debtor  for  his  per- 
sonal services  at  any  time  within  three  months  next  preceding  an  order 
of  execution  cannot  be  levied  upon  when  it  is  made  to  appear  by  the 
debtor's  affidavit  or  otherwise  that  such  earnings  are  necessary  for 
the  use  of  a  family  supported  wholly  or  partly  by  his  labor.  Wages 
earned  and  payable  outside  of  this  state  are  exempt  from  attachment 
or  garnishment  in  all  cases  where  the  cause  of  action  arose  outside 
of  the  state,  unless  the  defendant  in  the  attachment  or  garnishment 
suit  is  personally  served  with  process.  The  money  that  may  have  been 
received  by  any  debtor  as  pensioner  of  the  United  States  within  the 
three  months  next  preceding  the  issuing  of  an  execution,  attachment 
or  garnishment  process,  cannot  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  the  debts 
of  such  pensioner  when  it  is  made  to  appear  by  the  affidavit  of  the 
debtor  or  otherwise  that  such  pension  money  is  necessary  for  the 
maintenance  of  a  family  supported  wholly  or  in  part  by  said  pension 
mone3^ 

A  tenant  may  waive,  in  writing,  the  benefit  of  the  exemption  laws 
of  this  state  for  all  debts  contracted  for  rents,  but  with  this  exception 
neither  the  husband  nor  wife  alone  can  waive  his  or  her  rights  under 
the  exemption  laws  as  here  outlined.  The  most  important  feature  of 
the  exemption  laws  of  Kansas  is  that  which  protects  the  homestead 
and  makes  secure  the  abiding  place  of  the  family  of  the  unfortunate 
debtor. 

Exeter,  an  inland  hamlet  of  Clay  county,  is  situated  about  lo  miles 
southwest  of  Clay  Center,  the  county  seat,  and  most  convenient  rail- 
road station,  from  which  place  mail  is  received  by  the  inhabitants  by 
rural  delivery. 

Exodus. —  (See  Negro  Exodus.) 

Experiment  Stations. — The  Kansas  Agricultural  Experiment  station, 
an  adjunct  of  the  Agricultural  College  at  Manhattan,  is  the  most  im- 
portant station  in  the  state.  It  was  organized  under  the  provisions 
of  an  act  of  Congress,  approved  March  2,  1887,  commonly  known  as 
the  "Hatch  Act"  and  designated  as  "An  act  to  establish  agricultural 
experiment  stations  in  connection  with  the  colleges  established  in  the 
several  states  under  the  provision  of  an  act  approved  July  2,  1862,  and 
the  acts  supplementary  thereto."  The  objects  of  this  measure  is  stated 
as  being,  "in  order  to  aid  in  acquiring  and  diffusing  among  the  people 
of  the  United  States  useful  and  practical  information  on  subjects  con 


6o8  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

nected  with  agriculture,  and  to  promote  scientitic  investigation  and 
experiment  respecting  the  principles  and  practice  of  agricultural 
science."  The  law  specifies  in  detail,  "that  it  shall  be  the  object  and 
duty  of  said  experiment  stations  to  conduct  original  researches  or 
verify  experiments  on  the  physiology  of  plants  and  animals ;  the  dis- 
eases to  which  they  are  severally  subject,  with  remedies  for  the  same; 
the  chemical  composition  of  useful  plants  at  their  different  stages  of 
growth ;  the  comparative  advantages  of  rotative  cropping  as  pursued 
under  a  varying  series  of  ciops;  the  capacity  of  new  plants  or  trees  for 
acclimation ;  the  analysis  of  soils  and  waters ;  the  chemical  composi- 
tion of  manures,  natural  and  artificial,  with  experiments  designed  to 
test  their  comparative  effects  on  crops  of  dift'erent  kinds ;  the  adapta- 
tion and  value  of  grasses  for  forage  plants ;  the  composition  and 
digestibility  of  the  dift'erent  kinds  of  food  for  domestic  animals;  the 
scientific  and  economic  questions  involved  in  the  production  of  butter 
and  cheese;  and  such  other  researches  or  experiments  bearing  directly 
on  the  agricultural  industr\-  of  the  United  States,  as  may  in  each  case 
be  deemed  advisable." 

On  the  day  following  the  passage  of  the  Hatch  act,  the  legislature 
of  the  State  of  Kansas,  which  was  then  in  session,  passed  a  measure, 
approved  March  7,  1887,  accepting  the  conditions  of  the  Hatch  act  and 
appointing  the  board  of  regents  of  the  Agricultural  College  as  sponsors 
for  the  fulfillment  of  its  conditions.  I'ntil  1908  all  the  expenses  of  the 
experiment  station  were  provided  for  by  the  Federal  government.  The 
Hatch  bill  carried  an  annual  Congressional  appropriation  of  ^15.000. 
In  March.  IQ06.  the  .^dams  act  was  approved  by  the  president.  This 
bill  provided,  "for  the  more  complete  endowment  and  maintenance  of 
agricultural  experiment  station,  a  sum  beginning  with  $3,000  and 
increasing  each  year  by  $2,000  over  the  preceding  year  for  five  years, 
after  which  time  the  annua!  appro]iriation  was  to  be  $15,000,  "to  be 
aj)plicd  to  ])aying  the  necessary  expenses  of  conducting  original 
researches  or  experiments  bearing  directly  on  the  agricultural  industry 
of  the  United  States,  having  due  regard  to  the  Aarying  conditions  and 
needs  of  the  respective  states  and  territories."  It  further  provided  that 
"no  portion  of  said  moneys  exceeding  Wve  per  centum  of  each  annual 
appropriation  shall  be  applied,  directly  or  indirectly  under  any  pre- 
tense whatever,  to  the  purchase,  erection,  preservation  or  repair  of  any 
building  or  buildings,  or  to  the  ])urchase  or  rental  of  land."  The 
Adams  act,  providing  for  original  investigation  and  advanced  research, 
supplied  a  great  need  of  the  experiment  stali(^n.  I'nder  the  provisions 
of  this  act  only  such  experiments  may  be  entered  ujion  as  have  first 
been  passed  upon  and  approved  by  the  office  of  experiment  stations 
of  tiic  United  States  dejiartment  of  agriculture.  In  igoX  nine  such 
investigations  were  being  made.  The  legislature  of  Kansas  in  IQ08 
appropriated  the  sum  of  $15,000  for  that  year,  and  the  same  .mionnl 
for  the  following  one,  for  further  support  of  the  experiment  st.itioii. 
Tlic  whiilc   income  of   the   station    for    lOOQ  and    niio  was   as    follows: 


KANSAS    HISTORY  609 

Hatcli  fund,  $15,000;  Adams  fund,  .$13,000;  state  appropriation,  $15,000, 
a  total  of  $43,000. 

The  work  of  the  experiment  station  is  published  in  the  form  of  bul- 
letins, which  record  the  results  of  investigations.  These  bulletins  are 
of  three  sorts:  technical  bulletins,  which  record  the  result  of  researches 
of  a  purely  scientific  character  provided  for  under  the  Adams  act ;  farm 
bulletins,  which  present  the  data  of  the  technical  bulletins  in  a  sim- 
plified form,  and  including  also  all  other  bulletins  in  which  a  brief, 
condensed  presentation  is  made  of  data  which  call  for  immediate  a])])li- 
cation.  In  addition  to  the  bulletins,  the  station  publishes  a  series  of 
circulars  for  the  purpose  of  convej'ing  needed  or  useful  "information, 
not  necessarily  new  or  original.  Up  to  1909  the  station  had  published 
167  bulletins,  183  press  bulletins  and  6  circulars.  The  work  of  this 
experiment  station  is  not  confined  to  agricultural  investigation  and 
research,  for  it  has  been  given  state  executive  and  control  work.  One 
important  adjunct  office  created  by  the  legislature  of  1909  is  that  of 
state  dairy  commissioner,  whose  duty  is  tO'  inspect  or  cause  to  be 
inspected  all  the  creameries,  public  dairies,  butter,  cheese  and  ice  cream 
factories,  or  any  place  in  which  milk,  cream  or  their  products  are 
handled  or  stored  .within  the  state,  at  least  once  a  year,  or  oftener  if 
possible.  Another  important  state  function  is  the  State  Entomological 
commission  (q.  v.),  which  was  created  in  1907.  The  state  live  stock 
registry  board,  created  by  the  legislature  of  1909,  is  another  adjunct 
of  the  experiment  station.  All  commissions  are  supported  b}'  appro- 
priation. By  legislative  act  of  1909  a  "division  of  forestry"  at  the 
Agricultural   College  is  provided  for.      (See  Forestrv-l 

The  state  has  also  placed  the  experiment  station  in  charge  of  the 
execution  of  the  acts  concerning  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  concen- 
trated feeding  stufTs,  and  of  fertilizers  by  acts  which  make  it  "unlaw- 
ful to  sell,  or  offer  for  sale,  any  commercial  fertilizer  which  has  not 
been  officially  registered  by  the  director  of  the  agricultural  experiment 
station  of  the  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College."  An  important  addi- 
tion to  the  experiment  station  is  the  department  of  milling  industry. 
This  was  established  through  the  cooperation  of  the  board  of  regents 
and  the  millers'  association.  Investigation  is  being  made  of  growing, 
handling  and  marketing  methods;  their  relation  to  the  milling  value 
of  wheat ;  of  systems  of  grading ;  of  insect  enemies  of  wheat  in  the 
field  and  storage ;  and  of  flour  and  its  by-products. 

There  is  at  the  Agricultural  College  an  engineering  experiment  sta- 
tion established  by  the  board  of  regents  for  the  purpose  of  carrying 
on  tests  of  engineering  and  manufacturing  problems  important  to  the 
state  of  sufficient  magnitude  to  be  of  commercial  value.  Experiments 
have  been  made  in  cement  and  concrete,  and,  in  connection  with  these, 
tests  of  waterproofing  and  coloring  cement  building  blocks.  Experi- 
ments with  Kansas  coals,  lubricants  and  bearings,  relative  adaptability, 
efficiency  and  cost  of  gasoline,  kerosine  and  denatured  alcohi^l  for  inter- 
nal combustion  of  engines,  etc.,  etc. 
(1-39) 


6lO  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

There  are  two  branch  agricultural  stations,  one  at  Fort  Hays,  and  one 
at  Garden  City.  The  land  occupied  by  the  Fort  Hays  station  is  a 
part  of  what  was  originally  the  Fort  Hays  military  reservation.  Be- 
fore final  disposition  of  this  land  was  made  the  Kansas  legislature  in 
Feb.,  1895,  passed  a  resolution  requesting  Congress  to  donate  the  entire 
reservation  of  7,200  acres  to  the  State  of  Kansas  for  the  purposes  of 
agricultural  education  and  research,  the  training  of  teachers,  and  for 
the  establishment  of  a  public  park.  In  1900  a  bill  was  passed  setting 
aside  this  reservation  "for  the  purposes  of  establishing  an  experimental 
station  of  the  Kansas  Agricultural  College  and  a  western  branch  of 
the  Kansas  State  Normal  School." 

The  state  legislature  of  1901  accepted  the  land  with  the  burden  of 
conditions  as  granted  by  Congress,  and  passed  an  act  providing  for 
the  organization  of  a  branch  experiment  station,  making  a  small  appro- 
priation as  a  preliminary  fund.  The  land  at  Fort  Hayes  is  well  suited 
for  experimental  and  demonstration  work  in  dry  farming,  irrigation, 
forestry  and  orchard  tests,  under  conditions  of  limited  rainfall  and 
high  evaporation.  This  station  is  supported  entirely  b)^  state  funds 
and  the  sale  of  farm  products.  Under  the  terms  of  the  acts  of  Con- 
gress establishing  and  supporting  experiment  stations,  and  under  the 
ruling  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  none  of  the 
funds  appropriated  by  the  federal  government  may  be  used  for  the  sup- 
port of  branch  experiment  stations. 

For  the  Garden  City  cooperative  station,  the  count}-  commisisoners 
of  Finney  county  in  1906  purchased  a  tract  of  land  of  300  acres  for 
the  purpose  of  agricultural  experimentation.  This  land,  situated  four 
and  one-half  miles  from  Garden  City,  was  irrigated  upland.  The 
Kansas  agricultural  experiment  station  leased  the  300  acres  for  a  term 
of  99  years  as  an  experimental  and  demonstration  farm.  It  is  being 
operated  in  conjunction  with  the  United  States  department  of  agricul- 
ture for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  methods  of  culture,  crop 
varieties  and  crop  rotation  best  suited  for  the  soutliwestern  portion 
of  the  state  under  dryland  farming  conditions. 

The  legislature  of  1891  passed  an  act  establishing  an  experinu'nt 
station  at  the  state  university,  the  purpose  of  which  is  indicated  in  the 
first  section:  "That  the  sum  of  $3,500  be  and  the  same  is  hereby  appro- 
priated out  of  the  general  fund  not  otlicrwisc  appropriated,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  establishing,  maintaining  and  conducting  an  experiment  station 
at  the  State  University  at  Lawrence  to  propagate  the  contagion  or 
infection  that  is  supposed  to  be  destructive  to  chinch-bugs,  and  fur- 
nish the  same  to  the  farmers  free  of  charge,  under  the  dircclicm  and 
supervision  of  the  chancellor,  F.  H.  .Snow,  as  hereinafter  ]M(ni(led." 
In  1893  the  legislature  appropriated  $4,500  for  tlic  mainlenance  of  this 
statiiin  and  the  Icijislaturc  of  1895  ajjpropriated  .$3,500. 

Expositions,  Industrial. — .\1  tiie  time  Katisas  was  admiilnl  inid  the 
Union  in  1861  comparatively  little  was  known  by  the  civilized  world 
'if  her  i,'rc,-it    rc>iiiiirces  and   pos^iibilil  ii'><.      During  the  territorial   jjcriud 


KANSAS    HISTORY  6ll 

the  conllict  over  slavery  so  overshadowed  everythin,q;  else  that  htlle 
thought  was  given  to  industrial  development.  After  the  Civil  war  many 
of  the  leading  citizens  advocated  legislation  that  would  advertise  Kan- 
sas abroad  and  thus  encourage  immigration.  The  first  opportunity 
of  the  state  to  be  represented  in  a  great  industrial  exposition  was  at 
Paris  in  1867.  On  Nov.  14,  1866,  Gov.  Crawford  appointed  Isaac 
Young  of  Leavenworth  to  act  as  agent  or  commisisoner  of  the  state 
at  that  exposition.  In  referring  to  this  appointment  in  his  message  to 
the  legislature  of  1867,  the  governor  said:  -"Mr.  ^'oung  produced  the 
most  abundant  evidence  of  his  fitness  for  the  position,  and  has  been 
actively  engaged  in  collecting  material  to  represent  this  state.  If  the 
state  shall  receive  such  benefits  as  is  contemplated,  it  is  not  just  that 
it  should  be  done  at  the  expense  of  a  single  individual.  The  whole  mat- 
ter, however,  is  for  your  consideration,  and  you  should  make  such  an 
appropriation  as  the  merits  of  the  case  demand." 

By  the  act  of  Feb.  26,  1867,  an  appropriation  of  $2,500  was  made 
to  further  the  work,  and  Mr.  Young's  report  was  submitted  to  the  legis- 
lature of  1868  by  the  governor,  who  called  attenticvn  to  the  fact  that 
Kansas  grain  and  other  products  had  received  a  fine  bronze  medal. 
The  state  also  received  honorable  mention  in  the  catalogue,  which  was 
printed  in  the  various  languages  for  general  distribution  among  the 
visitors  to  the  exposition.  Through  the  medium  of  this  catalogue, 
many  of  the  people  of  Europe  learned  that  Kansas  was  not  the  "tree- 
less desert"  they  had  supposed  it  to  be,  and  many  Europeans  afterward 
found  homes  in  the  state. 

No  appropriation  was  made  for  the  purpose  of  representing  the  state 
at  the  Vienna  exposition  of  1873,  but  the  following  commissioners  were 
appointed:  F.  G.  Hentig  and  John  D.  Knox,  of  Topeka  :  I.  P.  Brown 
and  Frank  Brier,  Atchison  :  M.  Hoffman,  Leavenworth  ;  James  Lewis 
and  C.  H.  Pratt,  Humboldt:  and  L.  C.  Mason,  Independence.  Wyan- 
dotte (Kansas  City)  and  Leavenworth  were  the  only  cities  in  the  state 
that  made  exhibits,  but  the  commissioners  distributed  at  the  exposi- 
tion a  large  amount  of  printed  matter  advertising  the  state. 

On  March  9,  1874,  Gov.  Osborn  approved  an  act  authorizing  him 
to  appoint  five  persons  as  state  managers  for  the  Centennial  exposi- 
tion to  be  held  at  Philadelphia  in  1876,  commemorative  of  the  first 
century  of  American  independence.  On  the  30th  he  appointed  George 
T.  Anthony,  Leavenworth;  S.  T.  Kelsey,  Hutchinson;  Amos  J.  North, 
Atchison ;  Edgar  W.  Dennis  and  David  J.  Evans,  Topeka.  John  A. 
Martin  and  George  A.  Crawford  were  the  national  commissioners  for 
Kansas.  A  supplementary  act  of  March  6,  1875.  directed  the  managers 
to  collect  an  exhibit  "of  the  natural  and  artificial  resources  of  the 
state,"  and  appropriated  $5,000  to  defray  the  expenses.  A  third  act, 
approved  on  March  2,  1876,  increased  the  board  of  managers  to  nine 
members  ;  authorized  the  erection  of  a  state  building  on  the  exposition 
grounds,  at  a  cost  not  to  exceed  $10,000,  and  made  additional  appropria- 
tions amounting  to  $33,625.    The  act  also  provided  that,  when  the  expo- 


6l2  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

sition  was  over,  the  building  was  to  be  sold  and  the  proceeds  turned 
into  the  state  treasury,  and  the  managers  were  authorized  to  exchange 
specimens  with  other  states,  the  entire  collection  to  become  a  per- 
manent exhibit  in  the  agricultural  rooms  in  the  state  capitol  at  Topeka. 
A  condensed  history  of  the  state  was  prepared  by  D.  W.  Wilder,  T.  D. 
Thacher,  John  A.  Anderson,  John  Fraser,  Frank  H.  Snow  and  B.  F. 
Mudge  for  distribution  at  the  exposition. 

Deaths,  resignations  and  removals  caused  several  changes  to  be  made 
in  the  board  of  managers.  In  addition  to  those  above  mentioned,  the 
persons  who  served  on  the  board  at  some  period  were :  Alfred  Gray, 
Topeka;  Edwin  P.  Bancroft,  Emporia;  Charles  F.  Koester,  IMarysville ; 
Theodore  C.  Henry,  Abilene;  William  E.  Barnes,  Vinland :  R.  AV'. 
Wright,  Oswego;  William  L.  Parkinson,  Ottawa,  and  George  W.  Click, 
Atchison.  Throughout  the  service  of  the  board  George  T.  Anthony 
was  president  and  Alfred  Gray  secretary.  Amos  J.  North  was  the 
first  treasurer,  but  was  succeeded  by  George  W' .  Click. 

Kansas  was  the  first  state  to  select  a  site  for  a  state  building.  The 
structure  was  in  the  form  of  a  Greek  cross  and  cost  about  $8,000.  In 
the  exhibit  was  a  large  map  of  the  state  showing  the  location  of  every 
school  house.  A  number  of  premiums  were  awarded  the  state,  among 
them  a  certificate  for  the  best  collective  exhibit :  a  first  premium  on 
fruit ;  a  prize  for  the  best  farm  wagon  ;  a  medal  for  a  bound  record 
book  exhibited  by  George  W.  Martin,  then  the  Kansas  state  printer, 
and  what  was  a  surprise  to  many  was  that  Kansas  received  first  prize 
for  a  display  of  timber,  sections  of  native  forest  trees,  etc.  In  his  mes- 
sage of  1877,  referring  to  the  Centennial  exhibit  of  Kansas.  Gov. 
Anthony  said:  "It  was  not  the  cereals,  the  minerals  and  woods  of 
Kansas  that  attracted  the  attenticm  and  excited  the  adniiralicn  nf  the 
representatives  of  all  nations,  making  every  American  citizen  feel  that 
the  victory  of  Kansas  was  a  national  honor.  It  was  the  boldness  of 
conception,  the  daring  of  purpose,  the  intelligent  and  artistic  arrange- 
ment, which  shed  so  broad  a  light  upon  the  manhood  and  culture  of 
Kansas,  as  to  force  a  conviction  upon  all  sjiectators.  that  a  iK'nple 
whose  representatives  could  provide  for,  and  whose  agents  could  exe- 
cute, such  an  undertaking,  own  a  land  wherein  it  is  good  to  dwell." 

Frederick  Collins  of  Pielleville  was  appointed  commisisnnor  to  the 
.American  exposition  in  London  in  1877,  but  tlic  legislature  ni.ule  nn 
aj)propriation,  anfl  if  Mr.  Collins  ever  made  a  reimrl  nf  his  work  a  cupy 
of  it  Can  not  be  found. 

At  the  Paris  exposition  of  1S78,  Flujd  P.  I'.aker  was  cunnnissioner, 
Eugene  L.  Meyer  of  Hutchinson  and  Mason  D.  Sampson  of  .S.ilina.  hon- 
orary commisisoncrs.  Most  of  the  exhibit  at  Paris  on  this  occasion 
was  of  an  educational  nature.  Topeka  furnished  some  fioo  specimens 
of  daily  class  work,  in  ,ill  grades  up  to  the  high  school,  and  ]ihoto- 
graphs  of  several  of  the  city  school  buildings.  Lawrence  f\irnished 
about  250  specimens  of  class  work  in  the  public  schools  and  a  view  of 
the  state  nniversitv.     .Similar  work  was  exhibited  b\-  Fort  Scott,  Alchi- 


KANSAS    iUSTOKY  613 

son,  Leavenworth,  Ottawa,  Empuria,  Saliiia,  Hiawatha,  and  a  nuinlx-r 
of  other  cities  and  towns  in  the  state.  A  full  account  of  the  exhibit  antl 
awards  is  given  in  the  report  of  the  state  superintendent  of  pnbHc 
instruction  for  1878. 

The  next  industrial  exposition  in  which  Kansas  took  part  was  at  New 
Orleans  in  the  winter  of  1884-85.  On  Feb.  2,  1884,  Gov.  Click  appointed 
Frank  Bacon  commissioner  and  George  Y.  Johnson  assistant  commis- 
sioner. Mrs.  W.  R.  WagstafT  and  Mrs.  Augustus  Wilson  were  appointed 
lady  commissioners.  The  exposition  opened  on  Dec.  16,  1884,  and 
remained  open  to  visitors  until  May  31,  1885.  In  his  message  to  the 
legislature  in  Jan.,  1885,  Gov.  Martin  said:  "The  commissioners  in 
charge  of  the  Kansas  exhibit  at  the  New  Orleans  exposition  advise  me 
that  they  are  laboring  under  great  disadvantages  because  of  the  limited 
appropriation  made  for  their  collecting  and  arranging  a  display  of  our 
products  and  industries.  The  legislature  appropriated  $7,000,  and  this 
was  supplemented  by  $4,000  from  the  exposition  managers.  With  this 
sum  the  commisisoners  have  done  all  in  their  power  to  maintain  the 
reputation  of  Kansas,  but  they  report,  and  other  gentlemen  who  have 
visited  the  exposition  have  advised  me,  that  our  display  does  not  do 
justice  to  the  resources  and  development  of  the  state.  None  of  the 
state  institutions  has  contributed  to  it,  and  educational  exhibits  are 
practically  lacking." 

At  that  session  the  legislature  passed  an  act  appropriating  $2,500 
for  a  displa}'  of  women's  work.  Notwithstanding  the  disadvantages 
under  which  the  commissioners  labored  on  account  of  the  meagre 
appropriations  Ivansas  took  65  first  and  second  premiums.  First  prizes 
were  awarded  on  wheat,  corn,  flour,  sorghum  sugar,  apples  and  cattle. 

In  1889  another  great  exposition  was  held  in  Paris,  France.  The 
Kansas  legislature  of  that  year  passed  an  act,  early  in  the  session, 
authorizing  the  governor  to  appoint  a  commissioner,  on  or  before  April 
I,  who  could  speak  French,  said  commissioner  to  prepare  and  have 
printed  in  the  French  language  such  pamphlets  and  circulars  as  would 
properly  set  forth  the  resources  of  the  state.  An  appropriation  of  $5,000 
was  made  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  the  act.  On  March  7,  1889,  Gov. 
Humphrey  appointed  Emil  Firmin,  who  went  to  Paris  and  during  the 
exposition  was  active  in  advertising  Kansas  abroad.  No  attempt  was 
made  toward  an  exhibit  of  products,  that  portion  of  the  work  being 
confined  to  reports  of  the  state  departments,  etc.  A  gold  medal  was 
awarded  for  the  best  agricultural  report,  and  silver  medals  for  the  pub- 
lications of  the  state  labor  department  and  the  department  of  public 
instruction.  The  Kansas  City  Journal,  referring  to  the  awards,  after 
mentioning  the  fact  that  the  Anheuser  brewery  of  St.  Louis  took  second 
premium  for  beer  and  Kansas  for  education,  adds :  "Missouri  thus  gets 
a  premium  for  lager  beer  and  Kansas  for  education.  Kansas  is  ahead 
at  Paris." 

A  delegate  convention,  called  by  the  state  board  of  agriculture,  met 
at  Topeka  on  April  23,  1891,  to  take  the  preliminary  steps  to  insure  an 


6l4  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

exhibit  of  the  state's  products  at  the  Columbian  exposition,  to  be  held 
at  Chicago  in  1893.  That  convention  decided  that  $100,000  would  be 
necessary  to  make  a  display  that  would  do  credit  to  the  state.  A  "bureau 
of  promotion,"  consisting  of  21  persons — 3  from  each  Congressional  dis- 
trict— was  appointed,  with  instructions  to  start  the  work,  and  with 
power  call  a  convention  for  the  selection  of  a  permanent  board  of  man- 
agers. A  convention  was  accordingly  called  to  meet  in  the  senate 
chamber  in  the  state  capitol  on  Sept.  16,  1891,  when  the  following  board 
of  managers  was  chosen :  At  large,  A.  W.  Smith  and  Frederick  Well- 
house ;  1st  district,  W.  A.  Harris;  2nd,  R.  W.  Sparr ;  3d,  E.  H.  Brown; 
4th,  A.  S.  Johnson;  5th,  W.  H.  Smith:  6th,  William  Simpson;  7th,  O.  B. 
Hildreth. 

Meetings  were  held  in  various  parts  of  the  state,  county  societies 
organized  and  funds  collected  to  defray  the  expenses  of  gathering  and 
arranging  an  exhibit.  In  October  a  committee  visited  Chicago  and 
selected  a  site  on  the  exposition  grounds  for  a  state  building.  On  Feb. 
17,  1892,  the  plans  submitted  by  Seymour  Davis  of  Topeka  were  accepted 
by  the  board,  the  contract  for  the  erection  of  the  building  was  let  on 
April  28  for  $19,995,  ^nd  on  Oct.  22  it  was  dedicated  with  appropriate 
ceremonies. 

Up  to  this  time  the  work  had  been  carried  on  by  the  citizens,  the 
board  of  managers  chosen  in  Sept.,  1891,  acting  without  authority  of 
law.  But  on  March  4,  1893,  Gov.  Lewelling  approved  an  act  authorizing 
the  appointment  of  a  board  of  managers,  to  consist  of  seven  members, 
one,  from  each  Congressional  district,  and  not  more  than  three  of  any 
one  political  party.  An  appropriation  of  $65,000  was  made  to  further 
the  work  of  preparing  an  exhibit  at  Chicago.  As  the  time  was  short, 
the  governor  acted  promptly  by  appointing  the  following  members  of 
the  board:  ist  district,  George  W.  Glick;  2nd,  H.  H.  Kern;  3d,  L.  P. 
King;  4th,  T.  J.  Anderson;  sth,  A.  P.  Collins;  6th,  Mrs.  A.  M.  Clark; 
7th,  M.  W.  Cobun. 

The  new  board  met  and  organized  on  March  7,  Mr.  Cobun  being 
elected  president.  Mrs.  Clark  was  subsequently  elected  secretary.  The 
new  board  indorsed  the  acts  of  the  old  one,  assumed  its  indebtedness, 
and  pushed  forward  the  work  of  getting  the  exhibit  in  place  before  the 
opening  of  the  exposition.  Among  the  products  exhibited  in  the  Kansas 
building  and  the  main  buildings  of  the  general  exposition  were  spec- 
imens of  agricultural  products,  salt,  silk  from  the  station  at  Peabody, 
live  stock,  minerals,  timber,  etc.  Interesting  exhil;its  were  made  by 
several  railroad  companies,  photographs  of  the  packing  interests  of 
Kansas  City  and  public  buildings  were  shown,  the  various  higher  edu- 
cational institutions  showed  specimens  of  class  work,  drawings  by 
pupils,  photographs  of  buildings,  etc.  One  exhibit  that  attracted  wide 
attention  was  the  collection  of  121  North  American  mammals  arranged 
under  the  direction  of  Prof.  L.  L.  Dyche  of  the  state  university. 

In  the  matter  of  awards,  Kansas  fared  as  well  as  any  of  her  sister 
states.    The  state  university,  the  agricultural  college  and  llic  slate  nor- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  615 

mal  school  all  received  premiums  for  the  exhibits;  none  of  the  state 
exhibits  failed  to  receive  at  least  "honorable  mention,"  and  over  200 
premiums  were  awarded  to  individual  Kansas  exhibitors. 

In  the  decade  beginning  in  1895  there  was  what  might  be  aptly  termed 
an  "epidemic  of  expositions."  Notable  among  them  may  be  mentioned 
the  expositions  at  Atlanta,  1895;  Nashville,  1897;  Omaha,  1898;  Paris, 
1900;  Buffalo  and  Charleston,  1901 ;  and  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Expo- 
sition at  St.  Louis,  1904.  Kansas  commissioners  were  appointed  for 
the  American-Mexico  exposition  for  1895,  but  for  lack  of  adequate 
appropriations  the  exposition  was  not  held.  Commissioners  were  also 
appointed  for  the  Atlanta  and  Nashville  expositions,  but  no  appro- 
priations were  made  by  the  state  for  the  collection  and  arrangement  of 
exhibits.    Kansas  grain  and  fruit  received  honorable  mention  at  Atlanta. 

A  bill  was  introduced  in  the  Kansas  legislature  in  1897  to  provide 
for  the  expense  of  having  the  state  represented  at  the  Trans-Mississippi 
exposition  at  Omaha  the  next  3'ear,  but  as  the  holding  of  the  exposition 
was  not  at  that  time  assured,  the  bill  failed  to  pass.  Subsequently,  when 
the  exposition  became  a  certainty  and  promised  to  be  a  great  national 
affair,  the  state  board  of  agriculture  qnanimously  adopted  a  resolution 
asking  that  Kansas  be  represented.  Mayors,  councils  and  commercial 
clubs  of  various  cities  also  asked  that  something  be  done  to  assure  an 
exhibit  of  Kansas  products  at  Omaha.  Accordingly,  on  March  28,  1898, 
Gov.  Leedy  appointed  George  W.  Click,  John  E.  Frost,  A.  H.  Greef, 
A.  W.  Smith  and  A.  C.  Lambe  a  board  of  state  managers  to  collect  and 
arrange  the  exhibit.  In  the  organization  of  the  board,  Mr.  Click  was 
elected  chairman ;  Mr.  Frost,  vice  president  and  treasurer,  and  Mr. 
Greef,  secretary.  Ready  money  being  essential  to  success,  the  governor 
called  for  contributions  and  especially  asked  the  railroad  companies  to 
guarantee  $15,000  to  the  fund.  The  Atchison,  Topeka  «&  Santa  Fe,  the 
Missouri  Pacific,  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  and  the  Chicago,  Rock 
Island  &  Pacific  responded  promptly,  the  aggregate  amount  of  their 
subscriptions  being  $14,542.90.  Corporations  and  private  citizens  con- 
tributed enough  to  bring  the  total  up  to  $21,073.90. 

With  the  funds  thus  obtained  a  state  building  was  erected  on  the 
exposition  grounds,  at  a  cost  of  $3,500,  and  dedicated  on  June  22,  1898. 
Space  was  obtained  in  the  agricultural,  mineral  and  liberal  arts  build- 
ings, and  the  work  of  arranging  the  exhibits  was  prosecuted  with  vigor. 
The  state  received  awards  on  educational  work,  fruits,  agricultural  and 
dairy  products  and  live  stock,  and  a  large  number  of  premiums  were 
given  to  individual  exhibitors  for  live  stock,  field,  orchard  and  dairy 
products,  honey,  etc. 

At  the  special  session  of  the  legislature  in  Dec,  1898,  Gov.  Leedy 
explained  the  situation  and  asked  for  the  passage  of  an  act  to  reimburse 
those  who  had  made  it  possible  for  Kansas  to  be  so  creditably  repre- 
sented. The  special  session  failed  to  make  an  appropriation  as 
requested,  but  the  regular  session  of  1899  passed  an  act  appropriating 
$21,073.90  to  repay  the  railroad  companies  and  others  who  had  con- 
tributed. 


6l6  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

In  his  message  to  the  legislature  of  1899,  after  referring  to  the  Omaha 
exposition,  Gov.  Stanley  said:  "It  is  expected  that  provision  will  be 
made  by  Congress  through  the  department  of  agriculture  for  an  exhibit 
of  corn  and  corn  products  at  the  international  exhibition  to  be  held  at 
Paris  in  the  year  1900.  .  .  .  Many  of  the  corn  producing  states  are 
expected  to  aid  this  exhibit  by  an  appropriation.  Kansas  is  a  great 
corn  producing  state,  and  should  take  advantage  of  this  opportunity  to 
identify  itself  with  this  undertaking." 

No  appropriation  was  made,  but  through  the  enterprise  of  individual 
exhibitors  and  the  arrangements  of  the  national  administration.  Kan- 
sas corn  and  apples  won  victories  at  Paris,  a  bronze  medal  being 
received  on  fruits  and  three  gold  medal  diplomas  on  other  products. 
All  medals  issued  by  this  exposition  were  of  bronze. 

Kansas  was  not  represented  at  the  Charleston  exhibition  of  1901, 
but  for  the  Pan-American  exposition  at  Buffalo  tlie  same  year  the  fol- 
lowing commissioners  were  appointed :  W.  A.  Harris.  Linwood ;  A. 
R.  Taylor  and  John  Madden,  Emporia;  F.  D.  Coburn.  \\'.  H.  Barnes 
and  Mrs.  A.  H.  Thompson,  Topeka  ;  L.  F.  Randolph.  Nortonvillc :  H. 
F.  Sheldon,  Ottawa;  C.  A.  Mitchell,  Cherryvale ;  E.  C.  Little,  .-Xbilene ; 
W.  H.  Mitchell,  Beloit ;  J.  E.  Junkin,  Sterling;  Ewing  Herbert, 
fliawatha,  and  Mrs.  S.  R.  Peters,  Newton.  Mr.  Randolph  was  elected 
president  of  the  board,  and  accompanied  by  Messrs.  Sheldon  and  Barnes, 
went  to  Bufl'alo  to  select  a  site  for  a  state  building,  but  the  legislature 
failed  to  make  an  appropriation  and  the  idea  of  a  state  exhibit  was 
abandoned.  The  horticultural  society,  however,  made  a  display  of  fruits 
and  won  a  silver  medal. 

A  company,  known  as  the  "Kansas  Semicentennial  I'.xpnsitinn  com- 
pany" was  organized  at  Topeka  about  the  beginning  of  the  iiresent 
century,  for  the  purpose  of  holding  an  exhibition  to  celelirale  the 
fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  passage  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill,  wliicli 
was  appro\-ed  by  the  president  on  May  30,  1854.  John  K.  Frost  was 
elected  president  of  the  company;  IT.  M.  Phillips,  secretary,  and  F.  D. 
Coburn,  treasurer.  'l"he  legislature  of  1901  was  asked  to  ai)]iro])riate 
$300,000  in  aid  of  tlic  project,  and  while  many  of  the  memliers  were  in 
sympathy  with  the  movement,  it  was  deeined  inadvisable  to  attemjit  to 
Jiold  an  exhibition  contem]iorary  with  the  T.ouisiana  Purchase  ex]iosi- 
tion,  liencc  tiie  ap])ropriation  was  not  niaile.  An  effort  was  made  to 
keep  the  organization  intact,  with  a  view  to  celel)rating  the  semi-cen- 
tennial of  admission  in  191 1,  by  holding  a  great  industrial  fan"  of  some 
sort.  As  late  as  Jan.  29,  1906,  a  meeting  of  those  favoring  tlie  under- 
taking was  held  at  Topeka,  and  the  following  committees  were  ;ip- 
])ointed:  Organization,  Eugene  F.  Ware,  cliairman  :  w.iys  and  means. 
John  R.  Mulvane,  chairman:  administration.  |.  A.  'rroulman.  ch.iirman. 
Various  j)Ians  were  discussed,  tlie  ])rcss  of  the  state  lent  its  aid  to  the 
scheme,  but  the  state  declined  to  encourage  it  by  appro])riations  and  tlie 
company  passed  ont  of  existence. 

Ou  Marcli  2,   I9()r.  (iov.  .'^lanley  .-ippinNt'd  an  act   aniliori/ing  the  ap- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  617 

pointmcnt  of  five  persons  as  commissioners  to  provide  for  an  exliiliit  of 
Kansas  products  at  the  Louisiana  Purchase  exposition.  The  commis- 
sion was  given  wide  powers,  having'  authority  to  select  a  site  and  erect 
a  state  building,  which  was  to  be  sold  at  the  close  of  the  exposition  and 
the  proceeds  turned  into  the  state  treasury.  An  appropriation  of  $25,000 
was  made  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  on  June  30,  1902,  and  $50,000  for 
the  year  ending  on  June  30,  1903.  In  July,  1901,  the  governor  appointed 
as  commissioners  John  C.  Carpenter,  J.  C.  Morrow,  C.  H.  Luling,  K.  T. 
Simons  and  W.  P.  Waggener.  The  board  organized  on  Oct.  i  by  the 
election  of  Mr.  Carpenter  as  president;  Mr.  Morrow,  vice-j)resi(U-nt ; 
Mr.  Luling,  secretary,  and  Mr.  Simons,  treasurer. 

At  the  time  of  the  appointment, of  these  commissioners  it  was  thought 
the  exposition  would  be  held  in  1903.  When  it  was  postponed  to  1904 
the  legislature  of  1903  passed  an  act  extending  the  term  of  office  of  the 
commissioners  and  making  an  additional  appropriation  of  $100,000.  .^s 
Kansas  was  the  first  state  in  the  L'nion  to  make  an  appropriation,  it 
was  awarded  one  of  the  best  sites  on  the  grounds  at  St.  Louis  for  a 
state  building,  which  was  under  the  charge  of  Mrs.  Noble  L.  Prentis 
during  the  exposition.  Among  the  exhibits  in  this  building  was  a  collec- 
tion of  paintings  and  drawings,  the  work  of  Kansas  artists.  Exhibits 
were  also  made  in  the  agricultural,  horticultural,  dairy,  live  stock,  min- 
eral forestry  and  educational  departments.  Grand  prizes  were  awarded 
for  the  general  horticultural  and  agricultural  exhibits  ;  gold  medals  to 
the  boards  of  education  of  Kansas  City,  Topeka,  ^^'ichita  and  Junction 
City,  and  for  the  mineral  exhibit  and  the  school  for  the  deaf;  silver 
medals  for  the  exhibits  of  the  state  university,  the  state  normal  school, 
the  traveling  libraries,  the  collection  of  maps  and  photographs,  dairy 
products,  the  high  schools  of  Kansas  City,  Topeka.  Wichita  and  Pitts- 
burg, and  12  others  for  county  and  elementary  school  exhibits.  In  addi- 
tion to  these  awards,  numerous  premiums  were  received  by  indix'idual 
exhibitors  in  the  various  departments. 

The  week  beginning  on  Sept.  26  was  Kansas  week,  and  Sept.  30  was ' 
Kansas  day.  On  that  day  hundreds  of  Kansas  peo])le  attended  the 
exposition.  After  a  parade  a  mile  long.  President  Francis,  of  the  exposi- 
tion company,  made  an  address  congratulating  the  state  upon  the  char- 
acter of  the  exhibits.  He  -was  followed  by  Gov.  Bailey,  who  gave  an 
interesting  review  of  Kansas  institutions  and  her  individual  develop- 
ment. Henry  J.  Allen  also  delivered  an  address,  and  David  Overmver 
spoke  on  the  "Spirit  of  Kansas."     It  was  indeed  "Kansas  Dav." 

No  exhibition  was  attempted  by  the  state  in  the  Lewis  and  Clark  expo- 
sition at  Portland.  Ore.,  in  IQ05.  On  June  20,  1906,  Gov.  Hoch  appointed 
John  E.  Frost  commissioner  to  select  a  site  for  a  state  building  at  James- 
town, Va.,  contingent  upon  an  appropriation  by  the  state.  Gov.  Hoch, 
F.  D.  Coburn  and  others  worked  to  secure  the  passage  of  an  act  authoriz- 
ing an  appropriation  and  the  appointment  of  a  board  of  managers,  but 
the  general  assembly  declined  the  overtures  and  Kansas  was  not  repre- 
sented at  Jamestown. 


6l8  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Extinct  Towns. — In  the  early  settlement  of  any  state  a  period  of  specu- 
lation precedes  that  of  actual  development.  Kansas  was  no  e.xception, 
for  no  sooner  was  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill  passed  than  there  was  a  rush 
of  speculators  into  the  new  territory  and  hundreds  of  towns  were 
located,  many  of  which  were  never  promoted  any  further  than  the  plat- 
ting of  the  site.  The  majority  of  these  first  towns  were  later  abandoned. 
In  1902  George  W.  Martin,  secretary  of  the  Kansas  Historical  Society, 
sent  out  printed  forms  to  county  officials  and  old  settlers  in  an  effort 
to  get  a  list  of  these  extinct  towns,  but  only  a  few  counties  responded. 

Anderson  county  reported  eight  towns,  lantha,  Fairview,  Elba,  Pot- 
tawatomie City,  Hyatt,  Cresco,  Shannon  and  Canton.  They  w^ere  all 
founded  in  1856-57-58,  and  none  of  them  lasted  longer  than  i860,  except 
Pottawatomie  Cit}-,  which  was  abandoned  in  1868. 

In  Atchison  county  Summer  was  the  only  town  reported.  It  was 
located  on  the  river  front  in  1856,  and  a  lithograph  made  in  1857  shows 
it  as  considerable  of  a  town.  It  had  a  daily  paper  in  that  }'ear.  It  was 
almost  destroyed  in  i860  by  a  tornado. 

Appleton,  founded  in  1870,  and  Memphis,  in  1874.  were  rept)rtcd  from 
Bourbon  county;  in  Butler  county  Milwaukee,  founded  in  1871,  is  ex- 
tinct, and  Whitewater  has  been  mo\-ed ;  in  Coffey  county  .\urora, 
founded  in  1857,  was  abandoned  in  1864  because  there  was  no  water; 
Neosho  City,  California  and  Nashville,  founded  in  1856-57-58,  lasted  till 
1859-60,  and  Hampden,  founded  in  1855,  lasted  until  1866;  Lazette,  in 
Cowley  county,  existed  from  1871  to  1880. 

In  Doniphan  county,  Cincinnati,  in  Iowa  township,  Buffalo,  near  Eagle 
Springs,  Charleston,  which  occupied  about  the  same  site,  lola,  near 
Fanning,  Winona,  on  the  county  line  west  of  Highland,  Lafayette,  on 
the  Missouri  river  in  Center  township,  Columbus,  in  Burr  Oak  town- 
ship, at  one  time  having  220  inhabitants,  Petersburg,  on  the  river  be- 
tween Palermo  and  Geary,  Rodgersville,  3  miles  north  of  Troy,  Kvans- 
ville,  Fairview,  and  Whitehead  are  all  extinct.  Whitehead,  alst)  known 
as  Bellmont,  was  once  the  county  seat.  Crawfordsville  and  Georgia 
City,  in  Crawford  county,  were  abandoned  in  1869  and  1872  respectively; 
in  Decatur  county,  St.  John  and  Decatur  City  are  extinct:  Douglas 
county  reported  ir  towns:  Douglas  City;  Oread,  12  miles  northeast  of 
Burlington  ;  Marshall,  8  miles  west  of  Lawrence ;  Franklin,  5  miles  south- 
east of  Law^-ence  on  the  Oregon  trail ;  Pacific  City  and  Louisiana.  10 
miles  south  of  Lawrence;  Washington,  in  the  southwest  part  of  ihe 
county;  Prairie  City,  14  miles  south  of  Lawrence:  P.lonmingtoii.  about 
ir  miles  southwest  of  Lawrence;  Sebastian,  2  miles  southeast  of  Frank- 
lin, and  Benicia,  just  east  of  Douglas  Cil\.  which  w;is  .it  the  nioinli  nf 
Big  .Springs  creek. 

In  Ellis  county  Rome  was  absorbed  by  Hays  City.  (See  Ellis  County.) 
F'ive  towns  were  reported  from  Franklin  county — St.  Bernard,  c;ist  of 
Centropolis;  Mt.  Vernon,  7  miles  .southeast  of  Ottawa;  Cheniing,  witliin 
2  miles  of  the  present  town  of  Princeton  :  Ohio  Citv,  which  was  the 
county  seat  from  1862  to  1864,  and  Minncola  (see  Capital).    The  report 


KANSAS    HISTORY  619 

from  Geary  county  includes  the  following:  Chetolah,  Pawnee  (q.  v.), 
Whiskey  Point  and  Ashland.  Boston,  a  county  seat  asjjirant  of  Howard 
county;  Chantilly,  in  Keary  county;  Dimon,  Delaware  and  Alexandria, 
in  r.eavenworth  county,  are  among  the  missing.  The  abandoned  towns 
of  Linn  county  were :  Douglas  and  Farmer  City,  in  Paris  township ; 
Keokuk,  Brooklyn,  Moneka  (two  and  one-half  miles  from  Mound  City), 
Mansfield  and  Linnville  (each  six  miles  from  the  same  place),  Paris,  on 
the  same  site  as  Linnville,  once  the  county  seat,  and  Twin  .'^prin!LJs,  g 
miles  west  of  LaCygne. 

Twelve  towns  were  reported  from  Lyon  count}',  viz:  Columbia,  one 
mile  east  of  Emporia  on  the  Cottonwood  river,  named  for  Charles  Co- 
lumbia, a  half-breed  Indian;  Agnes  City;  Breckenridge  City;  Elmendaro, 
formerly  county  seat  of  old  Madison  county ;  Forest  Hill ;  Highland 
Park;  Kansas  Center;  Withington ;  Pittsburg;  New  Chicago;  Waterloo, 
and  Fremont. 

Marshall  couftty  reported  six  dead  towns — Gertrude,  Merrimac.  Not- 
tingham, Ohio  City,  Vermillion  and  Sylvan.  Montgomery  City,  Morgan 
City,  Parker  and  Bloomfield  were  reported  from  Montgomery  count}-. 
In  Nemaha  county  the  extinct  towns  were :  America  City,  on  the  south 
line  of  the  county,  and  Farmington,  6  miles  north  of  Seneca,  both 
founded  in  1858;  Ash  Point,  on  the  St.  Joseph  trail;  Central  City;  Rich- 
mond, once  quite  a  town,  but  being  the  Ifesing  candidate  in  the  county 
seat  fight,  did  not  survive;  and  Lincoln,  in  Mitchell  township. 

From  one  to  four  towns  were  reported  in  a  number  of  counties,  among 
which  were  I^adore  and  Prairie  du  Chien,  in  Neosho  county,  and  Sidney, 
an  aspirant  for  county  seat  honors  in  Ness  county.  Ten  towns  were 
vacated  by  the  legislature  in  Osage  county,  viz :  Prairie  City,  Wash- 
ington, Switzer,  Georgetown,  Indiana  City,  Versailles,  Havana,  Lexing- 
ton, Olivet  and  Penfield  ;  Saratoga,  in  Pratt  county,  a  half-mile  north  of 
the  fish  hatchery;  Trano,  in  Rawdins  county,  on  the  westTine,  died  out, 
and  Celia,  a  town  of  300  inhabitants,  was  vacated  by  the  legislature  of 
1889;  in  Reno  count}^  Qakdale  was  made  a  suburb  of  Hutchinson;  Ida, 
New  Tabor,  Saepo  and  White  Rock,  in  Republic  county;  Chico,  Mari- 
posa and  Buchanan,  in  Saline;  Indianola  and  Lhiiontow'n,  in  Shawnee; 
Kenneth,  at  one  time  a  town  of  200  inhabitants,  and  county  seat  of 
Sheridan  ;  AVatertown  and  Germantown.  in  Smith  county,  and  .\ustin. 
Meridan,  London  and  Sumner  City,  in  Sumner  county. 

During  the  boom  period  of  the  '80s  there  w^as  another  era  of  mush- 
room and  paper  towns,  especially  in  the  new  counties  in  the  western 
part  of  the  state.  The  eight  legislatures  which  convened  from  i88g  to 
1903  inclusive  vacated  112  of  these  towns  in  the  counties  west  of  the 
sixth  principal  meridian. 

F 

Fact,  a  small  hamlet  in  the  northeast  corner  of  Clay  county^  is  about 
15  miles  from  Clay  center,  the  county  seat,  and  8  miles  from  Palmer, 
the  nearest  railroad  station,  from  which  mail  is  received  by  rural  deliv- 
ery.    The  population  in  igio  was  26. 


620  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Fairhaven,  a  rural  liamlet  of  Norton  county,  is  located  about  8  miles 
southeast  of  Norton,  the  county  seat,  and  about  the  same  distance  north 
of  Densmore,  from  which  place  mail  is  received  by  rural  carrier. 

Fairmount,  a  village  of  Leavenworth  county,  is  situated  in  the  eastern 
portion  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  about  9  miles  south  of  Leavenworth. 
The  town  was  laid  out  in  1867  and  soon  became  a  prosperous  settlement. 
The  ^Methodists  and  Presbyterians  both  built  churches  at  an  early  day  ; 
a  school  was  one  of  the  first  considerations,  and  today  the  village  has 
four  stores  and  one  factory.  There  is  a  money  order  postoffice,  tele- 
graph and  express  facilities,  and  in  1910  the  population  was  100. 

Fairmount  College,  situated  in  what  is  known  as  Fairmount  addition, 
Wichita,  dates  back  to  1886.  It  was  originally  intended  to  be  a  first 
class  college  for  women — the  "Vassar  of  the  Plains."  The  site,  a  beau- 
tiful piece  of  ground,  overlooking  the  Arkansas  valley,  was  selected  by 
Rev.  J.  H.  Parker  and  H.  A.  Clifford,  and  work  on  the  main  building 
was  begun  in  1887.  The  collapse  of  the  Kansas  "boom"  and  consequent 
business  depression  hindered  the  movement,  and  it  was  not  until  1892, 
when  the  Congregational  Educational  Society  of  Boston  took  charge 
that  the  building  was  completed.  A  school  called  "Fairmount  Institute," 
for  both  men  and  women,  was  opened  as  a  preparatory  school,  with 
Rev.  M.  Tunnell  as  the  first  principal.  He  was  assisted  by  two  teachers. 
In  1906  the  school  had  groA-'n  so  that  it  had  a  faculty  of  twenty 
instructors. 

Fairmount  College  proper  was  organized  in  1895  "'"'^  niiericd  in  Sep- 
tember of  that  year,  with  Dr.  N.  J.  Morrison  as  president.  The  acad- 
emy was  still  maintained  for  the  preparation  of  students  for  the  college,, 
or  other  colleges  and  scientific  schools,  and  for  practical  business,  teach- 
ing and  housekeeping.  The  college  offers  a  regular  four-year  course 
and  has  special  departments  of  art,  music  and  domestic  science.  The 
college  owes  its  origin  and  chief  financial  suiijiort  tn  ilic  Congregational 
church,  but  it  nonsectarian.  The  endowment  has  been  received  fnnn 
the  citizens  of  \\'ichita  and  people  in  the  east. 

Fairport,  a  money  order  post-village  of  Paradise  township,  Russell 
county,  is  situated  on  the  Saline  river.  15  miles  ncirthwcst  of  Russell, 
the  county  seat.  It  has  a  flour  mill,  a  good  local  trade,  and  in  1910 
rejinrted  a  population  of  75.     Paradise  is  the  ncaiesl  railroad  station. 

Fairs. —  (.Sec  Slate  Fairs.) 

Fairview,  one  of  the  incorporated  towns  of  Brown  couiily,  is  located 
on  the  Rock  Island  R.  R..  in  \^'aliin1  township,  tn  miles  west  of  lli;i- 
watha,  the  countj'  seal.  It  has  a  li.iuk.  .-i  weekly  nc\vs])a]K'r  (tlu'  i'.nter- 
prise),  3  churches,  a  number  of  well-stocked  mercantile  eslalilishmcnts, 
telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  a  money  order  postoftice  vvitli  two 
rural  routes.    The  ])o])l;ilion  .-lecoiding  to  the  census  of  iijio  was  425. 

Fall,  a  hamlet  of  Leavenworth  county,  is  locate<l  in  the  extreme  south- 
ern ])orlion  on  the  Kansas  river  and  the   I'nion    i'.icilic  R.   R.  aliont    V'' 
miles  southwest  of  Kansas  City.     If  has  a  posloftice,  express  ,ini!  tele 
graph  offices,  and  in  1910  had  a  ])opulation  of  43.     The  railroad  nana-  is 
Fall   Leaf. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  62I 

Fall  River,  an  incorporated  city  of  llic  tliird  class  in  (jreen\vo(Kl 
county,  is  a  station  on  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.  about  22 
miles  southeast  of  Eureka,  the  county  seat.  As  the  name  indicates  it  is 
situated  on  Fall  river.  It  is  a  thriving  little  city.  All  lines  of  mercantile 
enterprise  are  repres,ented ;  it  has  banking  facilities,  a  weekly  newspaper 
(the  News),  express  and  telegraph  offices,  and  a  money  order  postoffice 
with  four  rural  routes.  The  population  according  to  the  census  report 
of  1910  was  383. 

The  town  was  laid  out  in  1879,  by  the  Fall  River  Town  company.  The 
first  building  was  the  residence  of  J.  M.  Edminston,  the  second  was  the 
store  of  the  Romig  Bros.,  and  the  third  was  the  Fall  River  House,  built 
by  George  Bulkey,  the  secretary  of  the  town  company.  A  number  of 
buildings  were  moved  from  Charleston.  Ritz  &  Putnam  established  the 
first  general  store  in  1880;  Dr.  J.  J-  Lemon  was  the  first  physician;  and 
A.  M.  Hunter  the  first  attorney.  The  first  number  of  the  Fall  River 
Times  was  issued  in  Sept.,  1881,  by  N.  Powell.  The  first  school  was 
taught  by  B.  F.  McVey  in  1881.     It  was  supported  by  subscription. 

Falun,  a  village  of  Saline  county,  is  located  in  Falun  township  on  the 
Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  17  miles  southwest  of  Salina.  the  county  seat. 
It  has  all  lines  of  business,  including  banking  facilities.  There  are  tele- 
graph and  express  offices,  and  a  money  order  postofiice  with  two  rural 
routes.     The  population  in  1910  was  200. 

Fame,  a  country  postofiice  in  Greenwood  count}-,  is  located  in  Pleas- 
ant Grove  township,  10  miles  east  of  Eureka,  the  county  seat,  and  5 
miles  from  Neal,  the  nearest  railroad  station  and  shipping  point. 

,  Fancy  Creek,  a  small  settlement  in  Clay  county,  is  located  on  the 
stream  of  the  same  name  about  13  miles  northeast  of  Clay  Center,  the 
county  seat.  Mail  is  received  by  rural  route  from  Palmer,  which  is  the 
most  convenient  railroad  station. 

Fanning,  a  hamlet  of  Doniphan  county,  is  located  in  Iowa  township  on 
the  Burlington  &  Missouri  R.  R.,  7  miles  northwest  of  Troy,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice  and  the  population  in  1910  was  54. 
It  was  laid  out  in  1870,  Jesse  Reed  and  James  Bradley  being  the  pro- 
moters. The  depot  was  built  the  same  year  and  the  postofiice  established 
with  James  Bradley  as  postmaster.  In  1872  a  grist  mill  was  built  by 
William  Hedrick. 

Fargo,  a  rural  money  order  postoffice  of  Seward  county,  is  about  23 
miles  north  of  Liberal,  the  county  seat,  and  13  miles  from  Arkalon,  the 
most  convenient  railroad  station.  It  is  near  the  line  of  the  proposed 
Garden  City,  Gulf  &  Northern  railroad. 

Farlington,  a  prosperous  little  town  of  Crawford  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.  in  Sherman  township.  7  miles 
north  of  Girard,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice  with 
one  rural  route,  telegraph  and  express  service,  some  good  general  stores. 
Christian  and  Methodist  churches,  etc.,  and  in  igio  reported  a  popula- 
tion of  211. 


622  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Farlinville,  a  money  order  post-village  of  Linn  county,  is  situated  in 
the  central  portion  on  Sugar  creek.  In  1910  it  had  a  population  of  102. 
Mound  City,  the  county  seat,  is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Farisville,  a  rural  postoffice  of  Ellsworth  county,  is  located  on  the 
Smoky  Hill  river  in  Empire  township,  about  12  miles  southeast  of  Ells- 
worth, the  county  seat.  Midway  and  Kanapolis  are  the  nearest  rail- 
road stations. 

Farmers'  Alliance. — In  the  decade  immediately  following  the  Civil 
war  a  number  of  farmers'  societies,  clubs,  etc.,  sprang  up  in  different 
parts  of  the  county,  all  of  them  having  for  their  object  the  matei"ial 
betterment  of  agriculture  as  an  industry.  Most  of  these  organizations 
were  of  local  significance  only.  Probably  the  oldest  association  to  as- 
sume anything  like  national  importance  was  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry 
(q.  v.),  popularly  known  as  the  "Grange,"  but  as  one  of  its  essential  prin- 
ciples was  that  it  was  to  be  a  nonpolitical  organization,  it  did  not  meet 
the  requirements  of  a  large  number  of  farmers  who  believed  that  reRef 
could  be  best  obtained  through  political  action. 

The  origin  of  the  Farmers'  Alliance  is  by  no  means  certain.  It  is 
stated,  on  apparently  good  authority,  that  the  first  society  to  bear  this 
name  was  formed  in  the  State  of  New  York  about  1873.  This  was  not 
a  secret  society,  but  appears  to  have  been  organized  by  a  number  of 
farmers  for  the  purpose  of  mutually  advancing  their  interests  by  meet- 
ing together  to  discuss  methods,  and  by  cooperating  in  the  sale  of  their 
products  and  the  purchase  of  supplies.  Nor  is  it  certain  that  this  society 
was  the  parent  organization  of  the  Northern  Farmers'  AiruuuH',  which 
spread  over  nearly  all  the  northern  and  western  states. 

The  first  local  alliance  of  the  secret  order  known  as  the  Farmers' 
Alliance  was  organized  in  Lampasas  county,  Tex.,  in  1S74  or  1875.  It 
was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  the  small  farmers  from  the 
encroachments  of  the  "cattle  barons,"  who  wanted  to  hold  the  wide 
ranges  for  their  herds,  and  who  endeavored  by  all  means  to  prevent  the 
settlement  of  the  country  where  they  had  established  themselves.  On 
July  29,  1879,  a  permanent  organization  of  the  Farmers'  .Alliance  in 
Texas  was  effected  at  the  town  of  Poolville,  Parker  county,  and  on  Dec. 
27,  following,  a  state  alliance  was  organized  at  Central,  Parker  county. 
After  several  meetings  were  held,  a  ritual  and  constitution  were  adopted 
on  .Aug.  5,  1880,  and  the  order  may  be  said  to  date  its  existence  from 
that  meeting. 

A  Kansas  man,  who  signed  himself.  "G.  Camiilicll."  set  up  tin.-  claim 
that  the  Farmers'  Alliance  had  its  commencement  in  the  .'settlers'  Pro- 
tective Association  (q.  v.),  which  was  established  in  the  late  "60s  to  pro- 
tect the  settlers  on  the  Osage  ceded  lands.  Mr.  Campbell  says  this 
organization  was  also  known  as  the  "League,"  or  the  ".Mliance,"  and 
that  in  the  settlement  of  the  Osage  land  troubles  the  government  allowed 
each  settler  to  pay  $50  on  a  (|uartcr-section,  the  balance  of  $150  payable 
in  three  equal  annual  installments,  with  interest  at  the  rate  of  5  per 
cent,  per  annum  on  the  deferred  payments.     "This,"  said  Mr.  Campbell, 


KANSAS    I1IST0R^■  623 

"was  virtually  a  loan  of  $150  on  each  quarter-section,  and  this  was  the 
first  5  per  cent,  money  the  people  of  Kansas  ever  borrowed,  and  this 
is  the  first  instance  that  I  now  call  to  mind  where  the  government  has 
ever  loaned  its  money  to  the  people.  But  it  demonstrated  the  practica- 
bility of  such  a  system,  and  in  1876  I  issued  a  circular  and  set  forth  the 
system  that  New  York  had  adopted  in  loaning  its  school  fund  to  farmers, 
upon  real  estate  securit}',  and  demonstrated  the  practicability  of  such  a 
system  for  the  United  States." 

The  writer  took  the  position  that  this  was  probably  the  first  circular 
ever  issued  by  any  one  advocating  government  loans  to  the  people, 
and  doubtless  assumed  that  it  was  instrumental  in  the  formation  of  the 
Farmers'  Alliance  because  the  doctrine  of  government  loans  to  the  peo- 
ple later  became  one  of  the  tenets  of  the  organization.  But  the  fact 
remains  that  local  alliances  had  been  formed  in  both  New  York  and 
Texas  before  the  circular  made  its  appearance. 

On  Oct.  6,  1880,  the  Texas  state  alliance  was  incorporated,  the  objects 
of  the  order  being  stated  in  the  charter  as  follows :  "To  encourage 
agriculture  and  horticulture,  and  to  suppress  local,  personal,  sectional 
and  national  prejudices  and  all  unhealthy  rivalry  and  selfish  ambition." 
About  this  time  the  Farmers'  Union  was  established  in  Louisiana,  and 
grew  so  rapidly  that  in  a  few  years  it  boasted  upward  of  10,000  mem- 
bers. At  a  meeting  of  the  Texas  state  alliance  at  Waco,  on  Jan.  20, 
1887,  two  delegates  from  each  Congressional  district  in  the  state  were 
appointed  to  act  in  conjunction  with  J.  A.  Tetts,  of  the  Louisiana  Farm- 
ers' Lfnion  in  securing  a  charter  for  a  National  Farmers'  Alliance.  The 
following  day  the  delegates  met  with  Mr.  Tetts  and  organized  the  first 
national  alliance,  with  C.  W.  Macune  as  president,  J.  A.  Tetts,  first 
vice-president;  G.  B.  Pickett,  second  vice-president;  J.  M.  Perdue,  third 
vice-president ;  E.  B.  Warren,  secretary,  and  R.  F.  Butler,  treasurer. 

The  following  spring  President  Macune  sent  organizers  into  the  states 
of  Missouri,  North  Carolina,  Alabama,  Florida,  Mississippi,  Kentucky, 
Georgia  and  Tennessee.  At  the  time  this  work  was  commenced  the 
national  alliance  had  only  about  $500  in  its  treasury,  but  a  loan  was 
secured  from  the  Texas  state  alliance,  which  now  had  about  100,000 
members  and  the  work  proceeded  with  such  rapidity  that  on  Oct.  12, 
1887,  delegates  from  all  the  above  states  except  Georgia  and  Kentucky, 
with  delegates  from  Texas,  Louisiana  and  Arkansas,  met  at  Shreveport, 
La.,  and  completed  the  organization  of  the  "National  Farmers'  Alliance 
and  Cooperative  LTnion,"  which  made  the  following  demands  on  Con- 
gress :  Recognition  by  incorporation  of  trades  unions,  cooperative 
stores,  etc. ;  the  reservation  of  public  lands  for  actual  settlers,  the  pro- 
hibition of  land  ownership  by  aliens;  the  removal  of  all  fences  of  cattle 
syndicates  or  other  monopolies  from  the  public  domain ;  the  operation 
of  the  United  States  mints  to  their  fullest  capacity  for  the  coinage  of 
gold  and  silver,  which  should  be  tendered  w-ithout  discrimination  to  the 
nation's  creditors  in  extinguishment  of  the  public  debt ;  the  abolition  of 
the  national  banking  system  and  the  substitution  of  legal  tender  notes 


624  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

for  national  bank  circulation;  the  establishment  of  a  department  of 
agriculture  as  one  of  the  departments  of  state  ;  government  ownership 
of  telegraph  and  telephone  lines,  and  a  graduated  income  tax. 

In  the  meantime  the  "Farmers'  National  Congress"  had  been  organ- 
ized at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  in  1875,  with  Gen.  W.  H.  Jackson,  of  Tennessee,  as 
president.  This  congress  claimed  the  credit  for  securing  the  passage 
of  the  acts  establishing  the  United  States  ^^'eather  Bureau  and  the  Inter- 
state Commerce  Commission.  Its  most  important  meeting  was  held 
at  New  Orleans  at  the  time  of  the  exposition  there,  in  the  winter  of 
1884-85.  Delegates  from  nearly  every  state  and  territory  in  the  I'nion 
were  present,  and  the  meeting  wielded  considerable  influence  upon  the 
snbseciuent  action  of  the  Farmers'  Alliance,  with  which  it  was  ultimately 
amalgamated. 

^Mlile  the  alliance  organized  in  Texas  was  extending  its  operations 
over  the  Southern  states,  absorbing  one  by  one  the  various  local  clubs 
and  societies,  the  Northern  alliance — the  non-secret  society — was  sweep- 
ing westward.  On  May  15,  1889,  delegates  from  the  various  alliances 
and  agricultural  wheels  in  the  South  met  at  P.irmingliam.  Ala.,  and  took 
joint  action  against  the  cotton  bagging  trust.  The  harmonious  relations 
established  between  the  representatives  of  the  Farmers'  Alliance  and  the 
Agricultural  \Mieel  (q.  v.)  on  this  occasion  led  to  the  consolidatinn  of 
the  two  orders  in  the  following  September,  which  made  the  Alliance  all 
powerful  throughout  the  entire  South. 

The  Farmers'  Alliance  was  introduced  into  Kansas  thrnugh  the  wurk 
of  three  editors,  viz:  C.  Vincent,  of  the  American  Nonconformist,  of 
Winfield ;  John  R.  Rogers,  of  the  Newton  Commoner,  and  ^\^  F.  Right- 
mire,  of  Cottonwood  Falls,  associate  editor  of  the  Nonconformist.  These 
three  men  went  to  Texas  and  were  there  initiated  into  the  order.  Upon 
their  return  to  Kansas  they  established  a  sub-alliance  in  Cowley  county, 
by  changing  a  northern  alliance  into  a  secret  one.  Dunning,  in  his 
"History  of  the  Farmers'  Alliance,"  says:  "Sometime  daring  the  \ear 
1887  a  number  of  sub-alliances  were  formed  in  Cowley  cmintx ,  ;ni(l  it  is 
frcini  this  beginning  that  the  Alliance  in  Kansas  took  its  start."  Toward 
ihc  close  of  tliat  year  the  Cowley  county  alliance  was  organized — -the 
first  in  the  state.  On  Dec.  20,  1888,  a  number  of  local  alliances  sent 
delegates  to  Topeka.  where  on  that  date  the  state  alliance  was  org.nnized, 
with  Benjamin  IT.  Clover  as  president.  ATr.  .Clover  had  been  the  first 
])resident  of  the  first  sub-alliance  established  in  Cowley  ciuniiy  the  pre- 
ceding year. 

In  order  to  make  clear  how  the  I'armers'  .Alliance  got  into  politics 
it  will  be  necessary  to  notice  briefly  some  of  the  events  of  iiolitical 
significance  jirior  to  organization  of  the  Kansas  state  alliance.  In 
1876  a  convention  at  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  organized  the  Greenback  party 
and  nominatetl  Peter  Coojier,  of  New  York,  for  president.  l'"nough 
Greenback  Congressmen  were  elected  that  year  to  hi'lil  tlie  b.il.nue  of 
power  between  the  Republicans  and  Democrats,  and  to  secure  the  enact- 
ment of  a  law  (iroliibiling  the  retirement  of  greenbacks  below  ,$346,000.- 


KANSAS   HISTORY  625 

000.  In  1884  this  party  made  its  last  campaign,  and  in  May,  1888,  a  con- 
vention at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  founded  the  Union  Labor  party  and  nomi- 
nated Alson  J.  Streeter  for  president.  Delegates  from  Kansas  played 
an  important  part  in  that  convention.  (See  Videttes.)  In  Dec,  1888, 
the  Union  Labor  party  in  Kansas  was  practically  disbanded,  a  "State 
Reform  Association"- taking  its  place.  The  officers  of  this  association 
were:  W.  F.  Rightmire,  president;  Andrew  Shearer,  vice-president;  J. 
D.  Latimer,  secretarj' ;  W.  F.  Rightmire,  John  R.  Rogers,  E.  H.  Snow, 
Henry  Vincent  and  W.  H.  H.  Wright,  executive  committee. 

The  northern  alliance,  non-secret,  had  made  its  advent  into  Kansas 
before  the  secret  alliance,  and  at  a  meeting  at  Lyons,  Rice  county,  in 
Aug.  1888,  over  600  subordinate  societies  were  represented.  The  plan 
of  this  alliance  was  to  establish  exchanges  or  purchasing  agencies,  with 
a  sufficient  paid-up  capital  stock,  through  which  the  members  could 
purchase  implements  and  supplies  at  lower  prices  than  through  the  ordi- 
nary mercantile  channels.  The  benefits  resulting  from  this  method  soon 
became  apparent,  and  was  the  principal  reason  for  the  large  increase  in 
membership  in  so  short  a  time.  In  laboring  "for  the  administration  of 
government  in  a  strictly  non-partisan  spirit,"  its  plan  was  to  agree  upon 
needed  reforms  and  then  endeavor  to  secure  the  necessary  legislation 
through  the  existing  political  parties  before  placing  candidates  of  its 
own  in  the  field. 

This  plan  was  not  aggressive  enough  to  suit  the  leaders  of  the  secret 
alliance.  Mr.  Rightmire,  in  speaking  of  the  work  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  reform  association,  says  the  members  of  that  committee 
"constituted  themselves  recruiting  officers  to  enlist  organizers  to  spread 
the  organization  over  the  state.  Selecting,  if  possible,  some  Republican 
farmer  in  each  count)^  who  had  been  honored  by  elections  to  two  terms 
in  the  state  house  of  representatives,  and  then  retired,  and  who  had 
become  dissatisfied  because  his  ambition  and  self-esteemed  qualifications 
of  statesmanship  received  no  further  recognition  at  the  hands  of  the 
nominating  conventions  of  his  party,  he  was  engaged  to  organize  the 
farmers  of  his  county  in  the  order,  so  that  if  the  order  should  conclude 
to  take  political  action,  he.  as  the  founder  of  the  order  in  his  county, 
could  have  any  place  he  desired  as  the  reward  for  his  faithful  services  at 
the  hands  of  his  brothers  of  the  order." 

Through  the  old  Vidette  organization,  the  members  of  the  Union 
Labor  party  were  advised  to  refrain  for  a  time  from  becoming  members 
of  the  alliance,  and  to  denounce  the  organization  as  a  deep-laid  scheme 
of  one  or  the  other  of  the  old  political  parties  to  get  possession  of  the  prin- 
ciples advocated  by  the  LTnion  Labor  party  during  its  brief  existence. 
Then,  after  all  the  Republican  and  Democratic  members  of  the  alliance 
were  enrolled,  the  Union  Labor  men  and  the  old  Videttes  were  to  come 
in  with  a  rush  and  dictate  the  alliance  policy.  The  organization  went 
forward  at  a  great  rate  until  the  presidents  of  a  number  of  county  alli- 
ances issued  a  call  for  a  meeting  at  Newton,  on  Dec.  16,  1889,  to  perfect 
the  organization  of  the  state  alliance,  which  had  been  begun  at  Topeka 
(I-40) 


626  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

in  the  previous  December.  This  was  the  signal  for  the  Union  Labor 
men  and  the  Videttes  to  "get  on  the  band  wagon,'"  and  when  the  meet- 
ing assembled  the}'  were  there  in  sufficient  strength  to  control  the  organ- 
ization. Benjamin  H.  Clover  was  again  elected  president  and  a  plat- 
form was  adopted  which  was  submitted  by  resolution  to  the  United 
States  senators  and  representatives  in  Congress  from  Kansas.  Mr. 
Rightmire  says  that  Senator  Plumb  indorsed  the  platform,  but  that 
Senator  Ingalls  and  all  the  representatives  dodged  the  question  and 
refused  to  commit  themselves. 

On  Dec.  3,  1889,  the  annual  meeting  of  the  national  alliance  was 
opened  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  with  about  100  delegates  present  from  Ala- 
bama. Arkansas,  Georgia,  Florida.  Indiana,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Louis- 
iana, Missouri,  Mississippi,  North  Carolina,  Nebraska,  Oklahoma,  South 
Carolina,  Tennessee,  Texas,  Virginia  and  the  Indian  Territory.  The 
convention  was  in  session  for  five  days  and  the  most  important  work 
accomplished  was  in  adopting  the  report  of  the  committee  on  monetary 
system,  which  recommended  that  a  demand  be  made  upon  the  L'nited 
States  for  a  modification  of  the  present  national  financial  system,  ist, 
so  as  to  allow  the  free  and  unlimited  coinage  of  silver,  or  the  issue  of 
silver  certificates  against  an  unlimited  deposit  of  bullion,  and  and.  that 
the  system  of  using  certain  banks  as  L^nited  States  depositories  be  abol- 
ished, "and  in  place  of  said  system,  establish  in  every  county  in  each  of 
the  states  that  offer  for  sale  during  the  one  year  $500,000  worth  of  farm 
products.  ...  a  sub-treasury  office,  which  shall  have  in  connection 
with  it  such  warehouses  or  elevators  as  are  necessary  for  carefully  stor- 
ing and  preserving  such  agricultural  products  as  are  offered  il  for  stor- 
age; give  certificates  of  deposit  showing  the  amount  and  cpiality.  and 
that  legal  tender  mone}'  equal  to  80  per  cent,  of  the  local  current  \alue 
has  been  advanced  on  the  same,  on  interest  at  the  rate  of  one  per  cent. 
])er  annum." 

This  was  the  origin  of  the  famous  "sub-treasury  scheme,"  which  was 
afterward  discussed  from  ocean  to  ocean,  and  from  Canada  lo  Mexico. 
At  the  .St.  Louis  meeting  the  Knights  of  Labor  were  taken  into  confed- 
eration, the  name  of  the  "National  Farmers'  Alliance  and  Industrial 
I'nion"  was  adopted,  and  the  establishment  nf  natidual  headquarters  ;i1 
Washington,  D.  C,  was  authorized. 

The  order  now  began  to  have  a  i)oIitical  signiljcance.  A  nninlier  ni 
presidents  of  Kansas  county  alliances  met  at  ro]ieka  on  .March  25, 
i8c;o,  and  adopted,  among  otlicrs.  a  resolution  dccl.uing:  "That  we 
will  no  longer  divide  on  |);nty  lines,  and  will  (Uily  cast  mir  \iites  for 
candidates  of  the  pco])le,  for  the  jn'ople,  and  by  tlie  ]>eople."  I'ciilow- 
ing  this  meeting  President  Clover,  an  old  Greenbacker.  issued  a  call 
for  a  conference  of  re])rcsentatives  of  the  various  labor  and  icform 
organizations  at  To])eka  on  June  12.  Nothing  dellnite  was  acconi- 
plislied  by  this  conference,  but  another  convention  at  liie  s.inu-  place 
on  Aug.  13  nominated  an  Alliance  state  ticket,  headed  by  J.  1".  W'illits  ;is 
llie  candidate   for  governor.     (.See    Humphrey's  .\dminislralion. ) 


KANSAS    HISTORY  627 

Tci  (|iiole  attain  from  Mr.  Rightmire;  "While  the  Southern  Farmers' 
Alliance  thus  led  the  way  for  the  Kansas  political  action,  the  North- 
ern Farmers'  Alliance,  not  secret,  led  the  way  for  political  action  in 
Nebraska,  Iowa,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  Montana,  Minnesota  and  the 
Dakotas.  The  Farmers'  Mutual  Brotherhood  (Farmers'  Mutual  Bene- 
fit Association)  elected  members  of  the  legislatures  in  \\'isconsin, 
Illinois  and  Indiana,  and  the  Southern  .Mliance,  working  within  the 
Democratic  party,  elected  several  Congressmen  and  controlled  the  legis- 
latures in  several  vSouthern  states." 

In  Kansas  and  Nebraska  the  .Alliance  elected  a  majority  of  both 
branches  of  the  legislature,  and  it  held  a  balairce  of  power  in  the  legisla- 
tures of  Illinois,  Minnesota  and  South  Dakota.  Nine  members  of  the 
lower  house  of  Congress  were  elected,  and  Kansas,  South  Dakota  and 
South  Carolina  sent  Alliance  men  to  the  I'nited  States  senate.  En- 
couraged by  the  results  of  this  campaign,  the  Alliance  grew  more 
aggressive,  and  this  aggressiveness  found  vent  in  the  annual  meeting 
at  Ocala,  Fla.,  which  assembled  on  Dec.  2,  i8go.  Of  this  meeting  Dun- 
ning says:  "This  was  doubtless  one  of  the  most  important  gather- 
ings, in  many  respects,  that  was  ever  held  on  American  soil.  Repre- 
sentatives from  thirty-one  state  and  territorial  alliances  were  present, 
besides  a  large  number  of  both  friends  and  enemies  of  the  order.  The 
Republican  party  hoped  that  the  meeting  would  result  in  certain  indis- 
cretions which  would  break  the  power  of  the  Alliance.  The  Democratic 
party  was  anxious  to  have  the  Alliance  recede  from  its  advanced  posi- 
tion on  economic  cjuestions,  in  order  to  make  cooperation  more  pi"oba- 
ble.  There  was  a  strong  element  from  the  West  demanding  independ- 
ent action.  This  was  met  by  a  conservative  force  largely  from  the 
South,  but  really  from  nearly  all  the  states  represented,  which  con- 
sidered it  unwise  and  untimel}'.  The  wily  politician  was  there  also, 
and,  as  usual,  dangerous  to  all  honest  purposes:  the  traitor  and  breeder 
of  discord  was  not  wanting:  atid  the  coward  could  be  met  with 
occasionally." 

The  platform  adopted  by  the  Ocala  convention  was  more  radical  than 
any  previous  declaration  of  the  alliance.  It  demanded  the  abolition  of 
national  banks  and  the  substitution  of  legal  tender  notes  for  the 
national  bank  currency:  the  establishment  of  sub-treasuries  or  deposi- 
tories, in  which  farmers  could  store  their  surplus  products  and  receive 
upon  them  a  loan,  at  a  rate  of  interest  not  exceeding  two  per  cent,  per 
annum ;  the  immediate  increase  of  the  circulating  medium  to  $50  per 
capita ;  the  enactment  of  laws  by  Congress  to  prevent  dealing  in  futures 
in  all  agricultural  and  mechanical  productions:  the  free  and  unlimited 
coinage  of  silver;  the  issue  of  a  sufficient  amount  of  fractional  paper 
currency  to  facilitate  exchanges  through  the  mails ;  the  reclamation  of 
all  lands  held  by  railroad  companies  and  other  corporations  not  actually 
used  by  them,  sitch  reclaimed  lands  to  be  held  for  actual  settlers: 
laws  to  prevent  aliens  from  owning  land  in  this  country ;  and  for  gov- 
ernment control  of  all  means  of  transportation  and  communication,  and 


628  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

if  this  plan  should  prove  inefficient,  then  the  absohite  ownership  b\'  the 
government  of  all  railway  and  telegraph  lines,  etc. 

Shortly  after  the  elections  of  1890,  and  before  the  Ocala  conven- 
tion, a  movement  for  the  organization  of  a  third  political  party  of 
national  scope  \vas  started  in  Kansas.  The  president  of  the  old  reform 
association  placed  himself  in  correspondence  with  the  alliance  leaders 
in  the  various  states  and  urged  them  to  unite  in  calling  a  confeernce 
for  the  purpose  of  organizing  such  a  party.  The  signature  of  every 
prominent  alliance  man  in  the  North  was  secured  to  the  call,  but  before 
it  was  issued  came  the  Ocala  convention.  At  Ocala  on  Dec.  3,  1890, 
the  call  was  made  public  by  C.  A.  Power  of  Indiana,  and  it  aroused 
considerable  displeasure  among  the  Southern  delegation.  The  Kansas 
delegates,  in  the  interest  of  harmony,  succeeded  in  having  the  call  with- 
drawn, and  as  a  reward  Kansas  was  given  two  of  the  national  officers 
— President  Clover,  who  was  made  national  vice-president,  and  J-  F. 
W'illits,  the  alliance  condidate  for  governor  in  1890,  who  was  made 
national  lecturer. 

.\lthough  the  Kansas  delegates  used  their  influence  to  secure  the 
suppression  of  the  call  at  this  time,  they  were  practically  a  unit  in 
favor  of  the  third  party  movement.  The  members  of  the  old  reform 
association  resolved  to  take  the  necessary  steps  to  organize  a  secret 
society — something  on  the  order  of  the  Videttes,  and  on  Jan.  13,  1891, 
about  250  persons  met  in  Topeka  and  formed  the  "National  Citizens' 
Industrial  Alliance."  A  ritual  and  secret  work  were  adopted  and  the 
organization  was  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Kansas.  The  secretary, 
W.  F.  Rightmire,  was  instructed,  when  deemed  advisable,  to  issue  a 
call  for  a  conference  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  for  the  organization  of  a  third 
party.  Pursuant  to  this  arrangement,  a  conference  met  at  Cincinnati 
on  May  19,  1891.  This  conference  was  attended  by  483  persons  from 
Kansas,  who  met  at  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  and  went  from  there  to  Cin- 
cinnati by  special  train.  Southern  members  of  the  alliance  were  there 
to  oppose  the  third  party.  They  succeeded  in  convincing  a  number 
of  the  Northern  delegates,  w'ho  held  a  caucus  and  adopted  the  plan 
of  getting  control  of  the  committee  on  platform,  and  then  delay  the 
report  of  the  committee  until  many  of  the  delegates  would  become 
tired  and  return  home.  They  secured  a  majority  of  the  committee,  but 
their  plan  was  thwarted  by  a  little  cunning  on  the  part  of  the  com- 
mittee on  permanent  organization  of  the  convention.  The  latter  com- 
mittee incorporated  in  its  report  the  recommendation  that  the  delegates 
present  from  each  state  "select  three  members  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee of  the  new  party."  When  the  seport  was  presented  to  the 
convention  it  was  rushed  through  under  the  previous  question.  The 
conference,  as  a  whole,  having  thus  approved  the  new  party  organiza- 
tion, a  recess  was  taken  to  permit  the  state  delegates  to  select  the  three 
members  of  the  executive  committee,  and  the  committee  on  platform 
was  notified  that  the  question  was  settled,  though  that  committee  was 
asked   to  suggest  a  name  for  the  new  party.     The  committee  submit- 


KANSAS    IJISTORY  629 

ted  as  gracefully  as  possible,  and  olTered  llic  name  of  "I'eojjlc's  parly," 
which  was  adopted  by  the  conference. 

With  the  transfer  of  political  power  to  the  Peoj)le's  party  ort;aniza- 
tion  the  Farmers'  Alliance  began  to  wane.  Meml^ers  neglected  to 
attend  the  meetings-  of  the  sub-alliances ;  many  were  displeased  at  the 
idea  of  "dragging  the  alliance  into  politics;"  others  were  disappointed 
at  not  receiving  the  political  recognition  to  which  they  felt  they  were 
entitled;  politicians  took  advantage  of  the  situation  to  sow  the  seeds 
of  discord,  and  the  Farmers'  Alliance,  once  such  a  promising  factor  in 
the  settlement  of  questions  affecting  the  agricultural  classes,  met  the 
fate  that  seems  to  be  the  common  lot  of  all  sucli  organizations. 

Farmersburg,  a  little  village  in  the  northern  part  of  Chautauf|ua 
county,  is  located  about  1 1  miles  from  Sedan,  the  county  seat,  and 
about  9  from  Longton  in  Elk  county,  whence  it  receives  its  mail  by 
rural  route.  The  nearest  railroad  station  is  Hale,  5  miles  east  on  the 
Missouri  Pacific. 

Farmers'  Cooperative  Association. — On  Jan.  23,  1873,  the  Farmers' 
Institute  at  Manhattan,  I'Can.,  passed  a  resolution  recommending  the 
farmers  of  the  state  to  organize  into  clubs  and  place  themselves  in 
correspondence  with  the  secretary  of  the  state  board  of  agriculture. 
The  resolution  further  provided  that  whenever  a  sufficient  number  of 
such  clubs  had  reported  to  the  secretary,  that  official  be  requested  to 
call  a  state  convention,  each  county  agricultural  or  liorticultural  society 
and  each  township  farmers'  club  to  be  entitled  tq  one  delegate. 

Pursuant  to  this  arrangement  Alfred  Gray,  secretary  of  the  state 
board  of  agriculture,  on  Feb.  10,  1873,  issued  a  call  for  a  state  con- 
vention of  farmers  to  assemble  at  Topeka  on  March  26.  The  conven- 
tion was  in  session  for  two  days,  and  on  the  27th  a  Farmers"  Coopera- 
tive Association  was  organized  with  the  following  officers:  President, 
John  Davis;  vice-president,  Joseph  K.  Hudson;  secretary,  Alfred  Gray; 
treasurer,  Henry  Bronson;  directors,  T.  P..  Smith,  John  Mings,  O.  W. 
Bill,  A.  H.  Grass  and  J.  S.  Van  Winkle. 

A  constitution  was  adopted,  article  2  of  which  declared:  "The  objects 
of  this  association  shall  be  the  collection  of  statistics  relative  to  the 
products  of  the  state,  and  their  amount,  cost  and  value,  to  assist  the 
farmers  in  procuring  just  compensation  for  their  labor;  to  cooperate 
with  similar  organizations  in  other  states  in  procuring  cheap  trans- 
portation, and  remunerative  prices  for  surplus  products,  and  act  gen- 
erally in  the  interest  of  the  producing  class." 

In  a  long  preamble  to  a  series  of  resolutions,  the  purposes  of  the 
organization  were  further  defined  as  being  for  the  purpose  of  showing 
that  farmers  can  come  together  and  cooperate  like  other  folks  for  the 
common  good;  to  control  the  prices  of  their  products  through  their  own 
boards  of  trade  or  their  appointed  agents,  so  that  nothing  should  be 
thrown  on  the  market  for  less  than  the  cost  of  production  and  a  rea- 
sonable profit ;  to  secure  a  reduction  in  railroad  freight  rates ;  to  enable 
them  to  purchase  their  supplies  at  lower  prices;  to  secure  tax  reform, 


I 


630  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

the  abolition  of  sinecure  offices,  the  reduction  of  salaries  and  a  rigid 
economy  in  public  expenditures;  to  encourage  hume  manufactures,  so 
that  the  money  paid  for  agricultural  implements,  etc.,  might  be  kept  in 
the  state,  and  to  use  all  honorable  means  to  prevent  the  remainder 
of  the  public  domain  from  falling  into  the  "hands  of  railrnad  monopolies 
and  land  sharks." 

The  resolutions  following  this  preamble  are  given  in  full,  tor  the 
reason  that  they  show  the  state  of  the  farmers'  minds  at  that  time, 
their  views  on  questions  of  public  policy,  their  grievances,  etc.  The 
resolutions  were  as  follows : 

"r — ^That  organization  is  the  great  w'ant  of  the  producing  classes  at 
the  present  time,  and  we  recommend  every  farmer  in  the  state  to  become 
a  member  of  some  farmers'  club,  grange  of  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry, 
or  other  local  organization. 

"2 — That  the  taxes  assessed  and  charged  ui)on  ilie  people,  l)y  the 
national,  state  and  local  governments,  are  oppressive  and  unjust,  and 
vast  sums  of  money  are  collected,  far  beyond  the  needs  of  an  economic 
administration  of  government. 

"3 — That  we  respectfully  request  our  senators  and  members  of  Con- 
gress to  vote  for  and  secure  an  amendment  to  the  tariff  laws  of  the 
I'nited  States,  so  that  salt  and  lumber  shall  be  placed  on  the  free  list, 
and  that  there  shall  be  made  a  material  reduction  in  the  duty  on  iron. 
and  that  such  articles  as  do  not  pay  the  cost  of  collectidu  be  also  jilaccd 
on  the  free  list. 

"4 — That  we  earnestly  request  the  legislature  of  our  state,  at  its 
next  session,  to  enact  a  law  regulating  freights  and  fares  on  our  rail- 
roads, upon  a  basis  of  justice,  and  that  we  further  request  our  mem- 
bers of  Congress  to  urge  the  favorable  action  of  that  body,  wlu-re  the 
full  power  exists  beyond  all  doubt,  to  the  same  end;  and.  if  need  be, 
to  construct  national  highways  at  the  expense  of  the  govornniciit. 

"5 — That  the  act  passed  by  the  legislature,  exempting  bonds,  notes, 
mortgages  and  judgments  from  taxation,  is  unjust,  npjirossixe,  and  a 
palpable  violation  of  our  state  constitution,  and  we  call  upon  .ill  asses- 
sors and  the  coun1\-  boards  to  see  that  said  securities  are  taxed  at  their 
fair  value. 

"6 — ^That  the  practice  of  voting  nuniici])al  bonds  is  pernicio\is  in  its 
efifect.  and  will  inevital^ly  bring  bankru])tcy  and  ruin  on  tjie  people. 
and  we  therefore  arc  opposed  to  all  laws  allowing  the  issuance  of  such 
bonds. 

"7 — That  giving  lianks  a  moiKijjdly  of  tJie  n;ition's  cinrencv  .  lluMeiiv 
compelling  the  i)eo])K'  to  pay  them  --uch  interest  therefor  as  tiie\  may 
choose  to  impose,  scvcn-lenths  of  which  interest  we  lieiiexe  is  col- 
lected from  the  farmers,  is  but  little  less  than  legalized  robbery  of  the 
agricultural  classes.  ' 

"8 — That  for  the  speedy  and  thorough  acconii)lislnnent  of  ,ili  ihis 
vvc  pledge  each  other  to  ignore  ;dl  political  jireferences  .iml  preiiuliccs 
that   have  swayed   us  hilherto  to  our  hurt,  .■iiid   support   onl\    >ncli    men 


KANSAS    HISTORY  63 1 

for  office  as  are  known  lo  be  true  to  our  interests-,  and  in  whose  intreg- 
rity  and  honesty  we  have  the  most  implicit  confidence." 

The  proceedings  of  the  convention,  accompanied  by  an  address  to 
the  farmers  of  Kansas,  were  printed  and  distributed  over  the  state, 
with  tlie  result  that,  a  number  of  local  cooperative  associations  were 
formed  in  different  localities,  all  of  which  took  pattern  from  the  parent 
or  state  organization.  In  time  most  of  these  associations  wound  up 
their  afifairs  and  went  out  of  existence,  the  Farmers'  Alliance  (c(.  v.) 
extending  its  operations  in  such  a  way  as  to  absorb  practically  all  kin- 
dred organizations. 

Farmers'  Institutes. — The  development  of  the  farmers'  institute  is 
due  in  a  great  measure  to  the  Morrill  land  grant  bill  of  1862,  though 
the  foundation  had  been  laid  in  the  various  agricultural  societies  that 
had  been  organized  prior  to  the  passage  of  the  bill.  Little  was  accom- 
plished, however,  until  after  the  Civil  war.  The  object  of  the  institute 
is  to  bring  together  the  workers  and  investigators  in  the  science  of 
agriculture  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  actual  farmers  on  the  other,  in 
order  that  the  practical  knowledge  gained  by  ihe  former  may  be  im- 
parted to  and  applied  by  the  latter.  Farmers'  institutes  are  generally 
held  in  connection  with  or  under  the  auspices  of  the  state  agricultural 
college  or  some  experiment  station. 

Kansas  was  one  of  the  first  states  to  hold  a  farmers'  institute  in 
connection  with  the  agricultural  college.  That  was  in  the  winter  of 
1869,  and  the  institute  was  attended  by  about  40  persons.  The  follow- 
ing year  about  400  were  in  attendance.  For  several  years  the  progress 
in  organizing  county  and  district  institutes  was  comparatively  slow, 
but  in  time  the  progressive  element  among  the  farmers  learned  that 
much  useful  and  valuable  information  could  be  gained  by  association 
with  those  who  studied  agriculture  from  a  scientific  point  of  view.  The 
act  of  March  13,  1903,  provided  that  "whenever  any  county  farmers' 
institute  shall  have  elected  a  president,  vice-president,  secretary  and 
treasurer  and  adopted  a  ^constitution  and  by-laws  for  its  government, 
it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  county  commissioners  of  such  county  to 
appropriate  annually  the  sum  of  $50,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be 
necessary,  to  defray  the  expenses  of  a  two-daj's  institute,"  etc. 

This  gave  an  impetus  to  the  movement,  and  within  a  few  years  insti- 
tutes were  organized  in  all  parts  of  the  state.  On  March  4,  1909,  Gov. 
Stubbs  approved  an  act  limiting  the  appropriation  to  one  dollar  for  each 
bona  fide  member  who  is  a  resident  farmer,  and  authorized  the  com- 
missioners to  appropriate  $15  for  a  one-day  institute  (not  a  county 
institute),  not  more  than  six  such  institutes  to  be  held  in  any  one 
county.  This  act  repealed  the  law  of  1903.  All  county  institutes  are 
required  by  law  to  hold  a  two-day  meeting  each  year,  while  local  insti- 
tutes are  required  to  hold  only  a  one-day  meeting.  Fall  circuits  are 
established,  and  no  county  institutes  are  held  until  after  the  local  insti- 
tutes. At  the  institutes — both  local  and  county — exhibits  of  bread, 
canned   fruit   and  agricultural   products   are   generally   made,   and   sub- 


1 


632  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

jects  relating  to  farming  are  discussed.  In  Aug.,  1910,  there  were  282 
farmers'  institute  organizations  in  the  state,  with  a  membership  of  over 
10,000.  A  year  later  there  were  340  organizations — more  than  were 
reported  in  any  other  state — with  680  active  officers,  and  a  correspond- 
ing increase  in  the  general  membership. 

Farmers'  Mutual  Benefit  Association. — This  association  was  formed 
in  Johnson  county.  111.,  in  the  fall  of  1882  or  1883,  and  had  its  origin 
in  the  following  incident :  Five  farmers  each  happened  to  take  a  load 
of  wheat  to  town  on  the  same  day,  but  were  informed  by  the  local 
buyer  that,  owing  to  the  uncertainties  of  the  market,  it  was  considered 
unwise  to  purchase  any  more  wheat  at  that  time.  A  telegram  to  grain 
dealers  in  Chicago  brought  the  information  that  the  price  of  wheat 
was  actuall}'  rising,  and  the  five  farmers  concluded  that  the  local  buyers 
were  in  a  conspiracy  to  force  them  to  sell  their  grain  for  less  than  it 
was  actually  worth.  An  empty  box  car  was  standing  on  the  side  track, 
and  in  a  short  time  it  was  secured,  the  wheat  was  loaded  into  it  and 
sent  to  Chicago,  where  the  farmers  received  the  market  price  without 
trouble  or  delay. 

News  of  the  transaction  soon  spread,  cooperative  shipping  clubs  were 
organized,  and  these  clubs  were  ultimately  consolidated  into  the 
Farmers'  Mutual  Benefit  Association,  the  objects  of  which  were  to 
market  farm  produce  by  the  cooperative  method  to  better  advantage 
than  by  selling  in  the  open  market,  and  to  render  mutual  assistance 
along  other  lines. 

As  soon  as  the  benefits  of  the  association  were  made  manifest  through 
its  operations,  it  took  on  a  comparatively  rapid  growth  and  extended 
to  several  states,  including  Kansas,  where  a  number  of  local  or  county 
associations  were  formed,  the  members  acting  together  in  the  sale  of 
their  products  and  the  purchase  of  implements,  household  supplies, 
etc.  At  a  general  meeting  of  the  asociation,  held  at  Springfield,  111.,  in 
Nov.,  1890,  it  was  decided  to  send  delegates  to  the  Farmers'  Alliance 
convention  at  Ocala.  Fla.,  the  following  month.  Delegates  were  accord- 
ingly selected,  and  although  the  asociation  maintained  for  some  time 
afterward  a  separate  ex-istence  as  an  organization,  it  really  became  a 
part  of  the  Farmers'  Alliance  movement,  the  effects  of  which  were  felt 
all  over  the  country.     (See  Farmers'  Alliance.) 

Farmington,  a  village  of  Atchison  county,  is  located  in  the  central 
portion  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  12  miles  southwest  of  Atcliison, 
the  county  seat.  It  was  one  of  the  towns  laid  out  soon  after  the  build- 
ing of  the  Central  Branch.  A  school  was  soon  built  and  a  church  was 
organized  by  Pardee  Butler  (q.  v.)  in  1867.  It  has  a  general  store, 
blacksmith  shop,  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph  and  express  facilities, 
and  in  tqio  the  population  was  46. 

Farnsworth,  a  money  order  post-hanilct  nl  Clioycnno  lownshiij,  i.anc 
county,  is  about  15  miles  northwest  of  Dighton.  the  county  scat,  and 
7  miles  from  Mealy,  which  is  the  most  convenient   railroad  station. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  633 

Faulkner,  a  village  of  Cherokee  county,  is  situated  in  Xeosho  town- 
ship, and  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  about  ii  miles 
southwest  of  Columbus,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  post- 
office  with  one  rural  route,  telegraph  and  express  service,  telephone 
connections,  some  good  general  stores,  and  is  a  trading  and  shipping 
point  for  that  portion  of  the  county.    The  population  in  1910  was  75. 

Fay,  a  small  settlement  of  Paradise  township,  Russell  county,  is 
located  in  the  Solomon  valley,  about  10  miles  northwest  of  Russell,  the 
county  seat,  from  which  place  mail  is  received  by  rural  carrier. 

Fayetteville  Emigrant  Trail. — This  trail  ran  northwest  and  south- 
east from  the  Arkansas  Post,  located  on  the  Arkansas  river,  in  the 
state  of  Arkansas,  to  its  junction  with  the  Santa  Fe  trail  at  Turkey 
creek  in  McPherson  county,  Kan.  Leaving  Arkansas  Post  or  Ozark, 
the  trail  bore  northwest,  passing  through  the  town  of  Austin,  a  few- 
miles  northeast  of  Little  Rock;  thence  northwest  between  the  Arkansas 
and  White  rivers,  being  joined  at  Fayetteville  by  a  road  from  Fort 
Smith  on  the  Arkansas  river;  thence  it  crossed  the  northeast  corner 
of  Oklahoma,  crossed  the  Neosho  river  and  entered  the  state  of  Kan- 
sas in  township  35  south,  range  17  east,  in  what  is  now  Montgomery 
county ;  thence  it  crossed  the  Verdigris  about  2  miles  north  of  the  state 
line,  traversed  the  site  of  Coffeyville  and  continued  along  the  north- 
east side  of  Onion  creek ;  thence  in  a  northwesterly  direction  to  its 
junction  with  the  Santa  Fe  trail.  In  Kansas  the  trail  crossed  the  coun- 
ties of  Montgomery,  Chautauqua,  Elk,  Butler,  Harvey,  Marion  and 
McPherson,  intersecting  the  Santa  Fe  road  in  township  20  south,  range 
2  east. 

This  trail  was  of  Indian  origin  and  from  the  advent  of  the  white 
man  in  that  section  was  much  used.  During  the  Oregon  and  California 
travel  it  was  a  busy  thoroughfare  and  the  travel  was  only  checked 
oy  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war.  When  the  Osage  lands  in  southern 
Kansas  were  thrown  open  for  settlement,  the  old  trail  was  soon 
obliterated  and  abandoned,  and  now  the  only  traces  of  it  to  be  seen 
are  upon  prairie  lands  not  yet  broken  by  the  plow. 

Federal,  a  rural  postoffice  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Hamilton  county, 
is  located  in  Richland  township,  about  18  miles  from  Syracuse,  the 
county  seat,  and  most  convenient  railroad  station.  The  population  in 
1910  was  28. 

Federal  Prison. —  (See  LT.  S.  Penitentiary.) 

Federation  of  Labor. — The  American  Federation  of  Labor  was  organ- 
ized in  1881.  It  was  the  outgrowth  of  the  old  National  Labor  Union, 
which  nominated  David  Davis  for  president  in  1872,  and  by  this 
political  action  lost  its  power  and  prestige  as  a  labor  organization. 
On  Aug.  2,  1881,  a  convention  met  at  Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  to  reorganize 
the  old  union  or  establish  a  new  one  which  should  be  national  in  its 
scope.  Nothing  was  accomplished  at  that  convention,  but  at  another, 
held  in  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  in  November  following,  the  "Federation  of 
Organized  Trades  and  Labor  Unions"  in  the  Ignited  States  and  Canada 


634  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

was  affected.  On  Dec.  8.  1886,  the  name  -was  clianged  to  the  "Ameri- 
can Federation  of  Labor."  The  organization  consists  of  four  depart- 
ments: 120  national  and  international  unions,  representing  about  27.000 
local  unions;  39  state  federations,  and  over  600  city  central  unions. 
the  total  membership  in  1910  being  about  2,000.000.  At  that  time 
Samuel  Gompers  was  president  of  the  national  organization,  and  Frank 
Morrison,  secretary,  with  headquarters  in  Washington,   D.  C. 

On  Aug.  12,  1907,  delegates  from  a  number  of  labor  organizations 
in  Kansas  met  at  Topeka  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  branch  of  the 
federation.  The  convention  lasted  until  the  15th,  when  the  state  federa- 
tion was  formed,  with  the  following  officers :  President,  S.  A.  Bram- 
lette :  vice-presidents,  H.  W.  Coburn,  Grant  Parker,  Lee  Gunnison,  C. 
A.  Tygart.  J.  Hansel,  Pratt  Williamson,  E.  E.  Brunk,  G.  L.  Callard. 
J.  E.  Palmer,  J.  J.  Jones  and  Frank  Curry;  secretary  and  treasurer,  W. 
E.  Bryan.  A  constitution  was  adopted,  in  which  the  objects  of  the 
federation  were  stated  to  be  "to  promote  the  industrial  interests  of 
the  members  and  of  wage-earners  generally;  to  collect  and  publish  facts 
regarding  the  injustices  practiced  upon  individuals  and  collective  work- 
ers ;  to  assist  and  encourage  the  formation  of  unions ;  to  urge  upon 
laboring  people  the  importance  of  buying  only  union  made  goods ;  and 
to  collect  statistics  relating  to  the  labor  problem,"  etc.  The  member- 
ship in  the  state  in  1910  was  a  little  over  42,500,  being  weaker  then 
than  it  was  tweh'e  months  after  it  was  organized. 

Federation  of  Women's  Clubs. — (See  Women's  Club.^.l 

Feeble-Minded,  State  Home  For. — For  centuries  after  the  beginning 
of  the  Christian  era,  the  idiot,  the  imbecile  or  the  person  of  weak  mind 
was  regarded  as  a  useless  member  of  society,  and  was  looked  u]-)on 
with  pity  or  loathing.  It  was  not  until  1838  that  Dr.  r^dward  Sequin 
of  Paris,  France,  organized  a  school  for  the  pur]')ose  of  devckiping  what 
little  intellect  unfortunates  of  this  character  possessed.  ITis  under- 
taking was  successful  beyond  his  anticipations,  and  ten  years  later 
schools  for  the  feeble-minded  were  established  in  Massachusetts  and 
New  York,  the  first  in  the  United  States.  Pennsylvania  established 
such  a  school  in  1853.  Other  states  followed,  and  although  Kansas 
is  younger  than  any  of  the  states  cast  of  the  Mississipjii.  she  was  the 
eleventh  state  to  found  such  an  iu'^tilufion  as  one  of  the  public 
charities. 

.\ccording  to  the  returns  made  to  the  state  board  of  agricnltui'c 
on  March  i.  1881.  there  were  at  that  time  167  idiotic  or  weak-minded 
|)ersons  in  the  slate,  of  whom  48  were  under  15  years  ol  a.'^c.  To  pvo- 
vide  proper  care  and  instruction  for  these  deficient  children  ilic  legis- 
lature, by  the  act  of  March  5,  1881.  established  the  "Kansas  state 
asylum  for  idiotic  and  imbecile  yotith."  the  object  of  which,  as  stated 
in  the  act.  "is  to  tr;iin  and  e(hu-;iti'  those  reeei\ed.  so  as  to  render  them 
more  comfortable,  hap|)\,  and  better  fitted  to  care  for  and  support 
themselves."  To  accomplish  this  object,  ilie  iiustees  of  the  state  char- 
itable   institutions.    nmU'r   wh<ise    control    llu'    new    asylum    \\;i'-    jil.-iced. 


KANSAS    HISTORY 


63: 


were  ordered  td  provide  "such  agricultural  and  mechanical  training 
as  they  were  capable  of  receiving,  and  as  the  facilities  furnished  by 
the  state  will  allriw,  including  shops,  and  eniplovment  of' teachers  f)f 
trades,"  etc. 

The   board   of    trustees   were    autliorized    to    take   possession    nf    the 
lirst   state  university   building  at   Lawrence   for  the   temporary    use   of 


zapi^.   mariiLjL^ 


M 


STATE    HOME    FOR    FEEBLE-MINDED. 


the  asylum,  and  appropriations  amounting  to  $16,080  were  made  to 
carry  out  the  provisions  of  the  act.  The  board  took  possession  of  the 
old  university  building  in  June,  1881,  and  after  spending  $1,200  in 
necessary  repairs,  the  institution  was  opened  on  Sept.  i,  with  H.  M. 
Greene  as  superintendent;  Mrs.  M.  M.  Greene  as  matron,  and  Mrs. 
Mate  Stowe  as  teacher,  and  during  the  first  year  twenty  pupils  were 
enrolled.  The  work  of  the  asylum  commended  it  to  the  parents  of 
feeble-minded  children,  and  within  three  years  the  attendance  was 
larger  than  the  building  could  comfortably  accommodate.  To  provide 
better  opportunities,  the  legislature  of  1885  appropriated  $25,000  for 
the  erection  and  equipment  of  a  suitable  building,  to  be  located  within 
2  miles  of  the  city  of  Winfield,  on  condition  that  the  people  of  that 
city  would  donate  a  site  of  not  less  than  40  or  more  than  80  acres  of 
land  within  the  prescribed  limit.  The  condition  was  complied  with, 
and  on  March  22,  1887,  the  new  building  was  ready  for  occupancy,  when 
the  entire  outfit  at  Lawrence  was  removed  to  Winfield.  Between  that 
time  and  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  ending  on  June  30,  1888,  nearly 
70  new  pupils  w-ere  admitted. 

\^'ithout  going  into  details  regarding  the  appropriations  for  addi- 
tional improvements,  it  is  .sufficient  to  say  that  the  institution  has  been 
liberally  supported  by  the  state, -and  in  1910  possessed  property,  the 
estimated  value  of  which  was  $500,000.  By  the  act  of  March  12,  1909, 
the  name  of  the  institution  was  changed  to  the  "State  home  for  feeble- 
minded." 

The  course  of  study  is  adapted  to  the  mental  conditions  of  the  pupils. 


636  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Girls  are  taught  sewing  and  simple  domestic  work,  and  the  boys  are 
instructed  in  farm  work,  or  such  manual  labor  as  they  are  competent 
to  perform.  All  are  taught  to  take  care  of  their  bodies,  and  many 
children  who  would  otherwise  go  through  life  practically  helpless  leave 
the  school  able  to  care  for  themselves  and  to  engage  in  some  kind  of 
useful  emploj'ment. 

The  superintendents  of  the  school  since  its  organization  have  been 
as  follows:  H.  M.  Greene,  1881-89:  C.  K.  ^^'iles,  1889-93;  F-  H.  Pilcher, 
1893-95;  C.  S.  Newlon,  1895-97;  F-  H.  Pilcher,  1897-99;  •-"■  S.  Xewlon, 
1899-1905;  I.  W.   Clark,   1905 . 

Fellsburg,  a  rural  money  order  postoffice  of  Edwards  county,  is 
located  about  16  miles  southeast  of  Kinsley,  the  county  seat,  and  9 
miles  south  of  Lewis,  which  is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Ferguson,  a  station  on  the  Kansas  City,  Mexico  &  Orient  K.  R.  in 
Harper  county,  is  located  in  Eagle  township,  12  miles  southwest  of 
Anthony,  the  county  seat.  It  is  a  market  for  live  stock  and  grain  and 
has  a  postoffice.     The  population  in   1910  was  40. 

Ferries. — One  of  the  problems  that  confronted  the  early  settlers  of 
Kansas  was  to  provide  some  means  of  crossing  the  streams.  Roads 
had  not  yet  been  opened,  and  bridges  were  therefore  out  of  the  ques- 
tion. The  first  territorial  legislature  passed  more  than  a  score  of  acts 
granting  to  individuals  the  privilege  of  operating  ferries.  Twelve  of 
these  acts  related  to  ferries  across  the  Missouri  river  at  Leavenworth, 
Atchison,  Delaware,  Doniphan,  Kickapoo,  Boston,  Iowa  Point.  Palermo, 
latan.  Whitehead,  opposite  .St.  Joseph,  and  at  Thompson's  ferry.  Four 
ferries  were  authorized  across  the  Kansas^ — at  Lecomptdu,  Douglas, 
Tecumsch  and  the  mouth  of  the  river — and  one  across  the  P.ig  Pdue 
on  the  road  leading  from  Fort  Leavenworth  to  Fort  Kearney.  Doubt- 
less the  tide  of  emigration  westward  justified  the  establishment  of 
more  ferries  across  the  Missouri  than  the  other  streams,  but  when  it 
is  remembered  that  the  first  legislature  was  composed  chiefly  of  Mis- 
sourians  who  were  interested  in  making  Kansas  slave  territory,  it  is 
obvious  that  numerous  ferries  over  the  boundary  stream  would  enable 
the  pro-slavery  forces  of  Missouri  to  find  easy  crossings  into  the  ter- 
ritory in  order  to  control  the  earh-  elections. 

The  legislature  of  1857  authorized  two  ferries  across  the  Missouri 
— one  at  Wyandotte  and  the  other  at  Qnindaro;  one  across  the  Marias 
des  Cygncs  at  the  mouth  of  Big  Sugar  creek,  and  five  across  the  Kan- 
sas, to-wit :  one  at  Calhoun,  one  on  the  road  from  Bernard's  store  to 
Leavenworth,  one  on  the  Leavenworth  and  Peoria  road,  one  at  Ogden, 
and  Hugh  Cameron  was  granted  the  privilege  of  operating  a  ferry  in 
.section  14,  township  12,  range  19.  near  the  city  of  Lawrence. 

By  1859  western  travel  had  become  so  great  as  to  demand  ferries 
over  some  of  the  other  Kansas  rivers,  and  the  legislature  of  that  year 
passed  some  thirty  acts  providing  for  the  necessary  crossings.  .Xmnng 
the  ferries  thus  establishcfl  were  those  over  the  Solonion.  .Smoky  ITil! 
and  Repul)lican  on  the  rn;id  leading  from    i'ort   1  .eaxenw  orih   id   lUni's 


KANSAS    iJISTOKY  637 

f(irl.  across  the  Kansas  at  Manhattan,  the  Saline  at  Salina,  llie  Re- 
inil)licaii  at  I'.acheller,  the  Big  Blue  at  Oketo  and  near  the  present  town 
of  Irving,  the  Neosho  at  Humboldt  and  Neosho  Falls,  and  a  steam 
ferry  was  established  across  the  Missouri  at  Iowa  Point.  Ferry 
privileges  were  also  g-ranted  over  the  Arkansas  river  near  the  mouth 
of  tliL'  l-'ontainc  yuc.lMmille  in  Arai)ah<ie  county,  now  in  the  State  of 
Colorado. 

l^he  old-fashioned  ferry  usually  consisted  of  a  flat-bottomed  scow, 
at  each  end  of  which  was  fastened  a  short  rope  with  a  loop  or  iron 
ring  at  the  outer  end.  Through  these  loops  or  rings  ran  a  rope  stretched 
across  the  stream  and  fastened  securely  at  either  end.  The  motive 
power  was  the  ferryman,  who,  by  pulling  upon  the  rope,  dragged  the 
boat  slowly  across  the  river.  Ferry  charges  were  often  as  high  as  $i 
for  a  two-horse  team  and  wagon,  or  25  cents  for  a  footman,  and  the 
man  who  held  the  exclusive  privilege  of  conducting  a  ferry  on  a  road 
where  there  was  much  travel  often  had  a  sinecure.  A  few  ferries  were 
established  by  the  later  territorial  and  early  state  legislatures,  but  as 
roads  were  opened  upon  fixed  lines  bridges  were  built  and  the  ferry 
fell  into  disuse.  After  the  Civil  war  came  the  railroad  which  changed 
the  whole  method  of  travel  by  displacing  the  stage  coach,  etc.,  and 
one  of  the  old  flat-bottomed  ferry  boats  would  be  a  curiosity  to  many 
people  of  the  present  generation,  although  a  few  primitive  ferries  are 
still  operated  in  out-of-the-way  districts. 

Fifteenth  Amendment. — Although  the  14th  amendment  to  the  Federal 
constitution  guaranteed  to  the  freedmen  all  the  rights  and  immunities 
of  citizens,  it  did  not  specifically  confer  upon  them  the  right  of  suffrage. 
When  Congress  met  on  Dec.  7,  1868,  a  resolution  was  introduced  in 
both  houses  on  the  first  day  of  the  session  proposing  another  amend- 
ment to  the  constitution  that  would  give  to  negroes  the  right  to  vote. 
After  a  long  and  acrimonious  debate,  the  following  amendment — which 
now  appears  as  Article  XV  of  the  national  constitution —  was  adopted 
by  Congress  on  Feb.  27,  1869,  and  submitted  to  the  state  legislatures 
for  ratification  or  rejection: 

"Section  i.  The  right  of  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote 
shall  not  be  denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States  or  by  an}-  state 
on  account  of  race,  color,  or  previous  condition  of  servitude. 

"Section  2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  the,  pro- 
visions of  this  article  by  appropriate  legislation." 

The  Kansas  legislature  was  in  session  at  the  time  the  amendment 
was  adopted  by  Congress,  and  before  the  final  adjournment  passed 
a  resolution  ratifying  it,  but,  through  an  error,  the  resolution  was 
defective.  Gov.  Harvey,  in  his  message  of  1870,  called  attention  to 
this  as  follows:  "The  report  of  the  secretary  of  state  will  show  that 
there  was  a  verbal  inaccuracy  in  the  recitation  of  the  15th  amend- 
ment to  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  as  incorporated  in  the 
resolution  of  ratification  passed  by  the  legislature  at  the  last  session. 
I  recommend  that  you  rectify  the  mistake  and  promptly  ratify  the 
amendment." 


1 


(338  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Acting  upon  the  governors  recommendation,  the  house,  on  Jan.  18, 
1870,  adopted  a  resolution  of  ratification  by  a  vote  of  ■]■]  to  12,  and  the 
next  day  the  resohition  passed  the  senate  without  a  dissenting  vote. 
The  amendment  was  proclaimed  effective  on  March  30,  1870. 

Finch,  a  discontinued  postoffice  of  Ellis  county,  is  located  on  the 
Saline  river,  about  20  miles  northeast  of  Hays,  the  county  seat,  and 
10  miles  south  of  Xatoma,  whence  mail  is  delivered  by  rural  carrier. 

Finances,  State. — \\'hen  the  Territory  of  Ivansas  was  organized  in 
1854,  Congress  appropriated  $64,700,  to  be  used  as  follows :  For  a 
capitol  building,  $25,000;  legislative  assembly,  $20,000;  salaries  of  gov- 
ernor, secretary  and  three  judges,  $10,500;  for  taking  a  census,  $2,000; 
state  library,  $5,000;  election  of  a  delegate  to  Congress,  $700;  con- 
tingent expenses,  $1,500.  This  was  the  first  financial  legislation  affect- 
ing Kansas. 

The  first  territorial  legislature,  which  passed  laws  for  the  levying 
of  taxes,  exempted  property  belonging  to  widows  and  minors  to  the 
amount  of  $1,000.  All  other  property  was  taxed,  and  there  was  a  poll 
tax  on.  all  male  citizens  from  21  to  55  years  of  age.  This  poll  tax  ranged 
from  50  cents  to  $1.  Opposition  to  this,  as  well  as  all  other  laws 
passed  by  the  "bogus"  legislature,  resulted  in  very  little  revenue  being 
collected.  The  Missourians  who  elected  the  members  of  the  legislature 
went  back  across  the  river  and  paid  their  taxes  in  the  State  of  Mis- 
souri, and  the  free-state  settlers  of  Ivansas  resisted  the  enforcement 
of  the  laws.  In  the  years  1856-57-58  the  delinquent  taxes  amounted  to 
$27,298,  and  the  territorial  authorities  were  compelled  to  use  for  other 
purposes  the  $25,000  appropriated  by  Congress  for  a  capitol.  ^^'hcn 
the  free-state  men  gained  control  of  the  legislature  in  1858,  one  of  the 
first  laws  passed  was  an  act  to  fix  the  tax  rate,  and  in  that  act  was  a 
provision  that  no  revenue  obtained  under  the  law  could  be  used  for 
paying  the  old  territorial  debts.  From  1855  to  i860,  inclusive,  the  total 
revenue  collected  amounted  to  $34,617.68,  and  under  the  acts  making 
appro])riations  warrants  were  issued  for  $135,470.16,  leaving  a  deficit 
of  $100,852.48.  Rut  this  was  not  all.  During  these  years  a  number 
of  claims  were  filed  against  the  territory  for  various  reasons.  A  claim 
commission  directed  the  auditor  to  draw  warrants  for  nearly  $400,000 
to  satisfy  these  claims.  The  law  limited  the  bonded  indebtedness  of 
the  territory  to  $100,000.  and  upon  the  outstanding  warrants  bonds  to 
the  amount  of  $95,700  were  issued,  but  these  bunds  were  afterward 
repudiated.     (See  Claims.) 

This  was  the  financial  conditimi  of  Kansas  when  :idmitled  into  the 
I'nion  in  i86t.  The  first  state  legislature  found  an  empt\'  treasury, 
and  by  the  act  of  ATay  i,  1861,  autlmrized  a  bond  issue  of  $150,000  for 
current  expenses.  It  was  this  issue  of  bonds  that  subsequently  led 
t(i  the  impeachment  of  some  of  the  state  officers.  (See  Rubinson's 
.Administration.)  Under  the  jirovisions  of  the  Wyaiidntle  cunstitution, 
tlie  state  is  given  aitthnrity  to  cuntract  debts  for  certain  sjunified  ])in-- 
poses,  but  the  public  debt  can  never  exceed  $1,000,000,  until  the  pmpo- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  639 

sition  to  increase  the  indebtedness  beyond  that  figure  s]iall  have  been 
submitted  to  the  electors  and  ratified  by  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast 
at  some  general  election.  The  constitution  also  contains  a  provision 
that  the  state  may  borrow  money  "to  repel  invasion,  supjjress  insur- 
rection, or  defend  the  state  in  time  of  war,'"  and  as  the  Civil  war  began 
while  the  first  state  legislature  was  in  session,  an  act  was  approved  by 
the  governor  on  Ma}'  7,  1861,  authorizing  bunds  to  the  amount  of 
$20,000  for  the  defense  of  the  state. 

During  the  next  decade  sex'eral  issues  of  bonds  were  authorized  by 
law.  Following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  bond  issues  of  this  period,  with 
the  date  of  the  act,  the  amount  authorized,  and  for  what  purpose :  March 
2,  1863,  supplementary  to  the  act  of  May  i,  1861,  $54,000;  Feb.  20,  1863, 
to  fund  the  territorial  debt,  $61,600;  March  i,  1864,  to  build  a  peniten- 
tiary, $50,000;  Feb.  22,  1866,  for  the  penitentiary,  $60,000;  Feb.  19,  1867, 
for  a  deaf  and  dumb  asylum,  $15,500;  Feb.  19,  1867,  for  a  state  capitol, 
$100,000;  Feb.  26,  1867,  for  the  penitentiary,  $100,000;  March  3,  1868, 
for  the  capitol,  $150,000;  for  the  penitentiary,  $50,000,  and  for  an  insane 
asylum,  $20,000;  Feb.  9,  1869,  to  liquidate  the  indebtedness  incurred 
on  account  of  the  Indian  troubles  of  1868,  $75,000;  Feb.  26,  1869,  for  a 
military  contingent  fund,  $100,000;  March  3,  1869,  for  the  capitol, 
$70,000,  and  for  the  expenses  of  the  Nineteenth  Kansas  regiment, 
$14,000.  Boyle,  in  his  Financial  History  of  Kansas  (p.  37)  gives  the 
total  amount  of  bonds  issued  by  the  state,  up  to  and  including  1869, 
as  $1,373,275,  upon  which  the  state  realized  $1,233,679.41,  the  average 
rate  for  which  the  bonds  were  sold  having  been  89  cents  on  the  dollar. 

Under  a  wise  provision  of  the  state  constitution,  every  law  authoriz- 
ing a  debt  "shall  provide  for  levying  an  annual  tax  sufficient  to  pay  the 
annual  interest  of  such  debt,  and  the  principal  thereof,  when  it  shall 
become  due ;  and  shall  specifically  appropriate  the  proceeds  of  such 
taxes  to  the  payment  of  principal  and  interest :  and  such  appropriation 
shall  not  be  repealed,  nor  the  taxes  postponed  or  diminished,  until  the 
interest  and  principal  of  such  debt  shall  have  been  wholly  paid." 

The  heavy  bond -issues  during  the  first  nine  years  of  statehood 
increased  the  state  debt  from  $1.30  per  capita  in  1861  to  $3.95  in  1869, 
and  by  the  levying  of  taxes  as  required  by  the  constitution  the  rate  of 
taxation  was  more  than  doubled,  having  been  4  mills  on  the  dollar  in 
1861  and  8%  mills  in  1869.  Then  began  the  reaction.  By  the  act  oi 
March  5,  1875,  the  governor,  auditor  and  secretary  of  state  were  made 
commissioners  to  invest  the  sinking  fund  in  bonds  of  the  State  of 
Kansas,  and  by  this  move  the  state  paid  interest  to  itself  instead  of  to 
foreigners.  Most  of  the  early  bonds  bore  interest  at  high  rates — gen- 
erally 7  per  cent. — and  as  they  fell  due,  if  the  state  was  not  in  position 
to  pay  them,  they  were  refunded  at  a  lower  rate  of  interest.  An  instance 
of  this  character  is  seefc  in  the  act  of  March  3.  1887,  which  authorized 
an  issue  of  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $116,000,  "or  so  much  thereof  as 
may  be  necessary,"  to  refund  the  bonds  due  in  1888-89.  The  new"  issue 
was  made  payable  in  twenty  years,  interest  at  4  per  cent.,  and  was  taken 


640  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

l)y  the  permanent  school  fund  of  the  state.  Another  refunding  act  was 
passed  on  March  15,  1S97.  It  provided  for  a  tax  of  4  mills  on  the  dollar 
for  the  fiscal  3-ears  1898-99,  the  proceeds  to  be  used  to  pay  interest  on  the 
public  debt  and  certificates  for  raid  losses — not  more  than  $5,000  in 
each  fiscal  year;  for  the  payment  of  the  outstanding  $50,000  in  bonds 
issued  under  the  act  of  Feb.  19  and  26,  1867;  and  for  the  refunding  of 
the  $220,000  of  bonds  issued  under  the  acts  of  March  3,  1868.  At  the 
same  time  the  bonds  issued  under  the  acts  of  Feb.  26  and  March  3,  1869, 
were  ordered  to  be  paid  from  the  general  fimd  when  due,  and  an  amount 
sufficient  for  that  purpose  was  appropriated. 

\^'ith  the  growth  of  population  and  wealth,  the  revenue-producing 
and  debt-paying  power  of  the  state  correspondingly  increased,  as  may 
be  seen  from  the  following  table : 

Year  Assessed  valuation  Total  state  revenue 

1861  $      24,737,563  $      14,234 

1870  92,528,100  809,621 

1880  160,570,761  883,139 

1890  390,815,073  1,515.423 

1900  328,729,008         ,  1,807,898 

1910  2,511,260,285  3.139.075 

The  falling  of¥  in  the  assessed  valuation  of  property  between  the 
^ears  1890  and  1900  was  due  to  several  causes.  From  1880  to  1890  great 
progress  was  made  in  Kansas  along  all  industrial  lines.  Land  values 
increased  from  $87,500,000  in  1880  to  $173,000,000  in  1889,  and  town 
lots  during  the  same  period  went  from  $21,000,000  to  $76,000,000,  in 
round  numbers.  These  were  the  boom  days.  The  business  depression 
that  began  in  1893  brought  a  reaction.  Inflated  values  disappeared. 
In  1896  land  values  had  declined  to  about  $166,500,000  and  the  value  of 
town  lots  to  $59,000,000.  The  greatest  assessed  value  of  personal  prop- 
erty during  the  boom  days  was  in  1887,  when  it  reached  over  $60,750,000. 
in  1896  it  was  only  a  little  over  $36,000,000.  No  doubt  a  large  part  of 
this  decline  in  the  assessed  \aluation  was  due  to  the  inclination  on  the 
part  of  the  owners  of  personal  property  to  dodge  taxes,  and  a  disposition 
on  the  part  of  assessors  to  secure  for  their  respective  districts  a  low 
valuation.  Since  1896  a  more  equitable  system  of  assessments  has  been 
inaugurated,  and  the  result  is  seen  in  the  valuation  of  1910,  which  shows 
an  increase  of  inure  than  700  per  cent,  over  that  of  1900.  The  tax  rale 
has  been  corresjjondingly  lowered,  that  of  iqio  being  only  about  one- 
fourth  tlie  rate  for  1900. 

By  the  act  of  Feb.  25,  1901,  bonds  amounting  to  $150,000,  held  by 
the  school  fund,  were  refunded  in  one  bond,  due  on  July  i,  101 1,  and 
bearing  4  per  cent,  interest.  On  March  11,  1903,  Gov.  Bailey  approved 
an  act  to  refund  tlie  $220,000  due  in  1903  and  the  $150,000  due  in  1904. 
According  to  llie  report  of  tlie  auditor  of  state  for  the  years  1909-10, 
the  bonds  outstanding  at  the  cfose  of  the  fiscal  year  on  Juno  30,  1910, 


KANSAS    HISTORY  64I 

were  as  follows:  Issue  of  July  i,  1902,  to  provide  for  maturing  bonds 
and  claims  under  the  act  of  Feb.  25,  1901,  due  on  July  i,  191 1,  $150,000; 
issue  of  July  i,  1903,  due  on  July  i,  1914,  $220,000;  issue  of  July  i,  1904, 
due  on  Jan.  i,  1916,  $159,000,  making  a  total  of  $529,000.  All  these  bonds 
are  held  by  the  permanent  school  fund  except  $9,000,  which  is  held  by 
the  state  university  fund,  and  all  bear  interest  at  the  rate  of  4  per  cent, 
per  annum.  As  an  offset  to  the  various  bond  issues,  the  state  owns 
property,  in  the  state  capitol  and  the  various  educational,  charitable  and 
penal  institutions,  valued  at  nearly  $14,000,000. 

In  addition  to  the  ordinary  expenditures,  the  erection  of  public  build- 
ings, and  the  support  of  the  state  institutions,  Kansas  has  always  main- 
tained a  liberal  policy  toward  her  industries.  Encouragement  has  been 
given  to  the  experiment  of  silk  culture,  and  in  the  six  years  ending  in 
1896,  nearly  $100,000  were  paid  out  in  bounties  on  sugar  produced  in 
the  state.  Moreover,  the  state  has  lent  its  aid  to  private  charitable 
institutions,  beginning  in  1870  with  one  such  institution,  and  thirty 
years  later  there  were  more  than  a  score  receiving  appropriations. 

State  treasurers  for  some  years  were  in  the  habit  of  depositing  the 
state  funds  in  a  bank  that  would  pay  interest,  and  appropriating  the 
interest  to  their  own  use.  Under  this  system  some  defalcations 
occurred,  and  to  remedy  the  conditions  section  51  of  the  general 
statutes  of  1897  made  it  the  duty  of  the  state  treasurer  "to  keep  safely 
in  the  state  treasury,  without  loaning,  using  or  depositing  in  banks,  or 
elsewhere,  all  public  moneys  of  whatsoever  character  paid  into  such 
treasury,"  etc.  By  the  act  of  March  4,  1905,  certain  banks  may  become 
state  depositories  by  complying  with  the  conditions  of  the  law,  and  in 
these  banks  the  state  funds  are  deposited,  the  state  drawing  the  interest 
for  public  use. 

About  ten  years  after  the  close  of  the  Civil  war  a  great  craze  for 
the  expansion  of  railroads  spread  over  the  country.  Kansas  was  not 
exempt,  and  during  this  era  of  speculation  bonds  in  large  amounts  were 
voted  by  counties,  cities  and  townships  for  railroad  construction.  In 
the  decade  ending  in  1889,  over  6,000  miles  of  railroad  were  built  in 
the  state,  and  a  large  part  of  the  cost  of  construction  was  paid  by  the 
people  through  these  municipal  bond  issues.  Then  came  an  era  of 
internal  improvement.  Cities  voted  bonds  for  electric  lighting  plants, 
waterworks,  public  buildings,  school  houses,  etc.  Counties  voted  bonds 
for  court-houses,  jails,  highways  and  bridges,  and  in  many  instances 
townships  voted  bonds  for  similar  purposes.  The  auditor  of  state,  in 
his  report  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  on  June  30,  1910,  states  that  the 
grand  total  of  the  municipal  indebtedness  at  that  time  was  $40,272,298. 
In  a  majority  of  cases  the  municipalities  received  full  value  for  these 
bond  issues  in  the  way  of  civic  improvements,  and  as  a  result  the  towns 
and  cities  of  Kansas  compare  favorably  with  those  of  similar  population 
in  older  states. 

Findlay,  a  hamlet  of  Linn  county,  is  situated  in  the  western  portion 
of  the  countv  on  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  R.  R.  about  15  miles 
(I-41) 


642  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

northwest  of  Mound  City,  the  county  seat.  It  has  rural  free  delivery 
from  Goodrich  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  25. 

Fingal,  a  discontinued  postofifice  of  Pleasant  Dale  township,  Rush 
county,  is  situated  near  the  northeast  corner  of  the  county,  about  20 
miles  from  La  Crosse,  the  county  seat,  and  11  miles  from  Otis,  the 
nearest  railroad  station,  fiom  which  place  mail  is  received  by  rural 
deliver}-. 

Finney  County,  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state,  is  the  third 
county  north  from  the  Oklahoma  line  and  the  third  east  from  Colorado. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Scott  and  Lane  counties ;  on  the  east 
by  Hodgeman  and  Gray ;  on  the  south  by  Gray  and  Haskell,  and  on 
the  west  by  Kearny  county.  This  territory  was  settled  about  1880. 
but  was  traversed  at  early  dates  by  Coronado  (q.  v.).  Pike's  Expedi- 
tion and  the  Santa  Fe  road.  As  proof  of  the  presence  of  Coronado  in 
Finney  count}',  historians  cite  the  finding  of  an  old  two-edged  sword 
in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county,  with  the  name  of  Juan  Gallego 
inscribed  on  it  and  the  following  motto,  which  the  Spanish  were  accus- 
tomed to  put  on  their  weapons:  "No  me  saques  sin  razon.  No  me 
enbaines  sin  honor."  As  the  two-edged  swords  went  out  of  use  about 
1600,  it  must  have  been  lost  before  that  time.  Fowler's  Journal  of 
Glenn's  expedition  for  Oct.  30,  1821,  says:  "We  camped  on  an  Island 
Clothed  with  tall  grass  and  Cotton  Wood  trees — the  main  Chanel  on 
the  north  Some  Small  Islands  on  the  South  with  out  trees."  Coues 
located  this  island  about  8  or  10  miles  above  Garden  City.  The  last 
Indian  raid  ever  made  through  Kansas,  that  of  the  northern  Cheyennes 
under  Chief  Dull  Knife,  came  through  the  eastern  part  of  this  county 
on  their  way  northward  in   1878. 

The  same  year  saw  the  first  settlement,  when  William  and  James  R. 
Foulton  of  Ohio  located  on  the  site  of  Garden  City.  Their  houses 
were  the  only  ones  in  the  county  except  a  section  house  at  Sherlock 
and  one  at  Pierceville.  Very  few  people  located  in  this  region  until 
about  1884-85.  However,  several  consecutive  years  of  rain  and  good 
crops  brought  settlers  with  a  rush  in  1885  and  1886.  They  were  east- 
ern people  accustomed  to  farming  and  living  in  ways  which  were 
entirely  unfitted  to  the  climate  of  Finney  county,  and  as  a  consequence 
had  to  devise  new  farming  methods  and  new  implements  suited  to  the 
soil  had  to  be  invented  before  much  success  was  achieved.  Many  of 
those  who  lacked  the  capital  or  the  courage  to  do  this  went  back  east 
in  a  few  years,  but  those  who  stayed  have  been  well  paid  for  their 
efforts,  and  they  have  been  joined  by  enough  newcomers  to  make  land 
valuable. 

The  county  was  organized  in  1884  and  named  in  honor  of  l.icut.- 
Gov.  David  W.  Finney.  It  then  covered  a  much  larger  area  than  at 
present,  the  counties  of  Kearny,  .Sequoyah,  Grant,  Arapahoe,  Kansas, 
Stevens,  Meade  and  Clark,  as  they  existed  prior  to  1S83,  were  dis- 
organized in  that  year  to  make  Finney.  In  1887  the  area  was  reduced, 
so  that  it  occupied  less  territory  than  it  docs  now.     In  1803  llie  present 


KANSAS    HISTORY  fi,|  { 

boundaries  were  formed.  In  Gov.  Click's  prdclanialicm  organizin^^  the 
county,  which  was  made  on  Oct.  i,  1884,  Garden  City  was  named  as 
the  county  seat  and  the  following  ofificers  appointed:  Commissioners, 
H.  M.  Wheeler,  A.  B.  Kramer  and  John  Specr ;  county  clerk,  H.  E. 
^Ventworth.  The  census  at  that  time  showed  a  |i(>pulation  i.if  1,569 
inhabitants,  375  of  wKom  were  householders. 

The  building  of  canals  was  begun  early.  The  first  ime  was  the  Garden 
City  canal,  which  was  built  in  1879.  In  1881  the  Farmer's  ditch  was 
dug;  in  1882  the  Great  Eastern  canal;  and  in  1887  the  Amazon,  with  a 
capacity  of  400  cubic  feet  and  capable  of  irrigating  8,000  acres.  These 
ditches  are  in  use  at  the  present  time,  and  many  of  the  farmers  who 
do  not  have  access  to  them  irrigate  with  windmills.  Many  of  them 
have  learned  to  raise  good  crops  of  certain  vegetables  without  irriga- 
tion, by  cultivating  in  such  a  manner  as  to  conserve  mfiisture.  .V  gov- 
ernment irrigation  plant  was  built  at  Deerfield  a  few  years  ago  at  a 
cost  of  $250,000.  The  Arkansas  river,  which  flows  from  west  to  east 
through  the  southern  part,  furnishes  water  for  irrigation  purposes. 

The  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  follows  the  course  of  the 
river  through  the  county,  running  through  Pierceville,  Mansfield,  Gar- 
den City  and  Holcomb.  The  Garden  City,  Gulf  &  Northern  K.  T^. 
extends  north  from  Garden  City  through  Gillespie,  Alfalfa  and  Tennis 
into  Scott  county.  It  is  in  process  of  construction  south  into  Haskell 
county.  There  are  but  seven  townships,  the  northeastern  one  being 
the  territory  which  formerly  comprised  Garfield  county.  The  town- 
ships are :  Garfield,  Garden  City,  Ivanhoe,  Pierceville.  Pleasant  Valley, 
Sherlock  and  Terry.  The  postoffices  are:  Eminence,  Essex,  Friend, 
Garden  City,  Holcomb,  Imperial,  Kalvesta,  Pierceville,  Ravanna  and 
Terryton. 

The  surface  of  the  county  is  nearly  level  north  of  the  Arkansas  river, 
and  undulating  prairie  in  the  south,  with  a  range  of  sand  dunes.  The 
bottom  lands  along  the  Arkansas  average  4  to  5  miles  in  width.  Nat- 
ural timber  is  very  scarce,  there  being  but  a  few  cottonwood  trees. 
The  government  has  set  apart  70.000  acres,  which  covers  nearly  the 
whole  area  south  of  the  river  as  a  forest  reserve,  and  has  planted  the 
most  of  it  to  artificial  forest.  Magnesian  limestone  of  a  fair  cjuality 
and  sandstone  are  found  in  the  northeast.  Clay  for  bricks  exists  in 
various  parts  of  the  county  and  potter's  clay  and  gypsum  are  found  in 
small  quantities. 

The  area  of  the  county  is  829,440  acres,  about  300,000  of  which  have 
been  brought  under  cultivation.  The  value  of  farm  products  is  about 
$1,500,000  per  year.  The  principal  crop  is  sugar  beets,  which  in  1910 
brought  $252,000.  The  next  in  importance  is  alfalfa.  A  great  many 
of  the  farmers,  after  cutting  their  alfalfa  two  or  three  times,  let  it  go 
to  seed,  and  Finney  county  alfalfa  seed  took  the  gold  medal  at  the 
Louisiana  Purchase  exposition  at  St.  Louis  in  1904.  Other  grains  and 
vegetables  are  also  raised  in  commercial  quantities.  Wheat,  corn,  oats, 
sorghum,   broom-corn,   barley,   milo   maize   and   Kafir   corn    are   impor- 


644  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

tant  field  crops.  Live  stock  yields  about  $250,000  per  year.  Dairv 
products,  poultry,  eggs  and  honey  bring  nearly  $100,000  yearly  to  the 
farmers.  There  is  a  very  fine  and  well  equipped  county  farm  Avitli 
seldom  an  inmate.     The  same  is  true  of  the  county  jail. 

The  assessed  valuation  of  property  in  Finney  county  in  1910  was 
$13,906,521,  and  the  population  in  the  same  3'ear  was  6,908.  which  makes 
the  average  wealth  per  capita  a  trifle  over  $2,000.  The  gain  in  popula- 
tion from  1900  to  TQio  was  3,439,  or  nearly  100  per  cent. 

Finney,  David  W.,  farmer,  miller  and  legislator,  was  born  in  Parke 
county,  Ind.,  Aug.  22,  1839.  He  received  a  limited  education  in  his 
native  state,  served  through  the  Civil  war  as  a  member  of  Company 
A,  Eighty-fifth  Indiana  infantry,  and  in  1866  became  a  resident  of 
Woodson  county,  Kan.  From  the  time  he  reached  his  majority  he  took 
an  active  part  in  politics  as  a  Republican,  and  in  1867  he  was  elected 
on  the  ticket  of  that  party  to  represent  Woodson  county  in  the  legis- 
lature. He  was  frequently  called  upon  to  act  as  delegate  to  state  or 
district  conventions;  was  state  senator  from  1876  to  1880,  represent- 
ing the  district  composed  of  Woodson  and  Coffey  counties ;  was  presi- 
dent of  the  senate  when  the  first  prohibitory  law  was  passed ;  was 
receiver  of  the  Topeka  land  office  for  about  three  months  in  1877; 
was  right-of-way  agent  for  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  railroad 
company  for  a  time,  and  in  1882  was  elected  lieutenant-governor.  The 
legislatur-e  of  1883  changed  the  name  of  Sequoyah  county  to  Finney 
in  his  honor.  After  his  term  as  lieutenant-governor  he  became  the 
senior  member  of  the  firm  of  Finney  &  Co.,  operating  a  large  flour  mill 
at  Xeosho  Falls. 

Fish. — A  large  ])art  of  Volume  \T  of  the  reports  of  the  geological 
survey  made  by  the  University  of  Kansas  is  devoted  to  the  fishes  of 
the  Cretaceous  era.  giving  a  list  and  description  of  these  specimens  of 
the  finny  tribe  found  in  Kansas.  A  list  of  modern  fishes  was  prepared 
by  Prof.  F.  W.  Cragin  and  published  in  the  bulletins  of  the  Washburn 
College  laboratory.  That  list  includes,  among  others,  several  species 
of  cat-fish,  lampreys,  long-nosed  gar,  buflfalo,  suckers  and  shad  of  dif- 
ferent varieties,  black  horse,  dace,  sun-fish,  yellow,  white,  rock  and 
grass  bass,  darters,  big-mouthed  black  bass  and  pike,  the  last  named 
having  been  introduced  in  Kansas  waters  by  the  fish  commissioner. 
A.  W.  Bitting,  a  writer  in  Carter's  Monthly  for  July,  1897.  S'^.vs : 
"While  Kansas  does  not  compare  with  many  other  states  in  the  variety 
and  quality  of  game  fishes,  yet  there  is  in  the  state,  picturesquely  beau- 
tiful rock  and  tree  bound  streams  and  rivers  that  have  bass  of  as  fine 
a  flavor  and  are  as  gamey  in  the  taking  as  Ihc  most  ardent  Waltnnian 
may  desire." 

The  streams  espcci;illy  referred  to  1)\-  Mr.  P.itling  ;ire  the  Walnut 
and  Whitewater  rivers  in  F>utler  county,  and,  in  fact,  any  of  the  streams 
of  snutliern  Kansas  east  of  Wichita,  in  all  of  which  bass,  croppie  and 
channel  cat  are  to  be  found  in  abundance.  The  Ij'ttic  .Arkansas  river 
is  adapted   Iri   the   propagation    of  bass,   were   it    imI    fur   the    f.ict    that 


KANSAS    HISTORY  645 

the  stream  is  lacking  in  tliose  deep  pools  that  alTord  that  fish  a  safe 
hiding  place.  Of  the  native  fish  the  cat-fish  is  the  most  numerous  and 
grows  to  the  largest  size.  J.  L.  Smith,  later  a  judge  at  Kansas  City, 
Mo.,  when  a  boy,  caught  a  cat-fish  in  the  Missouri  river  that  weighed 
165  pounds. 

D.  B.  Long,  who  was  appointed  the  first  state  fish  commissioner 
under  the  act  of  March  lo,  1877,  in  his  report  for  the  year  ending  on 
June  30,  1878,  said:  "The  large  territory  comprising  the  State  of  Kan- 
sas, larger  than  all  the  New  England  States,  with  its  long  streams  and 
numerous  branches,  gives  to  the  fish  culturist  a  vast  field  for  labor.  It 
requires  time,  patience,  perseverance  and  money — with  which  there  is 
no  doubt  of  ultimate  success  in  stocking  our  streams  with  a  better 
variety  of  fish.  Although  an  experiment  to  the  people  of  Kansas,  it 
is  a  reality  to  the  people  of  the  Old  World.  Fish  farming  has  been  in 
practice  for  over  2,000  years  in  China." 

In  stocking  the  streams  with  "a  better  variety  of  fish"  the  commis- 
sioner made  some  mistakes.  The  shad  was  introduced  in  June,  1877, 
and  two  or  three  years  later  the  German  carp  was  introduced.  In  his 
report  for  1882  the  commissioner  said:  "Of  the  ponds  stocked  in 
Kansas  two  years  ago  and  one  year  ago,  a  number  have  reported  that 
the  carp  have  made  from  two  to  three  pounds  growth  in  one  year  and 
a  number  of  them  had  spawned.  They  will  spawn  the  second  year  if 
located  in  a  proper  pond,  I  expect  to  commence  stocking  the  public 
streams  with  carp  next  year.  The  carp  is  well  adapted  to  the  waters 
of  Kansas,  and  I  predict  a  verv  favorable  result  from  this  introduc- 
tion." 

Evidently  the  result  was  not  as  favorable  as  the  commissioiier 
anticipated.  The  carp  multiplied  rapidly,  and  by  their  habits  drove 
away  the  game  fish.  On  Feb.  18,  1905,  the  governor  approved  an  act, 
section  10  of  which  contained  the  following  clause:  "Nor  shall  this  act 
be  construed  to  prevent  the  game  and  fish  warden  or  his  deputies  from 
removing  or  destroying  in  anj^  manner  any  German  carp  or  other  worth- 
less fish,  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  the  food  and  game  fish."  (See 
also  the  articles  on  Fish  Hatchery  and  Game  Laws.) 

Fish  Hatchery. — In  1877  the  legislature  created  the  office  of  com- 
missioner of  fisheries,  and  D.  B.  Long  was  chosen  by  Gov.  George  T. 
Anthony  to  fill  the  position.  In  his  report  to  the  governor  in  1878,  the 
commisisoner,  among  other  things,  recommended  an  appropriation  of 
not  less  than  $2,000  for  the  building  of  a  fish  hatchery.  The  next 
legislature  may  have  considered  the  recommendation  an  extravagant 
one,  as  they  made  no  appropriation.  From  that  time  until  1902  the 
various  commissioners  made  recommendations  for  and  against  hatch- 
eries, and  not  until  1903  was  anything  done  along  this  line.  At  that 
session  of  the  legislature  a  law  was  passed  authorizing  the  governor 
and  fish  warden  to  locate  and  establish  a  fish  hatchery  at  some  place 
which  was  well  adapted  to  the  propagation  of  fish,  with  reference  to 
natural  water  supply,  ponds,   accessibility   to   railroads,  etc.     The   law 


646  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

provided  that  the  hatchery  sliould  be  under  the  supervision  of  the  hsh 
warden,  and  also  that  no  money  should  be  expended  on  any  such 
hatchery  until  there  should  be  deeded  to  the  State  of  Kansas,  without 
cost  to  the  state,  at  least  5  acres  of  land,  which  should  have  located 
thereon  a  stream  or  springs  suitable  for  the  propagation  of  fish,  etc. 
The  sum  of  $1,000  was  appropriated  b}'  the  legislature  to  carry  out  the 
provisions  of  the  act.  Pratt  county  made  an  offer  of  12  acres  of  land, 
and  individuals  gave  3  acres  more.  This  land,  situated  3  miles  from 
the  city  of  Pratt,  is  well  adapted  to  the  purpose  and  fills  all  the  require- 
ments of  the  law.  It  was  accepted  and  the  hatchery  located  thereon 
in  June,  1903. 

For  the  purpose  of  enlarging  the  capacity  of  the  hatchery  the  legis- 
lature of  1907  appropriated  out  of  the  license  fund  $3,200,  with  which 
65  acres  additional  were  purchased.  This  land  is  partially  covered  with 
propagation  ponds.  The  equipment  of  the  hatcher)^  in  1910  included 
a  building,  which  cost  about  $15,000,  a  distributing  car,  which  cost 
over  $7,000,  and  some  other  improvements.  On  Oct.  14,  1911,  Prof. 
L.  L.  Dyche  approved  plans  made  by  the  engineering  department  of 
the  University  of  Kansas  for  the  new  fish  hatchery,  which  will  cost 
about  $60,000,  and  which,  when  completed,  will  be  the  largest  hatchery 
in  the  world.  These  plans  provide  for  83  ponds,  from  one-third  to 
one-half  acre  in  size,  all  connected  so  that  b\'  diflrerent  screens  the  fish 
can  be  separated  according  to  size.  The  new  plant  will  not  be  built 
on  the  river,  as  is  generally  supposed,  but  the  water  will  be  carried  by 
conduit  a  mile  and  a  half  east  to  the  upper  end  of  the  hatchery  grounds. 
The  slope  of  this  conduit  being  less  than  the  fall  of  the  river,  the  water 
will  be  delivered  at  the  hatchery  grounds  at  a  level  somewhat  higher 
than  that  of  the  river,  thus  placing  the  plant  out  of  reach  of  floods.  .\ 
concrete  dam  500  feet  long  across  the  river  forms  the  source  of  water 
su])ply.  .\  system  of  driveways  is  provided  for,  and  islands  in  the  ponds 
will  add  beauty  to  the  plant. 

\V)  accurate  figures  are  ol)lainable  of  the  number  of  }iiung  fish  placed 
in  Kansas  streams,  the  reports  showing  the  annual  distribulion  to 
range  from  a  few  thousands  to  nearly  three-fourths  of  a  million. 

Fisher,  a  ])ost-hamlcl  of  .Stanton  county,  is  located  nc;ir  the  north- 
west corner,  15  miles  fiom  Jolinson,  the  county  seat,  and  _'4  miles  south- 
west of  Svracuse.  which  is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Flag  Day. — To  George  Morris  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  is  popularly  given 
the  credit  of  suggesting  "Flag  Day,"  the  occasion  being  in  honor  of  the 
adoption  of  the  .American  tlag  on  June  14,  1777.  The  city  of  Hartford 
observed  the  day  in  1861,  carrying  out  a  program  of  a  ])atriotic  order, 
]ira)'ing  for  the  success  of  the  Federal  arms  and  the  |)reservation  of  the 
Union.  Kansas  has  never  given  any  oflicial  recognition  to  the  day, 
and,  aithoiigli  it  is  being  observed  more  generally  over  tiu'  st.iie  ,is  the 
years  go  by,  the  demonstrations  are  purely  local. 

Flavius,  a  discontinued  postoffice  of  Relle  Prairie  tow  iislii|i.  Rush 
county,  is  situated  about  14  miles  southwest  of  La  Crosse,  the  county 
si';i).  .-md  7  mih"..  from  Nekoma,  whence  m.-iil  is  received  bv  rural  rciute. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  647 

Fleming,  a  village  of  Baker  township,  Crawford  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  12  miles  south  of  Girard,  the  county  seat. 
The  population  in  1910  was  150.  It  is  a  mining  town,  has  telegraph 
and  express  service  and  telephone  connections,  but  no  postoffice.  Mail 
is  delivered  by  rural  carrier  from  the  office  at  Pittsburg.  There  is  also 
a  hamlet  called  Fleming  in  Cherokee  count}  ,  the  inhabitants  of  which 
receive  mail  by  rural"  route  from  Skidmore. 

Fletcher,  a  postoffice  of  Stanton  county,  is  located  in  Mitchell  town- 
ship, 12  miles  northeast  of  Johnson,  the  county  seat,  and  20  miles  from 
Syracuse,  which  is  the  most  convenient  railroad  station. 
■  Flint  Hills. — The  flint  hills  of  Kansas  extend  through  the  counties 
of  Chase,  Butler,  Cowley,  the  northeast  part  of  Greenwood,  and  south 
through  the  Kaw  reservation  where  they  merge  into  sandstone.  Their 
summits  are  in  Range  8  east.  North  of  the  Cottonwood  river  they 
appear  to  merge  into  the  general  line  of  the  uplands.  The  same  strata 
of  rock  probably  extends  through  Morris  and  Wabaunsee  counties. 
The  name  is  misleading.  These  hills  contain  no  strata  or  ledges  of 
flint.  The  thin  deposit  of  "chert,"  styled  flint,  is  derived  from  nodules 
of  that  material  occurring  in  the  limestone  rock  of  that  locality,  the 
superimposed  layers  having  weathered  away,  leaving  the  indestructible 
flint  nodules  on  the  surface.  In  the  Walnut  river  above  Arkansas  City 
are  large  beds  of  this  broken  flint,  washed  down  from  the  hills  in  tirrie 
of  flood.  In  the  Kaw  reservation,  on  the  summit  of  the  hills,  are  ancient 
quarries  where  some  primitive  people  obtained  flint  nodules  from  which 
to  make  arrow  heads,  spears  and  knives.  To  the  west  there  is  no  stone 
in  Kansas  suitable  for  the  purpose. 

Flintridge,  a  country  postoffice  in  Greenwood  county,  is  located  in 
Salem  township  20  miles  northwest  of  Eureka,  the  county  seat  and 
nearest  railroad  station  and  shipping  point.  It  receives  mail  tri-weekly. 
The  population  according  to  the  1910  census  was  14. 

Floats,  Wyandot. — By  a  treaty  made  with  the  Wjandot  Indians  on 
March  17,  1842,  at  Upper  Sandusky,  Ohio,  35  members  of  that  tribe  were 
each  granted  a  section  of  land  "to  be  located  anywhere  west  of  the 
Mississippi  river  on  Indian  land  not  already  occupied."  At  the  time 
the  treaty  was  concluded,  some  of  the  recipients  of  these  grants  were 
little  more  than  children,  and  several  years  elapsed  before  all  the  selec- 
tions were  made.  The  35  sections  were  not  held  by  the  usual  title  of 
occupancy,  and  could  be  acquired  by  white  men  without  the  customary 
formality  and  expense  of  entering  land  under  the  preemption  laws. 
Probably  for  this  reason  they  became  known  as  the  "Wyandotte  floats." 
A  majority  of  the  35  sections  were  located  in  Kansas  and  a  number  of 
them  were  purchased  by  speculators  and  town  companies.  Some  of  the 
floats  in  Douglas  county  were  bought  by  Andrew  H.  Reeder,  the  first 
territorial  governor.  The  cities  of  Topeka,  Emporia,  Manhattan  and 
Lawrence  are  partly  built  upon  some  of  these  floats.  Others  were 
located  in  Pottawatomie  count}-,  but  a  complete  list  would  be  difficult 
to  obtain. 


Il 


648  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Floods. — A  petition  to  the  King  of  Fiance  in  1725  mentioned  a  dis- 
astrous flood  in  the  Mississippi  and  some  of  its  tributaries  the  preceding- 
year — the  first  reference  to  floods  in  America  recorded  in  history.  When 
the  first  white  men  visited  the  Indians  in  the  Missouri  valley,  they 
heard  traditions  of  floods  in  the  years  1740  and  1750,  and  in  1772  a  great 
flood  did  so  much  damage  at  old  Fort  Chartres  that  the  troops  there 
were  sent  up  the  river  to  Kaskaskia.  Brackenridge's  journal  tells  of  a 
great  flood  in  1785,  and  there  are  accounts  of  another  flood  in  1823,  but 
the  first  authentic  account  of  a  destructive  flood  in  what  is  now  the 
State  of  Kansas  was  that  of  1844.  The  spring  of  that  year  was  warm 
and  dry  until  May,  when  the  rain  began  to  fall  and  continued  every  day 
for  six  weeks.  Jotham  Meeker,  in  charge  of  the  Baptist  Shawnee  mis- 
sion, kept  a  diary,  from  which  the  following  extracts  are  taken : 

"May  30.  Never  saw  such  a  time  of  rain.  It  has  fallen  almost  every 
da)^  for  the  last  three  weeks.  The  river  has  overflown  its  banks,  and 
the  bottoms  in  many  places  have  been  inundated  more  or  less  for  three 
weeks,  and  continues  all  of  today  within  our  dooryard.  Many  of  the 
Indians  fear  that  they  will  have  no  crops  at  all  this  year. 

"June  17.  All  my  outbuildings  and  all  that  was  within  them  are 
swept  away.     Nothing  left  but  the  dwelling  house  and  office. 

"June  21.  Shut  up  our  house  and  crossed  the  big  creek,  which  is 
nearl}'  full,  in  a  piece  of  bark  of  a  tree  six  or  seven  feet  long  with 
Brother  Pratt  and  my  family.  We  traveled  35  miles  and  encamp  in 
the  prairies." 

In  this  flood  the  Missouri  river  rose  7  feet  in  24  hours  at  St.  Joseph, 
Mo.,  June  13,  and  the  entire  river  valle}'  was  under  water.  A  flood  is 
recorded  for  the  year  185 1,  but  it  was  not  nearly  so  disastrous  as  the 
big  flood  of  1844.  The  Neosho  valley  was  completely  inundated  in 
1858,  and  there  was  another  flood  in  1881.  In  1873  the  government 
established,  through  the  weather  bureau,  at  St.  Louis  and  Kansas  Citj- 
the  present  system  of  water  measurement,  and  in  1888  "standard  high 
and  low  water  marks"  were  established  in  the  Missouri  river  from  Sioux 
City  to  the  mouth.  These  marks  are  based  on  the  highest  and  lowest 
stages  of  water  prior  to  the  year  1888,  and  the  system  has  been  of  great 
benefit  to  the  people  along  the  lower  river  by  giving  them  warning  of 
the  conditions  prevailing  farther  up  the  stream.  A  similar  system  of 
measurement  has  been  introduced  at  various  points  along  the  Kansas 
river. 

The  uiost  destructive  flood  in  the  history  of  Kansas  was  that  of  i()03. 
Most  of  the  water  on  this  occasion  came  from  the  Kansas  ri\  cr,  which 
drains  an  area  of  over  50,000  square  miles.  Heavy  rains  fell  in  western 
Kansas  early  in  May,  followed  by  a  steady  rainfall  of  several  days' 
duration,  and  on  May  26  the  river  overflowed  its  banks  at  Lawrence. 
On  June  7  the  water  was  14  feet  above  the  danger  line  at  Kansas  City. 
At  Topcka  all  the  lower  portion  of  the  city  was  inundated.  It  was  in 
this  flood  that  Edward  Crafstrom  ((|.  v.)  lost  his  life  while  trying  to 
rescue  the  inhabitants  of  the  flooded  district.     The  damage  done  by  this 


KANSAS    HISTORY  649 

flood  in  the  Kansas  valley  has  been  estimated  all  llic  way  from 
$10,000,000  to  $25,000,000.  So  great  was  the  destruction  that  Gov. 
I'ailey  (See  Bailey's  Administration)  called  a  special  session  of  the  legis- 
lature to  provide  relief. 

A  year  later  another  lluod  swept  down  the  Kansas,  starting  with  the 
Blue  river.  On  Jurie  6  the  government  gauge  at  Topeka  shov^^ed  19.7 
feet  of  water,  less  than  2  feet  below  the  danger  line.  In  the  Union 
Pacific  passenger  station  there  were  18  inches  of  water,  and  again  North 
Topeka,  North  Lawrence  and  Armourdale,  a  suburb  of  Kansas  City, 
Kan.,  were  inundated. 

The  flood  of  1908  broke  all  records  for  duration.  In  1903  the  Missouri 
river  was  out  of  its  banks  at  Kansas  City  from  May  28  to  June  10.  In 
1908  the  water  stood  above  the  danger  line  ('21  feet)  from  June  8  to 
July  3.  Then  came  a  slight  fall,  but  on  July  10  the  water  again  rose 
above  the  danger  line,  and  as  late  as  the  i6th  there  was  still  18  feet 
above  the  normal  low  water  mark.  North  Topeka,  North  Lawrence 
and  Armourdale  were  under  water  for  the  third  time  in  five  j-ears,  and 
again  great  damage  was  done  in  the  Kansas  valley  by  the  high  waters. 
As  an  example  of  the  damage  done  b}'  the  flood  of  1903,  the  Union 
Pacific  company  spent  o\er  ,$2,000,000  in  raising  the  grade  and  repairing 
the  road  between  Kansas  City  and  Topeka.  The  Atchison,  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fe  company  also  rebuilt  several  miles  of  track,  placing  it  on  a 
grade  above  high  flood  marks.  To  avert  similar  calamities,  the  author- 
ities of  Kansas  City,  Topeka,  and  other  places  along  the  Kansas  river, 
have  expended  large  sums  in  building  dikes  to  protect  the  low  lands 
along  the  river,  and  at  Topeka  the  channel  of  the  river  has  been  widened 
by  adding  two  spans  to  the  Kansas  avenue  bridge,  thus  giving  the 
waters  a  better  opportunity  to  escape  instead  of  flooding  the  lower 
portions  of  the  city. 

Floral,  a  money  order  post-village  of  Richland  township.  Cowley 
county,  is  a  station  on  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.  9  miles 
northeast  of  Winfield,  the  county  seat.  It  has  telegraph  and  express 
offices,  telephone  connections,  some  general  stores,  does  some  shipping, 
and  in   1910  reported  a  population  of  72. 

Florence,  the  third  largest  town  in  Marion  county,  is  located  in  the 
southeast  part  of  the  county  in  Doyle  township,  where  Doyle  creek 
joins  the  Cottonwood  river,  and  at  the  division  point  of  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  It  is  11  miles  southeast  of  Marion,  the 
county  seat,  and  is  a  thriving  little  city,  with  a  live  Business  Men's 
association  to  help  out  the  general  growth  and  prosperity.  Building 
stone  in  commercial  quantities  is  quarried  in  the  vicinity,  and  most  of 
the  buildings  in  the  town  are  of  this  material.  There  are  city  water- 
works, 3  banks,  a  newspaper  (the  Florence  Bulletin);  and  all  lines  of 
mercantile  enterprises.  The  town  is  supplied  with  telegraph  and  express 
offices  and  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural 
routes.     The  population  in  1910  was  1,168. 

The  territory  about  Florence  was  the  earliest  settled  in  the  county, 


I 


650  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

but  it  was  not  until  the  railroad  came  through  in  1870  that  the  town 
was  platted.  It  was  the  first  town  in  the  county  to  have  a  railroad. 
It  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third  class  in  1872.  The  first 
newspaper  w^as  the  Florence  Pioneer,  established  in  1871  bv  W.  M. 
Mitchell. 

Flush,  a  hamlet  of  Pottawatomie  county,  is  located  in  Pottawatomie 
township  9  miles  southwest  of  Westmoreland,  the  county  seat,  and  8 
miles  from  St.  George.  It  has  a  local  telephone  exchange  and  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route.    The  population  in  1910  was  23. 

Folsom,  a  rural  postoffice  in  the  eastern  part  of  Haskell  county,  is 
about  8  miles  from  Santa  Fe,  the  county  seat,  and  20  miles  from  West 
Plains  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific,  which  is  the  nearest  rail- 
road station. 

Fontana,  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  Miami  county,  is  situated  on  the 
St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.  about  10  miles  south  of  Paola,  the 
county  seat.  It  was  laid  out  in  Sept.,  1869,  and  took  its  name  from 
"Old  Fontana,"  which  had  been  laid  out  about  a  half  mile  w-est  of  the 
present  town  in  1858,  at  what  was  called  the  cross-roads.  The  old 
town  had  a  postoffice  and  one  store,  but  when  the  railroad  was  built 
the  new  town  was  surveyed  and  the  old  town  abandoned.  At  the  pres- 
ent time  Fontana  contains  several  general  stores,  a  drug  store,  grocery, 
implement  house,  lumber  yard,  grain  dealer  and  a  small  mill.  It  has 
a  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  in  loio  had 
a  population  of  300. 

Fool  Chief. — .\mong  the  Kansas  or  Kaw  Indians  there  were  two 
chiefs — father  and  son — who  bore  this  appellation.  The  elder,  whose 
Indian  name  was  Ca-ega-wa-tan-nin-ga,  was  prominent  in  the  tribe  at 
the  time  Maj.  S.  H.  Long  held  a  council  with  the  Kaws  on  tlie  bank  of 
the  Missouri  river  and  part  of  his  expedition  visited  the  Kaw  village 
near  the  mouth  of  P>lue  river.  Frederick  Chouteau  says  that  when  he 
became  ac(|uainted  with  the  Fool  Chief  in  the  fall  of  1828  his  village  was 
located  on  the  Kansas  river  some  distance  above  Papan's  ferry,  where 
the  city  of  Topeka  now  stands.  Chouteau  also  says  that  when  the  old 
chief  drank  too  much  liquor  he  became  crazy  and  hence  got  the  name  of 
"Fool  Chief."  He  was  finally  killed  while  under  the  inllnence  of  li(|uor 
in  JoJinson  count\'  by  a  Kaw  Indi.in  n;iincd  \\'.i-lio-ba-kc.  whom  he 
attacked. 

'i"he  younger  Fool  Chief,  Kah-he-ga-wa-ti-an-gah,  inherited  his  rank 
from  his  father.  In  his  youth  he  was  a  brave  warrior  and  later  in  life  a 
wise  counselor,  but.  like  his  father,  he  was  fond  of  "liro-w  aler."  I  pon 
one  occasion,  when  intoxicated,  he  killed  a  young  Kaw  brave  who  was 
popular  in  the  tribe,  and  saved  his  life  only  by  the  i^aymcnt  of  heavy 
fine  in  ])onics,  buffalo  robes,  etc.,  and  for  a  time  was  dejirived  of  his 
chieftainship.  Subsequently  he  was  reinstated,  went  to  the  liidi.in  Ter- 
ritory with  the  tribe  in  1873,  and  died  there  at  an  advanced  age. 

Foote  County. — On  March  18,  1879.  the  legislature  created  this  county, 
wliicli  i>-  ■-u]iposcd  to  h:\\r  lioen  nanicil  in  honor  of  Andrew  Hull  Foote, 


KANSAS    HISTORY  65  I 

a  I'nited  Stales  lunal  officer  durinj^-  the  Ci\il  war.  'I'lie  l)(]Uiularies  were 
thus  described  in  the  creative  act:  "Commencing  at  the  intersection  of 
the  east  line  of  range  27  west,  with  the  north  hne  of  township  24  south ; 
thence  south  along  the  range  Hne  to  its  intersection  with  tlie  north  line 
of  township  29  south  ;  thence  west  along  township  line  to  where  it  inter- 
sects the  east  line  of  range  31  west ;  thence  north  along  range  line  to  its 
intersection  with  the  north  Hne  of  township  24  south ;  thence  east  to  the 
place  of  beginning."  The  boundaries  as  thus  defined  embraced  aU  of  the 
present  county  of  Gray  except  the  southern  tier  of  Congressional  town- 
ships. In  1881,  by  an  act  of  the  legislature  the  county  was  attached  to 
Ford  for  judicial  purposes,  and  another  act  of  the  same  session  changed 
the  name  to  Gray. 

Ford,  an  incorporated  city  of  Ford  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Bucklin 
&  Dodge  City  division  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  18 
miles  from  Dodge  City,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money  order 
postoffice,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  sorne  good  general  stores,  and 
in  1910  reported  a  population  of  205. 

Ford  County,  located  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state,  is  in  the 
second  tier  of  counties  north  of  the  line  dividing  Kansas  from  Oklahoma, 
and  the  fifth  county  east  from  the  Colorado  state  line.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Hodgeman  county,  east  by  Edwards  and  Kiowa,  south  by 
Clark  and  Meade  and  west  by  Gray,  and  has  an  area  of  i,o8o  square 
miles.  Ford  county  was  created  by  the  act  of  1867,  which  provided  for 
the  division  into  counties  of  all  the  unorganized  part  of  the  state  east  of 
range  26  west,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  Col.  James  H.  Ford  of  the 
Second  Colorado  cavalry.     It  was  not  organized  until  1873. 

One  of  the  first  parties  to  travel  westward  through  this  ])ortion  of 
Kansas  with  a  pack  train  was  the  McKnight  expedition  in  1812,  which 
followed  the  Arkansas  river.  A  few  years  later  Maj.  Stephen  H.  Long's 
expedition  passed  up  the  Arkansas  valley  and  by  1825  this  route  be- 
came known  as  the  "Santa  Fe  Trail"  (q.  \-.).  One  of  the  earliest  military 
posts  in  Kansas  was  located  in  what  is  now  Ford  county.  (See  Fort 
Atkinson.)  Fort  Dodge,  established  in  1864,  was  on  the  north  bank  of 
the  Arkansas,  about  2  miles  east  of  Dodge  City.  The  old  military  reser- 
vation is  now  the  site  of  the  State  Soldiers'  Home. 

During  the  rush  to  California  in  1849  thousands  of  gold  seekers  passed 
along  the  Santa  Fe  trail,  through  what  is  now  Ford  county,  but  few 
located  there.  Among  the  first  permanent  settlers  were  A.  J-  Anthony, 
who  located  on  a  ranch  20  miles  west  of  Dodge  City,  in  1867.  He  kept 
a  few  cattle  and  a  general  store  for  a  year,  then  moved  to  Fort  Dodge 
and  engaged  in  the  sutler  business  until  1874.  Herman  J.  Fringer  came 
to  Fort  Dodge  in  1867  as  quartermaster's  clerk.  Later  he  opened  one  of 
the  pioneer  drug  stores  and  served  as  justice  of  the  peace  before  the 
county  was  organized.  H.  L.  Sitler  came  to  the  county  in  1868,  and 
was  one  of  the  pioneer  freighters,  before  the  railroad  was  built.  Dodge 
City  grew  up  not  far  from  the  fort. 

In  a  few  vears  the  frontier  moved  further  west  and  Ford  countv  be- 


652  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

came  populated  with  industrious  husbandmen,  who  established  perma- 
nent homes  and  prosperous  farms.  On  April  5,  1873,  Gov.  Osburn  issued 
a  proclamation  providing  for  the  organization  of  Ford  county.  He  ap- 
pointed Charles  Rath,  J.  G.  McDonald  and  Daniel  Wolf  as  special  com- 
missioners, and  Herman  J.  Fringer  as  special  clerk.  The  commissioners 
met  at  Dodge  Cit}-  and  elected  Charles  Rath  chairman.  James  Hanrahan 
was  appointed  special  commissioner  in  place  of  Daniel  Wolf,  who  was 
not  in  the  county.  An  election  for  county  officers  was  ordered  for  June 
5,  1873,  when  the  following  persons  were  elected :  Charles  Rath,  A.  C. 
Meyers  and  F.  C.  Zimmerman,  commissioners;  Herman  J.  Fringer, 
county  clerk,  and  also  clerk  of  the  district  court;  A.  J.  Anthony,  treas- 
urer; H.  Armitage,  register  of  deeds;  George  B.  Cox,  probate  judge;  M. 
V.  Cutler,  county  attorney;  Charles  E.  Bassett,  sheriff,  and  T.  L.  Mc- 
Carty,  coroner.  P.  T.  Bowen  and  Thomas  C.  Nixon  were  elected  jus- 
tices of  the  peace  in  the  two  civil  townships.  Dodge  and  Ford.  At  the 
election  on  Nov.  4,  1873,  A.  J.  .\nthony,  A.  J.  Peacock  and  Charles  Rath 
were  elected  commissioners;  William  F.  Sweney,  clerk;  M.  T.  Bruin, 
register  of  deeds;  George  B.  Cox,  probate  judge;  I^.  D.  Henderson, 
county  attorney ;  M.  Collar,  superintendent  of  public  instruction ;  John 
McDonald,  clerk  of  the  district  court ;  A.  B.  Webster,  treasurer  ;  Charles 
E.  Bassett,  sheriff;  T.  L.  McCarty,  coroner;  John  Kirby,  surveyor,  and 
James  Hanrahan,  representative  to  the  state  legislature. 

In  1874,  the  old  toll  house  Vas  taken  for  a  county  poor-house.  Up 
to  1875  rented  buildings  were  used  for  court-house  purposes  and  the 
county  offices,  but  during  the  summer  of  1876,  a  fine  brick  court-house 
was  completed  at  a  cost  of  $8,000,  and  all  the  county  offices  and  records 
were  removed  to  it. 

One  of  the  earliest  newspapers  in  the  county  was  the  Dodge  City 
Messenger,  established  in  Feb.,  1874,  by  A.  W.  Moore,  but  the  paper 
was  suspended  in  1875.  On  May  20,  1876,  the  Dodge  City  Times  made 
its  appearance.  It  was  founded  by  Lloyd  and  Walter  C.  Shinn,  and  the 
Ford  County  Globe  was  started  at  Dodge  City  in  Dec,  1877,  by  William 
N.  Morphy  and  D.  M.  Frost.  The  Methodists.  Baptists,  Episcopalians 
and  Catholics  all  have  churches  in  the  county,  most  of  them  substantial 
edifices. 

The  surface  of  the  county  is  generally  level.  Practically  all  the  bot- 
tom land  in  the  county  is  the  valley  of  the  Arkansas  river,  which  varies 
from  one  to  two  miles  in  width  and  comprises  about  one-tcntli  of  the 
area  of  the  county.  There  is  very  little  native  timber,  and  what  there  is 
consists  of  narrow  belts  along  the  streams.  The  cottonwood  is  the  most 
numerous,  but  hackberry.  walnut  and  cedar  arc  found,  'i'lie  Arkansas 
river  enters  the  county  about  8  miles  south  of  the  norllnvcsl  corner, 
flows  southeast  nearly  to  the  eastern  boundary  and  thence  norUieast 
into  Edwards  county.  Its  most  important  tributary  is  Mulberry  creek. 
Saw  Log  creek,  a  1)ranch  of  the  Pawnee,  flows  through  the  norlJiL-rn  sec- 
tion. Magnesian  limestone  of  good  quality  exists  near  Dodge  City,  and 
sandstone  is  fnnnd  in  the  bluffs  along  the  .Arkansas  ri\'cr.     ('lyp'-nin  is 


KANSAS    HISTORY  653 

common  in  tlie  northern  portion,  along  Saw  Log  creek.  Winter  wheat, 
barley,  oats  and  corn  are  the  leading  grains,  Kafir  corn,  alfalfa  and  sor- 
ghum are  extensively  raised,  and  the  county  ranks  high  in  live  stock. 

Excellent  transportation  facilities  are  afforded  by  the  main  line  of  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  railroad,  which  enters  in  the  northeast 
corner,  passes  southvC'CSt  to  Dodge  City,  and  thence  west  along  the  Ar- 
kansas river.  The  main  line  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  rail- 
road crosses  the  southeast  corner,  and  there  are  nearly  90  miles  of  main 
track  railroad  within  the  bounds  of  the  county,  which  is  divided  into  the 
following  townships:  Bloom,  Bucklin,  Concord,  Dodge,  Enterprise, 
Fairview,  Ford,  Grandview,  Pleasant  Valley,  Richland,  Royal,  Sodville, 
Spearville,  Wheatland  and  Wilburn.  The  population  in  1910  was  11,393, 
a  gain  of  5,896,  or  more  than  100  per  cent,  during  the  preceding  decade. 
The  assessed  valuation  of  property  for  that  year  was  $19,040,450,  and 
the  value  of  all  farm  products,  including  live  stock,  was  nearly  $3,500,000. 

Forestry. — Under  ancient  English  law,  a  forest  was  a  tract  of  woody 
country  where  the  king  had  the  exclusive  right  to  hunt.  Whether 
inclosed  or  uninclosed,  it  was  under  the  protection  of  a  special  system 
of  laws  and  special  courts,  neither  of  which  are  now  in  existence.  In 
those  days  forestry  meant  the  enforcement  of  those  laws  in  order  to  pro- 
tect the  royal  rights.  In  the  United  States  forestry  has  to  do  with  the 
supply  of  timber,  its  waste,  the  preservation  of  the  natural  forests 
through  conservation,  and  the  encouragement  of  tree  planting. 

Wlien  the  first  Europeans  came  to  America  they  found  the  surface 
of  the  country  along  the  Atlantic  coast  and  far  into  the  interior  heavily 
timbered,  and  for  300  years  after  the  first  settlements  were  made  little 
or  no  thought  was  given  to  the  preservation  of  the  timber  supply.  Valu- 
able trees — trees  that  would  be  valuable  at  the  present  time  at  any 
rate — were  frequently  cut  down  and  burned  to  make  room  for  crops, 
and  in  this  way  the  pioneers  literally  hewed  their  way  to  the  great 
prairies  of  the  West.  Then  came  the  golden  days  of  the  lumberman, 
when  acres  and  acres  of  land  were  denuded  to  cut  luinber  for  export  as 
well  as  for  domestic  use.  In  1890 — the  year  of  the  greatest  cut — over 
8,500,000,000  feet  of  white  pine  were  taken  from  the  forests  of  Michigan, 
Wisconsin  and  Minnesota.  The  next  year  the  cut  dropped  to  5,500,- 
000,000  feet.  In  1910  the  cut  of  yellow  or  southern  pine  was  over 
8,500,000,000  feet,  and  the  same  year  the  cut  of  cypress  was  about  500,- 
ooo.ooo  feet. 

Some  years  before  this,  thoughtful  men  foresaw  what  the  result  would 
be  if  the  extravagance  was  allowed  to  go  on,  and  in  1876  the  commis- 
sioner of  agriculture  authorized  an  inquiry  into  lumbering  methods.  In 
1882  the  American  Forestry  Association  was  organized  and  it  has  been 
effective  in  arousing  a  sentiment  in  favor  of  forest  preservation.  The 
Montana  State  Universit}"  established  a  chair  of  forestry — one  of  the 
first  practical  courses  in  the  country — and  in  1891  the  first  practical 
demonstration  of  forestry  was  given  on  the  Biltmore  estate  near  Ashe- 
ville,  N.  C.    Ten  }-ears  later  (1901)  the  United  States  bureau  of  forestry 


654  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

was  established.  It  consists  of  six  departments,  viz:  i.  Management, 
which  has  to  do  with  the  regulation  of  lumbering  methods;  2.  Exten- 
sion, which  aids  and  encourages  the  planting  of  artificial  groves  and  for- 
ests ;  3.  Measurements,  which  prepares  maps,  etc.,  of  the  forest  reserves  ; 
4.  Products,  which  has  to  do  with  the  examination  of  timber,  its  quali- 
ties, etc. ;  5.  Dendrolog}',  which  is  devoted  to  the  names  and  natural 
history  of  trees ;  6.  Records,  which  carries  on  the  routine  work  of  the 
bureau. 

The  first  white  men  who  settled  in  Kansas  found  tlie  country  fairly 
well  supplied  with  timber,  especially  along  the  water-courses,  as  far 
west  as  the  junction  of  the  Republican  and  Smoky  Hill  rivers.  x\s 
civilization  pushed  its  way  westward  the  pioneers  saw  that  in  a  few 
3'ears  the  natural  timbe'r  supply  would  become  exhausted,  and  to  encour- 
age tree  planting  a  timber  culture  law  was  passed,  giving  160  acres  of 
land  to  any  one  who  would  plant  a  certain  number  of  trees.  The  law 
was  a  failure,  the  man  who  entered  a  claim  under  it  caring  more  for  the 
title  to  the  land  than  for  the  timber.  Consequently  the  species  of  trees 
selected  were  usually  those  that  could  be  secured  at  the  least  expense, 
without  regard  to  their  adaptabilit}^  to  Kansas  soil  and  climate.  After 
various  amendments,  the  law  was  finally  repealed. 

Then  the  botmty  system  was  tried.  In  1865  the  legislature  jiassed 
an  act  providing  that  any  person  who  planted  and  successively  culti- 
vated 5  or  more  acres  of  trees  should  be  entitled  to  a  bounty  of  50  cents 
an  acre,  "to  be  paid  out  of  the  county  treasury  in  which  the  tiees  were 
located,  for  a  term  of  25  years,"  beginning  two  years  after  said  trees 
had  been  planted.  The  next  legislature  raised  the  bounty  to  $2  an. acre, 
and  also  provided  a  bounty  of  .$2  for  each  half-mile  of  trees  planted 
along  any  public  highway.  As  a  further  stimulus  to  tree  culture,  the 
legislature  of  1867  enacted  a  law  providing  that  timbered  land  should  be 
assessed  no  higher  than  cipen  land  adjoining. 

Forest  extension  was  introduced  in  the  Arkansas  valley  in  i^j^^  by 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad  company.  Trees  were  ])lanted 
at  Hutchinson,  Sterling,  Fllinwood,  Garfield,  S])carville  and  some  other 
points  as  far  west  as  the  state  line.  The  varieties  used  were  chiefly 
catalpa,  Rtissian  mulberry,  white  maple,  elm  and  cnttoiuMKid.  Twelve 
vears  later  a  rejiort  stated  that  most  of  the  trees  were  in  healthy  con- 
dition and  their  growth  had  been  rapid.  .At  that  time  nearly  150,000 
trees  had  been  planted  in  the  state,  .ind  the  people  were  beginning  to 
learn  that  the  climate  and  rainfall  could  be  modified  by  the  presence  of 
tracts  of  timbered  land.  'I  he  legislature  of  1887  therefore  created  the 
ofifice  of  commissioner  of  forestry,  who  was  directed  to  establish  two 
forestry  stations  in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  where  trees  were  to 
be  planted  and  issued  free  of  cltarge  tn  any  resident  of  the  state  under 
certain  conditions. 

One  station  was  located  near  Dodge  City.  I'ord  count \.  .ind  tlie  other 
near  Ogallah,  Trego  county.  The  trees  planted  were  cottonwxH  kI. 
black  and  honey  locust,  box-elder,  eatal|>a,   Kii-<>ii.'in  and  common   niul 


KANSAS    HISTORY  655 

berry  and  the  osage  orange.  On  Oct.  20,  1887,  the  commissioner 
reported  that  he  had  received  over  1,000  apph'cations  for  the  young 
trees,  the  appHcations  coming  from  y^,  counties,  showing  that  the  peo- 
ple of  the  state  were  interested  in  the  subject  of  forestry.  In  1907  a 
forest  commissioner  was  provided  for  at  each  station,  and  in  1909  a 
division  of  forestry  was  establislied  in  connection  with  the  agricultural 
college,  the  regents  being  authorized  to  appoint  a  state  forester  who 
should  have  charge  of  all  the  experiments  made  at  the  station.  The 
act  provided  that  the  state  forester  should  "promote  practical  forestry 
in  every  possible  way,  compile  and  disseminate  information  relative  to 
forestr}',  and  publish  the  results  of  such  work  through  bulletins,  press 
notices,  and  in  such  other  ways  as  may  be  most  practicable  to  reach 
the  public,  and  by  lecturing  before  farmers'  institute  associations," 
etc.  The  stations  at  Ogallah  and  Dodge  City  were  transferred  to  the 
care  of  the  agricultural  college  and  experiment  station. 

Through  the  influence  of  the  I'nited  States  bureau  of  forestry,  the 
•  government  has  established  a  "forest  reserve"  of  70,000  acres  near 
Garden  City,  Finney  county,  where  experiments  in  tree  culture  are 
carried  on  under  the  supervision  of  a  forester  appointed  by  the  United 
States  authorities.  This  forest  reserve  is  an  object  lesson  in  many 
ways,  and  its  influence  is  already  being  felt  in  the  western  part  of  the 
state. 

Formoso,  an  incorporated  town  of  Jewell  county,  is  located  on  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  12  miles  east  of  Mankato,  the 
county  seat,  and  5  miles  from  Courtland.  It  has  banking  facilities,  a 
weekly  newspaper  (the  New  Era),  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and 
an  international  money  order  postofifice  with  three  rural  routes.  The 
population  in  1910  was  475. 

Forsha,  a  hamlet  in  Reno  count}',  is  located  1 1  miles  south  of  Hutch- 
mson.  the  county  seat,  from  which  place  its  mail  is  distributed  by  rural 
delivery.  It  is  5  miles  east  of  Castleton,  on  the  Atchison.  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  which  is  its  nearest  railroad  station  and  shipping- 
point.  Forsha  has  a  flour  mill  and  is  a  trading  center  for  the  neigh- 
borhood. 

Forts. — As  the  white  man  pushed  his  way  westward  from  the  first 
settlements  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  a  chain  of  military  posts  marked 
the  line  of  demarcation  between  civilization  and  savager}-.  The  rifle 
and  the  stockade  led  the  advance  into  the  wilderness  and  paved  the 
way  for  the  home  and  the  husbandman.  Sometimes  these  forts  were 
erected  by  the  great  fur  companies — great  for  that  day,  at  least ;  some- 
times by  a  detachment  of  soldiers  as  temporary  quarters  while  on  a 
march  or  a  campaign;  sometimes  by  order  of  the  war  department; 
probably  more  frequently  by  the  pioneer  settlers  as  a  place  of  shelter 
and  defense  in  the  event  of  an  Indian  attack.  Usually  they  were  of 
the  stockade  or  palisade  type,  constructed  of  stakes  set  upright,  close 
together,  and  sharpened  at  the  top  to  make  the  attempt  to  scale  the 
walls   more   difficult.     The  form   was   generally  that  of  a   square  or   a 


I 


656  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

rectangle,  with  a  blockhouse  at  each  corner,  though  often  the  block- 
house feature  was  ommitted. 

-Much  of  the  history  of  the  country  centers  about  these  military 
establishments.  Where  is  the  school  boy  who  does  not  feel  a  thrill 
of  patriotism  as  he  reads  of  Washington's  march  through  the  unbroken 
wilds  and  his  founding  of  Fort  Necessity,  the  valiant  deed  of  Sergeant 
Jasper  in  nailing  the  flag  to  the  mast  under  fire  at  Fort  Moultrie,  or 
the  gallant  defense  of  Fort  Sumter  by  Maj.  Anderson  and  his  little 
band  of  heroes  at  the  beginning  of  the  Civil  war?  Some  of  the  prin- 
cipal cities  of  the  country  owe  their  origin  to  the  establishment  of  a 
military  post.  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  had  its  beginning  in  the  founding  of 
Fort  Duquesne.  and  the  great  city  of  Chicago,  111.,  grew  up  ar(Tund  nld 
Fort  Dearborn. 

As  the  red  man  retired  before  the  advance  of  a  sujierior  race,  the 
necessity  for  the  stockade  and  the  blockhouse  no  longer  existed,  and 
the  frontier  forts  gradually  fell  into  decay.  A  few  have  been  main- 
tained by  the  government  as  permanent  institutions,  not  so  much  as 
a  means  of  defense  against  hostile  aborigines  as  for  quarters  of  detach- 
ments of  the  regular  army  and  schools  for  the  soldier.  These  per- 
manent army  posts  are  usually  elaborate  affairs,  equipped  with  approved 
modern  appurtenances  for  the  comfort  and  convenience  of  the  .gar- 
rison. Two  of  them — Fort  Leavenworth  and  Fort  Riley — are  located 
in  the  State  of  Kansas.  Following  is  a  brief  sketch  of  each  of  the 
principal  military  posts  in  the  state,  and  each  of  which  in  its  day  played 
its  part  toward  making  Kansas  a  great  commonwealth.  fSee  also 
Cnmps.") 

Fort  Atkinson,  mie  of  the  early  military  posts  erected  along  the  line 
of  the  Santa  Fe  trail,  was  located  on  the  Arkansas  river,  about  26 
miles  below  "The  Crossing."  The  place  known  as  "The  Crossing"  was 
not  far  from  the  present  town  of  Cimarron,  the  county  seat  of  Gray 
county,  hence  the  location  of  Fort  Atkinson  was  in  what  is  now  Ford 
county,  some  6  or  8  miles  up  the  river  from  Dodge  City.  On  Aug.  8, 
1850,  Col.  E.  V.  Sumner  established  "Camp  Mackay"  on  the  site,  after 
a  "treaty  talk"  had  been  held  there  with  the  Indians.  Col.  Sumner 
nntificd  the  war  department  on  .Sept.  10.  1850,  that  the  spot  was  a  suit- 
able location  for  a  permanent  post.  It  was  approved  by  General  Order 
Xo.  44.  dated  Dec.  16,  1850,  and  Maj.  Hoflman.  with  Comjiany  D,  Sixth 
United  States  infantry,  was  ordered  to  begin  the  erection  of  the  fort 
"as  soon  as  the  weather  will  permit."  The  fort  was  built  of  sod,  covered 
with  poles,  brush,  sod  and  canvas,  and  when  completed  was  garrisoned 
by  a  detachment  of  the  Sixth  infantry  commanded  by  Capt.  Buckncr. 
The  ])ost  continued  to  be  known  as  Camp  Mackax-  until  Jinic  25,  1851, 
when  tlic  name  was  changed  to  Fort  Atkinson,  'i'he  soldiers  quartered 
there  gave  it  the  name  of  "Fort  Sod,"  and  later  "Fort  Sodom,"  the 
latter  no  doubt  having  been  inspired  by  the  unsanitary  conditions  of 
the  i)lacc  and  the  fact  that  it  was  infested  with  vermin.  While  it  was 
occupied   by    Capt.    Piuckncr   and    his    men,    the    fort    was    besieged   by 


KANSAS    HISTORY  657 

a  large  body  of  Comanches  and  Kiowas,  who  surrounded  the  fort  and 
endeavored  to  cut  off  supplies.  The  garrison  was  relieved  by  the  timely 
arrival  of  Maj.  Chilton  with  a  detachment  of  the  First  dragoons.  Fort 
Atkinson  was  occupied  by  garrison  until  Sept.  22,  1853,  when  it  was 
abandoned.  It  was  temporarily  reoccupied  in  June,  1854,  by  Com- 
panies F  and  H  of  the  Sixth  infantry,  but  on  Oct.  2,  1854,  the  post 
was  abandoned  and  the  buildings  destroyed  to  prevent  their  occupancy 
by  the  Indians.  On  Aug.  4,  1855,  a  postoffice  was  established  at  Fort 
Atkinson,  with  Pitcairn  Moirison  as  postmaster,  but  it  was  discontinued 
on  June  5,  1857. 

Fort  Aubrey. — About  the  close  of  the  Civil  war  a  number  of  volun- 
teer regiments  were  ordered  to  the  western  frontier  to  quell  Indian 
uprisings,  and  these  men  erected  several  temporary  fortifications  at 
various  points  along  the  border  of  civilization.  One  of  these  was  Fort 
Aubrey,  which  was  located  on  section  23,  township  24,  range  40  west, 
on  Spring  creek,  about  two  and  a  half  miles  from  its  mouth,  not  far 
from  the  present  village  of  Mayline  in  Hamilton  county.  It  was  built 
by  Companies  D  and  F,  Forty-eighth  Wisconsin  infantry,  under  the 
command  of  Capt.  Adolph  Whitman.  The  exact  date  of  its  establish- 
ment is  not  certain,  but  it  was  late  in  August  or  early  in  Sept.,  1865. 
It  was  abandoned  on  April   15,   1866. 

Fort  Bain,  a  famous  rendezvous  for  John  Brown  and  Capt.  James 
Montgomery  during  the  years  1857-58,  was  a  log  cabin  built  by  a  set- 
tler named  Bain,  and  was  located  in  the  northern  part  of  Bourbon 
county,  on  the  north  side  of  the  Osage  river,  about  7  or  8  miles  from 
the  Missouri  line.  Redpath,  in  his  life  of  John  Brown,  says  50  men 
in  Fort  Bain  could  have  resisted  a  force  of  500.  According  to  the  same 
authority,  it  was  here  that  John  Brown  planned  his  invasion  of  Mis- 
souri in  Dec,  1858.  After  the  troubles  of  the  territorial  days  were  set- 
tled by  the  admission  of  Kansas,  Fort  Bain  continued  to  be  occupied 
as  a  peaceful  residence  for  some  years,  when  it  gave  way  to  a  better 
structure. 

Fort  Baxter,  a  military  post  at  Baxter  Springs,  was  established  by 
Gen.  James  G.  Blunt  in  May,  1863.  Connelley  says  it  "consisted  of 
some  log  cabins  with  a  total  frontage  of  about  100  feet,  facing  east 
toward  Spring  river.  .  .  .  Back  of  the  fort,  and  of  the  same  width, 
was  a  large  space  enclosed  by  embankments  of  earth  thrown  up  against 
logs  and  about  4  feet  high."  The  west  wall  of  this  embankment  was 
torn  out  on  Oct.  5,  1863,  for  the  purpose  of  extending  the  north  and 
south  walls  some  200  yards  farther  west,  and  the  fort  was  in  this  con- 
dition when  it  was  attacked  by  Ouantrill's  forces  the  next  day.  fSee 
Baxter  Springs.) 

Fort  Blair,  one  of  three  lunettes  or  blockhouses  erected  at  Fort  Scott 
in  the  spring  of  1861,  stood  at  the  corner  of  Second  street  and  National 
avenue.  It  was  built  under  the  same  conditions  as  Fort  Henning  fq. 
v.)  and  was  equipped  with  two  24-pounder  siege  guns.  The  govern- 
ment failed  to  furnish  fixed  ammunition  for  these  guns,  and  Peter 
(I-42) 


1 


658  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Riley,  of  the  Sixth  Kansas,  then  a  clerk  in  the  ordnance  department 
at  Fort  Scott,  made  sacks  of  flannel  and  filled  them  with  powder  to 
be  used  in  charging  the  guns.  At  the  time  of  Price's  raid  iliese  two 
pieces  of  artillery  stood  at  the  point  of  the  mound  north  of  the  plaza, 
where  they  could  be  seen  by  the  enemy,  and  no  doubt  served  to  deter 
the  Confederate  general  from  attacking  Fort  Scott. 

Fort  Carondelet. — About  the  }ear  1787,  Pierre  Chouteau  established 
a  trading  post  on  the  high  ground  afterward  known  as  Halley's  bluff, 
on  the  Osage  river,  in  what  is  now  Vernon  county,  Mo.  Later  the 
post  became  known  as  Fort  Carondelet,  so  named  for  Bai^on  de  Caron- 
delet, the  Spanish  governor  of  Louisiana.  Early  settlers  in  that  local- 
it}'  found  the  remains  of  a  stone  wall,  which  is  belived  to  have  been 
the  ruins  of  the  old  fort.  From  old  documents  at  St.  Louis,  it  has 
been  learned  that  the  armament  of  the  fort  consisted  of  four  small 
cannon,  but  no  accurate  description  of  the  fort  itself  has  been  found. 
It  was  probably  the  customarv  log  trading-house,  a  blockhouse,  a  cabin 
or  two,  surrounded  by  palisades,  and  garrisoned  by  a  dozen  or  more 
of  the  employees  of  the  trading  company,  of  which  Chouteau  was  the 
representative.  At  the  time  it  was  established  it  was  the  farthest  west 
of  any  of  the  trading  posts  founded  b}-  white  men  in  what  is  now  the 
State  of  Missouri,  and  it  is  quite  likely  that  some  of  the  Indians  of 
southeastern  Kansas  traded  there  at  that  early  day. 

Fort  Clark, — This  post  was  located  on  the  blufT  overlooking  the 
Missouri  river,  about  40  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas,  and 
not  far  from  the  present  town  of  Sibley.  Lewis  and  Clark's  Journal 
(Cones'  edition)  for  June  23,  1804,  mentions  the  fact  that  the  expedi- 
tion was  compelled  to  lie  to  at  a  small  island  during  the  day,  owing 
to  a  high  wind,  and  contains  this  entry:  "Directly  opposite,  on  the 
south,  is  a  high  commanding  position,  more  than  70  feet  above  high- 
water  mark,  and  overlooking  the  river,  which  is  here  but  of  little  width. 
This  spot  has  many  advantages  for  a  fort  and  trading  house  wiili  the 
Indians." 

Gen.  William  Clark  again  passed  the  ijlacc  in  1808  with  a  Iron])  of 
cavalry  on  his  way  to  make  a  treaty  with  the  Osage  Indians,  .-ind  on 
his  return  selected  it  as  a  site  for  a  fort.  The  liluft'  became  known  as 
"Fort  Point,"  and  in  Sept.,  t8o8,  the  government  erectetl  there  a  fort 
and  named  it  Fort  Clark.  Biddle  says  a  factory  was  also  erected  by 
the  government,  but  does  not  tell  what  was  manufactured  tliere.  The 
foit  was  occupied  by  a  garrison  until  1813,  after  which  the  Osage  In- 
dian agency  was  maintained  there  for  several  3'ears,  and  the  post  1)ecanie 
known  as  Fort  Osage.  Later  it  look  the  name  of  Fort  Sibley,  for  Maj. 
Sibley,  who  was  the  agent  of  the  Osagcs  from  i8iS  to  18^5.  The 
place  was  permanently  abandoned  when  b'ort  I  .cavenwortli  w.is  foniulcd 
in   T827. 

Fort  Cobb,  ;t1  the  junction  of  I'ond  creek  and  the  \\';isiiil.i  river,  in 
the  Indian  Territory,  was  established  on  Oct.  1,  i85r).  .uid  was  one 
of  the  early  frontier  posts  erected   and   garrisoned  for  the  purpose  of 


KANSAS    HISTORY  659 

maintaining  order  among  the  Indian  tribes.  Gen.  Custer's  command, 
in  which  was  the  Nineteenth  Kansas,  was  encamped  at  Fort  Cobb  from 
Dec.  18,  1868,  to  Jan.  G.  1869.  On  March  12,  1869,  the  fort  was 
abandoned. 

Fort  Dodge. — In  its  ^ay,  this  fort  was  one  of  the  most  important 
military  establishments  on  the  western  frontier.  It  was  located  on  the 
north  bank  of  the  Arkansas  river,  a  short  distance  southeast  of  the 
present  Dodge  City,  on  the  site  of  the  "Caches"  (q.  v.),  which  had 
been  a  favorite  camping  ground  for  freighters  and  hunters  from  the 
time  of  the  opening  of  the  Santa  Fe  trail.  Some  authorities  state  that 
a  fort  was  located  here  in  1835  by  Col.  Henry  I.  Dodge,  after  whom  the 
fort  was  named.  Col.  Dodge  did  erect  some  sort  of  a  fort  in  this  im- 
mediate locality,  but  the  reports  of  the  United  States  war  department 
say  that  the  Fort  Dodge  of  later  da3'S  was  established  by  Gen.  Gren- 
ville  M.  Dodge  in  1864,  and  that  the  site  was  selected  by  Col.  Ford, 
of  the  Second  Colorado  cavalry.  The  first  buildings  were  of  adobe, 
but  in  1867  several  new  structures  were  erected  at  a  considerable 
outlay  of  money.  The  sanitary  arrangements  at  Fort  Dodge  were  of 
the  best  character,  and  the  fort  usually  boasted  one  of  the  finest  gar- 
risons in  the  country.  At  one  time  Gen.  George  A.  Custer  was  the 
commanding  officer  of  the  post.  When  the  fort  was  abandoned  in 
1882,  the  government  left  the  property  in  charge  of  a  custodian  who 
allowed  the  inclosure  to  be  used  as  a  cattle  corral,  and  the  buildings 
fell  into  decay. 

The  reservation — originally  about  30,000  acres — was  purchased  from 
the  Osage  Indians.  By  an  act  of  Congress,  approved  Dec.  15.  1880, 
all  that  portion  of  the  reservation  lying  north  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  railroad  was  ordered  to  be  surveyed,  as  other  public  lands, 
and  sold  to  actual  settlers,  not  more  than  i6o  acres  to  any  one  pur- 
chaser. The  Kansas  legislature  in  1886  adopted  a  resolution  asking 
the  Kansas  delegation  in  Congress  "to  secure,  at  as  early  a  day  as 
possible,  the  survej-  and  sale  as  public  lands  the  military  reservation 
in  Ford  county,  Kan.,  known  as  Fort  Dodge."  Three  years  later,  in 
1889,  the  legislature  adopted  another  resolution  requesting  Congress 
to  donate  the  remainder  of  the  reservation  to  the  state,  to  be  used  as 
a  site  for  a  soldiers'  home.  On  March  2,  1889,  President  Cleveland 
approved  an  act  of  Congress  authorizing  the  secretary  of  the  interior 
to  sell  and  convey  to  the  State  of  Kansas  lots  numbered  3,  5,  6  and  7, 
of  section  3,  township  27  south,  range  24  west,  on  condition  that  the 
state  pay  for  the  same  within  twelve  months  from  the  passage  of  the 
act  at  the  rate  of  $1.25  an  acre,  and  establish  a  soldiers'  home  thereon 
within  three  years.  The  Kansas  Historical  Collections  (vol.  ix,  p.  567) 
says  that  the  entire  reservation  was  opened  to  settlement  except  about 
127  acres,  which  was  bought  by  the  citizens  of  Dodge  City,  under  the 
provisions  of  the  above  act,  and  presented  to  the  state  for  a  soldiers' 
home  (q.  v.). 


66o  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Fort  Dodge,  a  town  of  Ford  county,  is  located  on  the  Arkansas  river 
about  4  miles  below  Dodge  City,  the  county  seat  and  most  convenient 
railroad  station.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  telephone  connec- 
tions, and  some  general  stores,  and  is  a  trading  center  for  the  neigh- 
borhood.    The  state  soldiers"  home  is  located  here. 

Fort  Downer. — The  Western  Kansas  ^^'orld,  published  at  W'akecnev, 
says:  "About  1863  Fort  Downer,  named  from  a  captain  in  the  United 
States  army,  was  established,  giving  the  name  to  the  stream  (Downer's 
creek).  Here  in  1866  occurred  the  Fort  Downer  massacre,  in  which 
all  but  one  man  were  killed.  Here  Custer  was  encamped,  and  from 
this  point  and  Fort  Hays  made  several  raids  upon  the  wary  red-skins." 

The  fort  was  located  on  the  Smoky  Hill  route,  50  miles  west  of  Fort 
Hays  and  182  miles  from  Fort  Riley.  It  was  an  eating  station  on  the 
Butterfield  Overland  Despatch  line  until  the  buildings  were  burned  in 
1S67,  and  nil  May  28,  1868,  the  fort  was  abandoned. 

Fort  Ellsworth. — (See  Fort  Harker.) 

Fort  Fletcher. —  (See  Fort  Hays.) 

Fort  Hamilton. — Tomlinson,  in  his  "Kansas  in  1858,"  mentions  this 
fort  as  the  "stronghold  of  the  robber  Hamilton."  Earl\-  in  the  year 
1858  Charles  A.  Hamilton  (correct  spelling  Hamelton),  the  leader  of 
the  pro-slavery  mob  that  perpetrated  the  Marais  des  Cygnes  massacre, 
built  a  substantial  log  cabin  not  far  from  the  elevation  known  as  Sugar 
Mound  in  Linn  county.  Later  in  the  year  it  was  taken  by  free-state 
men  and  in  May  was  occupied  by  Capt.  Weaver's  company  of  some  30 
men,  who  named  it  "Fort  Hamilton." 

Fort  Harker. — The  original  site  of  this  post  was  on  the  north  bank 
of  the  Smoky  Hill  river,  at  the  crossing  of  the  old  Santa  Fe  stage 
road,  about  4  miles  southeast  of  the  present  town  of  Ellsworth,  where 
it  was  established  in  Aug.,  1864,  under  the  name  of  Fort  Ellsworth. 
It  is  said  to  have  been  commenced  by  a  detachment  of  Iowa  volunteer 
troops,  who  erected  the  first  buildings  and  garrisoned  the  place  until 
the'  fall  of  1865,  when  they  were  relieved  by  a  ])ortion  of  the  Thirteenth 
United  States  infantry.  On  Nov.  it,  1866,  the  name  was  changed  to 
Fort  Harker,  and  in  Jan.,  1867,  a  new  site  was  selected,  about  a  mile 
northeast  of  the  old  fort.  For  a  long  time  Fort  Flarker  was  the  ship- 
ping point  of  freight  bound  for  New  Mexico.  The  report  of  Surgeon 
P>.  F.  Fryer,  of  the  United  Stales  army,  in  May,  1870,  gives  a  good 
description  of  the  construction  and  sanitary  condition  of  the  fort  at  that 
time,  as  well  as  a  mention  of  the  cholera  visitation  of  1867.  (See 
Cholera.)  The  report  says:  "Fort  Harker  is  used  as  a  base  by  troops 
not  belonging  to  it  for  operations  in  the  field,  and  many  sick  from 
commands  in  the  vicinity  have  been  sent  here  at  various  times  for  treat- 
ment or  discharge.  The  sick-list  is  often  enlarged  in  this  way.  There 
arc  two  out  of  five  men  in  hospital  at  the  present  time  who  belong  to 
commands  which  have  never  been  at  the  post  nor  attached  to  it." 

Fort  Harker  was  abandoned  as  a  military  estalilishnuiit  in  April, 
1872.     On   Feb.   11,   1876,  the  Kansas  house  of  representatives  adopted 


KANSAS    HrSTORY  66l 

a  resolution  askiiijj'  L'l ingress  to  donate  Uie  rcser\ation  of  10,240  acres 
(16  square  miles)  to  the  state,  to  ])e  used  f(jr  educational  purposes. 
The  request  was  not  granted,  and  the  reservation  was  finally  cjpcned 
to  settlement  by  the  act  of  June  15,   i88o. 

Fort  Hays. — This  post  was  established  on  ( )ct.  11.  1865,  and  \sas 
first  named  Fort  Fletcher,  in  honor  of  cx-Gn\-.  IHctchcr  of  Missouri. 
It  was  located  on  Big  creek,  about  14  miles  Miutheast  of  the  ])rcsent 
Hays  City,  and  continued  to  be  known  as  Fort  Fletcher  until  Xnv.  17, 
1866,  when  the  name  was  changed  to  Fort  Hays,  for  Gen.  Isaac  G. 
Hays,  who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  the  \\'il(lerness.  In  the  summer 
of  1867  the  post  was  flooded  by  an  overflow  of  Big  creek,  and  Gen. 
Gibbs,  then  a  major  in  the  Seventh  United  States  cavalry,  selected  a 
new  site  by  order  of  Gen.  Hancock.  The  new  location  was  about  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile  from  Hays  City,  where  a  reservation  of  7,503  acres 
in  the  form  of  an  irregular  triangle  was  laid  out  and  substantial  build- 
ings were  erected.  Gen.  Sheridan's  headquarters  were  at  Fort  Hays 
at  the  time  of  the  Black  Kettle  raid  in  1868.  By  the  act  of  :\Iarc'h  i, 
1876,  the  Kansas  legislature  ceded  to  the  United  States  jurisdiction  over 
the  reservation,  which  continued  to  be  used  as  a  m.ilitary  post  until 
June  I,  1889.  Early  in  that  year  it  became  known  that  the  fort  was 
to  be  abandoned,  and  the  Kansas  legislature  adopted  a  resolution  ask- 
ing Congress  to  donate  the  site  to  the  state  for  a  soldiers"  home.  No 
action  was  taken  by  Congress  on  the  resolution,  and  in  1895  the  legis- 
lature again  asked  that  the  reservation  be  donated  to  the  state  as  a 
location  for  a  branch  of  the  state  agricultural  college,  a  branch  of  the 
state  normal  school,  and  a  public  park.  Again  no  action  was  taken, 
and  in  1899  a  subordinate  of  the  interior  department  declared  the  land 
opened  for  settlement,  but  in  March,  1900,  the  Kansas  delegation  in 
Congress  managed  to  secure  the  land  and  buildings  for  educational 
purposes.  A  branch  of  the  state  normal  school  is  now  established 
there,  and  the  agricultural  college  maintains  an  experiment  station  on 
the  reservation. 

Fort  Henning. — .Shortly  after  President  Lincoln's  second  call  for 
volunteers  in  the  spring  of  1861,  three  blockhouses  were  erected  at  Fort 
Scott  for  the  purpose  of  guarding  quartermaster's,  hospital  and  ordnance 
stores.  Fort  Henning,  one  of  these  blockhouses,  stood  at  the  corner  of 
Scott  avenue  and  First  street,  on  the  site  afterward  occupied  by  the 
postoffice  building.  It  was  built  under  the  supervision  of  Capt.  Wil- 
liam Holcke,  an  engineer  of  the  United  States  army,  who  also  superin- 
tended the  erection  of  the'  other  two  blockhouses.  Some 'years  after 
the  war  Fort  Henning  was  purchased  by  Dr.  W.  S.  McDonald  and 
removed  to  the  lot  immediately  south  of  his  residence,  in  order  that 
it  might  be  preserved  as  a  historic  relic  of  the  war.  On  Dec.  3,  1904, 
a  flag  was  raised  over  old  Fort  Henning  in  its  new  location  with 
appropriate  ceremonies.  While  the  fort  was  used  for  military  pur- 
poses it  was  garrisoned  by  troops  belonging  to  the  Sixth  Kansas,  under 
command  of  Lieut.  C.  H.  Haynes.     ("See  also  Forts  Blair  and  Insley.) 


662  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Fort  Insley,  the  largest  of  three  blockhouses  erected  at  Fort  Scott 
in  the  spring  of  1861,  under  the  supervision  of  Capt.  William  Holcke, 
was  located  on  the  point  of  the  mound,  where  the  Plaza  school  build- 
ing was  afterward  erected.  It  was  garrisoned  by  a  detachment  of  the 
Sixth  Kansas,  and  was  used  for  storing  ammunition.  (See  Fort 
Henning.) 

Fort  Jewell,  also  called  Camp  Jewell,  was  erected  in  the  latter  part 
of  May,  1870,  on  the  site  of  Jewell  City.  On  May  13,  1870,  a  meeting 
of  the  settlers  in  that  locality  was  held  "to  discuss  means  of  defense 
against  the  Cheyennes,"  who  were  then  on  the  war  path.  At  this  meet- 
ing W.  D.  Street  proposed  the  erection  of  a  fort,  which  suggestion  was 
adopted,  and  a  company  called  the  "Buffalo  Militia"  was  immediately 
organized  to  carry  it  out.  Street  was  chosen  captain  of  the  company, 
and  Cutler  says :  "At  once  selecting  a  spot  fifty  yards  square,  they 
plowed  around  it,  laid  a  wall  four  feet  thick  and  seven  feet  high,  and 
in  two  days  'Fort  Jewell'  was  completed."  The  fort  was  garrisoned 
by  Street's  company  until  some  time  in  June,  when  it  was  occupied 
b)^  a  detachment  of  the  Third  United  States  mounted  artillery.  No 
attack  was  ever  made  upon  the  post,  but  it  is  quite  probable  that  the 
prompt  action  of  the  settlers  in  erecting  this  defense  had  a  tendency- 
to  prevent  any  demonstration  on  the  part  of  the  savages  in  that  sec- 
tion. .\fter  the  Indians  had  been  pacified,  the  fort  was  allowed  to  fall 
into  decay.     (See  also  Jewell  county.) 

Fort  Kansas. — Sometime  in  the  first  half  of  the  i8th  century  the 
French  established  a  trading  post  at  the  Kansa  village,  a  little  below 
Lsle  au  Vache,  or  Cow  island,  in  what  is  now  Atchison  county,  and 
this  was  probably  the  first  post  in  Kansas  where  white  men  lived  as 
permanent  settlers.  Bougainville,  writing  of  the  French  posts,  in  1757, 
said:  "In  ascending  this  stream  (the  Missouri)  wc  meet  the  village 
of  the  Kanses.  We  have  there  a  garrison  with  a  comm:indant, 
appointed,  as  is  the  case  with  Pimiteoui  and  Fort  Chartres,  by  New 
Orleans.     This  post  produces  100  bundles  of  furs." 

When  it  is  known  that  a  "bundle"  of  furs  was  equal  to  too  ( it  tor, 
wolf  or  badger  skins,  or  500  mink  or  muskrat  skins,  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  trade  at  this  old  post  was  considerable.  Like  all  the  establish- 
ments engaged  in  the  fur  trade  of  that  period,  it  was  probably  in  the 
hands  of  some  licensed  trader,  a  favorite  of  the  governor-general  of 
Canada.  The  ruins  of  this  old  fort  were  still  to  be  seen  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  iQlh  century.  Lewis  and  Clark's  journal  for  July  2,  1804, 
shows  this  lentry  : 

"Opposite  (lur  camp  is  a  valley,  in  which  was  situated  an  did  village 
of  the  Kansas,  between  two  high  points  of  land,  on  the  bank  of  the 
river,  .\bout  a  mile  in  the  rear  of  the  village  was  a  small  fori,  built 
by  the  French  on  an  elevation.  There  are  now  no  traces  of  the  village. 
but  the  situation  of  the  fort  may  be  recognized  by  some  remnants  of 
'chimneys,  and  the  general  outlines  of  the  fortification,  as  well  as  by 
the   fine    spring   which    sup])licd    it    with   water.      The    ])nrt\    wlm    were 


KANSAS    HISTORY  663 

Stationed  here  were  probably  cut  off  by  Indians,  as  there  arc  no  accounts 
of  them."     (Coues'  Edition,  p.  37.) 

Fort  Lane. — An  old  map  of  Douglas  county,  drawn  under  the  direc- 
tion of  llic  surveyor-general  of  the  territory  and  published  in  1857, 
shows  "Fort  Lane"  a 'short  distance  west  of  the  city  of  Lawrence,  and 
about  half  a  mile  north  of  the  California  road.  The  following  descrip- 
tion of  the  fort  is  taken  from  an  address  delivered  by  Brinton  W. 
Woodward  before  the  Kansas  Historical  Society  on  Jan.  18,  1898,  on 
"The  Invasion  of  the  2,700,  Sept.  14,  1856:" 

"The  fort  on  Mount  Oread  had  been  located  and  built,  under  the 
direction  of  Lane,  at  the  point  of  the  bluff  coming  north,  where  it  drops 
down  to  the  rather  lower  level  or  ridge  on  which  Gov.  Robinson's  house 
had  stood,  and  where  the  first  university  building  (since  called  North 
College)  was  afterward  placed.  Its  site  has  scarcely  even  vet  been 
wholly  obliterated  by  grading,  and  it  was  directly  west  (south)  of 
where  Mr.  Frank  A.  Bailey's  residence  now  stands.  It  occupied  a 
sightly  and  commanding  position;  .  .  .  was  of  irregular  outline, 
following  the  curve  or  point  of  the  bluff  on  two  sides,  with  a  straight 
chord  subtending  on  the  south.  It  was  laid  up  as  a  loose,  dry  wall 
from  the  rough  stone  gathered  about,  to  the  height  of  from  three  to 
four  feet,  thus  making  a  show  of  outline  fairly  exhibited  to  the  east." 

When  Lawrence  was  threatened  on  Sept.  14,  1856,  the  date  men- 
tioned in  Mr.  Woodward's  address.  Fort  Lane  was  manned  by  a  com- 
pany of  40  men,  of  whom  Mr.  Woodward' was  one.  hence  the  above 
description  is  from  an  eye  witness. 

Fort  Larned. — In  the  fall  of  1859  Capt.  George  H.  Steuart,  command- 
ing Company  K,  First  I'nited  States  cavalry,  was  sent  out  with  his 
company  to  establish  a  mail  escort  station  on  the  line  of  the  Santa 
Fe  trail.  On  Oct.  22  he  selected  a  site  on  the  south  bank  of  Pawnee 
Fork,  8  miles  from  the  mouth,  and  his  camp  was  known  as  "Camp  on 
Pawnee  Fork"  until  Feb.  i,  i860,  when  it  was  named  "Camp  Alert." 
On  May  29,  i860,  pursuant  to  General  Order  No.  14,  the  post  was  named 
Fort  Larned.  in  honor  of  Col.  B.  F.  Larned,  at  that  time  paymaster- 
general  of  the  LTnited  States  army.  The  reservation  included  a  tract 
of  land  four  miles  square,  but  the  extent  was  not  officially  declared 
until  the  issuing  of  General  Order  No.  22,  from  the  headquarters  of 
the  Department  of  Missouri,  dated  Nov.  25,  1867.  The  first  buildings 
were  of  adobe,  but  in  1867,  when  the  reservation  was  officially  estab- 
lished, sandstone  buildings  were  erected.  In  the  earh'  part  of  1870 
frame  additions  to  the  subalterns'  quarters  were  built,  and  further  im- 
provements were  made  in  1872,  when  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe  railroad  was  completed  to  the  fort.  The  agency  for  the  Arapahoe 
and  Cheyenne  Indians  was  maintained  at  Fort  Larned  for  several  years, 
but  it  was  discontinued  in  1868.  Late  in  the  '70s  it  became  apparent 
that  the  necessity  for  a  military  post  at  this  place  no  longer  existed,  and 
in  Jan.,  1880,  Senator  Plumb,  from  the  committee  on  military  affairs, 
recommended  the  passage  of  a  bill  to  provide  for  the  sale  of  the  reserva- 


664  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

tion  to  actual  settlers.  The  bill  did  not  pass  at  that  time,  but  by  the 
act  of  Congress,  approved  Aug.  4,  1882,  the  secretary  of  war  was 
directed  "to  relinquish  and  turn  over  to  the  department  of  the  interior, 
to  the  public  domain,  the  Fort  Larned  reservation,  to  be  sold  to  actual 
settlers  at  the  appraised  price,  not  more  than  a  quarter-section  to  any 
one  purchaser." 

Fort  Leavenworth. — On  Alarch  7,  1827.  Maj.-Gen.  Brown  ordered 
Col.  Henry  Leavenworth,  of  the  Third  United  States  infantry,  to  take 
four  companies  of  his  regiment  and  ascend  the  Missouri,  "and  when 
he  reaches  a  point  on  the  left  bank  near  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Platte 
river,  and  within  a  range  of  20  miles  above  its  confluence,  he  will  select 
such  a  position  as,  in  his  judgment,  is  best  calculated  for  the  site  of 
a  permanent  cantonment.  The  spot  being  chosen,  he  will  construct, 
with  the  troops  of  his  command,  comfortable  though  temporary  quar- 
ters, sufficient  for  the  accommodation  of  four  companies." 

This  order  marks  the  beginning  of  one  of  the  best  known  and  most 
important  military  posts  in  the  country.  At  the  time  the  order  was 
received  by  Col.  Leavenworth  he  was  on  duty  at  Jefferson  barracks 
at  St.  Louis.  Taking  four  companies,  commanded  by  Capt.  Belknap 
and  Lieuts.  Wheeler,  Hunt  and  Babbitt — 204  men  in  all — he  started  on 
his  mission.  On  May  8  he  reported  that  there  was  no  suitable  site  for 
a  cantonment  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river,  and  recommended  a  bluflf 
on  the  opposite  side,  "about  20  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Platte." 
His  recommendation  was  approved  on  Sept.  29,  1827,  and  on  Nov.  8 
the  post  was  named  Cantonment  I^eavenworth,  in  honor  of  its  founder. 
Temporary  quarters  were  constructed,  in  accordance  with  Gen. 
Brown's  order,  but  no  reservation  for  the  post  was  established  until 
1838,  when  President  Van  Burcn  declared  as  such  a  large  tract  of  tim- 
bered land  on  the  east  side  of  the  Missouri.  An  entry  in  the  records 
of  the  adjutant-general's  office,  under  date  of  June  21.  1838,  says:  "The 
land  held  as  reserved,  extends  from  six  to  seven  miles  along  the  Mis- 
souri river,  and  varies  from  one  to  two  rniles  wide,  containing  about 
6,840  acres."  This  land  had  been  claimed  by  the  Delaware  Indians 
until  the  survey  of  1830.  By  the  survey  of  1839  it  became  a  part  of  the 
military  reservation.  In  1854  the  secretary  of  war  ordered  a  new  sur- 
vey, and  the  boundaries  of  the  reservation  then  established  were 
approved  by  President  Pierce.  In  1872  the  I'nited  States  attorney- 
general  ruled  that  the  land  north  of  the  post  had  never  belonged  to 
the  Delawares,  but  became  the  property  of  Kansas  when  the  state  was 
admitted  to  the  Union,  and  the  state  legislature,  by  the  act  of  Feb. 
25,  1875,  ceded  to  the  United  Stales  jurisdiction  over  that  portion  of 
the  reservation. 

On  July  20,  1868,  Congress  authorized  the  sale  of  20  acres  of  the 
reservation  to  the  Leavenworth  Coal  company.  .\t  the  same  session 
right  nf  way  was  granted  to  two  railroad  companies  and  a  free  public 
highway.  By  the  joint  resolution  passed  by  Congress  on  Feb.  Q.  1871, 
the  reservation  was  further  reduced  in  size  bv  the  sale  of   128.82  acres 


KANSAS    HISTORY  ()(lS 

to  the  Kansas  Aoricnltural  and  Mechanical  Association  for  a  fair  ground, 
the  value  of  the  land  to  be  determined  by  a  committee  of  army  officers. 
On  June  6,  1888,  a  tract  of  nearly  10  acres  was  sold  to  the  Leaven- 
worth City  and  Fort  Leavenworth  Water  company — the  coal  rights 
being  reserved  by  the  government — and  the  following  March  the  water 
company  was  granted  the  privilege  of  leasing  ground  on  the  reserva- 
tion for  a  reservoir.  The  following  description  of  the  fort  is  taken 
from  Hazelrigg's  History  of  Kansas,  published  in  1895: 

"The  reservation  contains  5,904/-;  acres  on  the  west  side  and  936 
acres  on  the  east  side  of  the  Missouri  river.  Tlie  reservation  is  crossed 
by  three  railroads.  An  iron-truss  three  span  bridge  crosses  the  Mis- 
souri. A  wide  military  road  leads  through  the  reserve  to  the  post, 
which  is  entered  from  the  south  through  a  handsome  archway.  The 
parade  ground  is  517  by  514  feet,  is  graded  down  on  the  west  side  and 
thrown  up  in  the  center.  North  of  this  beautiful  ground  is  a  row  of 
officers'  headquarters,  some  of  them  modern  and  new.  others  as  old  as 
1828,  with  vines  creeping  all  over  them.  On  the  east  side  of  the  parade 
ground  are  the  quarters  of  the  field  officers;  neat  home-like  houses, 
with  all  comforts  and  conveniences.  Between  these  and  the  brick  pave- 
ment that  edges  the  carriage  way  around  three  sides  of  the  ground 
is  a  beautiful  lawn.  The  barracks  are  frame  and  face  the  east.  The 
post  headquarters  is  an  L-shaped,  one-story  brick  building.  It  con- 
tains rooms  for  the  commanding  officer,  the  adjutant  and  the  sergeant- 
major.  A  large  room  in  this  building  is  the  dread  court-martial 
room.'' 

Since  the  above  was  written  the  government  has  made  liberal  appro- 
priations for  additional  improvements.  About  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century,  when  cavalry  and  artillery  quarters  were  provided, 
.ontracts  amounting  to  over  $350,000  were  let  for  the  construction  of 
a  riding'  school,  cavalry  stables,  a  new  parade  ground,  barracks,  quar- 
ters, stables  and  gun  sheds  for  a  battery  of  light  artillery,  and  a  new 
headquarters  building.  In  1900  an  appropriation  of  $60,000  was  made 
by  Congress  for  a  modern  military  hospital,  and  in  1904  an  addition 
to  the  hospital  was  ordered  at  a  cost  of  $30,000.  Altogether,  over 
$2,000,000  have  been  expended  on  the  post,  and  with  the  completion 
of  improvements  under  contemplation  it  will  be  probably  the  greatest 
military  establishment  in  the  world.  The  garrison  in  1909  consisted 
of  one  regiment  of  infantry,  five  troops  of  cavalry,  four  companies  of 
engineers  and  a  battery  of  light  artillery — a  total  of  3.078  officers  and 
men. 

The  importance  of  Fort  I^eavenworth  as  a  military  post  dates  almost 
from  its  establishment.  For  years  before  Kansas  was  organized  as 
a  territory  steamboats  touched  at  the  fort,  which  was  a  depot  for  mili- 
tary supplies  for  the  entire  department.  A  postoffice  was  established 
there  on  May  29,  1828,  with  Philip  G.  Rand  as  postmaster.  During 
the  war  with  Mexico  Fort  Leavenworth  was  a  gathering  point  for 
soldiers   and  a  shipping  point  for  military  stores  bound  for  the  front. 


666  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

In  1846  Gen.  Stephen  Kearney  stopped  at  the  fort  for  some  time  w  hile 
on  his  wav  to  Santa  Fe ;  Gen.  Joseph  I^ane"s  Oregon  expedition  started 
from  there  in  1848;  Capt.  Stansbury's  expedition  to  Salt  Lake  in  1840 
rested  for  awhile  at  the  fort,  and  Gen.  John  C.  Fremont  made  his  final 
preparations  there  before  setting  out  on  his  exploring  expeditions  which 
gave  him  the  sobriquet  of  the  "Pathfinder."  Upon  the  discovery  of 
gold  in  California  Fort  Leavenworth  became  the  outfitting  point  for 
a  number  of  overland  partfes  bound  for  the  Pacific  coast;  the  fort 
was  the  rendezvous  for  the  surveying  parties  of  the  proposed  Central 
Pacific  railroad  in  1853,  and  in  1839  a  L'nited  States  arsenal  was  located 
on  the  reservation. 

.Among  the  officers  stationed  at  the  fort  in  the  early  days  were  sev- 
eral who  achieved  distinction  in  military  circles.  Capt.  Belknap,  who 
accompanied  Col.  Leavenworth  to  locate  the  fort,  was  the  father  of 
W.  W.  Belknap,  who  was  secretary  of  war  in  President  Grant's  cabinet, 
T^ieut.  Henry  T.  Hunt  was  chief  of  artillery  in  the  .\rmy  of  the  Potomac 
in  the  Civil  war.  C.  A.  Finlej'  was  surgeon-general  of  the  United 
States  army  during  the  first  year  of  the  Civil  war.  Col.  E.  V.  Sum- 
ner and  Col.  George  Sykes  both  rose  to  the  rank  of  major-general. 
Albert  S.  Johnston,  one  time  commandment  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  was 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh  while  in  command  of  the  Confederate 
army,  and  Braxton  Bragg  also  became  a  prominent  Confederate  officer. 

Fort  Leavenworth  is  located  3  miles  north  of  the  city  of  Leaven- 
worth, with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  line  of  electric  raihva\',  right  of 
way  of  which  was  granted  by  Congress  to  the  Leavenworth  Papid 
Transit  Railway  company  on  Sept.  to,  1888.  fSec  also  Ainiy  Service 
School  and  U.  S.  Penitentiary.) 

Fort  Leavenworth,  a  town  of  Leaven\\(Trth  county,  the  oldest  per- 
manent white  settlement  in  Kansas,  is  located  on  the  Missouri  river 
about  3  miles  north  of  the  city  of  Leavenworth.  When  Col.  Leaven- 
worth established  a  military  post  here  in  1827,  a  number  of  settlers 
soon  located  aroutid  the  fort,  and  although  only  squatters  nn  the  gov- 
ernment land,  they  formed  the  first  white  settlement  in  \\h;it  is  now 
Kansas.  With  the  passing  years  the  fort  has  grown  in  importance  and 
the  population  of  the  town  has  increased  in  proportion.  Today  it  is 
a  progre'ssive  and  well  established  community  with  .1  money  order 
postofificc,  telegraph  and  express  facilities  and  other  business  enter- 
prises, and  in   iqio  had  a  papulation  of  2,000. 

Fort  Lincoln. — Goodlander,  in  his  "Memoirs  and  Recollections  of  the 
Early  Da>s  nf  Fort  Scott,'"  says:  "In  the  summer  of  t86[  Jim  Lane 
had  built  a  fort  on  the  north  side  of  the  Osage  river,  and  nanu-d  it  I'drt 
I,incoln.  Tt  was  built  on  low  bottom  land  that  was  no  more  a  lit  ])lace 
for  a  fori  than  where  Knapp's  park  is  now  located.  This  fort  con- 
sisted of  a  stockade  and  a  large  blockhouse.  In  later  years  this  stockade 
and  blockhouse  were  moved  to  Fort  Scott  and  located  about  the  junc- 
tion of  Lowman  and  First  streets." 

Fort  Lincoln  was  ab'uit   12  miles  northwest  of  the  cit\   of  l'"oil  I-Jcott, 


KANSAS    HISTORY  667 

and  a  few  miles  west  of  the  present  town  of  Fulton.  According  to 
Wilder,  it  was  fortified  by  Lane  on  Aug.  17,  r86i.  .Vfter  the  battle 
of  Drywood,  on  Sept.  2,  Lane,  believing  that  the  Confederates  would 
attack  Fort  Scott  the  next  day,  ordered  the  town  abandoned,  the  citi- 
zens and  troops  there  to  fall  back  to  Fort  Lincoln.  The  fort  was  gar- 
risoned by  detachments  of  the  troops  belonging  to  Thane's  command 
until  Jan.,  1864.  when  it  was  abandoned. 

Fort  Lyon. — In  1826  the  Bent  brothers,  fur  traders,  built  a  stockade 
on  the  Arkansas  river,  above  where  the  city  of  Pueblo,  Col.,  now 
stands,  but  finding  this  location  out  of  the  line  of  trade  between  the 
L^nited  States  and  Taos,  they  removed  down  the  river  in  1829  to  a 
point  about  half-way  between  the  present  towns  of  Las  Animas  and 
La  Junta.  There  they  erected  "Bent's  Fort,"  also  called  "Fort  Wil- 
liam," for  William  Bent.  The  fort  was  100  by  150  feet,  the  walls  of 
adobe  being  6  feet  thick  at  the  base  and  17  feet  high.  The  new  location 
brought  the  brothers  in  touch  with  the  trade  of  Santa  Fe,  and  the 
fort  continued  to  be  occupied  by  them  until  1852,  when  it  was  destroyed 
by  Col.  William  Bent.  In  1853  a  new  fort  was  built  on  the  same  side 
of  the  Arkansas,  near  "Big  Timbers,"  and  this  was  occupied  by  the 
Bents  as  a  trading  post  until  1859.  when  it  was  leased  to  the  I'nited 
States  government.  In  the  spring  of  1860  the  name  was  changed  to 
Fort  Wise,  for  Gov.  Wise  of  Virginia,  but  on  June  25,  1862,  it  was 
named  Fort  Lyon,  in  honor  of  Gen.  Nathaniel  Lyon,  who  was  killed 
at  the  battle  of  Wilson's  creek.  Mo.,  Aug.  10,  1861.  In  the  summer 
of  1866  the  river  undermined  the  fort,  and  on  June  9,  1867,  the  new 
Fort  Lyon  was  established  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Arkansas,  2^ 
miles  below  the  Purgatory  or  Las  Animas  river.  This  post  was  in  the 
Territory  of  Kansas  until  the  passage  of  the  act  of  admission  in  i86r, 
fixing  the  western  boundary  of  the  state  as  it  is  at  the  present  time. 
By  an  act  of  Congress,  approved  Oct.  i,  1890,  the  Fort  Lyon  reserva- 
tion was  opened  to  entr}'  under  the  homestead  laws. 

Fort  Mackay,  or  Camp  Mackay,  was  established  on  Aug.  8,  1850,  and 
was  named  after  Col.  A.  Mackay  of  the  LInited  States  quartermaster's 
department.  Subsequentlv  the  name  was  changed  to  Fort  Atkinson 
(q.  v.). 

Fort  Mann. — Just  when  and  by  whom  this  old  fort  was  founded  is 
largely  a  matter  of  conjecture.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  estab- 
lished about  1845,  ^s  a  part  of  Gilpin's  battalion  was  quartered  there 
in  1847-48.  R.  M.  Wright,  in  an  address  before  the  Kansas  Historical 
Society  on  Jan.  15,  1901,  said:  "At  this  side  of  Point  of  Rocks,  8  miles 
west  of  Dodge  City,  used  to  be  the  remains  of  an  old  adobe  fort.  Some 
called  it  fort  ]\Iann,  others  Fort  Atkinson."  Mr.  Wright  said  further: 
"There  was  some  inquiry  made  from  Washington  about  Fort  Mann, 
about  thirty  years  ago,  and  I  remember  going  with  an  escort,  and,  on 
the  sloping  hillside  north  of  the  fort,  finding  three  or  four  graves.  Of 
these,  one  was  that  of  an  officer  and  the  others  of  enlisted  men ;  also 
two  lime-kilns   in   excellent  condition  and  a  well  defined  road   leading 


668  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

to  Sawlog.  In  fact  the  road  was  as  large  as  the  Santa  Fe  trail,  show- 
ing that  they  must  have  hauled  considerable  wood  over  it.  This  leads 
me  to  believe  that  the  fort  had  been  occupied  by  a  large  garrison." 

Mr.  \\'right's  address  was  delivered  in  1901.  The  inquiries  from 
Washington  he  refers  to  must  therefore  have  been  made  early  in  the 
'70s.  If  Fort  Atkinson  (q.  v.),  which  was  abandoned  in  1854,  occupied 
the  same  site  as  old  Fort  Mann,  the  ruins  of  the  adobe  fort  mentioned 
by  him  may  have  been  those  of  Fort  Atkinson.  Marcy's  book,  "The 
Prairie  Traveler."  published  by  authority  of  the  I'nited  States  war 
department  in  1859,  says  Fort  Mann  was  situated  near  the  .\rkansas 
river,  on  the  route  from  Fort  Leavenworth  to  Santa  Fe.  about  359  miles 
from  Fort  Leavenworth  and  423  miles  from  Santa  Fe. 

Fort  Orleans,  established  by  Bourgmont  about  1723.  was  the  first 
military  post  ever  built  on  the  Missouri  river,  though  its  exact  location 
is  largely  a  matter  of  speculation.  Du  Pratz  says:  "There  was  a 
French  post  for  some  time  on  an  island  a  few  leagues  in  length  over 
against  the  Missouris.  The  French  settled  in  this  fort  at  the  east  point 
[of  the  island]  and  called  it  Fort  Orleans."  This  statement  appears  to 
have  been  accepted  without  question  by  some  later  writers,  notably 
Chittenden,  in  his  "American  Fur  Trade,"  and  P'rentis,  in  his  "History 
of  Kansas."  Chittenden  says:  "The  actual  location  was  about  5  miles 
below  the  mouth  of  Grand  river,  opposite  the  old  village  of  the  Mis- 
souris," and  Prentis  locates  the  island  "near  the  mouth  of  the  Osage." 

Thwaites'  edition  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Journals  says:  "The  exact 
site  of  Fort  Orleans  is  not  definitely  known,  and  Ihere  arc  diverse 
opinions  regarding  it."  Hon.  Walter  Tl.  Douglas,  of  .St.  Louis,  thinks 
thai  the  fort  was  "on  the  north  bank  of  the  Missouri,  above  tiie  mouth 
of  Wakenda  creek,  in  whal  is  now  Carroll  county.  Mo.,  and  15  nr  20 
miles  above  the  town  of  P)runswick."  This  would  place  the  fort  nearly 
opposite  Malta  Bend,  where  Coucs  locates  it.  But,  wherever  it  may 
have  been,  authorities  generally  agree  that  it  was  creeled  for  a  trad- 
ing post,  and  to  guard  against  a  Spanish  invasion.  Chillendcn  sa}s: 
"There  is  a  tradition  that  when  Bourgmiml  Icfl  the  fori  a  year  or 
Iwo  later  to  go  down  to  Xcw  Orleans,  the  Indians  attacked  it  and  mas- 
sacred every  inmate."     (See  Bourgmont"s  lCx])cdition.") 

Fort  Riley. — .\ulhorities  do  not  agree  as  to  the  exact  date  when 
I'orl  kiky  was  founded,  llioiigli  it  was  some  time  in  the  }  car  1852. 
A  circular  issued  by  the  l'nitc<l  .'States  surgeon-general's  office  m  1875 
says  it  "was  established  in  the  spring  of  1852,  and  was  at  first  known 
as  Camp  Center,  it  being  very  near  the  gc()gra])hical  center  of  the 
I'nited  States."  Percival  G.  Love,  who  was  first  sergeant  of  Troop 
P.,  First  dragoons,  at  the  lime,  says  it  was  established  l.itc  in  the  f:ill 
of  1852,  and  this  slalemcnl  is  borne  out  by  Ihc  fact  lliai  on  July  31, 
1852,  Col.  T.  T.  Fauntleroy,  who  had  ])cen  commanding  officer  at  Fort 
Leavenworth,  wrote  to  Gen.  Jestip,  the  (|uartermaslcr-gcncral  of  the 
I'nited  States  army,  recommending  the  cstablislniunl  of  ,1  niilil.ny 
post  somewhere  near  Ihc  innction  of  Ihc  Kcpublicm  ;iiiil  Sniok\  Mill 
rivers. 


KANSAS    HISTORY 


669 


Cdl.  I'aiintlcroy's  sui,'ges1i<Mi  found  favnr  with  the  war  (le])ai  tnient, 
and  Maj.  E.  A.  Ogden  was  charL,^ccl  with  the  duty  of  selecting;  the 
site  for  such  a  post.  Accepting  Sergt.  Lowe's  statement,  which  appears 
to  be  the  logical  one,  Maj.  R.  H.  Chilton,  with  Troop  B,  First  dragoons, 
escorted  Maj.  Ogden  from  Fort  Leavenworth  to  the  junction  of  the 
two    rivers,    where    "Camp    Center"    was    established    as    stated    in    the 


TW^O   VIEWS  OF  FORT    RILEY. 


surgeon-general's  circular.  On  May  i".  1853,  the  name  was  changed 
to  "Fort  Riley,"  in  honor  of  Gen.  Bennett  C  Riley  of  the  United  States 
army,  who  guarded  the  Santa  Fe  trail  and  fought  in  the  war  with' 
Mexico. 

Temporar}-  buildings  were  erected  during  the  years  1853  and  1854, 
and  in  Dec,  1854,  Congress  made  an  appropriation  for  quarters  and 
stables  for  five  troops  of  cavalry,  the  buildings  to  be  built  of  stone  taken 
from  the  quarries  in  the  vicinity.  The  post  was  built  around  a  paral- 
lelogram 553  by  606  feet.  The  barracks  for  enlisted  men  consisted  of 
six  two-story  stone  buildings,  each  40  by  88  feet  with  accommodations 
for  one  company.  The  officers'  quarters  consisted  of  six  two-story  Ijuild- 
ings,  each  40  by  60  feet.  One  of  these  buildings  was  for  the  command- 
ing'officer,  and  the  other  five  each  contained  two  sets  of  quarters.  All 
the    buildings  were   provided   with   broad   piazzas.     As   the   post   grew 


670  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

in  importance  other  buildings  were  erected,  including  a  stone  hospital, 
an  ordnance  building  18  by  117  feet,  five  stables  each  39  by  256  feet 
and  containing  over  100  stalls,  a  brick  magazine  i6  feet  square,  with 
stone  foundation,  and  a  two-story  guard-house  20  by  45  feet. 

The  reservation  as  at  first  established  included  a  large  tract  of  land 
along  the  left  bank  of  the  Kansas  and  Republican  rivers,  and  extended 
across  the  latter  to  the  Smoky  Hill.  But  on  March  2,  1867,  Congress 
reduced  the  size  of  the  reservation  by  releasing  that  portion  Iving 
between  the  Republican  and  Smoky  Hill  rivers,  which  was  granted  to 
the  State  of  Kansas  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  a  bridge  over  the 
Republican  river  on  the  highway  leading  to  the  fort,  with  the  under- 
standing that  the  state  was  to  keep  the  bridge  in  good  repair  and  the 
United  States  was  to  have  the  free  use  of  it  for  all  time  to  come.  Be- 
fore the  construction  of  this  bridge  L.  B.  Perry  operated  for  several 
vears  a  ferrv  between  the  fort  and  what  was  known  as  "Whiskv 
Point." 

Gen.  P.  H.  Sheridan,  who  was  appointed  general-in-chief  of  the  United 
States  army  in  1883,  recommended  the  enlargement  of  the  post,  and 
in  1886  the  Kansas  legislature  adopted  a  resolution  requesting  the 
senators  and  representatives  in  Congress  from  that  state  to  use  their 
power  and  influence  to  secure  an  appropriation  to  carry  out  the  ideas 
of  the  commanding  general.  Senators  Plumb  and  Ingalls  and  Repre- 
sentative John  A.  Anderson,  who  represented  the  district  in  which 
Fort  Riley  is  located,  were  especially  active  in  behalf  of  the  appropria- 
tion. The  result  of  the  combined  efforts  of  the  friends  of  the  post  was 
that  in  1887  'in  appropriation  of  $200,000  was  made  by  Congress  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  "a  permanent  school  of  instruction  for 
drill  and  practice  for  the  cavalry  and  light  artillery  service  of  the  army 
of  the  United  States,  and  which  shall  be  the  depot  to  which  all  recruits 
for  such  service  shall  be  sent ;  and  for  the  purpose  of  construction  of 
such  quarters,  barracks  and  stables  as  may  be  required  to  carry  into 
effect  the  purposes  of  this  act." 

That  appropriation  was  the  beginning  of  a  series  of  improvements 
tiiat  amount  practically  to  the  rebuilding  of  the  post,  .\mong  these 
improvements  is  a  large  cavalry  riding  hall,  said  to  be  one  of  the 
finest,  if  not  actually  the  finest,  in  the  country.  In  1896  an  appropria- 
tion of  $75,000  was  made  to  continue  the  construction  of  buildings 
under  way:  an  appropriation  of  $30,000  was  made  in  1900  for  additional 
stables  ;  by  the  act  of  .'\pril  23,  1904,  the  sum  of  $40,000  was  approjiriatcd 
for  a  modern  military  hospital,  and  in  1905  an  appropriation  of  $6,000 
was  made  for  a  road  through  the  reservation.  On  Feb.  14.  1889.  Gov. 
Humphrey  approved  an  act  of  the  Kansas  legislature  ceding  to  the 
United  .States  jurisdiction  over  the  reservation,  reserving  to  the  state 
the  right  to  serve  civil  or  criminal  process  and  to  tax  the  property  of 
corporations  or  citizens  not  otherwise  exempt. 

In  the  early  days,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  well  water  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  fort  was  strongly  tinctured  with  alkali,  mf)St  of  the  \vater  supply 


KANSAS    HISTORY  67I 

was  obtained  from  large  cisterns  constructed  for  the  purpose,  but 
with  other  improvements  at  the  fort  a  modern  system  of  waterworks 
has  been  installed,  insuring  to  the  garrison  a  bountiful  supply  of  pure 
water. 

The  camps  of  instruction  and  military  maneuvers  at  l'"cjrt  Kile}-  m 
recent  years  have  given  the  fort  a  wide  and  favorable  reputation  in 
military  circles,  and  the  probabilities  are  that  this  reputation  will  be 
greatly  extended  in  tlic  future,  through  better  improvements  and  equip- 
ments, as  Congress  has  shown  no  inclination  to  be  parsimonious  in  its 
appropriations  for  the  support  and  development  of  the  post. 

Maj.  E.  A.  Ogden,  the  founder  of  the  fort,  was  one  of  the  victims 
of  the  cholera  epidemic  of  1855.  (See  Cholera.)  The  monument  erected 
on  the  reservation  to  his  memory,  it  is  believed,  marks  the  geographical 
center  of  the  United  States.  On  July  25,  1893,  was  unveiled  another 
monument  on  the  Fort  Riley  reservation,  dedicated  "to  the  soldiers 
who  were  killed  in  the  battle  with  the  Sioux  Indians  at  Wounded  Knee 
and  Drexel  Mission,  S.  D.,  Dec.  29  and  30,  1890." 

Fort  Saunders,  a  pro-slavery  stronghold  in  the  Border  War  (q.  v.), 
was  located  on  Washington  creek,  about  12  miles  southwest  of  the 
city  of  Lawrence,  and  was  nothing  more  than  a  well  built  log  cabin 
belonging  to  a  pro-slavery  settler  named  Saunders.  In  the  summer  of 
1856  it  was  the  rendezvous  and  headquarters  of  a  body  of  pro-slavery 
men,  commanded  by  a  Cnl.  Treadwell,  engaged  in  plundering  and 
harassing  the  free-state  settlers.  Saunders  had  a  corn  crusher,  and  on 
Aug,  II,  1856,  Maj.  S.  D.  Hoyt,  a  free-state  man,  made  an  excuse  to 
visit  the  fort  to  get  a  sack  of  corn  crushed,  but  at  the  same  time  to 
see  if  some  arrangement  could  not  be  reached  with  Col.  Treadwell  to 
stop  the  depredations  of  his  gang.  Hoyt  was  regarded  as  a  spy,  and 
on  his  return  he  was  brutally  murdered.  Appeals  to  the  United  States 
troops  to  break  up  the  rendezvous  were  made  in  vain,  the  command- 
ing officers  saying  they  could  not  act  without  orders,  and  these  the  ter- 
ritorial authorities  refused  to  issue.  After  the  murder  of  Hoyt  the  citi- 
zens took  matters  in  hand.  On  Aug.  15  a  body  of  free-state  men, 
under  command  of  Lane  and  Grover,  advanced  upon  the  fort,  but  their 
movement  was  discovered  and  Treadwell  and  his  men  fled.  Fort  Saun- 
ders was  then  burned  to  the  ground. 

Fort  Scott. — In  1837.  by  order  of  Col.  Zachary  Taylor.  Col.  S.  W. 
Kearney  and  Capt.  Nathan  Boone  were  appointed  to  lay  out  the  mili- 
tary road  from  Fort  Leavenworth  to  Fort  CofTey,  in  the  Indian  Ter- 
ritory, and  to  select  a  location  for  a  fort  about  midway  between  those 
two  points.  After  examining  several  places,  Kearney  and  Boone 
finally  recommended  a  site  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Marmaton  river, 
4  miles  west  of  the  Missouri  state  line.  On  May  30,  1842.  Capt.  Ben- 
jamin D.  Moore,  with  120  men  of  Companies  A  and  C,  First  dragoons, 
established  his  camp  on  the  spot  and  named  it  "Camp  Scott."  The  fol- 
lowing year  a  sawmill  and  brick  yard  were  opened  there  for  the  manu- 
facture of  materials  for  permanent  quarters,  and  the  name  was  changed 


672  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

to  Fort  Scott.  A  plaza  or  parade  ground  of  about  two  acres  was  laid 
off  in  the  center.  On  the  northwest  side  of  this  plaza  were  the  officers' 
quarters,  consisting  of  four  large  double  houses,  each  two  stories  high, 
with  attic,  while  on  the  other  sides  were  the  quarters  for  the  men, 
stables,  hospital,  guard-house,  etc.,  and  a  well  about   too  feet  deep  was 


OLD   Gt'ARD    HOUSE,   FOIXT    SCOTT. 

sunk  on  the  plaza.  An  octagonal  brick  building  was  also  erected  for 
a  magazine.  The  garrisoi'  was  withdrawn  in  Ajiril,  1853.  the  post 
being  left  in  charge  of  a  sergeant,  who  was  instructed  to  permit  any 
re])utable  peeiple  lo  occupy  the  buildings,  l-'orl  Scott  never  had  any 
reservation  allutted  to  it,  and  in  May,  1855,  ^'^^  buildings  were  ad\'er- 
tised  for  sale  "without  land."  The  result  of  the  sale  was  that  ihe  build- 
ings, which  cost  over  $200,000,  sold  for  less  than  ,$5,ooj.  The  city 
of  l^'ort  Scott  (q.  v.)  occupies  the  site  of  the  nld  military  post,  and  the 
old  guarfl-liDUSc  was  for  several  years  the  city  "c;ilaboosc."' 

Fort  Scott,  the  county  seat  of  IJourbon  county,  is  located  m  the  east- 
-ern  iiniii<in,  cm  tlu'  Marmaton  river,  about  4  miles  west  i)f  the  state  line. 
on  the  site  n\  the  old  military  j)i)st  established  in  1842.  The  first  build- 
ing was  a  nide  log  hut.  .\  jjostoffice  was  established  soon  after  the 
military  ])osl,  and  was  maintained  as  long  as  the  place  was  occuined  by 
troops.  The  first  settler  was  John  A.  Bugg,  who  located  there  as  a 
sutler.  In  1843  11.  T.  Wilson  ]inrchased  a  partnership  in  the  business, 
and  six  years  later  purchased  the  entire  stock,  at  the  same  time  being 
made  postmaster.  When  the  government  offered  the  buildings  of  the 
fort  for  sale,  .Mr.  \\  ilsoii  bought  (Mie  of  the  largest  ;uid  turned  it  into 
a  residence.  /Xnother  i)uilding,  afterward  known  as  the  "l'"ree  Slate 
lu)tel,'    was  bf)iight  by   .\.   Ilornbeck  for  $500.     Others  were  bought  by 


KANSAS    IlISTOUV 


(>7.3 


Edward  (jreenwood  and  J.  Alilchell.     The  first  hotel  was  o])ened  in  the 
west  bh)ck  of  the  government  buildings  by  Thomas  Arnett. 

When  Kansas  territory  was  thrown  open  to  settlement  in  1854,  a 
number  of  settlers  came  into  Bourbon  county  from  Missouri,  and  Fort 
Scott  received  its  share.  Some  of  the  first  men  to  locate  in  the  town 
were  Dr.  Hill,  R.  Harkness,  D.  F.  yGreenwond  and  Thomas  Dodge. 
Nothing  was  done  toward  organizing  a  tov\'n  company  until  Jan.,  1857, 
when  George  A.  Crawford,  Norman  Eddy,  D.  II.  ^\'ier,  D.  \Y.  Holbrook, 


.K-e»«^N 


OLD  GOVERNMENT  BUILDING.  FORT  SCOTT 


James  E.  Jones  and  Charles  Dimun  came  to  Fort  Scott  to  jnirchase 
claims  and  lay  out  the  town.  On  Jan.  8,  1857,  the  Fort  Scott  Town  com- 
pany was  organized  with  Ceorge  A.  Crawford,  president;  G. -W.  Jones, 
secretary;  and  H.  T.  Wilson,  treasurer.  The  company  purchased  the 
claims  of  IT.  T.  Wilson,  S.  A.  \\'iniams,  G.  \\'.  Jones,  N.  E.  Herson  and 
A.  Hornbeck.  It  was  incorporated  in  Feb.,  i860,  and  obtained  title 
to  the  land  the  following  September.  The  company  donated  the  lots  to 
the  settlers  who  had  purchased  the  government  buildings,  lots  for 
churches,  one  to  the  government  for  a  national  cemetery,  and  set  aside 
a  square  for  the  county,  upon  which  to  erect  a  court-house  and  jail. 

In  Jul}-,  1857,  the  government  land  office  was  opened  at  Fort  Scott. 
The  receiver  was  ex-Gov.  E.  Ransom,  of  Michigan,  who  was  accom- 
panied by  George  J.  Clark,  and  George  \\'.  Clark  arrived  about  the  same 
time,  having  been  appointed  register.  In  August  a  number  of  settlers 
arrived  and  the  town  began  to  grow.  A  store  was  opened  in  the  old 
quartermaster's  building  by  Dr.  B.  Little  &  Son;  John  G.  Stewart  started 
a  blacksmith  shop ;  George  A.  Crawford,  W.  R.  Jtidson  and  C.  Dimon 
(1-43) 


674  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

bought  the  Free  State  hotel,  which  had  become  a  popular  stopping  place 
for  travelers.  A  Mr.  McKay  in  1858  opened  the  Western  hotel,  which  at 
once  became  the  headquarters  of  the  pro-slavery  men.  In  the  early 
winter  a  sawmill  was  erected  at  the  foot  of  Locust  street,  where  lumber 
was  sawed  for  the  building  erected  by  the  town  compan}'  and  a  number 
of  the  frame  dwellings.  Soon  after  the  settlement  of  Fort  Scott  began 
it  was  recognized  as  the  leading  pro-slavery  town  of  southeastern 
Kansas,  and  held  the  same  relation  to  southeastern  part  of  the  territory 
that  Atchison  did  to  the  northeastern.     (See  Bourbon  County.) 

Early  in  March  a  dispute  developed  in  the  town  company,  George  A. 
Crawford  and  George  W.  Clark  being  the  principal  disputants.  Late 
in  April  matters  reached  a  climax,  when  Crawford  and  two  of  his  friends 
were  notified  to  leave  the  town  within  24  hours.  Some  of  the  soldiers 
stationed  at  the  fort  were  drawn  into  the  controversy,  and  it  looked 
serious  for  a  time,  but  within  a  few  days  Hamelton,  Brocket,  and  some 
of  the  other  border  ruffians  left  and  were  not  heard  of  again  until  after 
the  Marais  des  Cygnes  Massacre  (q.  v.),  in  which  they  took  the  leading 
roles. 

On  April  24,  1861.  a  Union  demonstration  was  made  at  Fort  Scott, 
and  local  differences  were  lost  sight  of  in  face  of  the  great  issue.  At  the 
outbreak  of  hostilities,  many  of  the  loyal  citizens  enlisted  for  the  defense 
of  the  Union,  and  Fort  Scott  has  a  long  roll  of  honor  of  those  who  lost 
their  lives  in  defense  of  the  country.  Several  forts  were  built  in  the 
town,  viz :  Fort  Henning,  at  the  corner  of  First  street  and  Scott  avenue ; 
Fort  Blair,  at  the  corner  of  Second  street  and  National  avenue,  and  Fort 
Insley,  north  of  the  plaza.  At  one  time  there  were  2,000  troops  stationed 
in  the  town,  and  while  it  was  menaced  no  Confederate  force  ever 
reached  it. 

The  first  school  taught  in  Fort  Scott  was  a  private  one  in  1857,  and  the 
next  year  another  was  opened  in  the  old  government  hospital  building. 
Up  to  i860  the  school  population  of  the  town  was  only  about  300.  In 
that  year  the  town  was  incorporated  and  the  first  mayor  elected  under 
the  charter  was  Col.  Judson.  H.  T.  Wilson  was  chosen  president  of 
the  council.  No  permanent  school  building  was  provided  until  1863, 
when  a  building  was  erected  which  served  the  three-fold  purpose  of 
school  house,  church  and  city  hall.  In  1870  the  central  school  building 
containing  12  rooms  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $60,000.  Since  then  steady 
progress  has  been  made  in  Fort  Scott  along  educational  lines,  and  today 
it  has  as  fine  a  public  school  system  as  any  city  in  the  state.  The  First 
Presbyterian  church,  established  in  1859,  was  the  first  religious  organ- 
ization in  the  town.  St.  Andrew's  Episcopal  church  was  partially  organ- 
ized the  same  year.  The  Catholic  church  was  established  in  i860  and 
was  followed  by  other  denominations. 

The  first  newspaper  in  Fort  Scott  was  the  Southern  Kansan.  wiiich 
first  appeared  in  1855.  J.  E.  Jones  started  the  Fort  Scott  Democrat  in 
the  winter  of  1857-58.  The  Western  Volunteer  was  started  in  1862. 
and  within  a  few  months  it  was  enlarged  and  the  name  changed  to  the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  675 

Fort  Scull    ISiilk-liii.     These  ])ioiieer  newspapers  Iia\e  Ijeen   followed  by 
a  number  of  piiblicalions,  some  of  which  have  been  but  short  lived. 

The  first  railroad  to  reach  Fort  Scott  was  the  Missouri  River,  I''ort 
Scott  &  Gulf,  which  was  completed  to  the  city  in  Dec,  1869,  thus  put- 
ting the  town  in  coijimunication  Avith  the  east.  Today  the  town  has 
fine  transportation  facilities  afTorded  l)y  the  Missouri  Pacific,  the  St. 
Louis  &  San  Francisco,  and  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  I'exas  railroads, 
which  radiate  like  the  spokes  of  a  wheel  from  the  city. 

Early  in  its  history,  Fort  Scott  became  recognized  as  a  manufacturing 
center.    A  brewery  was  started  in  1863;  a  planing  mill  in  1876;  a  foundry 
and  machine  shop  began  operations  in  the  fall  of  1869;  the  woolen  mills 
were  opened  in  1873;  the  Excelsior  mills,  for  the  manufacture  of  flour, 
in   1871.     With  the  opening  of  the  coal  beds   in   southeastern   Kansas, 
Fort    Scott    became    established    as   one    of   the   leading   manufacturing         ' 
centers  in  the  state.     In    1909  there  were  36  manufacturing  establish-      / 
ments  in  the  city;  the  capital  invested  was  $626,000,  and  the  net  value    / 
of  the  products  was  $340,000.    The  city  is  lighted  and  heated  by  natural/ 
gas,  has  waterworks  and  electric  lighting  systems,  an  electric  street  rai^ 
way,  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  10,463.  / 

Fort  Sill,  located  at  the  junction  of  Medicine  Bluff  and  Cache  creoKS, 
about  4  miles  north  of  the  city  of  Lawton,  in  the  northern  part'  of 
Comanche  county,  Okla.,  was  established  by  the  Nineteenth  Kansas  Cav- 
alry late  in  the  year  1868  or  earlj-  in  1869,  and  was  at  first  knovv'n  as 
"Camp  Wichita."  It  was  occupied  by  the  regiment  until  March  2, 
when  the.  Nineteenth  was  ordered  in  pursuit  of  Little  Robe's  baiic 
Cheyennes.  On  July  2,  1869.  the  name  was  changed  to  Fort  S 
reservation  was  established,  and  the  post  became  a  permanent  instituyon. 

Fort  Titus. — During  the  border  troubles,  Col.  H.  T.  Titus  buik  a 
strong  log  house,  about  2  miles  south  of  Lecompton,  and  fortified  it  as 
a  rendezvous  and  place  of  defense  for  pro-slavery  men.  After  the  cap- 
ture and  destruction  of  Fort  Saunders  (q.  v.)  on  Aug.  15.  1856,  the 
free-state  men  decided  to  turn  their  attention  to  Fort  Titus.  That  nigrt 
some  400  free-state  partisans  assembled,  ready  for  an  attack  on  the  fort 
at  sunrise  the  next  morning.  The  assailants  were  divided  into  two 
parties,  one  under  command  of  Capt.  Samuel  Walker  and  the  other 
under  Joe  Grover.  At  daylight  the  place  was  surrounded,  the  one  piece 
of  artillery  being  placed  in  front  of  the  house  and  loaded  with  slugs 
made  from  the  type  formerly  belonging  to  the  Herald  of  Freedom  office, 
which  had  been  destroyed  by  the  pro-slavery  men  a  short  time  before. 
As  the  cannon  was  discharged  the  first  time  the  gunner  remarked :  "This 
is  the  second  edition' of  the  Herald  of  Freedom."  After  a  short  but  lively 
engagement,  the  inmates  of  the  fort  surrendered.  Various  accounts  of 
the  casualties  sustained  by  the  contending  parties  at  the  "siege  and 
capture  of  Fort  Titus"  have  been  published.  Capt.  Walker,  who  was 
one  of  the  free-state  commanders,  and  was  therefore  in  a  position  to 
know,  says  they  captured  400  muskets,  a  large  number  of  knives  and 
pistols,  13  horses,  several  wagons,  a  stock  of  provisions  and  34  prisoners. 


[869, 

d  of 
11,   a 


676  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

and  that  the  pro-slavery  forces  had  1  killed  and  6  wounded,  among  whom 
was  Col.  Titus.  AX'illiam  Crntchfield,  a  participant  in  the  affair,  gives 
the  names  of  the  free-state  men  who  were  wounded  during  the  action 
as  follows:  Capt.  H.  J.  Shombre.  A.  ^^^  White,  James  N.  Velsor,  J.  M. 
Shepherd.  Charles  Jordan.  George  Henry  and  George  Leonard.  Of 
these  Capt.  Shombre  was  mortally  wounded,  the  others  soon  recovered. 
Capt.  Shombre  had  come  from  Wayne  county,  Ind.,  only  three  weeks 
before  with  18  j-oung  men.  his  company  having  joined  Lane's  party  at 
Iowa  City.  Fort  Titus  was  burned  to  the  ground  immediately  after 
the  surrender  and  the  prisoners  were  taken  to  Lawrence,  where  the}' 
were  "exchanged"  on  the  i8th  under  a  treaty  made  between  Gov.  Shan- 
non and  the  free-state  leaders.     (See  Shannon's  Administration.) 

Fort  Wakarusa. — During  the  territorial  days,  while  the  free-state  and 
pro-slavery  citizens  were  almost  at  constant  warfare,  a  number  of  places 
where  the  opposing  forces  were  wont  to  gather  were  dignified  by  the 
name  of  '"fort."  Fort  Wakarusa  was  a  free-state  fortification  at  the 
crossing  of  the  Wakarusa  river,  near  the  old  town  of  Sebastian,  about 
.3  miles  from  Lawrence,  in  a  southeasterly  direction.  It  is  marked  upon 
a'l  old  map  of  Douglas  county,  published  in  1857.  but  aside  from  its 
location  but  little  can  be  learned  of  its  character,  etc.  Most  likely  its 
construction  was  similar  to  that  of  other  "forts"  of  that  day — a  log 
cabin  surrounded  by  a  line  of  earthworks,  or  perhaps  a  line  of  palisades. 

Fort  Wallace. — This  post  was  established  in  Sept..  1865,  and  was 
first  known  as  Camp  Pond  Creek,  so  called  from  its  location  at  the 
junction  of  Pond  creek  and  the  south  fork  of  the  Smoky  Hill  river, 
about  2  miles  southeast  of  the  present  town  of  Wallace,  a  station  on 
the  Union  Pacific  railroad.  On  April  16.  1866,  the  name  was  changed 
to  Fort  Wallace,  in  honor  of  Gen.  W.  II.  L.  Wallace,  who  was  mortally 
wounded  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh,  Tenn..  and  died  on  .April  10,  1862.  A 
reservation  of  14  square  miles  was  laid  out  and  buildings  erected  afford- 
ing accommodations  for  300  men.  During  the  building  of  the  railroad 
''ort  Wallace  was  an  im]5ortant  post.  The  railroad  was  completed  to 
the  fort  in  July,  1868,  and  during  the  following  year  several  skirmishes 
with  the  Indians  occurred  in  the  vicinity.  In  1872,  Gen.  John  Pope, 
commanding  the  Department  of  Missouri,  recommended  the  abandon- 
ment of  Fort  Wallace,  but  it  ccmtinucd  to  be  used  as  a  rnilitar\-  post  for 
ten  years  after  that  date,  being  finally  abandoned  on  May  31.  1882.  By 
the  act  of  Congress,  approved  on  Oct.  K),  1888,  the  reservation  was 
ordered  to  be  sold,  except  the  right  of  way  of  the  l^nion  Pacific  lailroad 
and  the  post  cemetery,  which  was  given  to  the  ciiy  of  ^\'all.•u■c.  The 
Wallace  W'aterworks  company  was  to  be  given  the  jireference  in  the 
l)in"chasc  of  certain  lands,  viz.:  the  northwest  quarter  of  the  southwest 
quarter  section  25,  township  13  south,  range  3<)  west.  .Ml  Ihc  rest  of 
the  reservation  was  to  be  disposed  of  in  ;ici-iir(l;uu-c  with  the  provisions 
of  the  homestead  laws. 

Fort  Wayne,  an  <ild  military  post  in  the  Indian  connlr\.  \v;is  estab- 
lished on  ()ct.  2().  1838.  It  was  located  in  what  is  now  iju'  Cherokee 
.N'ation,  about    10  miles  sontlnvesl  of  tlie  southwest   covium-  of  Missouri. 


KANSAS    IIISTOUY  677 

It  was  ahandnncd  as  a  fcirl  in  May,  1842.  Near  the  site  of  this  old  fort, 
Gen.  Jjjunt's  forces  had  an  c-ngai^cment  with  the  Confederates  under 
Cooper  on  Oct.  22,  18O2.  In  this  action  Cai^t.  Samnel  J.  Crawford's 
company,  Second  Kansas  cavalry,  made  a  lirilliant  cliarge  and  captured 
a  battery  of  four  guns. 

Fort  Zarah. — This  fm't  was  htcated  on  llic  left  l)ank  nf  W'ahiut  creek, 
about  2  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  about  4  miles  east  of  the  ]3rcsent 
city  of  Great  Bend,  the  count}-  seat  of  Barttjn  county.  It  was  established 
on  Sept.  6,  1864,  by  (!en.  Samuel  !■{.  Curtis,  and  was  named  for  his  son, 
Maj.  li.  Zarah  Curtis,  who  was  killed  at  the  Baxter  Springs  massacre 
while  serving  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  P.lunt.  The  fort  was  built  of  sand- 
stone, taken  from  the  blufifs  about  3  miles  distant.  It  was  116  feet  long, 
with  an  average  width  of  50  feet,  and  with  the  exception  of  24  feet  of 
the  east  end  was  two  stories  high.  Its  original  cost  was  $110,000.  On 
Sept.  30,  1868,  by  order  of  President  Andrew  Johnson,  the  Fort  Zarah 
military  reservation  was  established,  and  it  was  surveyed  the  same  year. 
It  contained  about  3,700  acres  and  extended  from  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  railroad  north  to  the  hills.  The  fort  was  dismantled  in 
Dec,  1869,  and  an  act  of  Congress,  approved  Feb.  24,  1871,  provided  for 
the  survey  and  sale  of  the  reservation.  On  Aug.  11,  of  that  year,  the 
surveyor-general  was  instrticted  to  extend  the  lines  of  the  public  surveys 
over  the  same.  The  lands  were  then  appraised  at  from  $3  to  $10  an 
acre,  and  in  July,  1874,  were  offered  at  public  sale  at  Salina,  but  less 
than  50  acres  were  sold  at  that  time,  and  the  remainder  became  subject 
to  private  entry  at  the  ajipraised  value.  Smyth,  in  his  "Heart  of  the 
New  Kansas,"  says :  "After  the  abandonment  of  the  fort  it  became  a 
den  of  thieves  and  general  rendezvous  for  bats  and  marauders.  These 
occupied  it  day  and  night  by  turns — the  former  hiding  by  day,  the  latter 
by  night."  The  stone  used  in  the  construction  of  the  fort  was  gradually 
appropriated  by  the  settlers  in  the  vicinit\-.  and  the  "bats  and  marauders" 
were  finally  rendered  homeless. 

Fossils. —  (See  Geology,  Archaeology  and   Paleontology.)  . 

Foster,  a  small  hamlet  of  Butler  county,  is  about  5  miles  northeast 
of  Eldorado,  the  county  seat  and  most  convenient  railroad  station,  from 
which  place  the  inhabitants  receive  mail  by  rural  delivery. 

Fostoria,  a  \'illage  of  Pottawatomie  county,  is  located  in  Shannon 
township,  on  the  Leavenworth,  Kansas  &  Western  branch  of  the  Union 
Pacific  R.  R.  8  miles  northwest  of  Westmoreland,  the  county  seat,  and 

6  miles  from  Olsburg.  The  main  lines  of  business  are  represented, 
including  banking  facilities.  There  is  a  money  order  postofifice  and 
telegraph  and  express  offices.     The  jjopulation  in  1910  was  125. 

Fourmile,  a  rural  hainlet  in  the  southeast  corner  of  Lyon  county,  is 

7  miles  south  of  Hartford,  the  nearest  station  and  shipping  point,  whence 
it  receives  its  mail  by  rural  delivery,  and  18  miles  southeast  of  Emporia, 
the  county  seat. 

Fourteenth  Amendment. — r)n  June  10,  1866,  Congress,  after  a  some- 
what protracted  del)ate,  sul)mitted  to  the  legislatures  of  the  several  states 


678  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

an  amendment  to  the  Federal  constitution  giving  to  negroes  the  right 
of  citizenship ;  prohibiting  the  states  from  enacting  any  laws  that  wotild 
have  a  tendency  to  abridge  the  rights,  privileges  or  immunities  of 
citizens ;  providing  for  a  reduction  in  the  ntmiber  of  members  of  Con- 
gress in  any  state  that  might  disfranchise,  or  den}-  the  right  to  vote  to 
any  male  inhabitant  thereof  o\'er  the  age  of  21  years;  rendering  ineligible 
to  the  office  of  senator  or  representative  in  Congress  or  presidential 
elector  all  persons  who,  '"having  pre\'iously  taken  an  oath,  as  a  member 
of  Congress,  or  as  an  officer  of  the  United  States,  or  as  a  member  of 
any  state  legislature,  or  as  an  executive  or  judicial  otficer  of  any  state 
to  support  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  shall  have  engaged  in 
insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  same,  or  given  aid  and  comfort 
to  the  enemies  thereof;"  and  declaring  the  war  debt  of  the  Confederate 
States  illegal  and  void.  Congress  was  given  power  to  enforce  the  pro- 
visions of  the  amendment  by  appropriate  legislation,  and  also  to  remove 
the  political  disabilities  imposed  by  it  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each 
hotise. 

The  amendment  was  ratified  by  the  legislatures  of  23  Northern  states. 
It  was  rejected  by  Delaware,  Kentucky,  Maryland  and  10  Southern 
states,  though  these  10  states  subsequently  ratified  it  under  pressure 
during  the  reconstruction  period.  California  took  no  action  upon  it. 
The  Fourteenth  amendment  was  proclaimed  a  part  of  the  Federal  con- 
stitution on  July  28,  1868.  / 

Gov.  Crawford,  in  submitting  the  amendment  to  the  legislature  of 
1867,  said  in  his  message :  "Whilst  the  foregoing  proposed  amendment 
is  not  fully  what  T  might  desire,  nor  yet  what  I  believe  the  times  and 
exigencies  demand,  yet,  in  the  last  canvass,  from  Maine  to  California,  it 
was  virtually  the  platform  which  was  submitted  to  the  people;  the  ver- 
dict was  unmistakable.  ...  I  therefore  hope  tliat  Kansas,  in  the  first 
legislative  enactment  of  this  session,  will  give  the  unanimous  vote  of 
her  legislature  in  favor  of  this  measure." 

Gov.  Crawford's  hope  was  not  quite  realized.  The  legislature  of  that 
year  met  on  Jan.  8.  On  the  loth  a  joint  resolution  ratifying  the  amend- 
ment passed  the  senate  by  a  unanimous  vote,  and  on  the  same  day  it 
passed  the  house  by  a  vote  of  76  to  7.  While  not  unanimous,  the  vote 
in  favor  of  the  amendment  was  strong  enough  to  show  unmislakabl}- 
where  Kansas  stood  ujxin  the  proposition. 

Fowler,  an  incorporated  city  of  Meade  county,  is  located  in  the  town- 
shi])  of  the  same  name  and  is  a  station  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  & 
Pacific  R.  R.  10  miles  northeast  of  Meade,  the  coimty  seal.  It  has  3 
banks,  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  two  nu^al  routes, 
telegraph  and  express  offices,  grain  elevators,  lumber  yard,  a  number 
of  well  stocked  mercantile  establishments,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the 
Gazette),  Congregational,  Friends  and  ATethodist  chinches,  good 
schools,  iiotels,  etc.  It  is  located  in  the  Crooked  creek  valley  and  is  the 
shipping  point  for  a  large  agricultural  distrirl.  The  popnIa(ii>ii  in  igio 
was  473. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  679 

Francis,  a  money  order  post-hamlet  of  Ness  county,  is  situated  in 
Highpoint  township,  about  12  miles  southeast  of  Ness  City,  the  county 
seat,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  20.  It  has  a  general  store  and 
is  a  trading  center  for  the  neighborhood.  Ness  City  and  Bazine  are  the 
nearest  railroad  statjons. 

Frankfort,  the  third  largest  town  in  Marshall  county,  is  located  on 
the  Vermillion  river  and  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  18  miles  southeast 
of  Marysville,  the  county  seat.  It  is  on  the  route  of  the  Union  Pacific 
branch  which  is  building  from  Onaga.«  All  the  principal  lines  of  busi- 
ness are  represented.  The  main  commodities  shipped  are  grain  and 
produce.  There  are  good  schools  and  churches,  weekly  and  daily  news- 
papers, express  and  telegraph  ofiices,  and  six  rural  delivery  routes  go 
out  from  the  Frankfort  postoffice. 

The  neighborhood  of  which  Frankfort  became  the  trading  point  was 
settled  in  1855-56  by  free-state  men  from  Ohio  and  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

After  various  attempts  to  make  a  town,  Frankfort  was  laid  out  in 
1867  by  a  town  company  of  Marysville  men,  who  bought  section  16, 
township  4,  range  9,  and  started  a  town  by  the  name  of  Frank's  ford. 
In  consideration  of  receiving  a  station,  depot  and  side  track,  the  com- 
pany gave  one-half  the  town  site  to  the  Central  Branch  R.  R..  the  line 
was  extended  to  Frankfort  that  year  and  the  depot  built. 

The  first  houses  were  built  by  J.  S.  Magill,  R.  S.  Newell  and  Frank 
Schmidt.  The  first  store  was  erected  by  O.  C.  Horr  in  1867.  The  next 
year  seven  buildings  were  erected.  Frankfort  was  incorporated  as  a 
city  of  the  third  class  in  1875  ^^'^  '^^  election  was  held  in  which  R.  S. 
Newell  was  made  the  first  mayor.     The  population  in  1910  was  1,426. 

Franklin,  a  village  of  Crawford  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Joplin  & 
Pittsburg  electric  railroad,  about  8  miles  east  of  Girard,  the  county  seat. 
It  has  a  money  order  postoffice  and  is  a  trading  center  for  that  section 
of  the  county.     The  population  in  1910  was  150. 

Franklin,  Battle  of. — Almost  immediately  after  the  battle  of  Black 
Jack  (q.  V.)  bands  of  both  pro-slavery  and  free-state  men  began  to  con- 
centrate toward  Franklin,  the  Wakarusa,  Hickory  Point  and  Bull  creek 
on  the  Shawnee  reserve.  Franklin  had  not  been  entirely  abandoned  by 
the  pro-slavery  forces  since  the  sack  of  Lawrence.  Buford's  men  and  a 
number  of  Missourians  were  assembled  there,  with  a  brass  6-pounder, 
a  large  quantity  of  ammunition  and  other  camp  supplies  which  had  been 
taken  at  Lawrence,  and  the  plunder  taken  from  intercepted  wagons  had 
also  been  stored  there.  The  pro-slavery  forces  used  the  town  as  a  rally- 
ing point  when  they  invaded  from  Missouri. 

To  recapture  the  stolen  property,  secure  the  ammunition  and  break 
up  the  stronghold  of  the  enemy  who  would  have  Lawrence  at  their  mercy 
if  the  free-state  forces  were  called  to  support  Brown,  an  attack  was 
planned  upon  Franklin  by  the  free-state  men  in  the  vicinity  of  Law- 
rence. The  plan  of  attack  was  poorly  worked  out  and  as  a  .result  there 
was  no  concerted  action.  About  16  men  left  Lawrence  on  the  night  of 
June  4,  for   Franklin.     The  plan  was  to  have  the  Wakarusa  company 


68o  cvci.orEDiA  OF 

attack  uii  one  side  and  the  Lawrence  party  on  the  other.  Failing  to 
find  the  \\'akanisa  company  at  the  place  agreed  npon.  the  men  from 
Lawrence  entered  the  town  about  2  a.  m.  and  went  to  the  place  where 
thev  snijposed  the  cannon  to  be  for  the  purpose  of  capttiring  it  and  the 
ammunition,  but  the  cannon  was  not  to  be  found.  In  fact,  nothing  was 
found  where  it  was  supposed  to  be,  and  for  nearly  an  hour  the  Lawrence 
men  hunted  about  the  town  before  the  real  operations  commenced.  By 
this  time  the  pro-slavery  men  were  awake  and  prepared.  Finalh^  the 
free-state  men  marched  to  the  ^lard-house  and  demanded  the  surrender 
of  the  garrison.  The  garrison  had  been  warned  of  the  approach  of  the 
free-state  men.  refused  to  surrender  and  fired  a  volley  of  rifle  shots. 
This  was  returned  by  the  free-state  men  and  then  the  cannmi,  which  had 
been  placed  just  inside  the  guard-house  door,  was  fired.  It  had  Ijeen 
loaded  with  nails,  broken  scrap  iron,  etc.,  which  went  screaming  through 
the  darkness  but  the  aim  was  poor  and  no  one  was  hurt.  The  firing  on 
both  sides  continued  and  pro-slavery  men  in  other  houses  began  to  open 
fire  on  the  attacking  party  which  did  not  desire  to  assail  anything  but 
the  guard-house.  The  \\'akarusa  company,  which  had  lost  its  way  in 
the  darkness,  was  guided  by  the  sound  of  the  firing  and  foiuid  its  way 
into  Franklin,  but  not  knowing  friend  from  foe.  was  unable  to  take  any 
active  jjart  in  the  engagement.  The  men  knew,  however,  that  Buford 
had  most  of  his  stores  in  a  place  near  where  they  entered  the  town. 
They  broke  into  the  storehouse,  obtained  a  large  (|uantit\-  of  ammu- 
nition, and  some  Sharpe's  rifies  as  well  as  a  few  of  the  guns  which  had 
been  seized  from  the  free-state  men.  .\11  kinds  of  provisions  were  stored 
in  this  house  in  case  of  need.  Much  of  these  were  loaded  into  a  wagon 
and  hurried  away.  Several  wagons  could  have  been  loaded,  had  the 
Wakarusa  men  had  them. 

As  day  began  to  break  the  firing;  in  the  streets  ceased.  Tlu'  free-state 
men  feared  the  approach  of  the  I'nited  States  troops  wlm  were  in  camp 
near  Lawrence  and  were  forced  to  leave  Franklin  witlmut  taking  with 
them  the  cannon  they  had  captured.  Only  one  free-state  man  was  hurt 
during  the  fi.ght.  while  4  of  the  o])posite  side  were  badly  wounded,  one 
of  whom  died  a  few  days  later.  .Mthough  it  had  not  been  carried  out 
as  planned,  the  expedition  was  not  an  entire  f.iilure.  for  su|i|)lies  liad 
been  secured  and  the  pro-slavery  party  taught  tli.it  the  free-stati-  men 
could  strike  back.    (.See  Fort  Saunders.) 

Franklin  County,  located  in  the  eastern  ]iait  <<{  the  stale,  was  one  of 
the  original  33  counties  created  by  the  first  territorial  legislatiue  in  1X55. 
It  was  named  Franklin  in  honcn-  tn  r.enjamin  Franklin.  At  the  present 
lime  the  county  is  bounded  on  the  nortji  by  nonglas  county,  on  the  cast 
1)\  Miami,  on  tiic  siuilh  by  .Anderson,  and  on  the  west  by  Osage  and 
Coffey  counties.  It  has  an  area  of  576  square  miles,  and  had  a  i)0])ulation 
of  20,884  in  iQio.  'i"he  count)-  is  divided  into  sixteen  townshi]is,  as  fol- 
lows: Ajjpanoose,  Centropolis,  Cutler.  Franklin.  Greenwood.  Harrison. 
Hayes,  Homewood.  Lincciln,  Ohio,  Ottawa,  Peoria,  Pomona,  Pottawa- 
tomie,   Richmniid   and    Williamsburg.     The  surface  of   I'-ranklin   county 


KANSAS    HISTORY  '18 1 

is  niDsllv  iindulating  prairie.  The  "Ijcittcmi"  hiiuls  along  the  creeks  and 
Marais  des  Cygnes  river  average  from  i.me  to  iwo  miles  in  width  and 
comprise  nearly  onc-Hflh  of  the  area.  'I'imber  belts  confined  tn  the 
streams  average  from  one-half  to  one  mile  in  width  and  contain  trees  of 
the  following  varieties:  walnut,  nak.  coltonwood,  elm,  hickory,  willow, 
locitst,  ash,  siift  majjle,  mulherry  and  hackberry.  Winter  wheat,  Irish 
potatoes,  and  fla.x  are  important  crops  but  corn  is  the  leading  cereal. 
Much  efif(5rt  is  given  to  the  [jrodiiction  of  live-stock  and  also  to  the 
growing  of  fruit  trees,  there  being  150,000  bearing  fruit  trees  in  1907. 
I^imestone  and  sandstone  are  abundant,  marble  and  potter's  clay  are 
found  near  Ottawa,  coal  is  mined  in  several  localities,  and  oil  and  gas 
have  been  found  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  county. 

The  principal  stream  is  the  Marais  des  Cygnes  (Marsh  of  Swans) 
which  enters  the  count)-  from  the  west  and  flows  through  it  into  Miami 
countv.  Pottawatomie  creek  is  second  in  size.  It  enters  near  the  south- 
east corner  and  flows  northeastward  into  Miami  count}'. 

Franklin  county  was  included  in  the  tract  of  land  ceded  to  the  Great 
and  Little  Osage  Indians  on  Nov.  10,  1808,  and  receded  by  them  to  the 
government  in  1825.  (See  Indians  and  Indian  Treaties.)  The  settle- 
ment of  the  cottnty  by  white  people  was  not  so  early  as  that  of  the 
adjoining  counties,  due  to  the  fact  that  most  of  the  land  was  occupied 
by  Indians  until  late  in  the  '60s.  However,  along  the  northern  line,  was 
a  strip  of  land  belonging  to  the  Shawnee  reservation,  the  title  to  which 
was  extinguished  in  1854,  and  a  number  of  settlements  were  made  there 
in  that  year.  Appanoose  township  was  settled  b}'  Missourians  in  1856. 
Some  time  later  J.  H.  Whetstone  conceived  the  idea  of  establishing  a 
colon V  in  its  western  part.  To  this  end  in  1869  he  purchased  15,000 
acres  north  of  the  Marais  des  Cygnes,  and  in  1870  S.  T.  Kelsey  became 
associated  with  him.  They  platted  the  land  into  small  farms  and  laid 
out  the  village  of  Pomona.  Harrison  township  was  opened  for  settle- 
ment in  1865.  In  1868  there  was  a  large  inflttx  of  settlers  to  this  dis- 
trict. 

One  of  the  first  settlers  in  Centropolis  township  was  J.  M.  Bernard, 
who  was  made  postmaster,  the  postoffice  being  named' St.  Bernard.  Mr. 
Bernard  being  a  pro-slaver}-  man,  the  Missouri  legislature  of  Kansas 
in  1855,  located  the  county  seat  at  St.  Bernard.  The  town  never  grew 
and  was  finally  extinguished  by  a  raid  of  free-state  men.  Ohio  town- 
ship was  opened  to  settlement  in  1857  and  a  large  immigration  set  in 
from  Ohio.     A  postofiice  was  established  at  Minneola  in  1858. 

In  1856  the  settlers  of  Pottawatomie  valley  organized  the  Pottawa- 
tomie Rifle  Company.  It  was  composed  exclusively  of  about  100  free- 
state  men  with  John  Brown,  Jr.,  as  captain.  The  object  in  organizing 
the  company  was  to  protect  free-state  men  against  the  border  ruffians. 

After  the  first  session  of  the  territorial  legislature,  the  company  went 
to  Judge  Cato's  court,  in  session  at  Henry  Sherman's  house,  to  inquire 
if  the  court  intended  to  enforce  the  so-called  "bogus"  laws.  Finding 
that  it  did,  Capt.  Brown,  leader  of  the  company,  cried  in  a  loud  voice, 
"The    Pottawatomie    company   will    assemble   on    the    parade    ground !" 


I( 


682  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

This  order  was  quite  sufficient,  for  Judge  Cato  and  the  jury  hastened  to 
Lecompton.  On  the  night  of  May  24,  1856,  occurred  what  is  termed  the 
Pottawatomie  massacre  (q.  v.),  the  object  of  which  was  to  protect  the 
free-state  settlers  by  terrorizing  in  the  most  effective  manner  the  pro- 
slavery  element. 

Franklin  county  did  not  contribute  many  men  to  the  arni}-  in  the 
Civil  war.  In  1861  there  were  about  2,500  inhabitants  in  the  county 
scattered  along  the  northern,  eastern  and  southern  borders.  There  was 
very  little  town  life,  no  rallying  points,  so  the  enthusiastic  ones  had 
to  go  to  Lawrence  or  other  points  to  enlist.  There  were  some  recruits, 
however.  Company  D  of  the  Twelfth  infantry  was  composed  entirely 
of  residents  of  the  county.  It  was  mustered  in  on  Sept.  25,  1862,  and 
was  officered  b}-  George  Ashley,  captain ;  Henry  Shively,  first  lieutenant ; 
Alfred  Johnson,  second  lieutenant.  In  addition  to  this  company,  men 
were  enlisted  in  nearly  ever)-  regiment  of  the  state. 

Two  railroad  companies  operate  in  the  county.  A  line  of  the  Atchi- 
son, Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  crosses  from  north  to  south  in  the  center,  pass- 
ing through  Ottawa,  with  a  branch  southwest  from  Burlington  Junction 
into  Coffey  county.  Another  line  of  the  same  road  enters  in  the  north- 
east corner,  crosses  in  a  southwesterly  direction  through  Ottawa,  and 
enters  Osage  county.  A  line  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  railroad  crosses  the 
southeast  corner,  and  a  branch  northwest  from  Osawatomie,  Aliami 
count}',  following  the  valley  of  the  Marais  des  Cygnes  river  passes 
through  Ottawa,  thence  west  into  Osage  county.  The  first  bond  elec- 
tion for  any  railroad  was  held  Nov.  6,  1866,  on  the  question  of  voting 
$125,000  to  the  L.  L.  &  G.  railroad,  and  the  second  was  held  Sept.  23, 
1867,  on  the  question  of  raising  $200,000.  Both  were  carried,  the  second 
on  the  condition  that  cars  were  running  to  Ottawa  by  Jan.  i,  1868. 
The  road  was  completed  to  Ottawa  Dec.  30,  1867.  Bonds  for  the  Santa 
Fe  road  to  the  amoimt  of  $100,000  were  voted  on  April  6,  1869,  on  con- 
dition that  $50,000  should  be  issued  if  the  cars  were  running  to  Ottawa 
by  July  I,  1870,  and  $50,000  when  the}^  were  running  to  the  southern 
line  of  the  county. 

Franklin  county  was  organized  in  1855  with  a  partial  set  of  oftTccrs. 
In  1857  an  election  was  held  and  officers  chosen,  part  of  whom  failed 
to  qualif}'  and  in  the  spring  of  1858  the  vacancies  were  filled.  The  first 
county  officers  were  as  follows:  Commissioners,  J.  A.  Marcell,  ^^^lliam 
Tluirnhrnugli  and  John  F.  Javens,  Marcell  being  also  probate  judge; 
clerk,  Robert  Cowden  ;  treasurer,  T.  J.  Mewhinney ;  sheriff,  C.  L.  Rob- 
bins;  prosecuting  attorney,  P.  P.  Elder;  register  of  deeds.  William 
Austin  ;  coroner,  John  Bingham. 

The  contests  over  the  location  of  the  county  seat  were  numerous  and 
exciting.  The  legislature  of  1855  placed  it  at  St.  Hernard.  When  St. 
Bernard  became  extinct  Minncola  was  made  the  county  seat.  An  elec- 
tion was  held  March  26,  i860,  to  determine  a  location.  Ohio  City.  Peoria 
and  Minneola  were  the  contesting  villages,  but  no  one  of  them  received 
a   majority  of  the  votes  cast.     Another  election  was  held  on   April   16, 


KANSAS    HISTORY  683 

i860,  at  which  Peoria  received  342  and  Ohio  City  320.  Then  followed 
a  contest  between  Peoria  and  Minneola.  Minneola  enjoined  the  removal 
of  the  records.  A  law  suit  followed,  which  was  carried  to  the  supreme 
court,  but  while  the  -case  was  pending  the  territorial  legislature  passed 
an  act  resubmitting  the  matter  to  the  people.  Another  controversy  fol- 
lowed but  the  supreme  court  decided  the  act  was  legal  so  the  question 
was  resubmitted  and  Minneola  won  the  election.  The  next  election  on 
the  question  was  held  March  25,  1861,  when  the  contesting  towns  were 
Ohio  City,  Peoria,  Centropolis,  Mount  Vernon  and  Minneola.  Again 
no  decision  was  made.  Another  election  was  held  on  April  15  when  Ohio 
City  l^ecawie  the  county  seat  and  so  remained  until  another  election  on 
Aug.  I,  1864,  decided  the  question  in  favor  of  Ottawa. 

The  schools  of  Franklin  county  are  among  the  best  in  the  state. 
There  are  94  organized  school  districts  and  a  school  population  of  6,624. 
Aside  from  the  district  and  high  schools  is  Ottawa  University  at  Ottawa 
(q.  v.),  which  has  been  maintained  by  endowment  since  it  was  organized 
in  i860. 

\\  hile  Franklin  county  is  preeminently  an  agricultural  county,  a  few 
industries  of  other  kinds  are  in  successful  operation.  Among  these  are 
flour  mills,  furniture  factories,  brick  and  tile  factories,  machine  shops 
and  a  soap  factory,  fn  earlier  days  an  eiifort  was  made  to  establish  a 
silk  industry.     (See  Silk  Culture.; 

Among  the  earliest  newspapers  published  in  the  county  was  the 
Western  Home  Journal,  a  sheet  that  did  much  toward  attracting  set- 
tlers to  that  section.  A  cabin  of  an  early  settler.  Judge  James  fianway, 
located  near  Lane,  and  occupied  by  the  Hanway  family  from  1857-.59 
has  frequently  been  called  John  Brown's  cabin.  While  he  visited  there 
a  great  deal,  he  never  owned  the  place. 

In  1910  the  assessed  valuation  of  Franklin  countv  property  was 
$32,342,026.  The  total  value  of  field  crops  was  $1,630,506,  the  five  lead- 
ing crops  being  corn,  $822,603;  hay,  $387,269;  oats,  $171,931;  wheat, 
$74,631;  Kafir  corn,  $57,264.  The  value  of  animals  slaughtered  or  sold 
for  slaughter  was  $940,605,  and  the  value  of  dairy  products  was  S350.834. 
Franklinville,  a  small  settlement  of  Ness  county,  is  situated  on  the 
south  fork  of  Walnut  creek  8  miles  southwest  of  Ness  City,  the  county 
seat,  from  which  place  mail  is  received  by  rural  carrier. 

Fraser,  John,  was  born  in  Cromarty,  Scotland,  about  1823.  He 
received  his  education  at  the  University  of  Aberdeen  and  while  there 
won  the  Fluttonian  prize  in  mathematics,  offered  every  ten  years.  He 
also  excelled  in  classical  studies  and  showed  an  extreme  earnestness  and 
devotion  to  intellectual  pursuits.  After  graduating  at  Aberdeen  he  went 
to  the  Bermuda  islands  to  teach  in  Flamilton"  Institute.  He  spent 
several  years  in  Bermuda,  but  failing  health  influenced  him  to  go  to 
New  York,  where  he  was  appointed  principal  of  a  private  schooL  In 
1850  he  went  to  Connellsville,  Pa.,  as  tutor  to  two  boys,  and  while  there 
organized  a  private  school.  In  1855  he  went  to  Jefferson  College  as 
professor  of  mathematics.     He  remained  at  Jeft'erson   for  seven   vears. 


684  CVCLOrEDIA    OF 

(luring  which  period  he  raised  money  for  the  first  telescope  used  in  a 
western  Pennsylvania  institution  and  superintended  the  erection  of  an 
observatory.  In  1862  he  enlisted  as  a  private  at  Canonsburg  and  fought 
for  the  North  throughout  the  Civil  war.  He  won  the  rank  of  captain 
of  the  One  Hundred  and  Fortieth  Pennsylvania  volunteers  in  Aug., 
1862 ;  became  lieutenant-colonel  in  September,  and  in  July  of  the  next 
vear  was  made  colonel.  "During  the  charge  of  Hancock  at  .Spottsj-lvania 
he  was  wounded  by  a  shell,  and  in  Sept..  1864,  he  was  captured  and  held 
prisoner  at  Libb}'  ])rison.  Richmond.  \'a. ;  Roper's  hospital,  Charles- 
town.  S.  C.  and  finally  at  Camp  Sorghum,  Columbia,  S.  C.  \\'hile  im- 
prisoned with  many  others,  at  Roper's  hospital,  under  fire  of  the  guns 
from  the  northern  fleet,  he  cheered  his  fellov^'  prisoners  for  their  amuse- 
ment a  course  of  lectures,  notably  on  Shakespeare's  plays."  He  was 
finally  exchanged,  and  returning  to  his  regiment  was  made  brevet 
brigadier-general.  He  was  mustered  (^ut  in  May,  i8ri3.  He  then  became 
president  of  the  State  College  at  Bellefontaine,  Pa.  t_)n  June  17,  1868, 
he  became  the  second  chancellor  of  the  University  of  Kansas,  succeed- 
ing Robert  \\".  Oliver.  The  university  building  which  bears  his  name 
was  erected  during  his  term  of  service,  which  ended  in  1874.  During 
his  connection  with  the  university  he  served  as  state,  superintendent  of 
I)ub]ic  instruction.  His  last  position  was  in  the  ^^'estern  L'niversity  of 
Pennsylvania.  He  died  at  .Mlegheny.  Pa.,  of  small-jiox,  in  June.  T878, 
leaving  a  widow  but  no  cliildren. 

Fred,  an  inland  trading  ])oint  in  Marion  count}-,  is  located  11  miles 
southwest  of  Marion,  the  county  seat,  and  8  miles  from  Peabody,  from 
which  place  it  receives  its  mail.  Aulene.  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island 
&  Pacific  R.  R.,  3  miles  to  the  northeast,  is  the  nearest  railroad  station 
and  slii))])ing  jioint. 

Frederick,  one  of  the  smaller  towns  of  Rico  count},  is  located  in 
I-lureka  township,  at  the  junction  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  and  the  St. 
Louis  &  San  h~rancisco  railroads,  12  miles  northwest  of  Lyons,  the 
county  seal.  It  is  a  ship])ing  and  trading  point  for  a  wealthy  agricul- 
tural district;  has  banking  facilities,  telegraph  and  telephone  offices,  a 
iniml)er  of  churches,  good  schools,  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with 
one  rural  route.  The  town  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third  class 
in  1909.  The  population  according  to  the  government  census  of  i()io 
was  151. 

Fredonia,  the  judicial  se.it  .-ind  largest  cit}  of  Wilson  coiuit}-.  is 
located  southwest  of  the  cenlci'  of  the  county,  90  miles  east  of  Wichita, 
and  130  from  Kansas  City.  If  has  cit}-  waterworks,  police  and  fwc 
dc|)ariments,  nattiral  gas  and  electric  lights,  3  banks,  2  ncwspajiers,  2 
large  Ijrick  plants,  2  independent  gas  plants,  linseed  oil  mill,  ice  and 
cold  storage  plant,  cement  works,  foundry  and  machine  shops,  ,-iiid  the 
largest  window  glass  plant  in  the  entire  West,  There  are  3  clmiches 
and  3  public  schools.  l'"redoni;i  is  well  etpiipped  with  railroad  facilities 
to  take  care  of  her  manufactured  and  farm  ])roducts,  the  Missotiri 
Pacific  rimning  north  and  south,  the  Atchison,  Topcka  iS:  ,'~^atit;(   Fe  run- 


KANSAS    lilSTOKY  685 

ning  northeast  and  southwest,  and  the  St.  Louis  &  San  I'Vancisco  run- 
ning east  and  west  cross  at  this  point.  It  is  the  raih-oad  center  of  the 
county.  There  are  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  an  international 
money  order  postoffice  with  live  rural  routes.  The  pnjjulatidn  in  1910 
was  3,040. 

The  foundation  f(jr  the  town  was  laid  in  i(S68,  when  Dr.  J.  J.  Ikirrett 
put  up  the  first  building,  in  which  Albert  Troxel  opened  a  store.  The 
next  spring  the  Fredonia  town  company  was  formed  with  Justus  Fel- 
lows, president;  J.  J.  ISarrett,  secretary;  the  other  members  being,  \V.  H. 
Williamson,  J.  H.  liroadwell,  Elisha  Hadden,  G.  F.  Jackson,  John  T. 
Heath,  W.  T.  Barrett.  John  E.  King.  Albert  Troxel  and  D.  P.  X'ichols. 
Steps  were  at  once  taken  to  build  a  court-house.  There  was  a  little 
rival  town  half  a  mile  north  called  Twin  Mounds,  which  about  this  time 
tried  to  secure  a  postoffice  but  failed  because  there  was  already  a  post- 
office  by  that  name  in  Kansas.  Fredonia  then  succeeded  in  securing  a 
postoffice  and  was  thus  officially  established  as  a  town.  By  1870  there 
were  about  thirty  buildings  on  the  town  site.  That  year  immigration 
Avas  heavy,  new  buildings  sprang  up  on  the  prairies,  and  the  population 
went  to  about  600.  In  May,  1871,  the  town  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of 
the  third  class.  An  election  was  held  in  which  144  votes  were  polled 
and  the  following-  officers  were  elected:  T.  J.  Hudson,  mayor;  John 
Hammert,  W.  W.  Sholes,  C.  Christ  and  Robert  Morgan,  councilmen.  In 
September  of  that  year  the  first  bank  was  opened.  In  1872  a  disastrous 
fire  occurred  which  destroyed  nine  buildings,  netting  a  loss  of  $30,000. 
Another  bank  was  started,  by  R.  M.  Foster  &  Co..  which  failed  in  1877. 
The  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.  was  built  in  1879.  The  next  year 
there  were  two  fires  in  Fredonia,  with  a  total  loss  of  $17,000.  Another 
fire  occurred  in  May,  1886,  destroying  eleven  frame  store  buildings  worth 
$13,500.  That  year  several  new  buildings  went  up,  the  total  capital  used 
in  construction  exceeding  $150,000.  In  addition  to  private  enterprises, 
the  court-house  was  erected  in  that  j-ear  and  several  buildings  were 
erected  by  the  railroads.  In  July  the  whole  north  side  of  the  square  was 
burned  to  the  ground,  but  was  immediately  rebuilt  with  two-story  stone 
buildings.  Many  new  business  houses  were  erected  in  the  next  two 
years,  and  new  enterprises  started.  In  T889  there  was  another  fire  in 
which  Cliff  King,  a  nine-year-old  boy,  lost  his  life  and  buildings  worth 
$30,000  were  destroyed.  A  flood  that  year  carried  away  the  Center  town- 
ship bridge  over  Fall  river  and  a  new  one,  several  feet  higher,  was  built. 
In  1890  a  canning  factory  began  operations,  and  in  1891  a  linseed  oil 
mill.  Otto's  flour  mill  on  Fall  river  burned  in  1898,  and  his  new  electric 
mill   was  built   in    1900.     The  telephone  system  was  installed   in    1900. 

Freedmen's  Relief  Association. — This  association  resulted  from  the 
large  negro  immigration  to  Kansas  in  the  year  1879.  (See  Negro 
Exodus. )  It  was  incorporated  on  May  8,  1879,  with  the  following  direc- 
tors:  John  P.  St.  John,  Albert  H.  Horton,  P.  I.  Bonebrake,  John  Francis, 
Bradford  Miller,  N.  C.  McFarland,  A.  B.  Jetmore,  J.  C.  Hebbard,  Lyman 
U.    Humphrey,   Willard   Davis,   A.   B.    Lemmon,   James   Smith,   T.   \V. 


686  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Henderson,  C.  G.  Foster  and  John  M.  Brown.  On  Jtme  26,  1879,  the 
association  issued  an  appeal  "to  friends  of  the  colored  people,"  in  which 
it  was  stated  that  the  organization  was  controlled  by  two  motives,  the 
first  of  which  was  humanity,  and  the  second  was  "to  maintain  the 
honored  traditions  of  our  state,  which  had  its  conception  and  birth  in  a 
struggle  for  freedom  and  equal  rights  for  the  colored  man."  The  appeal 
also  announced  that  efforts  were  being  made  to  establish  a  colony  in 
Wabaunsee  county,  about  50  miles  west  of  Topeka,  where  a  tract  of 
land  belonging  to  the  state  university  could  be  bought  for  $2.65  an  acre. 

Freedom  Colony. — This  communistic  settlement  is  located  on  the 
Little  Osage  river,  4  miles  west  of  Fulton,  Bourbon  county,  Kan.,  mail 
being  received  at  Fulton.  The  colony  was  organized  in  1897  as  Branch 
199  of  the  General  Labor  Exchange  organization,  incorporated  in  Mis- 
souri, with  headquarters  at  Independence,  Mo.  Only  members  of  the 
organization  are  admitted  to  colony  membership  and  then  only  by 
unanimous  vote,  the  applicant  making  a  permanent  deposit  of  property 
in  amount  satisfactory  to  the  existing  members.  The  colony  has  a 
limited  membership  which  is  slowly  growing;  owns  a  town  site  of  60 
acres,  a  coal  shaft,  etc.,  and  in  a  business  way  the  members  carry  on 
the  occupations  of  farming,  coal  mining  and  lumber  sawing.  Colony 
members  may  buy  a  life  lease  on  an  acre  city  lot  for  .$40,  or  on  four  lots 
for  $140,  payable  in  installments  if  he  so  elects.  The  objects  of  the 
colony  are  "to  alleviate  the  sufferings  and  avert  the  dangers  arising  from 
a  constantly'  increasing  class  of  unemployed,  by  establishing  industries 
to  provide  employment  for  the  idle,  and  by  saving  the  wealth  thus  pro- 
duced for  the  benefit  of  the  actual  producers  and  their  families;  to 
facilitate  the  equitable  exchange  of  services  and  products  among  the 
members  of  the  association ;  to  lighten  the  burdens  of  charitable  insti- 
tutions b}'  establishing  one  that  will  be  self-sustaining;  to  establish 
industrial  schools  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  cannot  afford  to  attend 
high-priced  colleges  and  academies;  and  to  conduct  any  other  industrial, 
educational  and  humanitarian  work  within  the  scope  of  the  association." 

Free  Employment  Bureau. — The  Kansas  free  cmi)loyment  bureau  was 
estaljjished  by  the  act  nf  March  5,  1901,  "for  the  purpose  of  providing 
employment  agencies  in  all  cities  of  the  first  and  second  class  within  the 
state."  It  was  placed  under  the  management  of  an  officer  known  is  the 
"director  of  free  employment,"  with  a  salary  of  $1,200  a  year  and  $500 
for  postage  and  office  expenses.  Under  the  law  free  employment 
agencies  were  established  in  a  large  number  of  cities,  the  agents  being 
required  to  register  the  names  and  addresses  of  all  persons  asking  for 
employment  and  report  the  same  to  the  director,  who  was  to  make 
reports  annually  showing  the  work  of  the  bureau. 

Theodore  B.  Gerow  was  appointed  director  of  free  employment  on 
April  8,  1901,  and  served  until  his  death  in  1908.  Ilis  widow  continued 
to  conduct  the  affairs  of  the  bureau  and  made  the  annual  report  for  that 
year.  In  1909  Charles  Harris  was  aiipninled  director.  His  report  for 
the  year  1910  shows  that  during  the  year  there  were  ,34, ,■^40  ajiplications 


KANSAS    HISTORY  687 

for  employment,  and  on  the  other  hand  there  were  33,153  applications 
from  persons  asking  for  help.  Through  the  medium  of  the  bureau,  29,575 
found  employment.  One  of  the  greatest  benefits  resulting  from  the 
bureau  is  in  its  aid  in  furnishing  harvest  hands  to  the  great  wheat  fields 
of  western  Kansas.  When  harvest  time  comes,  acres  and  acres  of  wheat 
in  the  western  counties  all  ripen  about  the  same  time,  and  it  sometimes 
happens  that  men  despatched  by  the  bureau  for  a  certain  district  are 
intercepted  by  wheat  growers  before  they  reach  their  destination.  In 
some  instances  harvest  hands  have  been  almost  dragged  from  the  trains 
by  force,  so  great  has  been  the  demand  for  help.  In  the  establishment 
of  this  institution  Kansas  has  shown  a  progressive  spirit,  by  giving  the 
services  of  a  state  official  to  the  assistance  of  the  worthy  unemployed, 
thus  enabling  them  to  escape  the  clutches  of  private  employment 
agencies,  with  which  the  payment  of  a  fee  is  the  main  consideration. 

Freemasons. — The  first  meeting  of  a  Masonic  lodge  in  Kansas  was 
in  the  hall  of  the  Sons  of  Temperance  at  W)'andotte  (now  Kansas  City), 
Aug.  II,  1854.  This  was  a  meeting  of  Grove  Lodge,  which  was  organized 
under  a  dispensation  from  the  Missouri  grand  lodge,  dated  Aug.  4,  1854. 
In  that  dispensation  John  M.  Chivington  was  named  as  worshipful 
master;  Matthew  R.  Walker,  senior  warden;  and  Cyrus  Ganett,  junior 
warden.  In  the  petition  asking  for  the  dispensation,  the  residence  of 
A'latthew  R.  Walker  was  named  as  the  meeting  place,  but  it  was  later 
decided  to  hold  the  meetings  in  the  Sons  of  Temperance  hall.  The  name 
of  the  lodge  appears  in  the  records  of  the  Missouri  grand  lodge  as 
"Kansas  Lodge,"  though  the  name  Grove  was  given  in  the  dispensation. 
The  name  was  subsequently  changed  to  Wyandotte. 

On  Oct.  6,  1854,  the  Missouri  grand  lodge  issued  a  dispensation  to 
Smithfield  (afterward  Smithton)  Lodge,  with  John  W.  Smith,  worship- 
ful master;  S.  Reinheart,  senior  warden;  and  D.  D.  Vanderslice,  junior 
warden.  The  first  meeting  of  this  lodge  was  held  on  Nov.  30,  1854,  on 
a  high  hill  overlooking  the  Missouri  river,  not  far  from  the  residence  of 
John  W.  Smith.  A  burr  oak  stump  was  used  for  an  altar,  and  the  tyler, 
who  guarded  against  the  approach  of  outsiders,  was  mounted  on  a  horse. 
The  lodge  continued  to  meet  on  this  hill  until  after  it  received  its  charter 
in  June,  1855,  when  a  meeting  place  was  found  "in  a  warehouse  at  the 
residence  of  Brother  John  H.  Whitehead,  secretary  of  the  lodge,  about 
10  miles  from  Smithton."  On  Nov.  8,  1856,  the  lodge  was  removed  to 
the  Nemaha  Indian  agency,  near  the  present  village  of  Sparks,  Doni- 
phan county,  where  meetings  were  held  until  June  5,  1857,  when  a  hall 
was  secured  at  Iowa  Point.  On  Jan.  20,  1872,  the  lodge  was  removed 
to  Highland,  where  it  still  remains. 

The  third  lodge  organized  in  the  territory  was  at  Leavenworth,  the 
dispensation  from  the  Missouri  grand  lodge  being  dated  Dec.  30,  1854. 
with  Richard  R.  Rees,  worshipful  master ;  Archibald  Payne,  senior  war- 
den; and  Auley  Macauley,  junior  warden. 

On  May  30,  1855,  the  Missouri  grand  lodge  adopted  the  report  of  the 
committee    on    lodges    under    dispensation,    which    recommended    that 


688  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

charters  be  issued  to  the  three  Kansas  lodges.  In  compliance  with  this 
action  of  the  grand  lodge,  Smithton  Lodge  was  chartered  as  No.  140, 
Leavenworth.  Xo.  150,  and  Kansas  (afterward  Wyandotte),  No.  153. 
Had  the  charter  numbers  corresponded  to  the  dates  of  the  dispensations, 
Kansas  Lodge  would  ha\e  been  No.  140,  Smithton.  No.  150,  and  Lea\-en- 
worth,  No.  153. 

A  dispensation  was  granted  to  Lawrence  Lodge  on  Sept.  24,  1855, 
with  James  Christian  as  worshipful  master ;  James  S.  Cowan,  senior 
warden:  and  Columbus  Hornsby,  junior  warden.  Kickapoo  Lodge 
received  a  dispensation  dated  Nov.  5,  1855,  in  which  John  II.  Sahler  was 
designated  as  worshipful  master;  P.  M.  Hodges,  senior  warden;  and 
Charles  H.  Grover,  junior  warden.  Both  these  lodges  received  cliarters 
from  the  Missouri  grand  lodge  on  May  26,  1856. 

In  the  meantime,  however,  the  Kansas  Masons  had  decided  to  cast 
off  their  allegiance  to  the  grand  lodge  of  Missouri  and  organize  a  grand 
jurisdiction  of  their  own.  On  Sept.  15,  1855,  the  following  resolution 
was  adopted  by  Leavenworth  Lodge :'  "Resolved,  that  the  several 
chartered  lodi.'es  in  this  territory  be  requested  to  send  in  delegates  to 
Leavenworth  on  the  second  Monday  in  November  next,  for  the  purpose 
of  organizing  a  grand  lodge  in  the  territory,  and  that  the  secretary 
forward  to  each  lodge  a  copy  of  this  resolution." 

Leavenworth  and  Smithton  Lodges  were  the  only  ones  represented 
at  the  meeting  in  November,  and  an  adjournment  was  taken  to  Dec.  ly, 
following.  .\\  the  adjourned  meeting  Leavenworth  and  Smithton  were 
again  the  only  lodges  represented,  but  those  present  adopted  a  reso- 
lution lo  organize  a  grand  lodge,  "and  that  a  copy  of  the  proceedings  of 
this  convention  l)e  forwarded  to  \\'yaiulcilte  Lodge.  No.  153,  with  a 
request  thai  they  coojjerate  with  us  and  approxe  the  ])roceedings  of  this 
convention  ;  and  that  so  Sdcn  as  ^\'yandotte  Lodge  shall  infdrni  the  grand 
master-elect  of  their  approval  and  cooperation  in  the  proceedings  of  this 
convention,  then  the  grand  master-elect  shall  be  installed  as  grand 
master  and  immediately  issue  his  pniclamalii  ai  iloclai'ing  this  grand 
lodge  full}-  organized." 

The  records  do  not  show  that  the  giand  master  then  elecled  was  ever 
installed,  but  in  Feb.,  iS^f),  the  Wyandotte  Lodge  signified  its  api)roval 
and  coripeiatiim,  and  on  March  17  another  meeting  was  held  at  Lea\-en- 
worth,  at  which  all  three  of  the  chartered  lodges  were  represented,  when 
the  organizatinn  (if  the  grand  lodge  was  completed.  The  ch.irlers 
received  I'mm  the  Missouri  grand  lodge  were  depositeil  with  the  grand 
secretary  and  new  charters  were  issued,  .Smithton  Lodge  becoming  No. 
I,  Leavenwiirlh,  No.  2.  and  Wyandotte,  No.  3.  On  July  14,  1850,  Kick- 
apoo Lodge  was  chartered  as  No.  4,  Wasliingtcm  Lodge  at  \tciiisou. 
tlie  first  organized  by  tiie  Kansas  grand  lodge,  as  No.  5.  .and  Lawrence 
Lodge  as  No.  6.  Since  that  time  the  growth  of  Masonry  in  K:uisas  has 
kept  itace  with  her  growth  in  other  directions,  the  rejiorts  of  tin-  grand 
lodge  in  Feb..  kjii.  showing  3<)o  chartered  lodges  and  4  working  under 
disi)ensalion.  with  .1  loi.il  membershi]i  of  35,496  f)n  Dec.  31.  igio. 


KANSAS    mSTOKY  689 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  grand  masters  since  the  organization  of 
the  grand  lodge:  Richard  R.  Rees,  1856-59;  George  H.  Fairfield,  i860; 
Jacob  Saqui,  1861-65;  Moses  S.  Adams,  1866-67;  John  H.  Brown, 
1868-70;  John  M.  Price,  1871-72;  Owen  A.  Bassett,  1873-74;  Isaac  B. 
Sharp,  1875;  Jacob  D.  Rush,  1876;  John  Guthrie,  1877;  Edwin  D.  Hillyer, 
1878;  Joseph  D.  McCleverty,  1879-80;  William  Cowgill,  1881-82;  George 
S.  Green,  1883;  J.  J.  Buck,  1884;  M.  M.  Miller,  1885;  Silas  E.  Sheldon, 
1886;  Henry  C.  Cook,  1887;  Watson  M.  Lamb,  1888;  George  C.  Kenyon, 
1889;  J.  C.  Postlethwaite,  1890;  Andrew  M.  Callahan,  1891 ;  David  B. 
Fuller,  1892;  William  D.  Thompson,  1893;  George  W.  Clark,  1894; 
James  H.  McCall,  1895;  Chiles  C.  Coleman,  1896;  William  M.  Shaver, 
1897;  Maurice  L.  Stone,  1898;  Henry  C.  Loomis,  1899;  Charles  J.  Webb, 
1900;  Perry  M.  Hoisington,  1901 ;  Thomas  E.  Dewey,  1902;  Bestor  G. 
Brown,  1903;  Thomas  G.  Fitch,  1904;  Samuel  R.  Peters,  1905;  Thomas 
L.  Bond,  1906;  E.  W.  Wellington,  1907;  Henry  F.  Mason,  1908;  Fred 
Washbon,  1909;  M.  K.  Brundage,  1910;  Alexander  A.  Sharp,  191 1. 

C.  T.  Harrison  was  the  first  grand  secretary,  holding  the  office  but 
one  year.  Charles  Mundee  then  served  until  i860;  E.  T.  Carr  from 
1861  to  1870;  John  H.  Brown  from  1871  to  1893,  and  since  then  the 
office  has  been  held  by  Albert  K.  Wilson. 

The  first  Royal  Arch  chapter  was  organized  at  Atchison  and  named 
Washington  Chapter,  No.  i.  Chapters  were  soon  afterward  instituted 
at  Leavenworth  and  Fort  Scott.  On  Jan.  27,  1866,  representatives  of 
the  three  Royal  Arch  bodies  met  at  Leavenworth  and  organized  the 
grand  chapter,  with  Richard  R.  Rees  as  the  first  grand  high  priest.  In 
19x1  there  were  90  chapters  in  the  state. 

The  grand  council  was  organized  at  Leavenworth  on  Dec.  12,  1867, 
by  delegates  from  the  councils  at  Leavenworth,  Lawrence  and  Atchison. 
Richard  R.  Rees  was  elected  the  first  most  puissant  grand  master. 
Thirteen  councils  were  reported  in  191 1. 

By  1868  there  had  been  organized  in  the  state  four  Knights  Templars 
commanderies.  They  were  Leavenworth,  No.  i ;  Washington,  No.  2, 
at  Atchison  ;  Hugh  de  Payen,  No.  3,  at  Fort  Scott ;  and  DeMola}-,  No.  4, 
at  Lawrence.  On  Oct.  21,  1868,  delegates  from  these  four  commanderies 
met  at  Lawrence  and  organized  the  grand  commander}^  In  1911  there 
were  54  commanderies  in  the  state. 

Kansas  has  six  Scottish  Rite  consistories — at  Kansas  City,  Topeka, 
Lawrence,  Salina.  Fort  Scott  and  Wichita — and  four  temples  of  the 
Ancient  Arabic  Order,  Nobles  of  the  Mystic  Shrine,  located  at  Salina, 
Leavenworth,  Pittsburg  and  Wichita.  There  are  also  a  number  of 
chapters  of  the  Order  of  the  Eastern  Star,  a  degree  to  which  the  wives, 
mothers,  sisters  and  daughters  of  Master  Masons  in  good  standing  are 
admitted.  The  Eastern  Star  originated  in  New  York  in  1868,  and  in 
1910  there  were  over  500,000  members  in  the  LTnited  States,  of  which 
Kansas  had  a  fair  proportion. 

Freeport,  one  of  the  smaller  incorporated  towns  of  Harper  countv,  is 
located  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  12  miles  northeast  of  Anthony,  the 
ri-44) 


690  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

county  seat.  It  has  a  score  of  business  houses,  a  bank,  an  elevator,  a 
monej-  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  and  is  supplied  with  express 
and  telegraph  offices.    The  population  in  1910  was  250. 

Freighting,  Overland. — Prior  to  the  advent  of  the  railroads  west  of 
the  Missouri  river,  the  transportation  of  freight  to  points  in  the  remote 
west  was  an  important  problem.  The  immense  traffic  had  its  inception 
with  the  Santa  Fe  traders  over  the  trail  that  led  from  Independence,  AIo., 
to  the  southwest.  This  business  was  greatly  increased  a  few  years  later 
when  the  Oregon,  Utah  and  California  emigrants  pushed  into  the  heart 
of  the  far  west  When  the  discovery  of  gold  near  Pike's  Peak  became 
known  the  rush  that  followed  was  almost  unparalleled  in  the  annals  of 
history.  This  subject  has  never  been  thoroughly  written  up  and  it  is 
impossible  at  this  date  to  give  any  approximate  estimate  of  the  under- 
taking. 

The  Santa  Fe  trade  grew  hum  the  start  and  as  earl}-  as  1854  as  much 
as  $1,000,000  worth  of  goods  annualh"  were  transported  to  that  place, 
which  figures  were  greatly  increased  before  the  era  of  railroads.  Josiah 
Gregg,  of  Independence,  was  one  of  the  earliest  freighters,  and  in  his 
"Commerce  of  the  Prairies,"  published  in  1840,  gives  a  good  description 
of  those  early  times,  though  it  was  published  a  little  prior  to  the  great 
freighting  era.  Bent,  Aubrey  and  Maxwell  were  other  well  known 
freighters  on  this  great  trail.  These  men  with  loaded  wagons  averaged 
about  32  miles  a  day,  and  about  42  with  empty  ones,  always  stopping  at 
noon  and  taking  the  harness  ofT  their  mules  and  allowing  them  to  run 
loose  to  graze  and  roll  while  the  men  cooked  and  ale  dinner.  Wagon 
trains  along  the  Santa  Fe  trail  numbered  from  six  to  fifty  wagons 
each,  every  wagon  being  drawn  by  from  six  to  eight  spans  of  mules  or 
as  many  yoke  of  oxen.  During  the  period  when  Indians  were  trouble- 
some the  smaller  outfits  always  travelled  in  company  with  the  larger 
ones,  and  at  one  time  no  wagon  trains  with  less  than  fifty  wagons  were 
allowed  to  pass  Fort  Larned.  At  night  these  wagons  were  arranged  in 
a  circle  and  the  stock  placed  inside  to  prevent  stampeding  by  Indians. 

With  the  opening  of  the  Oregon  trail  (q.  v.)  an  immense  business 
developed  in  that  quarter.  This  trail  had  its  start  from  Independence 
Mo.,  and  up  to  the  time  of  the  Mormon  emigration  was  practically  the 
only  route  to  the  Pacific  coast.  On  the  completion  of  the  military  r(iad 
friim  i-nrt  Leavenworth  to  Fort  Kearney,  considerably  shortening  the 
haul  from  the  Missouri  river  to  that  point,  the  transportation  of  freight 
and  passengers  was  almost  entirely  abandoned  over  tin-  lnilo|)endence 
road,  starling  west  from  Fort  Leavenworth,  St.  Toseiili  .md  Coimcil 
Bluflfs. 

In  the  early  fifties  the  firm  of  Majors  &  Russell,  freiglUers,  of  h'ort 
Leavenworth,  obtained  a  contract  for  the  transjiortation  of  all  govern- 
ment freight  that  was  sent  from  this  post  to  other  military  outposts  in 
the  western  country.  Some  idea  of  the  extent  of  this  undertaking  ma}- 
be  gleaned  from  the  fact  that  in  1856  this  firm  had  .^50  wagons  employed 
;ind  their  ])rofits  for  the  year  anionnteii  to  .iboul  ,'?35o,ooo.     in   1838  liiis 


KANSAS    HISTORY  69I 

firm,  then  known  as  Russell,  Majors  &  Waddel,  obtained  the  contract 
for  the  transptjrtation  of  supplies  to  Utah  for  the  army  of  Gen.  Albert 
Sidney  Johnston  Up  to  this  time  the  most  of  the  government  supplies 
had  been  forwarded  west  from  Fort  Leavenworth,  but  with  this  con- 
tract it  became  imperative  to  have  another  base  of  supplies,  as  the  load- 
ing and  unloading  of  hundreds  of  thousands  of  pounds  of  freight  at  any 
point  would  seriously  retard  business,  and  accordingly  Nebraska  City 
was  chosen.  This  year  the  freight  ofifered  by  the  government  amounted 
to  over  16,000,000  pounds  and  the  firm  had  to  increase  their  transjjorta- 
tion  facilities  to  3,500  wagons  and  more  than  40,000  oxen.  To  handle 
this  immense  business  it  required  over  4,000  men  and  about  1,006  mules. 
All  this  freight  was  finally  gotten  through  to  its  destination,  and  the 
wagons  after  being  unloaded  were  taken  to  Salt  Lake  City  and  placed 
as  closely  together  as  the}-  could  be.  After  remaining  there  for  a  year 
they  were  sold  to  the  Mormon  authorities  for  $10  each,  having  cost  at 
the  factory  from  $150  to  $175.  The  oxen  were  carefully  looked  over  and 
about  3,500  were  selected  to  drive  to  California  to  place  on  the  market 
there.  They  were  first  driven  to  Rub}-  Valley,  Nev.,  which  was  thought 
to  be  a  good  place  to  go  into  winter  quarters.  Soon  after  reaching  there, 
however,  a  great  snow  storm  set  in  and  continued  for  several  days  with 
unabated  fury,  fn  less  than  forty  days  after  reaching  the  valley  all  but 
about  200  of  the  animals  were  frozen  to  death,  not  being  able  to  obtain 
any  subsistence.  About  $150,000  was  lost  in  this  disaster.  fn  1857 
Indians  attacked  a  herd  of  about  1,000  oxen  owned  by  the  firm  that  were 
being  grazed  on  the  Platte  river  west  of  Fort  Kearney,  killed  the  herd- 
ers and  scattered  the  animals.  This  was  also  a  complete  loss.  This 
firm  employed  six  yoke  of  oxen  to  each  wagon  which  contained  from 
5,000  to  6,000  pounds  of  freight.  Trail  wagons  were  not  then  used. 
Twenty-five  wagons  and  the  necessary  teams  constituted  a  "'train,"  and 
these  trains  were  scattered  along  the  road  at  intervals  of  from  2  to  10 
miles  apart,  so  as  to  keep  out  of  each  other's  way.  This  firm  finally 
failed  in  1863  and  much  of  their  equipment  fell  into  the  hands  of  Augus- 
tus and  Peter  Byram,  who  took  the  same  to  Atchison  and  conducte'd  a 
freighting  business  from  that  place.  These  gentlemen  had  previously 
been  employed  by  the  firm  as  yard  and  wagon  master,  respectively. 

Atchison  from  early  days  was  one  of  the  most  important  points  for 
freighting  along  the  Missouri  river.  Cutler's  history  of  Kansas  says : 
"In  June,  1855,  Atchison  was  selected  by  a  number  of  Salt  Lake  freight- 
ers— the  heaviest  in  the  coimtry — for  their  outfitting  and  starting  point 
on  the  Missouri  river.  This  is  what  gave  the  place  its  first  business 
start,  and  the  great  channel  through  which  this  immense  traffic  poured — 
the  great  overland  route  to  Utah  and  California — brought  Atchison  into 
intimate  communication  with  the  whole  west."  In  i860  the  following 
firms  were  doing  a  freighting  business  with  headquarters  at  this  place : 
Irwin,  Jackman  &  Co.,  government  freighters,  with  520  wagons,  75  mules, 
6,240  oxen,  and  650  men ;  D.  D.  White  &  Co.,  with  125  wagons,  22  mules  ; 
1,542  oxen  and  52  men;  Livingston,  Bell  &  Co.;  Jones  &  Cartwright ;  J. 


692  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

B.  Doyle  &  Co. ;  M.  Elsback  &:  Co. ;  John  Dold  &  l!ro. ;  Robert  &  Lauder- 
dale; Hugh  Murdock,  and  others.  In  that  year  there  were  1,328  wagons, 
502  mules,  15,303  oxen  and  1,549  drivers  employed  in  the  business  out 
of  Atchison.  In  1865  over  21,500,000  pounds  of  freight  were  received 
at  Atchinson  for  shipment,  a  considerable  portion  Ijeing  destined  for 
Denver.  The  F.utterfield  Overland  Despatch  (q.  v.)  was  started  this 
year  and  at  once  became  a  formidable  competitor,  but  on  account  of 
troubles  with  the  Indians  was  soon  forced  out  of  business.  Wagon 
trains  running  out  of  Atchison  carried  from  6,000  to  8.000  pounds  of 
freight  each,  and  averaged  their  owners  about  $400  for  the  trip  to  Den- 
ver, making  an  average  of  14  miles  a  day  and  consuming  90  days  in  a 
round  trip.  The  slow  gait  of  oxen  precluded  their  making  over  three 
round  trips  a  year.  Mules,  luuvever,  made  much  better  time,  requiring 
from  thirty  to  forty  days  for  the  trip  and  return.  From  12  to  16  cents  a 
pound  was  the  charge  for  freight  hauled  by  mule  teams  during  the  sum- 
mer months,  while  in  winter  as  much  as  25  cents  a  pound  was  asked  and 
obtained.  During  the  '60s  as  many  as  hve  steamboats  at  one  time  liave 
been  at  the  Atch.ison  levee  discharging  freight  for  western  points. 

Leavenworth  was  also  an  important  point  as  a  freighting  center.  In 
1855  Majors,  Russell  &  Co.  were  the  largest  freighters,  the  bulk  of  their 
business  being  transportation  of  government  supplies.  Clayton  &  Lowe, 
Powers  &  Newman,  and  others  were  engaged  extensively  in  the  business 
during  the  latter  '50s.  in  1862  Toussant  &  Boucher,  Burris  &  Trow- 
bridge, John  S.  Hamill,  Lewis  H.  Hershfield,  Lawrence  Page,  David  W. 
Powers,  Everett  Stanley  and  Thomas  H.  Young  were  doing  a  freight- 
ing business.  The  following  year  eleven  firms  were  similarly  engaged. 
In  1865  no  less  than  forty-seven  firms  were  employed  in  freighting, 
among  whom  were  A.  Caldwell.  L  C.  Irwin.  David  Powers,  \'>.  L.  Burris 
and  others. 

With  the  discovery  of  gold  near  Pike's  Peak,  on  Cherry  creek,  ihc  real 
rush  begun.  Every  trail,  road  and  short  cut  leading  tuwards  these  new 
diggings  was  soon  crowded  w  ilh  freighting  outfits  of  every  sort,  loaded 
down  with  stocks  of  merchandise  intended  to  sujij^ly  every  possible 
human  want;  lined  with  adventurous  individuals  in  lighter  vehicles,  who 
pushed  on  as  fast  as  horse  flesh  could  endure  the  strain:  men  cm  horse- 
back ;  men  with  push  carts ;  to}-  wagdus  and  wheelbarrows,  and  last  Init 
not  least,  an  ever  increasing  army  on  foot,  with  their  earthly  ])ossessions 
tied  in  a  jiackage  and  slung  over  a  shoulder.  This  rush  started  in  1X58 
and  by  1859  had  reached  the  flood  stage.  The  greater  i);irt  of  this  tr.ivel 
went  over  the  California  road,  while  much  went  uj)  tlic  K.iw  ii\cr  and 
up  the  Smoky  Mill  valley;  up  (he  divide  between  the  Rcimblican  and 
Cha|)man  creeks;  and  much  b\-  way  of  the  .Santc  Fe  and  Pike's  Peak 
trails. 

Willi  the  advent  of  the  railroads  the  prairie  schnduers  gradujilly  dis- 
appeared and  fragmentarj-  jjurtions  of  the  old  lr;iils  are  the  only  remain- 
ing vestiges  of  a  mighty  commerce  thai   li.is  ili'~a])iicarc(l. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  693 

Fremont,  a  ]3i'Sl-liamlct  of  Aid 'herscin  cuunty,  is  locateil  in  the  north- 
western part,  on  a  hrancli  Hue  of  tlie  Missouri  Pacific  R.  K.  al)ont  13 
miles  northwest  of  MclMicrson,  the  county  seat.  It  had  a  ijopnhition  of 
15  according  to  the  census  of  mjio.  The  nearest  imjiortant  town  is 
Lindsborg,  about  7  miles  east. 

Fremont  County,  one  of  the  early  couiuics  of  Kansas  territory,  was 
created  in  1859,  with  the  following  boundaries:  "Commencing  at  the 
southwest  corner  of  Broderick  county  and  running  thence  due  west  to 
the  western  boitndary  of  the  Territory  of  Kansas ;  thence  northeasterly 
along  the  summit  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  to  the  southwest  corner  of 
Montana  county,  thence  due  east  to  a  point  20  miles  west  of  the  105th 
meridian  of  longitude,  thence  due  south  to  the  point  of  beginning."  T. 
C.  Dixon,  A.  G.  Patrick  and  T.  L.  Whitney  were  appointed  commission- 
ers and  authorized  to  locate  the  seat  of  justice  near  the  geographical 
center  of  the  county.  When  the  Territory  of  Colorado  was  erected. 
Fremont  count}-  liecame  a  part  of  the  new  territory. 

Fremont,  John  Charles,  soldier  and  explorer,  whose  earl\-  ex])editions 
to  the  Rocky  mountains  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  American  people 
the  region  of  which  the  State  of  Kansas  is  a  part,  was  born  at  Savannah, 
Ga.,  Jan.  21,  1813.  His  father  died  in  1818  and  the  widow  removed  with 
her  family  to  Charleston,  S.  C,  where  John  C.  entered  college  at  the  age 
of  fifteen  years,  but  was  expelled  for  absence  and  inattention  to  his  work. 
He  then  became  a  private  teacher  of  mathematics,  in  which  he  excelled, 
and  later  a  teacher  on  the  sloop  of  war  Natchez,  upon  which  he  made  a 
two  years'  cruise.  He  then  passed  an  examination  for  a  professorship  in 
the  United  States  nav}'  and  was  assigned  to  the  frigate  Independence, 
but  declined  to  become  assistant  engineer  in  the  United  States  topo- 
graphical corps.  In  1838  he  was  commissioned  second  lieutenant  by 
president  Van  Buren,  and  on  Oct.  19,  1841,  secretly  married  Jessie, 
daughter  of  Thomas  H.  Benton,  her  parents  objecting  to  the  union  on 
account  of  her  age.  The  next  ten  years  Fremont  spent  in  exploring  the 
country  between  the  Missouri  river  and  the  Rocky  mountains  (See  Fre- 
mont's Expeditions)  and  his  reports  gave  to  many  their  first  kno\vledge 
of  what  is  now  the  State  of  Kansas.  His  work  also  won  for  him  the 
sobriquet  of  "Pathfinder."  In  1850  he  was  presented  with  a  gold  medal 
by  the  King  of  Prussia  for  his  discoveries.  The  first  Republican  national 
convention  in  1856  nominated  him  for  the  presidency,  and  he  received 
114  electoral  votes,  Buchanan  receiving  174.  Soon  after  the  Civil  war 
began  he  was  made  major-general  and  assigned  to  the  command  of  the 
Western  Department,  with  headquarters  at  St.  Louis.  On  Aug  31,  1861, 
he  proclaimed  martial  law  and  the  emancipation  of  the  slaves  belonging 
to  those  in  arms  against  the  government.  President  Lincoln  indorsed 
the  proclamation,  except  that  part  concerning  emancipation,  but  this 
Fremont  refused  to  rescind,  and  it  was  finally  annulled  by  order  of  the 
president.  This,  and  other  complaints,  caused  him  to  be  relieved  of  his 
command,  but  the  following  spring  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the 
mountain   district  in   Kentuckv,   Tennessee   and   \^irginia.       ^^'hen   his 


694  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

command  was  made  a  part  of  Gen.  Pope's  army  of  \^irginia,  Fremont 
asked  to  be  relieved.  His  request  was  granted,  and  this  practically  ended 
his  military  career.  In  1878  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Arizona  and 
served  until  1881.  Gen.  Fremont  was  the  author  of  various  works,  most 
of  them  relating  tc  his  explorations.  He  died  at  New  York  on  July  13. 
1890. 

Fremont's  Expeditions. — The  explorations  of  John  C.  Fremont,  made 
under  an  act  of  Congress,  were  of  much  importance  in  placing  before 
the  people  a  faithful  description  of  the  region  west  of  the  Mississippi  and 
Missouri  rivers.  His  first  was  made  in  1842  with  only  21  men,  collected 
in  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Louis,  principall)^  Creole  and  Canadian  voy- 
ageurs  who  had  become  familiar  with  prairie  life  in  the  service  of  the 
fur  companies  in  the  Indian  country.  Charles  Preuss,  a  native  of  Ger- 
many, was  his  assistant  in  the  topographical  part  of  the  survey;  L.  Max- 
well of  Kaskaskia  was  engaged  as  hunter,  and  Christopher  Carson  (more 
familiarly  known  as  "Kit"  Carson)  was  the  guide.  From  St.  Louis  the 
party  proceeded  to  Cyprian  Chouteau's  trading  house  on  the  Kansas  river, 
about  10  miles  west  of  the  Missouri  line.  The  start  was  made  from  that 
point  on  June  10,  1842.  In  about  10  miles  thev  reached  the'  Sante  Fe 
road,  along  which  they  continued  for  a  short  time,  "and  encamped  early 
on  a  small  stream,  having  traveled  about  11  miles."  They  traveled  the 
next  day  along  the  Sante  Fe  road,  which  they  left  in  the  afternoon,  and 
encamped  late  in  the  evening  on  a  small  creek,  called  by  the  Indians, 
Mishmagwi.  On  June  12  the  party  seems  to  have  camped  near  the  site 
of  Lawrence,  for  in  Col.  Fremont's  narrative  he  says :  "We  encamped 
in  a  remarkably  beautiful  situation  on  the  Kansas  bluflFs,  which  com- 
manded a  fine  view  of  the  river  valley,  here  from  3  to  4  miles  wide.  The 
central  portion  was  occupied  by  a  broad  belt  of  heavy  timber,  and  nearer 
the  hills  the  prairies  were  of  the  richest  verdure."  On  the  14th  he  crossed 
to  the  no"-th  side  of  the  river,  probably  near  the  point  where  Topeka  is 
now  located.  On  the  i6th  he  says:  "We  are  now  fairly  in  the  Indian 
country,  and  it  began  to  be  time  to  prepare  for  tlie  chances  of  the  wilder- 
ness." 

The  party  continued  its  journey  along  the  foot  of  the  hills  which  border 
the  Kansas  valley,  and  on  tiie  20th  crossed  the  Big  Vermilion,  "which 
has  a  rich  bottom  of  abciut  one  mile  in  breadth,  one-third  of  which  is  oc- 
cupied by  timber."  After  a  day's  march  of  24  miles  they  reached  the  i'ig 
Blue,  and  encamped  on  the  uplands  of  the  western  side,  near  a  small 
creek,  where  was  a  fine  large  spring  of  very  cold  water.  Ai  noon  on  the 
22nd  a  halt  was  made  at  Wyelh's  creek,  in  the  bed  of  which  wore  uu 
merous  boulders  of  dark,  ferruginous  sandstone,  mingled  with  nthcrs  of 
the  red  sandstone  variety.  At  the  close  of  the  same  day  lliey  made  their 
bivouac  in  the  midst  of  some  well-limbered  ravines  near  the  Little  l^lue, 
24  miles  from  their  camp  of  the  preceding  night.  Crossing  the  next 
morning  a  number  of  handsome  creeks,  with  water  clear  and  sandy  beds, 
at  10  a.  m.  they  reached  a  beautifully  wooded  stream,  abiuii  35  feet  wide, 
called  Sandy  creek,  "and.  as  llu-  Otdcs  frccnu'iilK   wiulcr  tlutc.  Ihc  Otoe 


KANSAS    HISTORY  695 

fork."  After  aiiotlier  hard  day's  march  of  28  miles  they  encamped  on 
the  Little  Blue,  "where  our  arrival  made  a  scene  of  the  Arabian  Desert." 
Thence  their  route  lay  up  the  valley,  and  on  the  night  of  the  25th  they 
halted  at  a  point  in  what  in  now  Nuckolls  county,  Nebraska.  "From  the 
mouth  of  the  Kansas,  according  to  our  reckoning,  we  had  traveled  328 
miles,  and  the  geological  formation  of  the  country  we  had  passed  over 
consisted  of  lime  and  sand  stone,  covered  by  the  same  erratic  deposits  of 
sand  and  gravel  which  forms  the  surface  rock  of  the  prairies  between 
the  Missouri  and  Mississippi  rivers."  They  marched  up  the  Platte 
valley,  but  upon  reaching  the  forks,  the  main  party  was  sent  up  the 
north  fork,  while  a  few  men  under  Fremont  passed  up  the  south  fork  to 
St.  Vrain's  fort.  From  here  they  marched  northward  to  the  north  fork 
and  joined  the  main  body  at  Fort  Laramie.  Although  the  Indians  were 
on  the  warpath  farther  up  the  river,  Fremont  determined  to  proceed. 
They  continued  to  advance  without  serious  interruption,  arrived  at  the 
Sweetwater  river,  marched  through  South  Pass,  and  a  little  later  as- 
cended the  highest  peak  of  the  Wind  river  mountains.  The  return 
journey  down  the  Platte  was  made  without  notable  incident. 

Fremont's  second  exploration  was  made  in  1843,  his  party  consisting 
principally  of  Creole  and  Canadian  French,  and  Americans,  amounting 
in  all  to  39  men.  To  make  the  exploration  as  useful  as  possible.  Col. 
Fremont  determined  to  vary  the  route  to  the  Rocky  mountains  from 
that  followed  in  1842,  the  route  decided  upon  being  up  the  valley  of  the 
Kansas  river,  to  the  head  of  the  Arkansas  river,  and  to  some  pass  in  the 
mountains,  if  any  could  be  found,  at  the  sources  of  that  river.  By  mak- 
ing this  deviation,  it  was  thought  the  problem  of  a  new  road  to  Oregon 
and  California  in  a  climate  more  congenial  might  be  solved,  and  a  better 
knowledge  obtained  of  an  important  river  and  the  country  it  drained, 
while  the  great  object  of  the  expedition  would  find  its  point  of  com- 
mencement at  the  termination  of  the  former. 

The  departure  was  made  from  what  is  now  Kansas  City,  Kan.,  on  the 
morning  of  May  29,  and  at  the  close  of  that  day  the  party  encamped 
about  4  miles  beyond  the  frontier,  on  the  verge  of  the  great  prairies. 
Resuming  their  journey  on  the  31st,  they  encamped  in  the  evening  at 
Elm  Grove,  and  from  then  until  June  3  followed  the  same  route  as  the 
expedition  of  1842.  Reaching'  the  ford  of  the  Kansas,  near  the  present 
site  of  Lawrence,  they  left  the  usual  emigrant  road  to  the  mountains  and 
continued  their  route  along  the  south  side  of  the  river,  where  their 
progress  was  much  delayed  by  the  numerous  small  streams,  which 
obliged  them  to  make  frequent  bridges.  On  the  morning  of  June  4  they 
crossed  Otter  creek,  and  on  the  8th  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  Smoky  Hill 
fork,  forming  here,  by  its  junction  with  the  Republican,  the  Kansas 
river.  On  the  nth  they  resumed  their  journey  along  the  Republican 
fork,  and  for  several  days  continued  to  travel  through  a  country  beau- 
tifully watered  with  numerous  streams,  handsomely  timbered,  "and 
rarel}^  an  incident  occured  to  vary  the  monotonous  resemblance  which 
one  day  on  the  prairies  here  bears  to  another,  and  which  scarcely  requires 
a  particular  description." 


696  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

They  had  been  gradually  and  regularly  ascending  in  their  progress 
westward,  and  on  the  evening  of  the  14th  were  265  miles  by  their  travel- 
ing road  from  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas.  At  this  point  the  party  was 
divided,  and  on  the  i6th,  Fremont,  with  15  men,  proceeded  in  advance, 
bearing  a  little  out  from  the  river.  That  night  he  encamped  on  Sol- 
omon's fork  of  the  Smoky  Hill  river,  along  whose  tributaries  he  con- 
tinued to  travel  for  several  days.  On  the  19th  he  crossed  the  Pawnee 
road  to  the  Arkansas,  and  on  the  afternoon  of  June  30  he  found  himself 
overlooking  a  valley,  where,  about  10  miles  distant,  "the  south  fork  of 
the  Platte  was  rolling  magnificenth^  along,  swollen  with  the  waters  of 
the  melting  snows."  Upon  reaching  St.  Vrain's  fort,  he  concluded  to 
remain  a  considerable  length  of  time  in  order  to  explore  the  surrounding 
country.  Boiling  Spring  river  was  traversed,  and  the  pueblo  at  or  near 
its  mouth  was  visited.  From  Fort  St.  Vrain.  the  main  party  marched 
straight  to  Fort  Laramie,  while  the  party  under  Fremont  passed  farther 
to  the  west,  skirting  the  mountain,  and  carefully  examining  the  country. 
The  two  detachments  met  on  the  Sweetwater  river,  and  after  marching 
through  South  Pass  continued  on  to  Fort  Bridger,  whence  they  moved 
west  down  the  Bear  river  valley.  The  expedition  then  marched  to  Cal- 
ifornia and  passed  a  considerable  distance  down  the  coast,  when  it  re- 
turned, reaching  Colorado  at  Brown's  Hole.  While  in  Colorado,  Fre- 
mont explored  the  wonderful  natural  parks  there.  On  his  return  he 
passed  down  the  Arkansas,  visiting  the  "pueblo"  and  Bent's  Fort,  at 
which  place  he  arrived  on  July  i,  1844.  On  the  5th  he  resumed  his  jour- 
ney down  the  Arkansas  river,  traveling  along  a  broad  wagon  road.  De- 
siring to  complete  the  examination  of  the  Kansas,  he  soon  left  the 
Arkansas  and  took  a  northeasterly  direction  across  the  elevated  dividing- 
grounds  which  separate  that  river  from  the  waters  of  the  Platte.  On 
the  8th  he  arrived  at  the  head  of  a  stream  which  proved  to  be  the  Smoky 
Hill  fork  of  the  Kansas  river.  After  having  traveled  directly  along  its 
banks  fnr  290  miles,  the  expedition  left  the  river,  where  it  bore  suddenly 
off  in  a  northwesternly  direction,  toward  its  junction  with  the  Repub- 
lican fork  of  the  Kansas,  and  continued  its  easterly  course  for  about  20 
miles  when  it  entered  the  wagon  road  from  Sante  Fe  to  Independence. 
On  the  last  day  of  July  Fremont  again  encamped  a1  the  site  nf  Kansas 
City,  Kan.,  after  an  absence  of  fourteen  months. 

The  third  expedition  under  Fremont  in  1845  comprised  nearly  100 
men.  Many  of  hi?  old  companions  joined  him,  among  whom  were  Car- 
son, Godey,  Owens,  and  several  experienced  Delaware  Indians.  With 
him  also  was  his  favorite,  Basil  Lajeunesse,  and  I.ieuts.  .'\bert  and 
Peck.  With  this  larger  force  he  felt  equal  to  any  miergency  likely  to 
arise.  The  plains  were  crossed  without  noteworthy  incident,  except  a 
scare  from  the  Cheyennes,  and  on  Aug.  2  Bent's  Fort  was  reached.  On 
the  i6th,  the  expedition  proper,  consisting  of  about  60  men,  mostly 
picked  for  their  known  qualities  of  courage,  hardihood  and  faithfulness, 
left  Bent's  Fort  and  started  on  its  journey.  On  the  2nlh  it  encamped  at 
the  mouth  of  Boiling  Springs  river,  and  wn  tlie  _'C)tli  at  the  tuimth  of  the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  697 

great  canon  of  the  Arkansas.  Un  tlie  night  of  Sept.  2,  it  reached  the 
remote  headwaters  of  the  Arkansas.  Two  days  later  Fremont  passed 
across  the  divide  into  tlie  valley  of  the  Grand  river,  and  camped  on  Piney 
river,  where  a  goodly  supply  of  fish  was  caught.  The  marvelous  beauty 
of  the  surroundings  were  specially  noted  by  the  scientists  accompanying 
the  party.  Continuing  westward  without  noteworthy  incident,  the  party 
reached  Great  Salt  Lake  early  in  October,  and  after  great  hardships 
Sutter's  Fort  in  California  was  reached  in  December.  The  following 
year  Fremont  assisted  the  Californias  in  gaining  their  independence. 

A  fourth  expedition,  commenced  in  1848,  was  prosecuted  at  his  own 
expense,  and  ended  in  finding  a  passage  to  California  from  the  east  along 
the  headwaters  of  the  Rio  Grande.  This  was  later  followed  by  the 
Southern  Pacific  railroad.  He  also  fitted  out  upon  his  account  a  fifth 
expedition  (1853),  designed  to  perfect  the  results  of  the  fourth,  by  fixing 
upon  the  best  route  for  a  national  highway  from  the  valley  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi to  the  Pacific  ocean.  These  expeditions  involved  great  hardships, 
but  every  suffering  was  rewarded  b}'  marvelous  disclosures  of  the  geo- 
graphical variety  and  wealth  of  the  country  through  which  they  passed. 
Kansas  and  the  regions  to  the  west  were  almost  unknown  up  to  this 
time.  His  report  of  the  resources  found  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
people  of  the  East,  and  from  the  time  of  these  explorations  may  be  dated 
the  rapid  influx  of  immigrants  into  Kansas  and  the  speedy  settlement  of 
the  territory.  Traversing  the  state  as  he  did,  from  its  eastern  to  its  west- 
ern boundary,  his  complete  reports  turned  the  tide  of  home-seekers  in 
that  direction. 

Friend,  a  post-hamlet  of  Finne}'  county,  is  near  the  northern  bound- 
ary on  the  line  of  the  proposed  Garden  City,  Gulf  and  Northern  R.  R.. 
ibout  22  miles  from  Garden  City,  the  count)^  seat. 

Friends. — The  religious  order  known  as  Friends,  more  commonly 
called  Quakers,  originated  in  England  about  1647.  The  founder  of  the 
society  was  George  Fox,  a  dissenter  from  the  teachings  and  practices  of 
the  church  of  that  period.  His  views  and  practical  application  of  Chris- 
tian doctrines  spread  rapidly,  and  within  a  short  time  he  had  man}^ 
adherents.  These  people  had  no  intention  of  establishing  a  new  church, 
but  as  their  preaching  was  incompatible  with  the  practices  of  the  church, 
it  was  inevitable  that  separation  should  follow.  Fox  preached  in  central 
England  first,  and  from  that  region  some  sixty  Quaker  missionaries  went 
forth  to  carry  on  the  new  movement.  The  members  were  variously 
known  as  Children  of  Truth,  Friends  of  Truth  and  finally  the  name  Re- 
ligious Society  of  Friends  was  adopted. 

The  friends  have  no  formal  creed  or  doctrine  and  it  is  in  spirit  more 
than  faith  that  they  differ  from  other  denominations.  The  first  discip- 
linar\'  meetings,  established  as  earh'  as  1856,  were  held  each  month  and 
were  in  a  sense  congregational.  By  the  term  discipline,  the  Friends 
understand  all  regulations  and  arrangements  for  the  civil  and  religious 
benefit  of  the  church.  Gradually  certain  meetings  or  assemblies  were 
established  and  are  now  four  in  number:     preparatory,  monthly,  quar- 


698  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

terly  and  yearly  meetings.  The  preparatory  meetings  are  subordinate  to 
the  monthly  meetings  and  have  little  power,  being  occupied  with  local 
affairs,  and  in  America  have  been  discontinued.  Each  of  the  other  meet- 
ings is  subordinate  to  the  one  above,  up  to  the  yearly  meeting  which  has 
exclusive  legislative  power. 

The  Quaker  movement  spread  to  Scotland  and  Ireland  and  in  the 
middle  of  the  seventeenth  century  to  America.  The  first  Friends  to 
locate  in  Massachusetts  colony  were  persecuted  and  deported,  but  in 
spite  of  this  converts  were  made  and  meetings  established  in  the  Eng- 
lish colonies.  The  Friends  who  came  to  New  Jersey  settled  along  the 
Raritan  river,  and  Burlington  was  founded  by  them.  William  Penn 
joined  the  society  in  1667.  He  secured  East  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania, 
and  it  was  through  his  eti'orts  that  his  colony  had  a  Quaker  population 
of  7,000  within  three  years.  As  early  as  1688,  the  Friends  protested 
against  slavery  and  no  slaves  were  in  their  possession  after  the  year 
1787.  Since  the  establishment  of  the  Friends  in  America  the  organiza- 
tion has  divided  into  the  following  bodies:  Society  of  Friends  (Ortho- 
dox), Religious  Society  of  Friends  (Hicksite),  Orthodox  Conservative 
Friends  (Wilburite),  and  Friends  Primitive. 

With  the  great  migratory  movement  west  after  the  Revolutionary 
war,  Quakers  passed  into  the  valleys  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers 
and  today  their  faith  has  been  carried  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific.  In 
1834  they  founded  a  mission  among  the  Shawnee  Indians  of  Kansas, 
near  the  Methodist  mission  on  the  Neosho  river,  where  in  1854,  David 
Thayer  and  his  wife  and  Richard  Mendenhall  had  charge  of  llie  mission 
and  school  for  the  Indian  children.  Some  of  the  first  Quaker  settlers  of 
Kansas  were  William  H.  L'nfiin,  H.  11.  Hiatt  and  Eli  Wilson,  who  came  to 
the  territory  in  the  fall  of  1854,  and  located  ihc  lirsl  I'riends  settle- 
ment on  Fall  creek  about  14  miles  west  of  Eeavenworth.  Mr.  Coffin  in 
his  article.  Settlement  of  the  Friends  in  Kansas,  says:  "We  held  our 
first  Friends'  meeting  (in  Feb.  1856)  which  was  probably  the  first 
Friends'  meeting  in  Kansas  Territory,  outside  of  the  Friends  mission." 
This  was  at  Benjah  Iliatt's  cabin  on  Fall  creek  about  a  mile  above  its 
continence  with  Stranger  creek.    After  this  meetings  were  held  regularly. 

Jn  Dec.  1857,  there  being  about  fifty  Quakers  in  the  settlement,  they 
sent  a  request  to  the  Milford  monthly  meeting  of  Indiana  to  have  a  pre- 
paratory meeting,-  and  a  committee  was  sent  from  Milford  in  May,  1858 
to  attend  the  opening.  Many  more  Friends  came  to  Kansas  in  the  sjjring 
and  in  tiic  summer  of  1859,  tiie  first  Friends  meeting-house  in  Kansas 
was  Iniilt.  ,\  second  and  (piite  large  settlement  of  Friends  had  been 
formed  on  the  Cottonwood,  near  Emporia,  and  a  third  south  of  (  )sa\val- 
omie,  where  meetings  were  lield  soon  after  the  l^attlc  of  ( )savvalomie 
in  1856.  Other  settlements  of  Friends  were  formed  by  ininiigr.inls  from 
tlie  cast.  Some  of  the  earliest  were  ncir  Lawrence,  where  a  church  was 
organized  in  1865,  This  was  the  nucleus  of  the  yearly  meeting  .after- 
ward held  I  here.  The  first  census  that  gives  a  rejiort  of  the  l-'rionds' 
organization^  in   K.nisas  was  that  of  i8Sj,  when  ihcre  were  4,^  <irganiza- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  699 

tions,  26  church  ctlifices,  and  a  niembership  of  4,7/4,  vvilh  cluirch  \ivop- 
erty  valued  at  $43,700.  This  was  followed  by  a  rapid  increase,  for  in 
1886  there  were  53  organizations,  46  churches  and  a  membership  of 
6,300.  During  the  following  eight  years  the  organizations  increased  to 
95,  there  were  85  church  edifices,  a  membership  of  9,133,  and  the  church 
had  grown  so  that  there  were  thirteen  quarterly  meetings  represented 
at  the  yearly  meeting.  At  the  present  time  there  are  fourteen  quarterly 
meetings  in  the  annual  meeting  but  two  of  these  include  some  congre- 
gations in  Oklahoma  and  Missouri.  The  membership  has  remained  about 
the  same  in  Kansas  as  the  increase  has  been  about  equaled  by  the  emi- 
gration to  other  states. 

Friends  of  the  Temple. — This  religious  sect  was  founded  in  1853  at 
W'iirtemberg.  Germany,  by  Rev.  Christopher  Iloftman.  The  members 
were  also  called  Friends  of  Jerusalem  because  of  the  interest  they  took 
in  that  city,  believing  that  it  will  be  the  "mother  and  queen  of  the 
nations  in  the  approaching  Messianic  kingdom  on  earth."  One  of  the 
chief  aims  of  the  society  is  the  establishment  of  Christian  colonies  in 
the  Holy  Land,  six  having  been  planted  there  that  have  achieved  a  fair 
measure  of  success.  Soon  after  the  organization  of  the  society  in  the 
old  country  some  of  its  members  came  to  America  and  within  ten  years 
an  organization  was  perfected  in  this  country,  where  it  is  known  as  the 
■"Temple  Society  of  the  United  States." 

In  1910  there  were  three  local  congregations — two  in  the  State  of  New 
York  and  one  in  Kansas.  The  society  in  Jerusalem  is  regarded  as  the 
chief  organization,  and  its  president  exercises  general  supervision  over 
the  branches  in  Germany  and  America.  Each  church  has  a  minister  and 
■elders.  In  doctrine  the  church  accepts  the  essential  features  of  the 
Christian  system,  though  it  holds  to  no  creed  but  the  Bible,  which  it 
believes  has  been  neglected  or  in  some  cases  misinterpreted.  It  does 
not  countenance  membership  in  secret  societies,  and  the  great  aim  is 
to  build  up  a  "spiritual  temple"  according  to  apostolic  precept. 

This  sect  was  established  in  Saline  county,  Kan.,  sometime  in  the  '80s, 
and  in  the  census  report  of  1890  was  reported  as  having  a  membership  of 
55.  In  the  next  fifteen  years  the  number  of  organizations  in  the  United 
States  decreased  by  one,  but  the  membership  of  the  one  church  in  Kan- 
sas increased  to  150. 

Friendship,  a  hamlet  of  Cherokee  county,  is  located  on  Lightning 
creek,  12  miles  northwest  of  Columbus,  the  county  seat,  and  3  iTiiles 
from  Sherman,  which  is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  Mail  is  received 
through  the  ofifice  at  McCune  by  rural  deliver}-. 

Friends  University. — As  early  as  1875,  ^'i^  Kansas  yearly  meeting  of 
Friends  expressed  a  desire  to  establish  a  school  of  collegiate  rank,  and 
several  Friends  academies  were  organized,  but  no  college.  In  1891  the 
College  Association  of  Friends  was  organized  and  a  charter  secured  from 
the  state  legislature  granting  authority  to  establish  and  maintain  a  col- 
lege. Several  thousand  dollars'  worth  of  stock  had  been  subscribed,  when 
James  M.  and   Anna  T.   Davis,  of  St.   Louis,  became  interested  in  the 


"OO  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

movement  and  gave  to  the  Kansas  yearly  meeting  of  Friends,  the  prop- 
erty at  Wichita,  formerly  owned  and  occupied  by  Garfield  Memorial 
University.  The  gift  was  accepted,  a  board  of  directors  was  at  once 
appointed,  the  college  opened  in  Sept.,  1898,  and  the  same  fall  the  yearly 
meeting  took  upon  itself  the  obligation  of  maintaining  the  institution. 

The  campus  consists  of  15  acres.  The  main  building  is  of  brick,  five 
stories  high,  234  feet  long  and  200  feet  deep.  It  covers  three-fourths  of 
an  acre  of  ground  and  contains  66  recitation  rooms  and  halls.  The  main 
cha])el  seats  3.000  people.  A  dormitory  known  as  South  Hall  provides 
accommodations  for  about  50  women,  and  North  Hall  is  a  similar  dor- 
mitory for  men.  Besides  the  regular  college  course  there  is  the  Bible 
school,  school  of  education,  school  of  music,  commercial  school  and  pre- 
paratory department.  Since  the  Friends  took  charge  the  school  has  pros- 
pered. Edmund  Stanley  was  elected  president  and  he  is  ahl}'  assisted 
by  16  instructors  in  the  various  branches. 

Frizell,  a  money  order  post-village  of  Pawnee  comity,  is  a  station  on 
the  Larned  &  Jetmore  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &•  Sante  Fe  R. 
R.  7  miles  west  of  Larned.  It  has  a  general  store  and  does  some  ship- 
ping. 

Frontenac,  an  incorporated  cily  of  the  second  class  in  Crawford 
county,  is  located  9  miles  southeast  of  Girard,  the  count}-  seat,  at  the  ' 
junction  of  the  Atchison,  Tojjcka  &  Sante  Fe  and  the  Kansas  City 
Southern  railroads.  It  is  also  on  the  line  of  the  Joplin  &  Pittsburg  elec- 
tric railwa}'.  Frontenac  has  a  bank,  an  international  mone\'  order  post- 
ofiice,  express  and  telegraph  service,  telciihonc  connections,  several  good 
mercantile  establishments,  hotels,  etc.  It  is  situated  in  the  coal  fields, 
and  the  princi])al  industry  is  coal  mining.  A  Catholic  academy  is  at 
Frontenac,  and  the  city  has  a  good  public  school  system.  The  population 
in  loio  was  3.396.  a  gain  of  1,591  during  the  preceding  decade. 

Frontier  Guard. — Just  before  Abraham  Lincoln  started  for  Washing- 
ton  to  assume  the  duties  of  the  presidency-  in  1861,  Gen.  James  H.  Lane, 
then  a  United  States  senator  from  Kansas,  ofl'ered  him  a  body-guard  of 
Kansas  men.  Lane's  plan  was  to  have  the  men  get  on  the  train  at 
various  stations  along  the  line  as  ordinary  ])assengers.  \'one  was  to 
carry  arms,  but  arms  were  to  be  within  easy  reach  if  any  emergency 
arose  where  they  would  be  necessary.  Mr.  Lincoln  declined  Lane's  ofi'cr, 
saying  he  had  not  yet  lost  faitli  in  the  honor  of  the  .Xmcrican  jieople. 
Nevertheless,  Lane's  men  went  on  io  Washington,  where  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  company  was  completed,  or  at  least  made  luiblic.  The  com- 
pany was  known  as  the  "Frontier  Guard,"  with  hcadc|uarters  ;it  the 
Willard  hotel.  Speer,  in  his  "Life  of  Lane,"  says  that  on  .\pril  i(>.  iS(n, 
fotir  days  after  Fort  Sumter  was  fired  upoti  by  the  Confederate  l)atter- 
ies  al  Charleston,  Maj.  Ilunler  (afterward  niajor-gencr.ir)  was  sent  to 
the  ^Villard  with  a  request  from  the  secretary  of  war  th.il  I  ..nir  r()iort 
with  his  company  at  the  White  House,  and  that  wilhiu  half  .111  hom  the 
company  was  quartered  in  the  great  room,  with  pickets  thrown  ,.iii  in 
all  directions. 


KANSAS    illSTOKV  7OI 

Adjt.-Gen.  R.  C.  Drum,  when  asked  for  information  rc<^arfling  the 
■company,  made  the  following  statement;  "After  April  19,  iiS6i,  when 
the  Sixth  Massachusetts  regiment  was  attacked  by  a  mob  in  Baltimore, 
there  being  but  few  troops  in  the  city  of  Washington,  the  government 
accepted  the  services  of  a  number  of  organizations  in  the  District  of 
Columbia.  All  of  these  companies  were  mustered  in  except  the  'Clay 
Guards'  commanded  by  Cassius  M.  Clay  of  Kentucky  and  the  'P'rontier 
Guard'  commanded  ijy  Gen.  James  H.  Lane  of  Kansas,  United  States 
senator." 

Clay's  company  was  assigned  to  the  duty  of  guarding  the  long  bridge, 
and  Lane's  was  stationed  at  the  Executive  Mansicjn,  where  it  remained 
on  duty  for  several  weeks,  the  men  never  receiving  or  asking  for  com- 
pensation, though  Lane,  according  to  Speer,  saw  that  they  were  honor- 
ably discharged.  Speer  also  sa^^s  that  Charles  H.  Holmes,  a  member  of 
the  company,  told  him  that  he  was  sent  by  Gen.  Lane  with  a  squad  of 
men  to  capture  Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee  at  Arlington,  but  Lee,  whether 
warned  or  not,  made  his  escape  to  Richmond  before  the  detachment 
arrived. 

Eugene  F.  Ware,  while  pension  commissioner,  sent  to  the  Kansas 
Historical  Society  on  Aug.  4,  1902,  a  partial  list  of  the  members  of  the 
Frontier  guard.  This  list  shows  the  following  officers :  Captain,  James 
H.  Lane;  first  lieutenant,  Mark  Delahay;  second  lieutenant,  J.  B.  Stock- 
ton ;  first  sergeant,  D.  S.  Gordon ;  second  sergeant,  John  T.  Burris ;  third 
sergeant,  I^.  Holtslander ;  first  corporal,  John  P.  Hatterscheidt ;  second 
corporal,  J.  W.  Jenkins.  In  the  list  of  51  privates  furnished  by  Mr.  Ware 
are  the  names  of  a  number  of  men  who  were  intimately  connected  with 
Kansas  affairs  in  an  early  day.  Among  them  may  be  mentioned  Thomas 
Ewing  Jr.,  D.  R.  Anthony,  Sidney  Clarke,  j\Iarcus  J.  Parrott,  A.  C.  Wild- 
er, Henry  J.  Adams,  Robert  McBratney,  Samuel  F.  Tajipan,  Charles  F. 
De  Vivaldi,  Samuel  C.  Pomeroy.  W.  W.  Ross,  P.  C.  Schuyler,  William 
Hutchinson.  Charles  Howells,  M.  H.  Insley  and  Clarke  J.  Hanks,  the 
last  named  a  nephew  of  President  Lincoln.  The  K^ansas  Historical 
Society  has  the  original  discharge  of  Sidney  Clarke,  and  copies  of  the 
discharges  of  Cunningham  Hazlett  and  L.  Holtslander. 

A  complete  list  of  those  who  served  in  the  Frontier  Guard  will  prob- 
ably never  be  obtained.  Speer  says  that  the  original  company  numbered 
200  men,  other  authorities  equally  as  reliable  place  the  number  at  120. 
But  whatever  the  number,  all  were  men  who  did  not  swerve  from  duty 
in  the  hour  of  the  nation's  peril,  and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  their  names 
cannot  be  obtained,  in  order  that  a  deserving  tribute  might  be  paid  to 
their  promptness  and  efficiency  in  defense  of  the  nation's  capital  in  the 
opening  days  of  the  great  Civil  war. 

Frontier  Patrol. —  (See  Patrol  Guard.) 

Fruit. —  (See  Horticulture.) 

Fuller,  a  town  of  Crawford  count}'-,  with  a  population  ©f  351  in  1910, 
is  a  station  on  the  Kansas  City  Southern  R.  R.  10  miles  east  of  Girard. 
the  county  seat.    It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph  and  express 


702  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

offices,  telephone  connections,  a  good  local  trade,  etc.  Coal  mining  is 
the  principal  industry,  and  large  quantities  of  coal  are  shipped  from 
Fuller  annually. 

Fullerton,  a  post-hamlet  of  Hodgeman  county,  is  situated  about  15 
miles  southeast  of  Jetmore,  the  coimty  seat,  and  8  miles  south  of  Gray, 
which  i?  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Fulton,  one  of  the  largest  towns  in  Bourbon  county,  is  situated  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  the  county  on  the  St,  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R. 
13  miles  north  of  Fort  Scott,  the  county  seat.  It  was  founded  in  1869 
and  the  following  year  several  stores  were  opened.  Grain  elevators  and 
a  mill  were  built,  and  as  the  population  grew  two  good  hotels  and  fine 
public  school  buildings  were  erected.  The  name  of  the  town  at  first  was 
Osaga,  but  the  similarity  to  Osage  was  conftising,  and  it  was  changed 
to  Fulton.  The  first  postoffice  was  established  in  1869  under  the  name 
of  Osaga,  but  was  changed  with  the  name  of  the  town.  In  1874  Fulton 
was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third  class,  since  which  time  it  has  con- 
tinued to  prosper.  The  Methodist  church  was  established  in  1870  and  a 
fine  church  edifice  was  soon  after  built.  The  Catholic  church  also  per- 
fected an  organization.  A  lodge  of  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fel- 
lows was  established  in  1875  and  in  the  early  '80s  the  Masonic  Lodge 
was  established.  The  town  is  located  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  farming  dis- 
trict for  which  it  is  the  supply  and  shipping  point.  In  iqio  it  had  a 
population  of  416. 

Funston,  a  small  hamlet  a  little  southeast  of  the  center  of  Allen  county, 
is  about  10  miles  from  lola,  the  county  seat,  and  some  8  miles  from  Hum- 
boldt, from  which  place  it  receives  mail  by  rural  delivery.  Elsmore  is 
the  most  convenient  railroad  station. 

Funston,  Edward  Hogue,  member  of  Congress,  was  born  in  Clark 
count)',  Ohio,  Sept.  16,  1836,  a  son  of  Frederick  and  Julia  (Stafford) 
Funston.  His  parents  were  of  Irish  descent  and  well  educated  for  the 
day  in  which  they  lived.  With  the  other  members  of  his  family,  F.dward 
shared  the  hardships  and  privations  incident  to  pioneer  life  in  the  middle 
west.  He  was  given  a  reasonably  fair  countr\-  school  education,  attend- 
ing school  until  he  was  thirteen  years  old,  when  he  hired  out  to  a 
farmer  for  the  summer  but  attended  school  in  the  winter.  For  three 
years  he  worked  and  studied  in  this  way,  until  he  qualified  himself  to 
enter  New  Carlisle  Academy.  At  the  age  of  twenty  he  became  a  country 
school  teacher  and  thus  obtained  means  to  attend  Marietta  College  for 
two  years.  He  did  not  graduate,  but  later  had  the  degree  of  Master 
of  Arts  conferred  upon  him  by  the  college.  In  1861  he  entered  the 
.Sixteenth  Ojiid  battery  and  took  [lart  in  the  principal  actions  along  the 
Mississippi  river,  until  mustered  out  of  the  service  in  1865.  in  1867 
he  came  to  Kansas  and  located  on  :i  prairie  farm  in  Carlyle  townshi]), 
Alien  county.  He  was  elected  \n  the  state  legislatiux  in  1873,  was 
reelected  at  each  of  the  two  succeeding  annual  elections,  and  was  speaker 
of  tlie  house  the  last  year.  In  1880,  he  was  elected  to  the  stale  senate 
and  served  as  president  pro-tempore  of  that  body.     After  four  years  in 


KANSAS    IIIS'IOKV  7O3 

the  state  senate,  he  was  elected  to  Congress  on  March  I,  1884,  to  till 
llie  vacancy  occasioned  by  the  death  of  Dudley  C.  Haskell,  and  was 
reelected  at  each  succeeding  election  until  1892,  when  he  was  defeated 
by  a  fusion  of  the  Demcjcratic  and  ropulist  parties,  lie  was  given  the 
certificate  of  election,  but  his  seat  was  contested  by  Horace  L.  Moore, 
and  he  was  unseated  on  Aug.  2,  1894.  Mr.  Funston  died  at  his  home 
in  lola,  Kan.,  Sept.  10,  191 1. 

Funston,  Frederick,  soldier,  was  born  at  New  Carlisle,  Ohio,  Nov. 
9,  1865,  a  son  ot  Kdvvard  H.  and  Ann  E.  (Mitchell)  Funston.  When  two 
years  old,  his  parents  removed  to  Kansas,  and  in  1885  he  became  a  stu- 
dent in  the  state  university.  He  also  attended  the  university  in  1889-90, 
after  which  he  was  employed  as  a  newspaper  reporter  in  Kansas  City, 
and  the  next  year  was  botanist  with  the  Death  Valley  expedition.  He 
was  commissioned  by  the  United  States  agricultural  department  in 
1893  to  explore  Alaska  and  report  on  the  flora.  When  this  work  was 
finished  he  went  to  Cuba,  where  he  served  for  18  months  in  the  insurgent 
arm}'  in  1896-97,  receiving  promotions  to  captain,  major  and  lieutenant- 
colonel.  Having  received  a  wound,  he  returned  to  the  United  States, 
and  when  war  was  declared  against  Spain  he  was  commissioned  colonel 
of  the  Twentieth  Kansas  infantry  on  May  20,  1898.  His  regiment  was 
ordered  to  the  Philippines  and  on  May  2,  1899,  Col.  Funston  was  pro- 
moted to  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  for  his  bravery  in  crossing  the 
Rio  Grande  river  at  Calumpit  on  a  small  raft  and  establishing  a  rope 
ferry  in  the  face  of  a  severe  fire.  He  organized  and  led  the  expedition 
that  captured  Emilio  Aguinaldo,  the  insurgent  leader,  and  on  April  i, 
1901,  was  commissioned  brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army.  For  a 
time  he  was  in  command  of  the  Department  of  California,  and  was  then 
made  commandant  of  the  army  service  school  at  Fort  Leavenworth. 
•  Furley,  a  village  of  Sedgwick  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Chicago,  Rock 
Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  15  miles  northeast  of  Wichita.  It  has  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  telegraph  and  express  ofifices, 
general  stores  and  implement  houses,  and  is  the  principal  shipping  point 
for  a  rich  agricultural  district  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county. 
The  population  in  1910  was  52. 

Fur  Traders. — In  the  early  settlement  of  America,  the  prospects  of 
acquiring  wealth  through  a  trade  in  furs  lured  a  number  of  adventurous 
spirits  into  the  wilds  for  the  purpose  of  trapping  the  fur-bearing  animals 
and  opening  up  traffic  with  the  Indians.  Chittenden  says :  "The  nature 
of  this  business  determined  the  character  of  the  early  white  population. 
It  was  the  roving  trader  and  the  solitary  trapper  who  first  sought  out 
these  inhospitable  wilds,  traced  the  streams  to  their  sources,  scaled  the 
mountain  passes,  and  explored  a  boundless  expanse  of  territory  where 
the  foot  of  the  white  man  had  never  trodden  before." 

The  Hudson  Bay  traders  were  operating  on  the  upper  Missouri  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century.  The  first  fur  company  in  the 
United  States  was  organized  in  1794  at  the  suggestion  of  Zenon  Trudeau, 
but  it  did  not  last  long.    In  1802  a  company  was  formed  by  Manuel  Lisa. 


704  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Frangois  M.  Benoit,  Gregoire  Sarpj-  and  Charles  Saiiguinet.  Five  years 
later  Manuel  Lisa,  Pierre  Menard  and  \\illiam  Morrison  organized  a 
compan}-  which  in  1809  became  merged  with  the  Missouri  Fur  company, 
the  most  prominent  members  of  which  were  Benjamin  Wilkinson,  Pierre 
and  Auguste  Chouteau,  ]\Ianuel  Lisa,  William  Clark,  William  Morrison 
and  Pierre  ^lenard.  About  the  same  time  Astor  began  operations  on 
the  Pacific  coast.  The  period  of  the  active  fur  trade  w.est  of  the  Missis- 
sippi extended  from  1807  to  1843.  During  the  greater  part  of  that  time 
there  was  a  spirited  rivalry  among  a  number  of  fur  companies,  the  most 
notable  of  which  were  the  Hudson  Bay,  the  Missouri,  the  American, 
the  Xorthwestern,  the  Pacific,  the  North  American  and  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain companies.  The  last  named  was  organized  by  Gen.  William  H. 
Ashley,  who  in  1826  sold  out  to  William  L.  Sublette,  David  E.  Jackson 
and  Jedediah  S.  Smith.  Others  who  were  interested  in  or  closely  con- 
nected with  the  fur  trade  were  the  Bent  brothers,  Campbell  and  Charles 
L'Arpenteur. 

All  the  companies  employed  men  and  established  trading  posts  in  the 
Indian  country.  Their  pirogues,  canoes,  bull-boats,  bateaus  and  keel- 
boats  covered  the  western  waters,  bearing  goods  to  the  trading  posts 
and  peltries  back  to  St.  Louis,  which  city  was  for  many  years  the  head- 
quarters of  the  fur  trade.  There  were,  however,  a  large  number  of  what 
were  known  as  "free  himters  and  trappers" — men  who  preferred  to  act 
in  their  individual  capacity  in  the  hope  of  making  greater  profits  than 
they  would  bj'  accepting  wages  from  the  fur  companies.  Of  these.  Han- 
cock and  Dickson  were  jiunting  and  trapping  on  the  Yellowstone  as 
early  as  1804.  John  Colter,  who  was  discharged  from  the  Lewis  and 
Clark  expedition,  took  up  the  work  of  a  free  trapper,  and  in  his  peregri- 
nations through  the  western  wilderness  discovered  the  great  geysers  that 
are  now  in  the  Yellowstone  national  jiark,  F.zekiel  ^\'illiams  was 
another  free  lrap])cr  in  1807.  Tn  numerous  instances  the  Indians 
opposed  the  organization  of  fur  companies,  finding  it  easier  to  deal  with 
an  individual  than  with  the  representative  of  a  corporation. 

The  great  fur  companies  did  not  operate  to  any  great  extent  nn  the 
prairie  streams,  but  left  them  to  the  free  hunters  and  trappers.  When 
Lewis  and  Clark  ascended  the  Missouri  in  1804  they  met  two  French- 
men who  had  been  trapping  during  the  winter  of  1803-04  on  the  upper 
waters  of  the  Kansas  river.  fSce  Early  River  Commerce.)  .\  French 
post  was  established  in  what  is  now  Kansas,  opposite  Kickapoo  island. 
Chouteau  &  De  Mimn  were  operating  on  the  Arkansas  ri\er  in  1815-17 
and  the  .Sublettes  were  often  in  Kansas.  Several  trading  posts  were 
establisiied  by  the  Chonteans  (q.  v.)  along  the  Kansas  river. 

Tile  influence  of  the  fur  traders  was  felt  in  various  ways.  Brigham 
"S'oung  selected  the  valley  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  as  a  haven  for  the 
Mormons  upon  information  imparted  to  hiin  by  trappers.  Tn  llie  war 
with  Mexico  old  trappers  and  traders  were  employed  to  guide  the  United 
Stales  Irnnps  .nerds';  the  connlry.     Audubmi,  Nicollet,  Catlin,  and  a  host 


KANSAS    HISTORY  705 

of  other  students  of  nature  and  writers  on  Indian  life  and  character, 
received  many  useful  hints  from  the  fur  traders,  whose  experience  proved 
of  great  benefit  to  the  pioneer  settler  some  years  later. 

G 

Gabriel,  an  inland  hamlet  of  Doniphan  county,  is  located  near  the 
Missouri  river  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county  in  Burr. Oak  town- 
ship, about  8  miles  from  Troy,  the  county  seat,  from  which  place  it 
receives  mail.    The  population  in  1910  was  50. 

Galatia,  a  country  postoffice  in  Barton  county,  is  located  in  Fairview 
township  24  miles  northwest  of  Great  Bend,  the  county  seat.  Olmitz, 
on  the  Missouri  Pacific,  is  the  nearest  shipping  point,  with  which  it  has 
daily  stage  connections.  The  population  according  to  the  census  of 
1910  was  65. 

Galena,  an  incorporated  city  of  the  second  class  in  Cherokee  county, 
is  located  near  the  southeast  corner  of  the  county  on  .Short  creek  and 
at  the  junction  of  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  and  St.  Louis  &  San 
Francisco  railroads.  There  is  also  an  electric  line  to  Joplin,  Carthage 
and  Webb  City,  Mo.  The  first  railroad  w^as  completed  to  this  point  in 
1871,  but  the  town  was  not  started  until  after  the  discovery  of  lead  ore 
in  the  spring  of  1877.  The  Galena  Mining  &  Smelting  company  pur- 
chased 120  acres  of  land  and  laid  out  the  town.  Lots  sold  rapidly,  and 
within  two  months  the  population  numbered  over  2,000.  A  postofifice 
was  established  soon  after  the  town  was  platted,  and  in  May,  1871, 
Galena  was  incorporated  as  a  cit}'  of  the  third  class,  with  G.  W.  Webb 
as  the  first  mayor.  The  first  school  was  taught  in  the  winter  of  1877-78 
in  a  building  that  had  been  erected  for  mercantile  purposes,  and  the  first 
regular  school  house — a  frame  structure  of  four  rooms — was  built  in 
1879.  On  May  16,  1879,  the  first  number  of  the  Galena  Miner  made  its 
appearance.     This  was  the  first  newspaper. 

For  some  time  after  Galena  was  started,  the  buildings  were  of  that 
"balloon"  type  so  generally  found  in  new  mining  towns,  and  a  large  part 
of  the  population  was  composed  of  individuals  as  "rough"  as  the  build- 
ings. Saloons  flourished,  the  gambler  was  early  on  the  ground,  drunken 
brawls  and  shooting  scrapes  were  common.  But  this  has  been  changed. 
The  Galena  of  the  present  day  is  equipped  with  substantial  business 
buildings,  waterworks,  electric  lights,  a  fire  department,  a  sewer  system, 
well  paved  streets,  good  sidewalks,  a  telephone  exchange,  an  electric 
street  railway,  modern  public  school  buildings,  good  hotels,  well  stocked 
mercantile  establishments,  and  a  number  of  fine  residences.  Lead  and 
zmc  mining  and  smelting  are  the  principal  industries,  but  there  are  also 
foundries,  stamping  works,  grain  elevators,  a  novelty  works,  a  broom 
factory,  etc.  The  city  has  3  banks,  i  daily  and  2  weekly  newspapers, 
an  opera  house,  and  lodges  of  the  leading  fraternal  organizations.  The 
population  in  1910  was  6,096.  Empire  City  was  annexed  to  Galena  in 
1907. 

(1-45) 


706  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Galesburg,  an  incorporated  city  of  Neosho  county,  is  located  in  Center- 
ville  township,  on  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  R.  R.,  lo  miles  south- 
west of  Erie,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  telegraph  and  express 
offices,  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes.  The  popu- 
lation in  1910  was  183.  The  land  on  which  the  town  was  located  was 
taken  up  by  a  Mr.  Tracy  for  a  town  company  of  which  the  following 
were  the  personnel :  J-  ^^  ■  Crees,  David  Boiiham,  E.  Sapp,  Levi  A.  Doan 
and  J.  W.  Snyder.  The  first  building  was  erected  by  William  Youn^. 
J.  W.  Snyder  built  and  opened  the  first  store.  The  postoffice  which 
belongs  to  this  place  was  at  first  located  at  Rose  Hill,  about  a  mile 
south,  but  when  the  town  was  founded  in  1871,  it  was  moved  to  Gales- 
burg. The  first  school  was  taught  by  Miss  Parna  Whittlesey  in  the 
winter  of  1871-2,  the  school  being  held  in  the  town  hall. 

Gallagher,  a  rural  postoffice  of  Logan  township,  Comanche  county,  is 
located  a  few  miles  east  of  Coldwater,  the  count}'  seat  and  most  con- 
venient railroad  station. 

Gait,  a  country  postoffice  in  Rice  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  11  miles  northeast  of  Lyons,  the  county  seat. 
It  is  also  a  trading  point,  having  one  general  store.  The  population 
according  to  the  census  of  1910  was  15. 

Galva,  one  of  the  thriving  little  cities  of  McPherson  county,  is  located 
in  Empire  township  8  miles  east  of  McPherson,  the  county  seat.  It 
is  well  equipped  with  railroads,  having  the  main  line  of  the  Chicago, 
Rock  Island  &  Pacific,  and  the  Florence  &  Ellinwood  branch  of  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe.  It  is  the  receiving  and  shipping  point 
'for  a  large  and  prosperous  farming  district;  is  supplied  with  a  bank, 
telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  three 
rural  routes.  The  population,  according  to  the  census  of  iQio,  was 
322.  Galva  was  laid  out  in  1879  on  lands  belonging  to  the  Marion  & 
McPherson  Railroad  compan3^  Good  stock  yards  were  constructed 
and  a  number  of  general  stores  opened.  In  1880  the  "Central  Kansas 
Congregational  Academy"  was  chartered  and  a  building  was  erected 
at  Galva  at  a  cost  of  $1,000.  Galva  has  always  been  prosperous,  and 
is  at  present  a  city  of  the  third  class. 

Game  La\ys. — When  the  first  white  settlers  came  to  Kansas  the\^ 
found  game,  both  large  and  small,  in  abundance.  Herds  of  buffalo  and 
antelope  roamed  over  the  plains;  deer,  wild  lurkey  and  an  occasional 
elk  were  to  be  found  in  the  woody  country;  wild  geese  and  ducks 
often  stopped  for  awhile  in  Kansas  in  their  migrations;  in  tlu-  brakes 
and  along  the  streams  lived  large  numbers  of  rabbits,  quails,  snipes, 
plovers,  etc.  In  those  early  days  the  riile  was  deiJcndcd  on  lo  a  large 
extent  to  furnish  the  supply  of  meat  for  the  family.  So  plentiful  were 
the  game  animals  and  birds  that  little  or  no  thought  was  given  to 
their  protection  until  after  the  state  was  admitted  into  the  I'nion. 

The  act  of  May  10,  1861,  made  it  unlawful  "to  shoot,  kill  or  trap, 
within  the  limits  of  the  state,  any  prairie  chicken,  cjuails,  partridges, 
wild  turkey  and  deer  between  the  first  day  of  April  and  September  of 


KANSAS    HISTORY  707 

each  year,"  and  ini].)i)se(l  a  fine  of  $5  or  less  for  each  siolalinn  nf  the 
law.  Justices  of  the  peace  were  given  jurisdiction  for  the  enforcement 
of  the  provisions  of  the  act.  This  was  the  first  game  law  passed  liy 
the  legislature  of  the  State  of  Kansas. 

As  time  passed  and  game  grew  scarcer,  iiinrc  stringent  la\\>  were 
passed  for  the  protection  of  game  animals  anil  birds.  In  1871  the 
California  quail  was  placed  under  legal  protection.  The  act  of  1897 
imposed  penalties  upon  railroad  companies  for  shipping  game  out  of 
the  state  during  the  closed  season.  The  act  of  March  11,  1903,  made 
it  unlawful  to  kill  quail  or  prairie  chicken  in  certain  counties  of  the 
state  for  a  period  of  three  years.  On  Feb.  18,  1905,  Gov.  Ifoch  approved 
an  act  authorizing  him  to  appoint  a  state  fish  and  game  warden  for 
a  term  of  four  years,  whose  duty  it  should  be  to  take  charge  of  the 
fish  hatchery  fq.  v.)  and  carry  out  the  provisions  of  law  regarding 
the  propagation  of  game  and  food  fish  in  the  waters  (jf  the  state.  To 
assist  him  in  the  discharge  of  this  duty,  the  warden  was  directed  to 
appoint  one  or  more  deputies. 

The  law  of  1935  was  repealed  by  the  act  of  Feb.  28,  191 1,  which 
reenacted.  however,  a  number  of  the  provisions  of  former  laws.  The 
office  of  fish  and  game  warden  was  continued,  the  term  of  office  to  be 
for  four  years,  the  annual  salary  to  be  $2,000,  and  the  warden  was  placed 
under  the  supervision  of  the  regents  of  the  ITniversity  of  Kansas.  The 
warden  was  authorized  to  appoint  one  or  more  deputies  in  each  county 
of  the  state,  in  which  ten  resident  taxpayers  might  request  him  to  do 
so,  and  the  warden  and  his  deputies  were  given  power  to  arr.est  any 
person  caught  in  the  act  of  violating  the  law.  A  license  fee  of  $1  was 
required  from  ever}"  resident  of  the  state  before  he  would  be  allowed 
to  hunt,  and  non-residents  were  required  to  pay  $15  for  such  privilege, 
all  licenses  to  expire  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  years  in  which  they  were 
issued.  Every  person  thus  licensed  was  also  required  to  carry  his 
license  with  him  while  hunting,  and  to  shov^'  it  to  the  warden,  deputy 
warden,  or  other  officer  upon  demand. 

The  open  season,  that  is  the  season  in  which  game  birds  or  animals 
might  be  killed,  was  as  follows :  For  squirrels,  from  Sept.  i  to  Jan. 
r;  fur-bearing  animals,  Nov.  15  to  March  15;  wild  geese,  ducks  and 
brants,  Sept.  i  to  April  15;  snipe,  Sept.  i  to  April  30;  grouse  or  prairie 
chicken,  Oct.  i  to  Nov.  i:  plover,  Aug.  i  to  April  30;  quail,  Nov.  15 
to  Dec.  I.  No  game  bird  was  to  be  shot  at  or  killed  while  sitting  on 
the  ground  or  in  the  water,  unless  wounded,  and  none  was  to  be  killed 
earlier  than  one  hour  before  sunrise  nor  later  than  one  hour  after  sun- 
set. The  number  of  birds  that  could  be  killed  in  any  one  day  was 
limited  to  12  snipe,  prairie  chicken,  wild  ducks,  quail  or  plover,  and 
fi  wild  geese  or  brant.  Beaver,  otter,  deer  and  antelope  could  not 
be  killed  or  trapped  in  any  manner  for  a  period  of  ten  years  from  the 
passage  of  the  act. 

Owners  of  farms,  orchards  or  gardens  were  not  prevented  by  the 
act    from    killing    bluejays,    owls,    hawks,    crows,    blackbirds    or    other 


708  CVCLOf'EDIA    OF 

destructive  birds,  but  it  was  made  unlawful  for  any  person  to  kill, 
destroy  or  take  into  captivit}-  any  eagle,  or  to  destroy  the  nest  or  eggs 
of  any  wild  bird  or  to  have  such  nest  or  eggs  in  his  possession  except 
under  certain  conditions. 

Section  20  of  the  act  provided  that  "'It  shall  be  unlawful  for  any 
person  to  catch,  take,  or  attempt  to  catch  or  take,  from  any  lake,  pond, 
river,  creek,  stream  or  other  waters  within  or  bordering  on  this  state, 
any  fish  by  any  means  or  in  any  manner  except  by  rod  and  line  and 
'ishhook;  provided,  that  not  more  than  one  hook  shall  be  used  on  such 
line ;  and  provided  further,  that  no  person  shall  use  more  than  one 
trot-Hne  at  any  one  time,  and  that  no  trot-line  shall  have  attached 
to  it  more  than  25  hooks ;  provided  further,  that  no  trot-line  shall  be 
set  within  300  yards  of  a  dam  or  within  200  yards  of  the  mouth  of 
any  creek  or  river;  and  provided  further,  that  this  section  shall  not  be 
deemed  to  prohibit  the  catching  of  fish  in  the  creeks,  rivers,  ponds  and 
lakes  of  this  state  by  means  of  a  seine  having  a  mesh  which  stretches 
not  less  than  three  inches ;  and  provided  further,  that  if  any  fish  are 
caught  less  than  three  pounds  in  weight  by  means  of  any  seine  it  shall 
be  unlawful  to  injure  or  take  said  fish  away,  but  they  shall  be  thrown 
back  into  the  water." 

Seines  could  not  be  used,  however,  from  April  15  to  June  15,  nor 
from  Dec.  15  to  March  15,  and  owners  of  seines  were  required  to  secure 
a  permit  from  the  warden  and  give  bond  that  they  would  be  used 
according  to  law.  The  warden  was  authorized  to  seize  and  destro}' 
all  nets,  traps,  etc.,  used  in  violation  of  the  act.  For  violation  of  any 
of  the  provisions  of  the  law  the  offender  should  be  fined  not  less  tliap 
$5  nor  more  than  $25  for  the  first  ofl'ense ;  not  less  than  $50  nor  more 
than  $200  for  the  second  ofl'ense ;  and  not  less  than  $100  nor  more 
than  $500  for  the  third  and  each  subsequent  ofl'ense.  and  should  be 
committed  to  the  county  jail  until  fine  an<l  cost  n{  prnsocufinn  nii;;ht 
be  paid. 

Railroad  com])anies,  nr  other  common  carriers,  were  prohibited  from 
shipping  any  game  birds,  except  upon  a  permit  from  the  warden,  but 
nothing  in  the  law  prevented  the  taking  of  fish  or  game  for  propagation 
or  scientific  purposes. 

Garden  City,  the  largest  town  and  county  scat  of  Finney  county,  is 
centrally  located  on  the  .Xtchison,  Toijcka  &  Santa  Fe  and  Garden 
City,  Gulf  and  Norlhern  railroads,  and  on  the  Arkansas  river.  It  is  the 
commercial  center  for  a  large  and  prosperous  irrigating  district,  and 
is  in  the  midst  of  the  Kansas  beet  sugar  region.  Tt  has  electricity  for 
lighting  and  power,  waterworks,  sewer  system,  fire  and  police  depart- 
ments, a  county  high  school,  pul)lic  library,  lins]iital,  opera  house,  3 
banks,  3  newspapers  (the  Telegram,  a  daily  and  the  Inqnint  and  1  lerald, 
weeklies).  There  is  a  beet  sugar  factory,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $1,000,000, 
which  handles  1,000  tons  of  beets  and  turns  out  200,000  ;)ounds  of 
refined  sugar  daily.  There  are  two  seed  houses,  which  cure  and  market 
native  seeds,  several  firms  which  ni;inufacture  stock  t.inks.  ])Mnips.  and 


KANSAS    HISTORY  7O9 

all  sorts  of  well  supplies,  2  elevators,  a  flour  mill  and  a  planing  mill. 
Daily  stages  run  to  Santa  Fe,  Eminence  and  Essex,  and  tri-vveekly 
stages  to  Terryton.  The  shady  streets  and  fine  lawns  in  the  residence 
portion  of  Garden  City  indicate  that  it  is  well  named.  The  business 
district,  which  covers  several  squares,  is  solidly  built  with  structures 
of  brick  and  stone.  The  city  is  supplied  with  telegraph  and  express 
offices,  telephone  accommodations,  and  an  international  money  order 
postoffice  with  two  rural  routes.  Garden  City  was  first  settled  in 
1884.  For  the  first  few  years  the  growth  was  rapid,  but,  in  common 
with  other  western  Kansas  towns,  it  lost  in  population  during  the 
period  of  business  depression  from  1889  to  1896.  Since  then  its  progress 
has  been  along  more  conservative  lines  and  the  improvements  are 
consequently  of  a  more  substantial  character  than  those  of  earlier  years. 
In  1900,  the  first  U.  S.  census  after  the  city  was  incorporated,  the  popu- 
lation was  1,590.  Ten  years  later  the  city  was  divided  into  three  wards 
and  reported  a  total  population  of  3. 171,  an  increase  of  almost  100  per 
cent,  during  the  decade. 

Garden  Plain,  one  of  the  leading  towns  of  .Sedgwick  county,  is  located 
in  the  township  of  the  same  name  and  is  a  station  on  the  Wichita  & 
Pratt  division  of  the  Atchison,  To])eka  &  Sante  Fe.R.  R.  20  miles  west 
of  Wichita.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural 
route,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  telephone  connections  with  the 
surrounding  towns,  general  stores,  hardware  and  implement  houses, 
and  is  the  shipping  point  for  a  rich  agricultural  district.  Garden  Plain 
was  incorporated  in  1902  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  296. 

Gardner,  the  third  largest  town  in  Johnson  county,  is  located  in  the 
southwest  portion  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  9  miles 
southwest  of  Olathe,  the  count}'  seat.  It  was  surveyed  and  laid  out  in 
1857  by  O.  G.  Gardner,  Benjamin  B.  Francis,  A.  B.  Bartlett  and  others 
who  composed  the  town  company,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  Gov. 
Gardner  of  Massachusetts.  The  first  building  was  a  large  frame  struc- 
ture, erected  by  the  town  company  for  temporary  use.  The  first  hotel 
was  kept  by  Benjamin  Davis  in  a  small  log  building,  subsequently  he 
built  a  frame  hotel  and  in  the  spring  of  1857  ^^e  town  company  built 
a  stone  hotel  building.  Dr.  W.  M.  Shean,  the  first  physician,  located 
in  Gardner  in  1857,  ^'"^d  in  the  fall  of  the  year  a  blacksmith  shop  was 
opened.  J-  W.  Sponable  opened  the  first  store  in  the  spring  of  1858. 
A  second  store  soon  followed  and  a  shoe  shop  was  also  started.  Myra 
D.  Shean  taught  the  first  school.  In  1861  a  stone  school  house  was 
erected.  The  Methodists  became  established  in  Gardner  in  1857.  "but 
did  not  build  a  church  until  1878.  A  Presbyterian  church  was  erected 
in  1858.  A  library  association  was  formed  in  1862.  On  Oct.  21.  1861, 
Gardner  was  sacked  by  a  band  of  guerrillas,  under  L'pton  Hays.  With 
the  building  of  the  railroad  the  town  began  to  prosper  and  today  is 
the  banking,  shipping  and  supply  point  for  a  rich  and  large' agricultural 
district.  There  are  several  general  stores,  a  hardware  and  implement 
house,  lumber  yard,  hotel,  and  other  commercial  enterprises,  a  money 


"lO  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

order  postoffict.  telegraph  and  express  facilities,  and  in  1910  Gardner 
reported  a  population  of  514. 

Garfield,  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  Pawnee  count}',  is  situated 
on  the  Arkansas  river  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  ir 
miles  southwest  of  Larned.  the  county  seat.  It  is  a  shipping  point  of 
considerable  importance,  has  a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  with 
one  rural  route,  telegraph,  express  and  telephone  accommodations,  a 
tlour  mill,  4  grain  elevators,  a  hotel,  a  public  library,  graded  and  high 
schools.  Congregational,  Methodist  and  Swedish  Lutheran  churches, 
and  a  number  of  well  stocked  mercantile  establishments.  It  was  incor- 
porated in  1910  and  the  same  year  reported  a  population  of  ;^^^. 

Garfield  County,  created  by  the  act  of  March  5,  1887,  and  named  in 
honor  of  James  A.  Garfield,  was  bounded  as  follows :  "Commencing 
where  the  north  line  of  township  21  south,  intersects  the  east  line  of 
range  27  west ;  thence  south  along  the  range  line  to  its  intersection  with 
the  north  line  of  township  24  south;  thence  west  along  townshi]i  line 
to  where  it  intersects  the  east  line  of  range  31  west;  thence  north  along 
range  line  to  where  it  intersects  the  north  line  of  township  21  south; 
thence  east  to  the  place  of  beginning." 

In  1889  a  decision  of  the  supreme  court  transferred  the  cuunty  seat 
from  Ravanna  to  Eminence,  and  the  people  of  the  latter  place  demanded 
the  immediate  removal  of  the  county  offices.  One  attempt  to  remove 
the  treasurer's  office  was  defeated  b}'  the  citizens  of  Ravanna,  the  safe 
being  badly  damaged  in  the  fracas.  Gov.  Humphre}-  was  temporarily 
absent  from  the  state  at  the  time,  and  on  Aug.  3  the  attorney-general 
notified  Adj. -Gen.  Roberts,  wlm  visited  Eminence  and  persuaded  the 
citizens  there  to  do  nothing  further  until  the  court  met  in  September, 
when  the  matter  was  peacefully  adjusted.  The  boundaries  as  defined 
I)\-  the  creative  act  included  only  12  Congressional  townships,  (>  of  which 
were  taken  from  Finney  county  and  6  from  Hodgeman,  and  in  1892 
proceedings  were  instituted  against  the  county  to  lest  ilic  \alidity  of 
its  organization,  as  it  embraced  only  432  square  miles.  It  was  accord- 
ingly declared  illegally  organized  and  was  attached  to  I'inney  county 
in   1893. 

Garfield  University. — The  idea  of  erecting  a  university  in  memory  of 
{'resident  (iailield  originated  with  W.  P).  Hendryx.  a  personal  friend  of 
Mr.  Garfield.  There  seemed  to  be  no  opportunity  for  establishing  such 
a  school  in  the  east,  so  Mr.  Hendryx  came  to  Kansas  and  after  some  con- 
sideration the  matter  was  taken  up  by  the  Christian  church.  The  col- 
lege committee  of  that  body,  consisting  of  .\.  J.  Thompson,  R.  U.  l.otz, 
W.  D.  Stone.  Walter  Chenault  and  Howard  Rash,  made  a  report  to  the 
Kansas  convention  of  the  church  at  Wichita  on  Oct.  7,  1886.  The  report 
stated  that  the  committee  lielieved  $100,000  cotdd  be  secured  for  the 
location  of  the  college,  if  the  committee  could  guarantee  that  the  chuich 
would  raise  an  additional  $100,000. 

Of  the  several  locations  considered.  Wichita  was  chosen.  I'liiit  city 
named,  organized  and  chartered  Garfield  University,  w  iih  .1  bo.ittl  of  nine 


KANSAS    HISTORY  711 

directors,  and  secured  options  on  desirable  college  sites.  On  May  29, 
1887,  a  contract  was  signed  by  the  directors  and  the  college  committee, 
by  the  terms  of  which  the  board  was  to  erect  a  university  building  on  a 
23  acre  campus  in  the  southwest  part  of  the  city,  the  building  to  cost  not 
less  than  $75,000,  nor  more  than  $100,000.  Instead  of  following  the  orig- 
inal i)lan,  wiirk  was  begun  on  a  five-story  building,  covering  three- 
fourths  of  an  acre  of  ground,  and  in  the  second  report  of  the  committee 
this  statement  is  found;  "It  is  now  certain  that  the  building  will  cost 
not  less  than  $200,000." 

Mr.  Hendryx,  who  had  been  elected  business  manager,  secured  funds 
to  carry  on  the  work  and  efforts  were  made  to  complete  the  north  wing 
of  the  building  in  time  to  open  school  in  the  fall  of  1887,  but  this  was 
found  to  be  impossible.  The  board  then  secured  another  building  near 
the  university,  and  there  the  first  classes  were  held,  with  Dr.  Harvey  W. 
Everset  as  chancellor.  A  faculty  of  twelve  persons  was  selected,  and  the 
following  departments  were  provided :  preparatory,  normal  college  of 
letters  and  science,  college  of  music,  college  of  Bibical  theology,  and 
school  of  art.  The  law  school  was  opened  in  Sept.,  1888,  and  the  college 
of  medicine  the  following  December,  Some  500  students  were  enrolled 
in  1889  and  the  faculty  was  increased  to  forty  members.  In  1890  a  busi- 
ness college  of  Wichita  was  affiliated  with  the  university,  which  swelled 
the  enrollment  to  over  1,000. 

In  the  meantime  the  Wichita  "boom"  began  to  decline,  property 
values  decreased,  and  the  land  belonging  to  the  imiversity  could  not  be 
sold  without  great  sacrifice,  which  meant  ruin  to  the  institution.  A  mort- 
gage of  $65,000  was  placed  on  the  building  and  grounds,  but  the  busi- 
ness depression  continued  and  at  the  close  of  1890  the  university  had  no 
funds  to  continue  its  work.  The  university,  therefore,  closed  its  doors 
after  three  years  in  which  it  had  gained  an  enviable  reputation  among 
the  institutions  of  its  class. 

Mr.  Hendryx  was  not  willing  to  give  up  the  fight,  and  succeeded  in 
interesting  Edgar  Harding,  a  wealthy  resident  of  Boston,  Mass.,  in  the 
college.  In  Feb.,  1892,  Mr.  Harding  assumed  all  outstanding  indebted- 
ness— some  $125,000 — and  settled  the  claims  of  all  creditors.  A  new 
charter  was  obtained,  a  new  board  of  trustees  assumed  the  management, 
and  the  name  was  changed  to  "Central  Memorial  University,"  the  name 
Garfield  to  be  retained  as  a  general  designation.  On  March  28,  1892,  the 
university  again  opened  its  doors.  Subsequently  the  property  of  the 
institution  passed  into  the  possession  of  James  M.  and  Anna  Davis,  who 
donated  it  to  the  "College  Association  of  Friends."  (See  Friends  Uni- 
versity.) 

Garland,  a  post-village  of  Bourbon  county,  is  situated  in  the  south- 
eastern portion  on  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.  11  miles  south 
of  Fort  Scott,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph 
and  express  facilities,  and  is  the  shipping  point  for  a  rich  agricultural 
district.    In  1910  the  town  had  a  population  of  276. 


712  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Garnett,  the  county  seat  and  largest  town  of  ^Anderson  count)-,  is 
located  northeast  of  the  central  part  of  the  county,  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  and  the  Missouri  Pacific  railroads.  It  has  an  electric 
light  plant  which  produces  current  for  lighting  and  power,  waterworks, 
a  fire  department,  an  opera  house,  3  banks,  2  furniture  factories,  a  flour 
and  feed  mill,  planing  mill,  creamery,  cigar  factories,  11  churches,  high 
school  and  graded  schools,  2  daih'  papers  (the  News  and  the  Review), 
2  weeklies  (the  Eagle-Plaindealer  and  the  Joiu-nal),  and  several  blocks 
of  substantially  built  business  houses.  The  city  is  divided  into  four 
wards,  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  2,334.  There  are  telegraph  and 
express  offices,  and  an  international  mone\  order  postoffice  with  seven 
rural  rotites. 

Garnett  was  founded  by  Dr.  George  W.  Cooper,  who  first  selected  the 
site  in  1856.  He  then  returned  to  Louisville,  Ky.,  where  he  organized 
a  town  company  consisting  of  W.  A.  Garnett,  president;  R.  B.  Hall, 
vice-president;  Theodore  Harris,  secretary;  George  W.  Cooper  and 
George  A.  Dunn.  In  May,  1857,  Dr.  Cooper  had  the  site  platted  and 
built  a  double  log  cabin.  A  colony  from  Louisville  came  later  in  the 
year,  bringing  with  them  machinery  for  a  sawmill  and  a  flotu"  mill  which 
was  erected  at  once.  Dwellings  and  business  houses  were  put  up,  and 
a  school  house  was  erected  in  1858.  The  postoiiice  was  established  in 
1859,  and  in  that  year  the  county  seat  was  removed  from  Shannon  to 
Garnett.  In  the  fall  the  commissioner  of  the  general  land  office  made 
an  order  canceling  the  entry  of  the  town  site.  This  was  a  serious  matter 
for  the  citizens.  Some  of  them  on  the  north  side  of  the  town  formed  a 
stock  company  and  secured  titles  to  their  lands.  The  south  half  of  town 
was  preempted  by  Dr.  John  B.  Chapman.  ^^latters  went  on  till  1861, 
when  at  the  instance  of  the  citizens  an  investigation  was  made  which 
disclosed  the  fact  that  titles  could  be  given  to  the  lots  by  action  of  the 
probate  judge.  It  was  found  that  the  probate  judge  then  in  oftice  had 
not  properly  qualified  and  they  succeeded  in  getting  another  man  put 
in  his  place  who  would  take  the  action  necessary  to  secure  them  legal 
possession  of  their  homes.  A  great  deal  of  red  tape  and  trouble  was 
occasioned  before  the  matter  was  finally  brought  to  a  satisfactory  close, 
during  which  time  the  town  did  not  grow.  The  case  was  finally  settled 
in  the  sujireme  court  in  1862.  l"hc  town  was  incorporated  in  Oct..  1861, 
and  the  following  were  its  first  trustees,  G.  W.  Her,  G.  A.  Cook.  William 
McLoughlin,  B.  F.  Ridgeway  and  Thomas  Lindsay.  In  1870  the  form 
of  government  was  changed  to  that  of  a  city  of  the  third  class.  The  first 
railroad  reached  Garnett  that  same  year.  In  1881  the  town  sufl'orcd  a 
disastrotis  fire,  which  burned  11  business  buildings  out  of  the  heart  of 
the  town.  Tlie  first  newspaper  was  the  Garnett  Flaindealcr,  established 
in  1865  by  T.  K.  OIney. 

Garnishment. — Any  creditor  is  entitled  to  |)rocccd  Ijv  garnishment  in 
the  district  court  of  the  proper  cotinty  against  any  person,  excepting  a 
municipal  corporation,  who  is  indebted  to  nr  has  any  property,  real  or 
personal,  in  his  possession  or  under  his  control  belonging  to  such  crcdi- 


KANSAS    lilSTORV  "13 

tor's  debtor.  Either  at  the  time  of  the  issuing  of  the  summons,  (jr  at 
any  time  thereafter  before  final  judgment  in  any  action  to  recover  dam- 
ages founded  upon  contract,  express  or  implied,  or  upon  judgment  or 
decree,  or  at  any  time  after  the  issuing  in  any  case  of  an  execution 
against  property  and  before  the  time  when  it  is  returnable,  the  plaintiff, 
or  some  person  in  his  behalf,  may  file  with  the  clerk  an  affidavit  stating 
the  amount  of  the  plaintiff's  claim  against  the  defendant  or  defendants 
over  and  abo\'e  all  offsets,  and  stating  that  he  verily  believes  that  some 
person  (naming  him)  is  indebted  to  or  has  property,  real  or  personal, 
in  his  possession  or  under  his  control  belonging  to  the  defendant  (or 
either  or  any  of  the  defendants)  in  the  action  or  execution,  that  such 
defendant  has  no  property  liable  to  execution  sufficient  to  satisfy  the 
plaintiff's  demand,  and  that  the  indebtedness  or  property  mentioned  in 
such  affidavit  is  to  the  best  of  the  knowledge  and  belief  of  the  person 
making  such  affidavit  not  by  law  exempt  from  seizure  or  sale  upon  execu- 
tion. Any  number  of  garnishees  may  be  embraced  in  the  same  affidavit 
■  and  summons ;  but  if  a  joint  liability  be  claimed  against  an}-  it  must  be 
so  stated  in  such  affidavit,  and  the  garnishee  named  as  jointly  liable  is 
deemed  jointly  proceeded  against,  otherwise  the  several  garnishees  are 
deemed  severally  proceeded  against. 

The  order  of  garnishment  is  not  issued  by  the  clerk  until  an  under- 
taking on  the  part  of  the  plaintiff  has  been  executed  by  one  or  more 
sufficient  sureties,  approved  by  the  clerk  and  filed  in  his  office,  in  a  sum 
not  exceeding  double  the  amount  of  the  plaintiff's  claim,  to  the  effect  that 
the  plaintiff  will  pay  to  the  defendant  all  damages  which  he  may  sustain 
by  reason  of  such  garnishment,  if  the  order  be  wrongfully  obtained ;  but 
no  undertaking  is  required  where  the  party  or  parties  defendant  are  all 
non-residents  of  the  state  or  a  foreign  corporation.  Upon  the  filing  of 
such  affidavit  a  garnishee  summons  is  issued  by  the  clerk  and  served 
upon  the  defendant  or  his  attorney  of  record,  and  each  of  the  garnishees, 
in  the  manner  provided  for  the  service  of  summons,  and  is  returned 
with  proof  of  service  in  five  days.  The  garnishee  summons  may  be 
served  by  the  sheriff,  or  any  other  person  not  a  party  to  the  action.  If 
any  garnishee,  having  been  duly  summoned,  fails  to  file  an  affidavit  of 
non-liability  or  otherwise  answer  to  the  summons,  the  court  may  render 
judgment  against  him  for  the  amount  of  the  judgment  which  the  plain- 
tiff recovers  against  the  defendant  in  the  action  for  damages  and  costs, 
together  with  the  costs  of  such  garnishee. 

Garrison,  a  village  of  Pottawatomie  county,  is  located  in  Green  town- 
ship on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  20  miles  west  from  ^^'estmoreland,  the 
county  seat,  and  6  miles  from  Olsburg.  It  has  a  money  order  post- 
office  with  one  rural  route,  and  express  and  telegraph  offices.  The 
population  in  1910  was  160. 

Gas  Talso  called  Gas  City),  an  incorporated  cit}'  of  Allen  county,  is 
situated  in  Elm  township  and  is  the  first  station  east  of  lola  on  the 
Missouri  Pacific  railroad.  When  natural  gas  was  discovered  in  Elm 
township  in  the  summer  of  1898  E.  K.  Taylor  sold  60  acres  of  his  farm 


714  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

to  some  spelter  companies  and  in  October  sub-divided  the  remainder 
into  lots,  which  was  the  beginning  of  "Gas  Cit)'."  The  place  grew 
rapidly,  the  cheap  fuel  afforded  by  the  immense  supply  of  natural  gas 
bringing  in  a  number  of  large  manufacturing  plants  of  various  kinds. 
In  191D  the  population  was  1,281.  Gas  has  a  bank,  a  daily  and  a  weekh' 
newspaper,  an  opera  house,  an  international  monc}-  order  postoftice 
from  which  mail  is  distributed  to  the  surrounding  country  by  rural 
free  delivery,  several  good  mercantile  houses,  telegraph  and  express 
offices,  etc.  The  city  is  divided  into  four  wards.  Excellent  transporta- 
tion facilities  are  aiTorded  by  the  Missouri  Pacific  and  Missouri,  Kan- 
sas &  Texas  railroads. 

Gaskill,  a  small  hamlet  of  Washington  county,  is  located  about  4 
miles  south  of  the  Nebraska  state  line  and  10  miles  northwest  of  \A'ash- 
ington,  the  county  seat,  from  which  place  mail  is  received  by  rural 
delivery. 

Gay,  William,  Shawnee  Indian  agent  in  1856,  was  one  of  the  victims 
of  pro-slavery  animosity.  On  June  21,  1856,  accompanied  by  his  son, 
he  started  to  Westport,  Mo.,  and  when  about  2  miles  from  that  place 
was  met  h}'  three  men.  One  of  them  oiYered  him  a  drink,  and  in  the 
course  of  the  conversation  Mr.  Gay  was  asked  whether  he  was  for  or 
against  slavery.  He  replied  that  he  was  from  Michigan,  but  this  indi- 
rect answer  did  not  satisfy  his  inquisitor,  repeated  the  question.  Mr. 
Gay  then  replied  that  he  was  in  favor  of  making  Kansas  a  free  slate. 
He  was  then, shot  several  times  and  fatally  wounded.  The  son  was 
also  wounded,  but  managed  to  make  his  escape.  It  was  thought  by 
some  that  robbery  was  really  the  motive  for  Ga}'s  murder,  the  per- 
petrators of  the  deed  hoping  to  find  on  his  person  the  key  to  the  safe 
in  which  the  agency  money  was  kept.  If  they  found  the  ke\'  they 
were  afraid  to  attempt  to  use  it,  because  of  the  storm  of  indignation 
aroused  by  the  murder. 

Gaylord,  an  incorporated  town  of  Smith  county,  is  located  on  the 
north  fork  of  the  Solomon  river  and  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  10  miles 
south  of  .Smith  Center,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  newspaper 
(the  Sentinel),  a  number  of  good  retail  stores,  three  churches,  daily 
stage  to  Smith  Center,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  a  money  order 
postoffice  with  two  rural  routes.    The  population  in  1910  was  308. 

Gaylord  was  named  in  honor  of  C.  K.  Gaylord  of  Marshall  counl\'.  Kan. 
The  postoffice  was  establishctl  in  1871,  with  W.  D.  Street  as  the  first 
l)ostmaslcr.  Mr.  .Street  opened  the  first  store.  The  first  grist  mill  in 
the  county  was  built  on  the  Solomon  at  this  iioint  by  Piakcr  dv  Keeler 
in  1 871.  'J"he  first  white  child  born  in  Gaylord  was  Cora  May  McX'all. 
born  in  May,  1872.  The  first  marriage  was  between  Miss  Rhoda  Phillips 
and  George  Parker  the  same  summer.  The  first  town  officers  were: 
Trustee,  E.  R.  Fowler;  justice,  Henry  .Miercombie ;  constable.  Welib 
McXall;  treasurer,  George  I'arker.  The  first  school  was  taught  by  Mrs. 
Agnes  L.  C.  Skinner  in  the  summer  of  1872. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  715 

Geary  (formerly  called  Geary  City),  a  hamlet  of  Doniphan  county,  is 
located  in  Wayne  township  about  9  miles  southeast  of  Troy,  the  county 
seat,  and  8  from  Wathena,  from  which  place  it  receives  daily  mail.  The 
population  in  1910  was  52.  The  town  was  located  in  1857  by  a  company 
of  Leavenworth  people  and  named  for  J.  W.  Geary,  who  was  at  that  time 
governor  of  the  territory.  The  first  building  was  a  log  house  used  as  a 
saloon.  The  town  company  built  a  hotel.  The  first  store  was  opened  by 
a  Mr.  Cutter  James  McCahon  was  the  first  lawyer  and  Dr.  F.  Grubb 
the  first  physician.  Flickinger  &  Langdon  put  up  a  sawmill  in  1859. 
The  postofifice  was  established  in  1857,  with  J.  L.  Roundy  as  the  first 
postmaster.  An  interesting  paper  called  the  New  Era  was  started  in 
1857,  with  two  editors,  one  a  Democrat  and  the  other  a  Republican. 

Geary  County,  originally  called  Davis,  is  located  in  the  northeastern 
part  of  the  state,  being  in  the  third  tier  of  counties  south  of  Nebraska 
and  in  the  fifth  west  from  the  Missouri  river.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north 
by  Riley  county,  east  by  Riley  and  Wabaunsee,  south  by  Morris  and 
Dickinson,  and  west  by  Dickinson  and  Clay.  It  is  irregular  in  shape, 
contains  407  square  miles,  and  is  one  of  the  ^t,  counties  created  by  an 
act  of  the  first  territorial  legislature  in  1855.  ^^  was  organized  at  the 
time  of  its  creation  and  named  "Davis"  in  honor  of  Jefiferson  Davis,  who 
w^as  at  that  time  secretary  of  war.  By  act  of  the  Kansas  legislature  of 
Feb.  28,  1889.  the  name  was  changed  to  Geary,  in  honor  of  John  White 
Geary,  third  territorial  governor  of  Kansas.  An  attempt  was  made  by 
the  act  of  March  11,  1893,  to  change  the  name  back  to  Davis,  provided 
a  majority  of  the  people  of .  the  count}'  favored  the  proposition,  but  the 
majority  was  against  the  change  and  the  name  Geary  remains. 

It  is  generally  believed  that  the  first  white  men  to  visit  Geary  county 
were  Coronado  and  his  associates  in  their  search  for  the  unknown  prov- 
inces of  Quivira  and  Harahe3\  (See  Coronado.)  The  Bourgniont  expe- 
dition (q.  V.)  is  supposed  to  have  traveled  along  the  south  bank  of  the 
Kansas  river  through  the  present  count}-  of  Geary.  John  C.  Fremont, 
in  his  report  of  the  expedition  to  the  Rocky  mountains,  says,  "we  arrived 
on  the  8th  (June,  1843)  ^t  the  mouth  of  the  Smok}-hill  fork,  which  is  the 
principal  southern  branch  of  the  Kansas,  forming  here,  by  its  junction 
with  the  Republican,  or  northern  branch,  the  main  Kansas  river." 

In  1853  settlers  began  to  come  into  the  territory  now  embraced  within 
the  bounds  of  Geary  county.  One  of  the  first  to  locate  permanently  was 
Thomas  Reynolds,  who  settled  near  Ogden.  When  Kansas  was  organ- 
ized as  a  territory,  there  w-ere  only  20  voters  in  the  region  now  embraced 
within  the  count}'.  The  Paw'nee  town  association  was  organized  on  Nov. 
26.  1854.  Col.  W.  P.  Montgcimery  was  president  of  the  association 
and  William  Hammond  was  secretary.  Many  of  the  officers  stationed  at 
Fort  Riley  took  an  active  part  in  the  management  of  local  affairs.  The 
first  election,  in  what  is  now  Geary  county,  was  for  the  election  of  a  dele- 
gate to  Congress.  It  was  held  in  Nov.,  1854,  and  the  voting  place  was 
at  the  house  of  Thomas  Reynolds.  The  free-state  candidate  was  R.  P. 
Flenniken,   and   the  pro-slavery  candidate  was  J.   W.   Whitfield.     The 


7l6  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

judges  of  election  were  all  officers  of  the  army,  and  of  the  40  votes  cast^ 
Flenniken  received  31  and  Whitfield  9.  In  Dec,  1854,  the  town  of  Paw- 
nee was  started  on  the  north  shore  of  the  river  not  far  from  Fort  Riley. 
Some  trouble  arose  in  its  establishment,  as  a  few  settlers  had  already 
located  on  the  land.  It  is  said  that  Col.  Montgomery,  the  president  of 
the  town  compan}-,  had  the  settlers  driven  off  by  a  squad  of  soldiers,  in 
Jan.,  1855,  and  the  association  was  assured  by  Gov.  Reeder,  the  first  gov- 
ernor of  the  territory,  that  if  the  necessary  buildings  were  completed  in 
time  he  would  convene  the  first  territorial  legislature  at  Pawnee.  In 
March  a  second  town  company  was  formed  of  which  William  Hammond 
was  president,  and  a  town  was  laid  out  and  called  Chetolah  (q.  v.). 
Before  the  close  of  March  a  third  town  company  \\'as  organized,  which 
laid  out  the  town  of  Ashland  on  McDowell's  creek  and  made  a  settlement. 

On  March  31,  1855,  ^he  first  election  for  members  of  the  territorial  leg- 
islature was  held,  and  Pawnee  v\as  the  only  voting  precinct  in  what  is 
now  Geary  county.  It  formed  a  part  of  the  eighth  representative  and 
the  sixth  council  district.  M.  F.  Conway  was  the  free-state,  and  John 
Donaldson  the  pro-slaver}-  candidate  for  the  council ;  S.  D.  Houston  was 
the  free-state  and  Russell  Garrett  the  pro-slavery  candidate  for  the  house 
of  representatives.  The  free-state  candidates  were  elected  l^y  a  vote  of 
53  to  23. 

In  1855,  according  to  the  promise  made  by  Gov.  Reeder,  the  executive 
office  was  removed  to  Pawnee,  and  in  Julj^  the  first  territorial  legislature 
convened  there,  but  soon  after  adjourned  to  the  Shawnee  Mission  in 
Johnson  county.  The  resolution  to  adjourn  was  vetoed  by  the  governor, 
but  the  territorial  court  sustained  the  measure  and  Pawnee  lost  the  cap- 
ital.   This  was  a  hard  blow  to  the  town  company. 

Gov.  Geary  visited  the  county  in  1856,  and  the  same  year  the  county 
was  represented  in  the  Topeka  legislature  by  J.  11.  Pillsbury  in  the 
council  and  Abram  Barry  in  the  house.  An  act  to  complete  the  organiza- 
tion of  Geary  county  as  a  separate  corporation  was  passed  on  Feb.  20, 
1857.  The  legislature  elected  two  county  commissioners,  a  probate  judge, 
who  was  ex-officio  chairman  of  the  board,  and  a  sIierifF.  Tliese  officers 
were  to  hold  office  until  the  first  Monday  in  October,  when  a  county  elec- 
tion was  ordered,  for  county  officers  and  to  decide  the  permanent  location 
of  the  county  seat.  The  first  commissioners  were  Robert  Reynolds,  C.  L. 
Sandford,  and  N.  B.  White  and  the  first  meeting  was  held  on  March  16, 
1857,  but  only  Reynolds  and  Sandford  were  present.  G.  F.  Gordon  acted 
as  clerk  but  E.  L.  Pattie  was  later  regularly  appointed  to  llial  position. 
H.  N.  Williams  was  elected  sherifif;  P.  M.  Barclay,  treasurer,  and  G.  F. 
Gordon,  justice  of  the  peace.  At  the  election  of  Oct.  5,  1857,  for  mem- 
bers of  the  legislature,  the  voting  precincts  were  Ashland.  Ogden,  Che- 
tolah, Clark's  Creek,  Riley  City  and  Montague's.  \i  llic  eUciidu  ij6 
free-state  and  30  Democratic  votes  were  cast. 

The  first  postoffice  in  Ihe  county  was  establisluil  .ii  I'di  t  Iviley  in 
1853,  with  Robert  Wilson  as  postmaster.  The  first  m;uri;ige  snleninizcd 
in  the  count \-  was  that  of  Thomas  Jenkins  and  I'.lla   Wicks  on  Oct.   1. 


KANSAS    MISTORV  JIJ 

1855,  and  the  first  white  child  born  was  John  FIcminj;,'-,  whose  birth 
occurred  on  Dec.  20,  1854.  The  pioneer  merchant  of  Geary  county  was 
John  T.  Price,  who  opened  a  grocery  stofe  at  Pawnee  in  1854. 

The  legislature  of  1859  located  the  seat  of  justice  at  Ashland.  In  the 
spring  of  i860  Junction  City  was  made  a  voting  precinct,  and  a  jjctilion 
was  presented  to  the  commissioners  for  a  change  of  the  county  scat. 
Accordingly,  the  question  was  submitted  to  the  people  and  an  election 
ordered  for  June  25,  i860.  Ashland,  Junction  City,  Riley  City  and  Union 
were  the  contestants.  The  election,  resulted  in  287  votes  for  Junction 
City,  129  for  Union,  3  for  Ashland  and  3  for  Riley  City,  and  thus  Jimc- 
tion  City  became  the  permanent  seat  of  justice.  The  first  meeting  of  the 
county  board  was  held  there  on  July  2,  i860. 

Upon  tlie  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war  there  was  much  excitement  in 
Geary  county  over  the  men  who  enlisted  in  the  army.  On  March  10. 
1862,  some  of  the  soldiers  stationed  at  Fort  Riley,  dissatisfied  with  the 
secession  sentiments  expressed  in  the  C(ilumns  of  the  Kansas  Frontier, 
attacked  the  newspaper  office  and  did  much  damage.  A  meeting  of  the 
citizens  denounced  the  action  of  the  soldiers,  and  it  is  not  certain  whetl|(er 
this  meeting  or  something  published  in  the  Frontier  stirred  the  soldiers 
to  a  higher  indignation,  but  the  same  week  they  again  attacked  the  news- 
paper office  and  this  time  it  was  demolished.  There  were  then  several 
regiments  encamped  at  Fort  Rile3^  and  the  outbreaks  of  the  soldiers 
became  so  frequent  and  annoying  that  the  town  was  placed  in  charge  of 
Capt.  Syh'ester  of  the  Twelfth  Wisconsin,  who  acted  as  provost  guard. 

About  the  same  time  great  excitement  was  created  in  Geary  and  the 
adjoining  counties,  by  a  party  of  Comanche  Indians,  who  ent^ered  the 
Republican  valley,  committed  depredations  and  drove  out  the  settlers. 
The  people  within  easy  reach  of  Fort  Riley  had  little  to  fear  because  of 
the  troops  stationed  there,  and  many  settlers  from  further  west  sought 
refuge  in  Junction  City. 

Prior  to  1866,  the  county  officers  were  located  in  the  ujjper  story  of  a 
stone  building  at  the  corner  of  Sixth  and  Washington  streets  at  Junction 
City.  This  building  was  destroyed  by  fire  on  the  night  of  April  8. 
and  a  few  da>s  later  the  town\and  county  were  swept  by  a  cyclone  that 
did  great  damage. 

On  July  5,  1866,  the  count}-  commissioners  decided  to  build  a  bridge 
across  the  Smoky  Hill  river  and  authorized  the  sale  of  $20,000  of  bonds 
for  the  purpose.  In  1867  bonds  were  voted  by  the  people  to  aid  in  the 
construction  of  the  south  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  and  the 
Kansas  Pacific,  which  was  the  first  railroad  to  enter  Geary  county,  being 
completed  as  far  as  Junction  City  on  Nov.  10,  1866.  A  great  tide  of 
immigration  flowed  into  the  coujity  w-ith  the  opening  of  the  railroads, 
and  most  of  the  desirable  land  was  soon  taken  up.  In  1870,  Geary 
county  was  sued  bv  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  railroad  company 
for  $165,000  in  bonds  that  the  county  had  voted  to  aid  in  the  construction 
of  the  railroad,  but  which  had  never  been  paid.  After  being  in  the  courts 
for  some  time,  the  case  passed  to  the  supreme  court  where  a  decision 
-was  rendered  in  favor  of  the  county. 


/IS  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Geaiy  county  constituted  one  municipal  township  up  to  Aug.  7.  1872, 
when  the  board  of  commissioners  divided  it  into  two  civil  townships, 
Smoky  Hill  and  Jackson.  In  time  these  were  subdivided  to  form  the 
eight  townships  into  which  the  county  is  now  divided,  viz : — Blakcly, 
Jackson,  Jefferson,  Libert}',  Lyon,  Milford,  Smoky  Hill  and  W'ingtield. 
In  1873,  the  legislature  changed  the  boundaries  of  Geary  county  by  tak- 
ing away  Ashland  township  and  adding  it  to  Riley  county.  At  the  same 
time  Milford  township  was  taken  from  Rile)'  and  annexed  to  Geary 
The  first  newspaper  was  the  Sentinel,  edited  by  B.  II.  Keyser.  It  made 
its  appearance  in  June,  1858,  as  the  organ  of  the  Democratic  party.  In 
1859  this  paper  was  bought  by  Samuel  Medar\-  and  the  name  changed 
to  Kansas  Statesman.  The  Frontier  Guide,  started  in  1861,  was  the  sec- 
ond newspaper. 

Transportation  is  furnished  by  the  main  line  of  the  L'nion  Pacific  rail- 
road, which  runs  across  the  northwest  part  of  the  country,  from  northeast 
to  southwest,  with  a  branch  northwest  from  Junction  City.  A  branch 
of  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  enters  in  the  south  and  terminates  at 
Junction  City,  giving  the  county  nearly  50  miles  of  main  track  railroad. 

The  east  and  central  portions  of  the  county  are  rough  and  hilly  along 
the  streams  but  the  southeastern  and  western  parts  are  undulating 
prairie.  The  county  is  well  watered  by  the  Republican  and  Smoky  Hill 
rivers,  which  unite  near  Junction  City  to  form  the  Kansas  river. 

The  population  of  the  county  in  1910  was  12.631.  a  gain  of  1,937  during 
the  preceding  ten  years.  The  assessed  valuation  of  property  was  S16,- 
•642.510,  and  the  value  of  agricultural  iirnducts  for  the  ^•ear  was 
$1,888,967. 

Geary,  John  White,  the  third  territorial  go\crnor  of  Kansas,  was  born 
in  Westmoreland  county,  i'a.,  Dec.  3),  li^K).  Fvom  his  Scotch-Irish 
ancestry  he  inherited  all  those  traits  which  developed  in  him  a  man  of 
unquestioned  courage,  great  force  of  character,  and  a  high  order  of  exec- 
utive ability.  His  early  education  was  acquired  under  the  instruction 
of  his  father,  who  conducted  an  academy,  after  which  he  entered  JefTer- 
son  College  at  Canonsburg,  Pa.,  where  he  graduated  in  1841.  Tlie  death 
of  his  father  about  this  time  made  it  necessary  for  him  to  contribute  to 
the  support  of  his  widowed  mother  and  her  children.  He  clerked  in  a 
store  in  Pittsbiu'gh  for  a  time,  taught  school,  and  finally  took  u])  the  work 
of  civil  engineer— a  profession  for  which  he  had  thoroughly  i)re]i;\red 
himself.  He  followed  this  occupation  in  Pennsylvania  and  Kentucky 
until  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  with  Mexico,  when  he  raised  a  com- 
pany known  as  the  "American  Highlanders,"  which  became  a  part  of  the 
Second  Pennsj'lvania  infantr\',  of  which  he  was  made  lieutenant-colonel. 
His  regiment  was  attached  to  the  army  of  Gen.  Scott,  and  for  his  gal- 
lantry at  the  Helen  gate.  City  of  Mexico,  he  was  i)ronioled  to  the  rank 
of  colonel.  After  the  cajiture  of  the  Mexican  capitol  he  was  jilaced  in 
charge  of  the  city  as  conini.ind.int.  The  discovery  of  gold  in  Californi;i 
lured  him  to  the  Pacific  coast,  and  on  Jan.  22,  1849,  he  was  ajipoinled 
postmaster  of  San  Francisco  by  President  Tyler.     .After  a  few  months* 


KANSAS    niSTORV  7I9 

service  he  was  removed  by  President  'I'aylor,  and  was  then  elected  Ijy 
the  citizens  to  the  office  of  first  alcalde  of  the  city.  He  was  also  elected 
the  first  mayor  of  San  Francisco  under  the  charter  of  1850.  In  1852  he 
returned  to  Pennsylvania  on  a  visit,  but  while  there  his  wife  died,  and  he 
never  returned  to  California.  On  July  31,  1856,  he  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  Kansas.  Connelley,  in  his  Territorial  Governors,  says:  "lie 
was  selected  for  the  position  because  of  his  firmness  and  recognized 
executive  ability."  He  resigned  on  March  12,  1857,  and  like  Gov.  Reeder 
left  the  territory  at  night  to  escape  assassination  at  the  hands  of  mem- 
bers of  his  own  political  party,  returning  to  Pennsylvania,  where  he 
lived  quietly  on  his  farm  until  commencement  of  the  Civil  war  in  1861. 
Upon  the  first  call  for  volunteers,  he  raised  the  Twenty-eighth  Penn- 
sylvania infantry  and  was  commissioned  colonel  of  the  regiment.  Sub- 
sequently he  was  promoted  to  brigadier  and  still  later  to  major-general. 
During  the  Atlanta  campaign  and  the  famous  march  to  the  sea  he  com- 
manded the  "White  Star"  division  of  the  Twentieth  army  corps,  and  on 
Dec.  22,  1864.  was  appointed  by  Gen.  Sherman  military  governor  of 
Savannah.  In  1866  he  was  elected  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  and  at  the 
close  of  his  term  was  reelected.  Gov.  Geary  died  at  Harrisburg,  Pa., 
Feb.  8,  1873,  eighteen  days  after  the  expiration  of  his  second  term  as 
governor.  His  work  in  Kansas  did  much  to  break  the  power  of  the  pro- 
slavery  party  and  contributed  materially  to  the  admission  of  Kansas  as  a 
free  state.    Geary  county  was  named  in  his  honor. 

Geary's  Administration. — At  the  time  Gov.  Geary  received  his  appoint- 
ment, afifairs  in  Kansas  were  in  a  deplorable  condition.  Gov.  Shannon's 
course  had  not  been  satisfactory,  either  to  the  people  of  the  territory  or 
the  administration  at  Washington,  and  Acting  Gov.  Woodson  was  so 
much  of  a  partisan  that  the  executive  power  had  been  wielded  in  a  way 
that  amounted  to  virtual  persecution  of  a  large  portion  of  the  population. 
Gov.  Geary  arrived  at  Leavenworth  on  Sept.  9,  1856,  and  found  the  town 
under  military  control.  Free-state  people,  who  had  asked  in  vain  for  the 
protection  of  the  military,  were  fleeing  from  the  border  ruffians  pouring 
into  the  territory  in  response  to  Woodson's  proclamation  of  Aug.  25. 
(See  Woodson's  Administration.) 

On  the  loth  the  new  governor  went  to  Lecompton,  then  the  seat  of 
government,  where  he  found  a  number  of  armed  pro-slaver}-  men,  who 
tried  to  convince  him  that  all  the  crimes  that  had  been  committed  in 
Kansas  were  the  work  of  the  "Abolitionists."  That  they  did  not  succeed 
in  doing  so  is  obvious  from  some  of  the  utterances  in  his  address  to  the 
people,  which  he  issued  on  the  following  day,  and  from  which  the  fol- 
lowing quotations  are  made  to  show  his  policy: 

"When  I  received  my  commission  I  was  solemnly  sworn  to  support 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  to  discharge  my  duties  as 
governor  of  Kansas  with  fidelity.  By  reference  to  the  act  for  the  organi- 
zation of  this  territory,  passed  by  Congress  on  the  30th  day  of  March. 
1854.  I  find  my  duties  more  particularly  defined  ;  among  other  things,  I 
am  'to  take  care  that  the  laws  are  faithfully  executed.'    The  constitution 


720  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

of  the  United  States  and  the  organic  law  of  this  territor}-  will  be  the 
lights  bv  which  I  will  be  guided  in  my  executive  career. 

"Let  us  banish  all  outside  influence  from  our  deliberations,  and  assem- 
ble around  our  council  board  with  the  constitution  of  our  coimtry  and  the 
organic  law  of  this  territor}-  as  the  great  charts  for  our  guidance  and 
direction.  The  bona  fide  inhabitants  alone  are  charged  with  the  solemn 
duty  of  enacting  her  laws,  upholding  her  government,  maintaining  peace, 
and  laying  the  foundation  for  a  future  commonwealth.  .  .  .  This 
great  right  of  regulating  our  own  affairs  and  attending  to  our  own  busi- 
ness, without  any  interference  from  others,  has  been  guaranteed  to  us 
by  the  law  which  Congress  has  made  for  the  organization  of  this  terri- 
tory. This  right  of  self-government — this  privilege  guaranteed  to  us  b\ 
the  organic  law  of  our  territory — I  will  uphold  with  all  my  might,  and 
with  the  entire  power  committed  to  me.  .  .  .  The  territory  of  the 
United  States  is  the  common  property  of  the  several  states,  or  of  the 
people  thereof.  This  being  so,  no  obstacle  should  be  interposed  to  the 
free  settlement  of  this  common  property,  while  in  a  territorial  condition. 

"I  desire  to  know  no  party,  no  section,  no  North,  no  South,  no  Kast, 
no  West ;  nothing  but  Kansas  and  my  countr}'." 

Naturally,  such  an  address  as  this  did  not  meet  with  favor  among  the 
pro-slavery  men,  with  whom  the  idea  of  placing  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States  and  the  laws  of  Congress  above  the  acts  of  the  territorial 
(bogus)  legislature  was  repugnant,  to  say  the  least.  So.  too,  was  the 
declaration  of  Gov.  Geary  that  he  would  uphold  the  right  of  self-govern- 
ment as  guaranteed  by  the  organic  law.  To  show  that  he  meant  what 
he  said  when  he  made  this  declaration,  on  the  same  day  he  issued  his 
"address"  he  also  issued  two  proclamations — one  to  disband  the  volun- 
teer militia  which  had  "been  called  into  service  by  the  late  acting  gover- 
nor," and  the  other  ordering  "all  free  male  citizens,  qtialificd  to  bear 
arms,  between  the  ages  of  eighteeen  and  forty-five  years,  to  enroll  them- 
selves, in  accordance  with  the  act  to  organize  the  militia  of  the  terri- 
tory." 

On  the  iJth  he  issued  the  following  order  to  Adjt.-Gen.  Strickler: 
"You  will  proceed,  without  a  moment's  delay,  to  disarm  and  disband  the 
present  organized  militia  of  the  territory,  in  accordance  with  the  iuslruc- 
tions  of  the  jiresidenl  and  the  proclamations  which  I  have  issued,  copies 
of  which  you  will  find  enclosed.  You  will  also  take  care  to  have  the  arms 
belonging  to  the  territory  de])i>sited  in  a  jilaco  of  safety  and  under  ])i-o])er 
accountability." 

At  the  same  time  he  ordered  Thomas  J.  I'.  C'raiuiv.  the  insiu'ctor-gen- 
eral,  to  take  charge  of  the  arms  and  ]ireservc  the  same.  The  militia  thus 
ordered  to  be  disbanded  and  disarmed  had  been  collecting  in  resjxinse  to 
Gov.  Woodson's  proclamation  of  Aug.  25.  In  a  letter  to  \\  .  I..  Marcy. 
secretary  of  war,  under  date  of  Sept.  12,  185''),  Gov.  Geary  gives  the  fol- 
lowing reasons  for  his  course:  "]  have  determined  to  dismiss  the  |)res- 
cnt  organized  militia,  after  consultation  with  and  by  the  advice  of  Gen. 
Smith,  and  for  the  reasons  that  lhe\'  are  not  enrolled  in  accordance  with 


KANSAS    mSTOKY  721 

the  laws ;  that  some  of  them  were  committing  outrages  under  pretense 
of  serving  the  public ;  and  that  they  were  unquestionably  perpetrating, 
rather  than  diminishing,  the  troubles  with  which  the  territory  is  agita- 
ted." 

Theodore  Adams,  a  special  agent  of  the  governor,  wrote  from  Law- 
rence late  on  the  12th  that  a  large  number  of  men  from  Missouri  were 
within  6  miles  of  that  town,  and  that  the  citizens  there  were  organizing 
to  resist  any  attack  that  might  be  made,  but  that  they  would  disband  it 
assurance  were  given  that  they  would  be  protected.  At  1 130  a.  m.  on  the 
13th  Gov.  Geary  wrote  to  Col.  P.  St.  George  Cooke  to  "send  immediately 
to  Lawrence  a  force  sufficient  to  prevent  bloodshed,  as  it  is  my  orders 
from  the  president  to  use  every  possible  means  to  prevent  collisions 
between  the  beligerent  forces,"  and  closed  his  letter  by  saying:  "If 
desirable,  I  will  accompany  the  troops  myself,  and  should  be  glad  to 
have  you  go  along." 

An  hour  later  300  mounted  men,  with  four  pieces  of  artillery,  accom- 
panied by  the  governor  and  Col.  Cooke,  were  on  their  way  to  Lawrence. 
Upon  arriving  there  they  found  everything  quiet.  Gov.  Geary  addressed 
the  people,  who  cheered  him  for  his  promptness  in  affording  them  pro- 
tection, and  in  the  afternoon  he  returned  to  Lecompton.  The  next  day 
he  wrote  to  Col.  Cooke: 

"The  adjutant-general  of  the  territory  is  about  to  proceed  to  disband 
the  volunteer  troops.  At  this  late  hour  he  has  informed  me  that  he  must 
have  an  escort  of  two  soldiers  to  accompany  him.  If  you  can  let  him 
have  them,  you  will  order  them  to  report  to  me  at  once.  The  escort  is 
also  intended  to  accompany  the  secretary  of  the  territory  and  my  espe- 
cial agent,  Mr.  Adams.  They  will  first  proceed  to  disband  the  forces 
that  are  marching  toward  Lawrence." 

About  three  o'clock  that  afternoon  the  escort,  with  Adjt.-Gen.  Strick- 
ler,  Mr.  Woodson  and  Mr.  Adams,  reached  Lawrence,  where  they  found 
a  large  body  of  pro-slavery  forces  under  command  of  Atchison,  Reid, 
Titus,  Jones,  Heiskell,  Richardson,  Stringfellow  and  others.  Soon 
after  the  adjutant-general  and  his  escort  had  left  Lecompton.  several 
messengers  arrived  there  from  Lkwrence  with  appeals  for  protection,  and 
Gov.  Geary  sent  the  following  order  to  Col.  Cooke:  "Proceed  at  all 
speed  with  your  command  to  Lawrence,  and  prevent  a  collision  if  pos- 
sible ;  and  leave  a  portion  of  your  troops  there  for  that  purpose." 

Despite  the  orders  of  the  governor  to  lose  no  time  in  disbanding  the 
militia,  Strickler  and  Woodson  were  slow  to  act.  At  midnight  of  the 
14th  Mr.  Adams  wrote  to  the  governor:  "Sec.  Woodson  and  Gen. 
Strickler  had  not  up  to  the  time  I  left  delivered  their  orders,  but  were 
about  doing  so  as  soon  as  they  could  get  the  officers  together." 

This  information  reached  Gov.  Geary  at  3  a.  m.  of  the  15th,  and  he 
hurried  to  the  camp  on  the  Wakarusa  where  he  found  2,700  of  the  terri- 
torial militia.  He  at  once  called  a  council  of  the  officers,  enjoined  the 
duty  of  obedience,  demanded  compliance  with  his  proclamation,  which 
was  read,  severely  reprimanded  some  of  the  commanding  officers,  and 
(I-46) 


722  CYCLOI'EDIA    Ol-' 

commanded  the  army  to  disband  and  disarm.  His  order  was  obeyed,  but 
not  without  some  mutterings  of  displeasure.  Some  of  the  disbanded 
troops,  on  the  way  to  their  homes,  committed  outrages  upon  the  free- 
state  settlers,  such  as  burning  a  sawmill  near  Franklin,  driving  away 
horses  and  cattle,  etc.  A  detachment  of  the  Kickapoo  Rangers  shot  and 
mortally  wounded  David  C.  Buflfum.  Before  he  died  Gov.  Geary  and 
Judge  Cato  called  on  him  and  took  his  statement,  and  in  Xovember  the 
governor  placed  a  warrant  in  the  hands  of  .Marshal  Donalson  for  the 
arrest  of  Charles  Haj's  for  the  murder  of  Buffum.  Donalson  declined  to 
serve  the  warrant,  which  was  then  placed  in  the  hands  of  Col.  Titus, 
who  arrested  Hays.  The  prisoner  was  admitted  to  bail,  over  the  protest 
of  Gov.  Geary.  On  Nov.  17  the  governor  went  to  Leavenworth  to  attend 
the  Delaware  land  sales.  He  had  scarcely  left  Lecompton  when  Hays 
was  brought  before  Judge  Lecompte,  who  discharged  him  on  a  writ  of 
habeas  corpus. 

On  the  other  hand,  over  100  free-state  prisoners  in  the  hands  of 
Sheriff  Jones  were  treated  with  great  severity.  These  men  had  been 
arrested  in  September  and  had  been  refused  bail  by  the  court.  The  very 
day  that  judge  Lecemipte  released  Hays,  the  sheriff  notified  the  governor 
that  it  was  "indispensably  necessary  that  balls  and  chains  should  be 
furnished  for  the  safety  of  the  convicts  under  my  charge,"  but  Geary 
refused  the  request  and  Jones  resigned  his  office.  Of  the  free-state 
prisoners,  39  escaped,  16  were  tried  and  acquittted,  about  30  were  sen- 
tenced to  five  years  in  the  penitentiary,  ami  a  number  were  pardoned  li\ 
Gov.  Geary  on  Feb.  28,  1857. 

When  Lecompte  discharged  Ha}s  from  custody  the  govcrnr>r  com- 
plained to  the  president  of  this  manner  of  dispensing  justice,  and  C.  O. 
Harrison  of  Kentucky  was  appointed  to  succeed  Lecompte,  Init  as  the 
president  failed  to  issue  the  necessary  writ  of  supersedeas,  the  senate 
refused  to  confirm  Harrison's  ai)pointnienl.  and  Lecompte  continued  in 
office. 

On  Oct.  6,  1856,  was  held  an  election  for  delegate  to  Congress,  num- 
bers of  the  legislature,  and  on  the  question  of  calling  a  convenliun  to 
form  a  constitution,  preparatory  to  applying  to  Congress  for  admission 
as  a  state.  The  free-state  men  refused  to  vote.  John  ^^'.  ^^'llit field 
received  4,276  votes  for  delegate,  the  members  of  the  legislature  elected 
were  all  pro-slaver}'  men,  and  on  the  question  of  a  constitutional  con- 
vention there  were  2,592  votes  in  the  affimative  and  454  in  the  negative. 

Four  days  after  the  election  a  large  i)arty  of  free-state  men  under 
Shaler  \^^  Eldridge  was  arrested  near  the  Nebraska  ri\ir  liy  ('i>l.  ('nnko 
and  W.  S.  Preston,  a  de])uly  marshal,  but  on  the  141I1  the  men  were  all 
released  by  Gov.  Geary.    After  this  immigration  was  free. 

Having  disbanded  the  militia  and  restored  a  semlilance  of  order  in 
the  territory.  Gov.  Geary  left  f.ecompton  on  Oct.  i"  for  a  "toiu-  of  obser- 
vation." He  visited  the  Wakarusa  valley.  Hickory  Point,  I'rairie  City. 
Osawatomie,  Paola,  Centropolis,  "ito,"  Riley  City,  Pawnee  and  I'mt 
Riley,   studying   tiie    conditions    in    .ill    tlusc    |i1;uhs,    and    ninriu-d    in 


KANSAS    HISTORY  723 

Lecompton  on  Nov.  6.  Wliilc  at  the  Baptist  mission  on  the  I'ottawat- 
omie  reserve  near  Topeka,  a  few  liours  before  he  reached  Lecompton, 
he  wrote  a  proclamation  setting;  apart  Nov.  20  as  a  clay  of  thankst^iving'. 
This  was  the  first  official  i)roclamation  of  that  character  ever  issued  in 
Kansas.  In  Nov.  1855,  J.  H.  Lane  and  J.  K.  Goodin,  chairman  and  secre- 
tary of  the  fvee-state  executive  committee,  asked  Gov.  Shannon  to  pro- 
claim a  day  of  thanksgiving,  but  the  go\ernor  decided  that,  in  view  of 
the  discord  then  pre\ailing  in  the  territory,  the  people  of  Kansas  had 
no  cause  for  being  thankful. 

On  Jan.  6,  1857,  the  free-stak;  legislature  met  at  Topeka.  Gov.  Robin- 
son and  Lieut. -Gov.  Roberts  were  both  absent — the  former  in-  Washing- 
ton trying  to  secure  the  admission  of  Kansas  under  the  Topeka  consti- 
tution— and  there  was  no  quorum  present.  No  attempt  was  made  to 
organize  either  house,  but  some  of  the  members  were  arrested  bv  the 
sherifif  of  Douglas  county,  without  resistance,  and  taken  before  Judge 
Cato,  who  admitted  them  to  bail  in  bonds  of  $500  each.  They  were  never 
brought  to  trial. 

The  second  territorial  legislature  met  at  Lcconipt<jn  on  Jan.  12,  1857. 
The  council  was  organized  by  continuing  Rev.  Thomas  Johnson  as  presi- 
dent, and  the  house  elected  W.  G.  Mathias  speaker.  The  next  day  Gov. 
Geary  submitted  his  message,  in  which  he  reviewed  the  conditions  exist- 
ing at  the  time  he  assumed  the  duties  of  governor  and  the  events  imme- 
diately following.  Again  he  insisted  that  the  territories  were  the  com- 
mon property  of  the  people  of  the  several  states,  and  that  no  obstacle 
should  be  interposed  to  their  "free,  speedy  and  general  settlement." 

"On  the  delicate  and  exciting  question  of  slavery,"  said  he,  "a  subject 
which  so  peculiarly  engaged  the  attention  of  Congress  at  the  passage  of 
our  organic  act,  I  cannot  too  earnestly  invoke  you  to  permit  it  to  remain 
where  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  and  that  act  place  it — subject 
to  the  decision  of  the  courts  upon  all  points  arising  during  our  present 
infant  condition.  .  .  .  Justice  to  the  country,  and  the  dictates  of 
sound  policy,  require  that  the  legislature  should  confine  itself  to  such 
subjects  as  will  preserve  the  basis  of  equality;  and  when  a  sufficient 
population  is  here,  and  they  choose  to  adopt  a  state  government,  that 
they  shall  be  'perfectly  free,'  without  let  or  hindrance,  to  form  all  their 
domestic  institutions  'in  their  own  way,'  and  to  dictate  that  form  of 
government  which,  in  their  deliberate  judgment,  may  be  deemed  proper. 

"Any  attempt  to  incite  servile  insurrection,  and  to  interfere  with  the 
domestic  institutions  of' sovereign  states,  is  extremely  reprehensible,  and 
shall  receive  no  countenance  from  me.  Such  intervention  can  result  in 
no  good,  but  is  pregnant  with  untold  disasters.  Murder,  arson,  rapine 
and  death  follow  in  its  wake,  while  not  one  link  in  the  fetters  of  the  slave 
is  weakened  or  broken,  or  any  amelioration  in  his  condition  secured. 
Such  interference  is  a  direct  invasion  of  state  rights,  only  calculated  to 
produce  irritation  and  estrangement." 

He  next  called  attention  to  numerous  errors  in  the  copy  of  the  organic 
act  as  printed  in  the  statutes  enacted  by  the  first  territorial  legislature. 


724  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

One  of  these  errors  deserves  more  tlian  passing  mention,  "lii  the  2qth 
section."  says  the  message,  "defining  the  executive  authority,  will  be 
found  the  following  striking  omission:  'against  the  laws  of  said  terri- 
tory, and  reprieves  for  offenses.'  This  omission  impairs  the  executive 
authority,  and  deprives  the  governor  of  the  pardoning  power  for  offenses 
committed  against  the  laws  of  the  territory,  which  Congress,  for  the 
wisest  and  most  humane  reasons,  has  conferred  upon  him." 

Whether  this  omission  was  made  by  accident  or  design,  it  had  the 
effect  of  allowing  the  pro-slavery  authorities  to  arrest  and  imprison 
free-state  men,  without  hope  of  pardon. 

The  election  laws  passed  by  the  first  legislature  provided  for  a  viva 
voce  instead  of  by  ballot,  and  "if  all  votes  offered  cannot  be  taken  before 
the  hour  appointed  for  closing  the  polls,  the  judges  shall,  by  public  proc- 
lamation, adjourn  such  election  until  the  following  day,  when  the  polls 
shall  again  be  opened  and  the  election  continued  as  before."  This  pro- 
vision the  governor  declared  oft'ered  great  room  for  fraud.  "\'oting  viva 
voce,"  said  he,  "the  condition  of  the  poll  can  be  ascertained  at  any 
moment.  If  the  parties  having  the  election  officers  are  likely  to  be 
defeated,  they  have  the  option  of  adjourning,  for  the  purpose  of  drum- 
ming up  votes ;  or,  in  the  insane  desire  for  victory,  to  resort  to  other 
means  even  more  reprehensible." 

The  act  providing  for  a  general  militia  training  on  the  first  Monday 
in  October  was  censured,  because,  that  being  the  day  of  the  general 
election,  it  was  "well  calculated  to  incite  to  terrorism."  The  governor 
insisted  that  "The  silent  ballots  of  the  people,  unawed  by  military  dis- 
play, should  quietly  and  definilel}'  determine  all  t|uestiiins  of  public 
interest." 

It  can  readily  be  imagined  that  such  a  message  was  not  agreeable  to 
the  pro-slavery  element.  Here  was  a  governor  appointed  by  a  friendly 
national  administration,  and  yet  he  had  the  temerity  to  fly  in  the  face  of 
the  power  that  appointed  him  by  making  recduimendations  and  sugges- 
tions that  must  ultimately  result  in  his  remoxal.  Pnit  Geary  would  rather 
be  right  than  to  be  governor  of  Kansas. 

The  session  of  the  legislature  lasted  until  midnight  of  Feb.  21,  wluii  it 
closed  at  the  expiration  of  forty  days  as  required  by  the  organic  act. 
During  the  session  occurred  the  events  which  finally  led  to  Gov.  G«3.ry's 
resignation.  NVhcn  Sheriff  Jones  was  refused  the  balls  and  chains  for  the 
prisoners  under  his  charge,  he  resigned,  and  the  supervisors  of  Douglas 
county  appointed  William  T.  Sherrard  to  the  vacancy.  Hecause  of  cer- 
tain information  the  governor  received  regarding  the  character  of  Sher- 
rard he  refused  to  issue  his  commission  as  sheriff'.  On  Jan.  19  the  hotise, 
never  friendly  to  Geary,  passed  a  resolution  requesting  the  governor 
"to  furnish  the  house  with  a  statement  of  his  reasons  for  not  commis- 
sioning Sharrard." 

On  the  2ist  Geary  replied  as  follows:  "While  1  am  disposed  to  accede 
to  any  reasonable  request  from  the  legislature,  1  regard  that  matter  as 
a  subject  of  inquir\-  only  fi<im  the  territorial  courts."     Nevertheless,  he 


KANSAS    MISTOKY  725 

vouchsafed  llic  information  that  "Prior  to  its  announcement  to  mc,  the 
appointment  of  Mr.  Sherrard  was  protested  against  by  many  good  citi- 
zens of  I.ecomplon  and  Douglas  county,  as  his  habits  and  passions  ren- 
dered him  entirely  uulil  fur  the  prnper  perfdrmance  nf  the  duties  df  that 
office." 

This  widened  the  breach  between  the  governor  and  the  house,  which 
espoused  the  cause  of  .Sherrard,  though  the  council  refused  to  concur  in 
all  the  lower  branch  did  in  the  matter.  On  Feb.  9  Geary  visited  the  leg- 
islature. Sherrard  was  in  the  house  at  the  time,  but  went  otit  and  armed 
himself,  and  as  the  governor  was  leaving  he  barred  the  way  and  tried  to 
pick  a  quarrel,  even  going  so  far  as  to  spit  upon  the  governor.  Geary 
consulted  witli  Judge  Cato,  who  thought  .Sherrard's  conduct  unworthy  of 
serious  attention.  The  governor  then  wrote  the  following  letter  to  Cen. 
Smith  : 

"There  are  certain  persons  present  in  Lecomplon  who  are  determined, 
if  within  the  bounds  of  possibilit)%  to  bring  about  a  branch  of  the  peace. 
During  the  last  few  days  a  number  of  persons  have  been,  grossly  insulted  ; 
and  today  an  insult  was  offered  to  myself.  A  fellow  named  Sherrard  had 
some  days  ago  been  appointed  sheriff  of  Douglas  county,  which  appoint- 
ment was  strongly  protested  against  by  a  respectable  number  of  citizens 
of  the  county,  and  I  had  deferred  commissioning  him.  This,  is  appears, 
gave  mortal  offense  to  Sherrard,  and  he  has  made  up  his  mind  to  assas- 
sinate me.  This  may  lead  to  trouble.  It  must  be  prevented,  and  that  too 
by  immediate  action.  J  require,  therefore,  two  additional  companies  of 
dragoons,  to  report  to  me  with  the  least  possible  delaj',"  etc. 

On  the  nth  Smith  replied  in  an  insulting  letter,  refusing  to  honor  the 
governor's  request  for  two  additional  companies  of  troops.  The  same 
da}'  this  letter  was  written,  the  people  of  Big  .Springs  held  a  rheeting. 
denounced  Sherrard  and  the  legislature,  approved  the  general  course  and 
policy  of  the  governor,  and  issued  a  call  for  a  public  meeting  to  be  held  in 
Lecompton  on  Saturday  afternoo'n,  Feb.  14.  Sherrard  and  his  sup- 
porters threatened  to  break  up  the  meeting,  and  when  it  was  postponed 
to  the  i8th,  0:1  account  of  the  death  of  Gen.  Richardson,  they  felt 
encouraged,  looking  upon  the  postponement,  as  a  mark  of  cowardice. 
At  2  p.  m.  on  the  i8th  the  meeting  assembled  and  Mayor  Owen  of 
Lecompton  was  chosen  to  preside.  A  committee  of  five  was  appointed 
to  draw  up  a  series  of  resolutions.  The  majority  report  of  this  com- 
mittee, signed  by  James  F.  Legate,  James  G.  Bailey  and  Wesley  Gar- 
rett, approved  the  governor's  message ;  demanded  the  repeal  of  all  terri- 
torial laws  inconsistent  with  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  and 
the  organic  act;  tendered  Gov.  Geary,  "the  people's  friend,  our  earnest 
sympathy  in  the  discharge  of  his  responsible  duties,  and  we  pledge  him 
the  support  of  all  bona  fide  settlers  of  Kansas,  without  distinction  of 
party,  so  long  as  he  shall  continue  to  administer  the  government  upon 
the  principles  above  declared." 

Gihon  says:  "No  sooner  were  these  resolutions  read,  than  Sherrard 
sprang  upon  a  pile  of  boards,  and  in  a  loud  voice  exclaimed :    '.\ny  man 


726  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

who  will  dare  to  endorse  these  resolutions  is  a  liar,  a  scoundrel  and  a 
coward.'  "  A  Mr.  Sheppard  took  exceptions  to  Sherrard's  sweeping 
charge  and  replied :  "I  endorse  them,  and  I  am  neither  a  liar,  a  scoun- 
drel nor  a  coward."  Sherrard  then  drew  his  revolver  and  commenced 
shooting.  Sheppard  endeavored  to  reply,  but  for  some  reason  the  caps 
exploded  without  igniting  the  powder  in  his  revolver.  After  he  was 
wounded  he  fell  upon  Sherrard  with  the  butt  of  his  pistol,  but  the  by- 
standers separated  them.  As  soon  as  he  was  free,  having  emptied  his 
first  revolver,  Sherrard  drew  a  second  and  advanced  upon  John  A.  W. 
Jones,  a  member  of  the  governor's  household.  Both  fired  at  the  same 
time,  and  continued  to  fire  at  each  other,  until  one  of  Jones'  shots  struck 
Sherrard  in  the  head,  killing  him  almost  instantly.  The  fall  of  Sherrard 
put  a  stop  to  the  riot. 

On  the  same  day  that  this  unfortunate  event  occurred,  the  legislature 
submitted  to  the  governor  the  act  providing  for  taking  a  census  and  the 
election  of  delegates  to  a  constitutional  convention.  Gov  Geary  promptly 
vetoed  the  measure  because  it  did  not  provide  for  the  submission  of  the 
constitution  to  a  vote  of  the  people.  On  the  19th  the  bill  was  passed 
over  the  governor's  veto.  Realizing  that  the  relations  between  him  and 
the  legislatt:re  had  become  strained  to  the  point  where  the  usefulness  of 
both  was  impaired.  Geary  determined  to  resign.  Accordingly,  on  March 
4,  1857.  he  sent  his  resignation  to  President  Buchanan,  to  take  effect  on 
the  20th.  He  did  not  wait  until  that  time,  however,  to  make  his  resigna- 
tion effective,  but  on  the  loth  issued  a  "Farewell  Address"  to  the  people 
of  Kansas,  thanking  the  peaceable  citizens  for  their  aid  and  comfort. 
One  portion  of  this  farewell  address  reads  almost  like  a  prophecy,  .\fter 
denouncing  the  agitators,  he  said  : 

"Watch,  then,  with  a  special,  jealous  and  suspicious  eye  those  who 
are  continually  indulging  in  surmises  of  renewed  hostilities.  The}'  are 
not  the  friends  of  Kansas,  and  there  is  reason  to  fear  that  some  of  them 
are  not  only  enemies  of  this  territory,  but  of  the  Union  itself.  Its  dis- 
solution is  their  ardent  wish,  and  Kansas  has  been  selected  as  a  lit  place 
to  commence  the  accomjilishment  of  a  most  nefarious  design.  The 
scheme  has  thus  far  been  frustrated  ;  but  it  has  not  been  abandoned,  ^'ou 
arc  instrusted,  not  only  with  the  guardianshi])  of  this  territory,  but  the 
peace  of  tiie  Union,  which  depends  u])ou  you  in  a  greater  degree  than 
you  suppose." 

The  niglit  f)f  the  loth  was  spent  in  Lawrence,  .lud  the  ni'xt  e\  cuing 
Gov.  Geary  reached  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  where  he  embarked  on  the  steam- 
boat A.  B.  Chambers  for  St.  Louis.  On  the  i2tli  he  wrote  from  the 
steamer  to  Sec.  Woodson  as  follows.  "As  1  .nn  now  absent  from  the 
territory,  the  duties  of  the  executive  office.  agreeal)ly  to  |)rovision  of  the 
organic  act,  will  for  the  time  being  devolve  u]ion  you.  You  will  of  cmn'se 
exercise  your  own  judgment  and  discretion  in  their  discharge." 

(Works  consulted:  Cutler's,  Ilolloway's  and  Prenlis'  Histories  of 
Kansas;  Kansas  Historical  Collections;  C^mnellcy's  Teirilorial  ( iov- 
ernors;  Legislati\e  Journals:  Wilder's  .\nnals  of  Kansas;    Tlu'  rnnince 


KANSAS    HISTORY  727 

and  the  States;  Gihon's  (ieary  and  Kansas;  Executive  Minutes;  I-owe's 
Five  Years  a  Dragoon;  Wilson's  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave  Power.) 

Gem,  a  village  of  Lacey  township,  Thomas  county,  is  a  station  on  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  8  miles  east  of  Colby,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  tele- 
graph and  express  offices,  telephone  connections  Baptist  and  Methodist 
churches,  good  public  schools,  several  mercantile  establishments  and  a 
branch  of  the  Colby  Mill  and  Elevator  company.  The  population  in 
1910  was  275. 

General  Order  No.  11. — During  the  early  years  of  the  great  Civil  war, 
bands  of  guerrillas  and  bushwhackers  were  harbored  and  supported  by 
the  people  of  some  of  the  western  counties  of  Missouri,  whence  they 
would  make  frequent  raids  across  the  border  into  Kansas.  One  of  the 
most  destructive  of  these  raids  was  that  made  by  the  notorious  Quantrill 
upon  the  city  of  Lawrence  on  Aug.  21,  1863.  Appleton's  Annual  Cyclo- 
pedia for  1863  says:  "Much  indignation  was  felt  by  the  citizens  of 
Kansas  at  the  alleged  remissness  of  (ien.  Ewing,  who  was  in  command 
of  the  district  of  Kansas  and  western  Missouri,  and  of  Gen.  Schofield, 
who  commanded  the  Department  of  Missouri." 

Whether  or  not  these  officers  were  really  remiss  in  the  performance 
of  their  duties,  Ewing  undoubtedly  felt  the  efifects  of  this  criticism  and 
indignation,  and  on  Aug.  25,  1863,  just  four  days  after  the  Quantrill 
raid,  he  issued  his  famous  "General  Order  No.  11,"  which  was  as  follows : 

"I — All  persons  living  in  Jackson,  Cass  and  Bates  counties,  Missouri, 
and  in  that  part  of  Vernon  included  in  this  district,  except  those  living 
within  one  mile  of  the  limits  of  Independence,  Hickman's  Mills,  Pleas- 
ant Hill  and  Harrisonville,  and  except  those  in  that  part  of  Kaw  town- 
ship, Jackson  county,  north  of  Brush  creek  and  west  of  the  Big  Blue, 
are  hereby  ordered  to  remove  from  their  present  places  of  residence 
within  fifteen  days  from  the  date  hereof. 

"Those  who,  within  that  time,  establish  their  loyalty  to  the  satisfaction 
of  the  commanding  officer  of  the  military  station  nearest  their  present 
places  of  residence,  will  receive  from  him  certificates  stating  the  fact 
of  their  loyalty  and  the  names  of  the  witnesses  by  whom  it  can  be 
shown.  All  who  receive  such  certificates  will  be  permitted  to  remove 
to  any  military  station  in  this  district,  or  to  any  part  of  the  State  of 
Kansas,  except  the  counties  on  the  eastern  border  of  the  state.  All 
others  shall  remove  out  of  this  district.  Officers  commanding  companies 
and  detachments  in  the  counties  named,  will  see  this  paragraph  is 
promptly  obeyed. 

"II — All  grain  and  hay  in  the  field  or  imder  shelter,  in  the  districts 
from  which  the  inhabitants  are  required  to  remove,  within  reach  of 
military  stations,  after  the  9th  day  of  September  next,  will  be  taken  to 
such  stations,  and  turned  over  to  the  proper  officers  there ;  and  report 
of  the  amount  so  turned  over  made  to  district  headquarters,  specifj-ing 
the  names  of  all  loyal  owners,  and  the  amount  of  such  produce  taken 
from  them.  All  grain  and  hay  found  in  such  district  after  the  gth  day 
of  September  next,  not  convenient  to  such  stations,  will  be  destroyed. 


728  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

"III — The  provisions  of  General  Orders  No.  10  from  these  head- 
quarters will  be  at  once  vigoroiisl}'  executed  by  oflficers  commanding  in 
the  parts  of  districts,  and  at  the  stations,  not  subject  to  the  operation 
of  Paragraph  I  of  this  order — and  especially  in  the  towns  of  Inde- 
pendence, Westport  and  Kansas  City. 

"IV — Paragraph  3,  General  Orders  No.  10,  is  revoked  as  to  all  who 
have  borne  arms  against  the  government  since  the  20th  dav  of  August, 
1863." 

General  Order  No.  10,  above  referred  to,  provided  for  an  escort  to 
all  loyal  persons  desiring  to  remove  to  a  military  post  in  the  district; 
ordered  the  arrest  of  all  persons,  except  women,  who  as  heads  of  fam- 
ilies gave  aid  to  guerrillas ;  wives  and  children  of  known  guerrillas, 
women,  who  as  heads  of  families  wilfully  engaged  in  assisting  guerrillas, 
were  to  remove  out  of  the  district  unmolested,  and  if  they  refused  to 
remove  they  were  to  be  taken  to  Kansas  City  for  shipment  to  some  point 
within  the  Confederate  lines.  The  clause  rescinded  by  Paragraph  4  of 
General  Order  No.  1 1  provided  that  persons  who  laid  down  their  arms 
and  surrendered  themselves,  to  be  banished  with  their  families,  were  to 
be  sent  to  such  point  as  the  commanding  officer  might  direct. 

The  purpose  of  General  Order  No.  11  was  to  prevent  guerrillas,  par- 
ticularly Quantrill's  gang,  from  finding  a  lodgment  among  the  Con- 
federate sympathizers  in  western  Missouri.  It  was  what  physicians 
would  term  "heroic  treatment,"  but  with  the  raid  upon  Lawrence  it 
became  painfully  obvious  that  the  disease  had  assumed  such  a  malignant 
form  that  heroic  treatment  was  absolutely  necessary.  At  any  rate,  the 
order  served  a  good  purpose  in  breaking  up  the  rendezvous  of  the  guer- 
rillas and  checking  their  forays  into  Kansas,  and  loyal  men  in  both  states 
applauded  Gen.  Ewing  for  his  courage  and  foresight  in  issuing  it.  Some 
months  later  Ewing  issued  his  General  Order  No.  20,  permitting  loyal 
citizens  to  return  to  their  homes,  the  men  to  organize  companies  for 
defense. 

Caroline  Abbot  Stanley  made  the  order  the  subject  of  a  novel,  and 
Martin  Rice,  of  Lone  Jack,  Mo.,  wrote  two  poems  relating  to  it,  viz : 
"'Hie  Exodus  of  1863."  and  "The  Exile's  Lament." 

Geneseo,  the  fourth  largest  town  in  Rice  county,  is  located  at  the 
junction  of  three  lines  of  railroad.  One  line  of  the  Missouri  Pacific 
passes  through  it  iiuining  east  and  west,  another  line  of  the  same  road 
runs  north  and  south,  and  a  branch  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
passes  this  point.  Geneseo  is  14  miles  north  of  Lyons,  the  county  seat. 
Its  railroad  facilities  make  it  an  important  shipping  point  for  grain,  live 
stock  and  other  farm  products,  as  well  as  an  important  transfer  point 
for  travelers.  It  has  3  hotels,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Journal),  a 
creamery,  2  banks,  telegraphic  communications,  an  express  office  and  an 
international  money  order  postoffice  with  three  rural  routes.  The  popu- 
lation according  to  the  census  of  1910  was  566. 

Geneva,  a  j)0st-village  of  Allen  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fc  railroad  in  the  nnrlhwost  corner  nf  the  county,  about 


KANSAS    HISTORY  729 

lo  miles  from  Jola,  llic  count}-  seal.  It  has  an  express  office,  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  and  is  a  trading  center  and  ship- 
ping point  for  that  section  of  the  county.  The  population  in  1910  was 
100. 

Geodetic  Survey. — A  geodetic  survey  is  the  application  of  Geodesy, 
that  higher  science  of  surveying  in  which  the  form  and  magnitude  of  the 
earth  must  be  considered.  It  has  for  its  object  the  exact  location  of 
points  and  lines  with  reference  to  the  true  shape  of  the  earth,  the  vari- 
ations of  terrestrial  gravity,  etc.  In  the  United  States  coast  and  geodetic 
survey,  attention  has  also  been  given  to  changes  in  temperature,  mag- 
netic currents,  etc.  The  first  magnetic  observatory  with  self-recording 
instruments  was  established  at  Key  West,  Fla.,  in  i860  and  maintained 
until  1866.  From  1876  to  1880  observations  were  taken  at  Madison, 
Wis.,  and  in  1882  an  observatory  was  established  at  Los  Angeles,  where 
it  was  kept  in  operation  for  about  seven  years.  The  instruments  used 
at  Key  West  and  Madison  were  the  Brooke  magnetograph,  and  at  Los 
Angeles  the  Adie  magnetograph  was  used. 

In  1899  Congress  made  a  more  liberal  appropriation  for  a  systematic 
magnetic  survej',  and  observations  were  made  at  various  points  during 
the  next  five  years.  In  June,  1901,  an  Eschenhagen  magnetograph  was 
mounted  at  Baldwin,  Kan.  It  was  placed  in  a  building  not  specially 
erected  for  such  purposes'  and  great  difficulty  was  experienced  in  keep- 
ing it  properly  adjusted.  W.  C.  Bauer  was  in  charge  of  the  station  until 
June,  1902,  when  he  was  succeeded  b}'  W.  F.  Wallis,  who  served  until 
July,  1903.  L.  B.  Smith  then  occupied  the  position  until  the  following 
October,  when  Mr.  Bauer  returned  and  conducted  the  observations  until 
.April,  1904.  L.  B.  Smith  then  had  charge  of  the  station  until  it  was 
discontinued  the  following  December.  During  this  entire  period  the 
government  observers  were  assisted  by  students  of  Baker  University. 

The  results  at  the  various  observatories  were  transmitted  to  the  head- 
quarters of  the  coast  and  geodetic  survey  at  Washington,  D.  C,  and 
turned  over  to  the  division  of  terrestrial  magnetism.  In  1909  the  results 
of  the  observations  at  Baldwin  were  published  in  a  bulletin  of  the  depart- 
ment of  commerce  and  labor,  edited  by  Daniel  T.  Hazard.  The  bulletin 
shows  the  daily  and  monthly  range  in  temperature ;  the  diurnal  vari- 
ation of  declination ;  the  daily  and  hourly  range  of  declination,  the 
diurnal  variation  and  hourly  values  of  intensity,  and  many  other  facts 
of  interest  to  scientists,  but  most  of  which  are  beyond  the  understanding 
of  the  layman. 

Geological  Surveys. — Kansas  has  had  three  different  geological  sur- 
veys. The  first  two  were  short  and  accomplished  but  little.  The  last, 
or  present,  survey  has  been  in  operation  a  much  longer  time  and  has 
accomplished  correspondingly  greater  results. 

The  first  geological  survey  of  Kansas  was  authorized  by  an  act  of  the 
state  legislature  in  1864.  Section  i  of  the  act  provided  that  the  governor, 
with  the  consent  of  the  senate,  should  appoint  a  state  geologist,  whose 
term  of  office  should  begin  on  March  i,  1864,  and  end  on  March  i,  1865. 


730  CYCI.OPEDIA    OF 

Section  2  provided  that  the  state  geologist  should  equip  a  proper  labora- 
tor}',  procure  necessary  assistants,  and  proceed  to  classify  the  rocks  and 
soils  of  each  county  in  the  state ;  that  he  should  visit  and  analyze  the 
salt  springs  already  discovered,  and  use  due  diligence  in  discovering 
others;  and  that  he  should  investigate  the  coal  formations  and  the  other 
mineral  deposits  of  the  state  by  the  various  appliances  known  to  the 
science  of  geology  and  mineralogy-  Other  provisions  were  made  regard- 
ing submitting  and  publication  of  reports.  Section  4  provided  an  appro- 
priation of  S3. 500  for  all  the  expenses  and  salaries,  and  the  auditor  of 
state  was  given  authority  to  withhold  such  portions  of  this  as  in  his 
judgment  need  not  be  spent.  Section  5  pro\ided  that  the  state  geologist 
should  give  a  bond  of  $5,000  for  the  faithful  and  proper  discharge  of 
his  office,  a  sum  much  larger  than  the  entire  amount  appropriated.  Sec- 
tion 6  provided  that  the  governor  might  remove  the  state  geologist  for 
cause. 

The  governor  appointed  Prof.  B.  F.  Mudge  state  geologist;  Maj. 
Frederick  Hawn,  assistant  geologist;  Prof.  G.  C.  Swallow,  paleontologist; 
Tiffin  Sink,  chemist  and  meteorologist,  and  C.  A.  Logan,  botanist.  The 
first  annual  report  of  the  survey  appeared  in  1866  and  consisted  of  a 
pamphlet  of  56  pages. 

In  1865  the  legislature  passed  a  new  act  regarding  the  geological 
survey.  It  provided  that  the  governor  should  appoint  a  state  geologist 
whose  term  of  office  should  begin  on  March  i,  1865,  appropriated  $7,500, 
and  made  provisions  for  reports.  The  governor  appointed  Prof.  G.  C. 
Swallow  state  geologist,  and  all  the  old  assistants  were  reappointed. 
Prof.  Mudge,  however,  was  left  of¥  the  stirvey  entirelx-.  Tlu'  state 
geologist  made  a  report  that  was  published  in  pamiihlel  fdrm  (162 
pages)  in  1866. 

Succeeding  legislatures  for  a  number  of  years  failed  to  make  appro- 
priations for  a  geological  survey,  so  that  the  state  was  without  one 
from  1866  to  1895. 

I'he  third,  or  ])rcscnt  geological  survey,  was  organized  as  a  branch 
of  the  Stale  I'niversit}-  in  1895  by  the  board  of  regents  in  accordance 
with  provisions  of  law  ])assed  in  1889.  It  was  first  called  the  Ihiiversity 
Geologic  Survey  of  Kansas,  and  was  organized  with  Prof.  Erasmus 
Haworth  geologist;  Prof.  S.  W.  Willistou,  ])aleontologist ;  Prof.  V.  II.  S. 
Raiiey,  chemist.  A  large  number  of  students  were  employed  as  field 
assistants  and  much  good  work  was  done.  The  first  large  rejiort,  a 
\oiume  of  over  400  pages,  was  issued  in  iScj".  'ibis  was  followed  by 
other  reports,  until  at  the  present  time  (1911)  a  total  of  nine  large 
volumes  and  a  number  of  smaller  ones  have  been  issued. 

In  1907  a  new  bill  |)assed  the  legislature  pnniding  for  the  permanency 
of  the  survey,  making  the  chancellor  of  the  university  e.\  olficio  director 
of  the  survey  and  providing  thai  he  shall  a|)point  a  state  geologist  who 
shall  be  a  member  of  the  department  of  geology  of  the  miivcrsily  and 
who  shall  have  direction  of  tiie  immedi;ite  work  of  the  survey  .Section 
^  of  this   bill   provides   tb.il    the   state   geologist    sh;ill    ])rep;ne    foi-   pnbli- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  73  1 

cation  ami  sul)init  l<i  llic  chancellor  from  lime  lo  time  such  rejiorts  nii 
the  geology  of  the  state  as  he  and  the  chancellor  may  consider  advisable. 
Section  4  provides  that  the  state  printing  board  shall  have  printed  5,000 
copies  of  each  of  the  reports  provided  for  in  section  3. 

At  present  all  the  clerical  work  of  the  survey  is  done  by  the  regular 
clerical  staff  of  the  university,  except  that  a  special  stenographer  is  pro- 
vided. The  number  of  assistant  geologists  varies  greatly  from  year  to 
year.  They  are  chosen  principally,  but  not  entirely,  from  advanced  stu- 
dents in  the  university  and  are  given  university  credit  for  work  done  in 
the  field. 

It  is  the  policy  of  the  present  survey  to  study  the  geology  of  the  state 
by  topics,  rather  than  by  counties  or  districts.  It  has  already  reported 
upon  coal,  oil  and  gas,  lead  and  zinc,  gypsum,  and  has  made  a  number 
of  short  reports  on  other  subjects.  It  has  made  an  exhaustive  study  of 
mine  explosions  and  is  now  (1911)  erecting  and  equipping  a  large  lab- 
oratory for  testing  the  clays  of  the  state. 

Geology. — Kansas  is  a  part  of  the  Great  I'lains  area  stretching  from 
the  Mississippi  river  on  the  east  to  the  Rocky  mountains  on  the  west, 
and  from  Mexico  on  the  south  to  Canada  on  the  north.  The  37th  parallel 
north  latitude  constitutes  the  southern  boundary  and  the  40th  parallel 
the  northern ;  the  eastern  boundary  is  approximately  94  degrees  40 
minutes  west  from  Greenwich,  and  the  western  boundary  is  a  few  miles 
beyond  the  I02d  meridian,  making  the  state  approximately  207  miles 
north  and  south,  and  405  miles  east  and  west,  containing  about  82,500 
square  miles.  Kansas,  therefore,  is  an  important  and  essential  part  of 
the  Great  Plains  area  and  does  not  differ  very  materially  from  other 
portions  of  the  same  great  area  lying  on  all  sides  of  it. 

In  general,  the  surface  of  the  entire  state  slopes  from  the  west  towards 
the  east,  with  an  elevation  on  the  west  varying  from  3,500  to  4,000  feet 
above  sea  level,  while  on  the  eastern  boundary  the  elevation  varies  from 
about  730  to  1,025  feet.  The  drainage  of  the  state,  therefore,  is  from 
west  towards  the  east.  The  largest  stream  in  the  state,  the  Kansas 
river,  flows  approximately  straight  east  the  entire  length  of  the  state. 
Here  and  there  at  various  places  surface  levels  in  a  north  and  south  direc- 
tion var}'  sufificiently  to  modify  the  local  drainage.  This  is  particularly 
true  in  the  northwest  corner  of  the  state  where  various  tributaries  of 
the  Republican  river  flow  northeast,  and  all  the  way  along  the  southern 
boundary  where  the  streams  flow  to  the  southeast.  The  lowest  place 
in  the  state  is  claimed  by  two  points,  one  at  Kansas  City,  the  mouth  of 
the  Kansas  river,  and  one  near  Coffeyville  where  the  Verdigris  river 
crosses  the  southern  boundary,  each  with  an  elevation  of  approximately 
700  feet  above  sea  level.  The  general  physiographic  conditions  of  the 
state,  therefore,  are  quite  regular  and  when  properly  interpreted  will 
throw  light  on  the  physiography  of  the  entire  plains.  However,  the  other- 
wise monotonously  smooth  surface  area  hundreds  of  miles  in  extent  has 
been  relieved  by  nature  carving  relatively  deep  channels  for  her  nu- 
merous streams,  with  broad  rolling  prairie  uplands  on  the  divides,  \\hich 


•J},2  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

also  are  frequently  varied  b}'  the  presence  here  and  there  of  individual 
mounds,  and  long  stretches  of  steep  escarpments  sometimes  htmdreds 
of  feet  in  height.  Profoimd  lithologic  variations  have  necessitated  these 
varying  results  of  erosion,  so  that  instead  of  a  landscape  tiresome  in  its 
regularity  and  lack  of  individuality  usually  attribtited  to  the  Great  Plains 
of  Kansas  b)'  the  uninformed,  one  finds  in  reality  a  surface  with  ever 
changing  details  and  unusually  pleasing  effects. 

The  geologic  structure  of  Kansas,  when  considered  on  a  grand  scale, 
is  simple,  bur  in  detail  often  becomes  complex  and  difficult.  In  the 
extreme  southeastern  part  of  the  state,  covering  an  area  not  exceeding 
30  square  miles  in  extent,  dense  limestones  and  interbedded  chert  rocks 
of  Mississippian  age  occupj'  the  surface.  They  are  the  oldest  rocks  in 
the  state  and  constitute  a  floor  upon  which  succeeding  formations  repose. 

Immediatel}-  above  the  Mississippian  limestones  and  cherts  lie  the 
Coal  Meastu'es  sandstones,  limestones  and  shales,  occupying  a  zone  of 
about  20,000  square  miles  across  the  entire  east  end  of  the  state.  They 
reach  an  average  thickness  of  3,000  feet,  with  a  maximum,  perhaps,  close 
to  4,000  feet. 

Above  and  immediately  overlying  the  Coal  Measures,  we  find  the 
Permian  occupying  a  wedge  shaped  area  about  35  miles  wide  on  the 
north,  covering  the  western  part  of  Marshall  county,  and  the  eastern 
part  of  Washington  county,  and  fully  185  miles  wide  on  the  south  side 
of  the  state,  reaching  from  the  east  side  of  Cowley  county  westward  to 
the  east  side  of  Meade  count)'.  The  uppermost  part  of  the  Permian,  and 
hence  the  western  part,  is  composed  of  red  colored  clay  shales  and  im- 
perfect sandstones  usually  designated  as  the  Red-Beds. 

The  Permian  rocks  are  immediately  overlaid  by  the  Cretaceous. 
Along  the  southern  boundary  we  find  a  small  fringe  of  Comanchic  Cre- 
taceous just  above  the  Red  Beds  throughout  Clark,  Comanche  and 
Barber  counties.  Apparently  the  Red  Beds  disappear  northward, 
although  the  salt  mines  at  Ellsworth  pass  through  what  seems  to  be 
their  northern  extension.  If  so,  quite  possibly  the  Comanche  likewise 
extends  that  far  north,  although  al  ]irescnl  there  is  no  positive  infor- 
mation on  this  subject. 

Above  the  Comanclte  in  tiun  we  lind  the  L^akota  Cretaceous  occupy- 
ing an  area  trending  northeast  and  southwest  almost  entirel)'  across  llic 
state  and  varying  from  10  miles  wide  on  the  north  to  a  total  of  100  miles 
wide  east  and  west  in  the  central  ])art  of  the  state  where  the  river  chan- 
nels have  cut  through  the  overh'ing  formation  and  exposed  the  Dakota 
the  maximum  distance  to  the  west.  The  Dakota  in  turn  is  overlaid  by 
the  Benton  occupying  a  zone  trending  southeast  and  northwest  approxi- 
mately parallel  with  the  Dakota  area  just  mentioned  and  a  little  greater 
in  extent.  Above  the  Benton  is  the  Niolirara,  followed  l)y  the  Ft.  Pierre, 
and  possibi}'  .'i  little  of  the  Fn.\  I  111]  in  the  exlrenie  iKirtiiwest  cnrncr  nf 
the  state. 

The  western  end  ci  the  state  is  covered  with  a  in.iulle  of  soil,  s.ind 
and  gravel,  generally  considered  Tertiary  in  a;^e,  wliiih  has  htcn  carried 


KANSAS     IllSTOKV 


733 


eastward  l)y  river  action  from  the  Rocky  mountain  region.  It  is  spread 
out  like  a  veneering  wliicii  perhaps  never  quite  reaches  300  feet  in  thick- 
ness in  Kansas.  Drainage  channels  are  cut  through  it  in  places,  exposing 
the  underlying  Cretaceous  rocks,  so  that  a  correct  geological  map  would 
represent  the  western  extension  of  the  Cretaceous  formations  following 
up  the  several  drainage  streams  in  long  slender  necks  towards  the  west, 
with  the  Tertiary  veneering  on  top  extending  eastward  in  long  tongues, 
occupying  the  high  divides  between  the  streams. 


GKOLOGICAL  SECTION  FROM  SOUTHEAST  TO  NORTHWEST. 

For  convenient  reference  a  diagramatic  vertical  geological  section 
across  the  state  from  southeast  to  northwest  is  here  given,  and  also  a 
general  geological  column  to  represent  the  relative  position  of  the 
Kansas  section.  It  will  be  seen  that  our  oldest  rocks  occupy  the  later 
Paleozoic,  that  the  Triassic  and  Jurassic  are  absent  in  Kansas,  so  also 
are  all  the  lower  Cretaceous  up  to  the  Comanche,  and  that  the  Fox  Hill 
and  Laramie  of  the  Upper  Cretaceous  are  also  wanting.  For  a  good 
lithographic  map  showing  the  surface  outcroppings  of  all  Kansas  forma- 
tions the  reader  is  referred  to  Volume  IX  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Kansas. 

GEOLOGICAL  COLUMN. 


GENERAL   COLUMN. 
/  Pleistocene 


KANSAS    COLUMN. 


KJenozoic 


Mesozolc 


Paleozoic 


Proterozoic 


Tertiary 


\  Cretaceous 
-  Jurassic 
'  Triassic 


(  Pliocene 
'  Miocene 
(  Eocene 


i  Permian 
Carbonifer-     '  Coal  Measures 
ous  t  Mississippian 


Devonian 
Silurian 
Ordovician 
Cambrian 

\  Algonkian 
"/  Archaean 


Pleistocene 

and 
Tertiary 


Cretaceous 


(Irregularly  stratified  loess 
carried     eastward     from 
(      Rocky   Mountains 

fFox   Hill 
Pierre 
Niobrara 
Benton 
Dakota 
Comanche 


( Permian 
Carboniferous  .  Coal  Measures 
(  Mississippian 


Having  given  a  general  review  of  the  geologj'  of  Kansas  in  the  pre- 
ceding paragraphs,  it  is  now  in  order  to  take  up  the  several  subjects  and 
treat  them  more  in  detail. 


734 


CYCLOPEDIA    OF 


DETAILED  KANSAS  GEOLOGICAL  SECTION. 


Pleistocene 
and 

Tertiary 


Cretaceous 


t  Xot   yet  clearly  divided  into 
I      smaller  divisions. 

I  Pierre 
1  Xiolirara 

Bentiin 

Dakota 

Comanche 


Jurassic 

Triassic 


'  Wanting  in  Kansas 


Salt  Fork 

and 
Kiger  Stages,  1,200  feet 

Sumner  Stage,  510  feet 


Cliase  Stage.  260  feet 


\^'abaunsee  Stage.   655  feet 


Shawnee  Stage,  -100  feet 


Douglas  Stage.  3)0  feet 


Carboniferous         J 


I'oltaw.niomic  Stage,  5S0  feet 


M;irniaton  Stage.  :M0  feet 


I'hiriikce  Slagc,    145  feet 


■!  Red  Beds 

I 

\  Wellington  Shales 

I  Marion  Formation 

f  W'infield  Formation 
I  Dovle  Shales 
I  Ft.  Riley  L.  S. 
I  Florence  Flint 
I  Matfleld  Shales 
'  Wreford  L.  S. 

Garrison  Formation 
Cottonwood  L.  S. 
Kskridge  Shales 
Neva  L.  S. 
Klmdale  Formation 
Americus  L.  S. 
Admire  Formation 
Emporia  L.  S. 
Willard  Shales 
Burlingame  L.  S. 

Scranton  Shales 
Howard  L.  S. 
Sevory  Shales 
Topeka  L.  S. 
Calhoun   Shales 
Doer  Cieek  L.  S. 
Tecumst'h  Shales 
Lecompton  L.  S. 
Katn^aka  Shales 

[  Oread  I^.  S. 

J  Lawrence  Shales 

1  Kickapoo  L.  S. 

iLeRoy  Shales 

I  Stanton   I.,.  S. 

Vilas  .Sliales 
I  Allen  L.  S. 

I.,:uie  Shales 

Inla   1..  S. 
I  Chanule  Shales 
;  Drum  Ij.  S. 

Cherryvalc  Shales 

Dennis  L.  S. 

Gal.'shurg  Shales 

Mound   Valley  I..  S. 

l.ailore  Shales 
<  Bethany  L.  S. 

Pleasanton  Shales 
C.ITcyvillc  L.   S. 
W'.-ihiiil    Shales 
Alliimont    I..  S. 

I  Hamlcia  Shales 

I  ruwncc  1,.  S. 

I  Label lo  Sbale.s 

I  Ft.  Scott  L.  S. 

1  Cherokee  Shales 
)  MfHslsRl|)i>ian 


KANSAS    HISTORY  735 

MISSISSIPPIAN. 

Tlie  Mississippian  rocks  occupy  a  surface  area  of  about  30  square 
miles  in  the  extreme  southeast  part  of  the  state.  It  is  triangular  in  out- 
line, about  0  miles  wide  on  the  s()ulh  and  10  miles  wide  on  the  east. 
Spring  river  almost  determines  the  western  boundary  of  the  area,  but 
here  and  there  erosion  has  worn  away  the  overlying- Coal  Measures, 
exposing  the  underlying  Mississippian  in  patches  of  irregular  outline  a 
few  miles  farther  west.  Beyond  the  limits  of  Kansas  the  Mississippian 
formations  extend  eastward,  southeastward  and  northeastward  over  a 
large  part  of  Missouri,  northeast  Oklahoma,  northwest  Arkansas  and 
stretclies  away  bej'ond  the  limits  of  Missouri  into  Iowa,  Illinois,  Ken- 
tucky and  Tennessee.  They  are  from  200  to  300  feet  in  thickness,  and 
have  been  drilled  through  in  many  places,  such  as  Pittsburg,  Girard, 
Columbus,  Galena,  lola,  Neodesha,  Stone  City,  Cane}-.  They  rest  imme- 
diately upon  Silurian  rocks,  where  exposed  at  the  surface  in  Missouri 
and  Arkansas  and  presumably  also  in  Kansas. 

The  Mississippian  rocks  essentially  are  limestones,  but  here  and  there 
thin  clay  and  shale  partings  are  found,  by  drilling,  although  in  general 
such  partings  are  insignificant  and  unimportant.  Throughout  the  lime- 
stone, also,  are  masses  of  flint  rock,  or  chert,  exceedingly  variable  in 
extent  and  outline.  In  the  vicinity  of  Galena  such  chert  masses  are  miles 
in  surface  extent  and  lumdreds  of  feet  in  thickness.  Eastward  in  Mis- 
souri the)'  are  very  large  and  abundant.  A  peculiarly  great  interest 
attaches  to  them  because  they  are  the  principal  bearers  of  lead  and  zinc 
ores  throughout  the  entire  Joplin  area,  which  is  the  greatest  zinc  pro- 
ducing area  in  the  world. 

The  entire  Mississippian  limestone  formation  passes  westward  to  an 
unknown  distance,  dipping  about  25  feet  to  the  mile  along  the  south 
line  of  the  state  from  Galena  to  Caney,  which  is  the  westernmost  point, 
at  which  its  presence  positively  has  been  identified.  In  a  north  direction 
the  dip  of  the  surface  is  much  less,  reaching  only  about  43-2  feet  to  the 
mile  for  the  entire  distance  from  Galena  to  Kansas  City.  Many  hundreds 
of  oil  and  gas  wells  have  been  drilled  through  the  overlying  Coal  Meas- 
ures, so  that  the  upper  surface  of  the  Mississippian  throughout  the  oil 
and  gas  fields  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  state  has  been  very  well 
located.  It  is  also  interesting  to  know  that  flint  bodies  occur  irregularly 
throughout  the  area  explored  b}'  deep  wells  the  same  as  farther  east 
where  the  rocks  are  exposed  to  the  surface.  Numerous  wells  in  the  oil 
and  gas  fields  went  down  into  the  Mississippian  to  variable  distances, 
and  some  of  them  entirely  through  it.  In  some  instances  large  quantities 
of  flint  have  been  found  by  the  drill,  and  in  others  none  at  all,  precisely 
as  would  be  the  case  were  one  to  di'iH  throughout  the  area  where  thev 
are  exposed  to  the  surface. 

Eastward  from  the  limits  of  Kansas  the  Mississippian  limestones 
gradually  rise  to  Springiield,  and  beyond,  covering  a  large  catchment 
area.     Here  rainwater  finds  its  wav  between  the  rock  lavers  and  slowlv 


736  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

works  its  way  down  the  bedding  plain  slope  westward  and  appears  again 
in  large  quantities  in  the  mines  throughout  the  zinc  mining  area,  and 
also  farther  west  in  deep  wells  where  it  is  used  for  municipal  supplies 
in  such  towns  as  Pittsburg,  Weir  City,  Girard,  Cherokee,  Columbus,  and 
a  number  of  other  smaller  places. 

Economic  Products. — The  Mississippian  rocks  carry  values  of  great 
commercial  importance  of  three  distinct  characters,  ist,  Building  stone 
and  lime;  2nd,  water;  3d,  ores  of  lead  and  zinc. 

1.  Building  Stone  and  Lime:  The  Mississippian  limestones  are 
usually  solid  and  compact,  and  in  many  places  are  completely  crystalline. 
These  properties,  added  to  a  high  degree  of  chemical  purity,  make  an 
imusually  valuable  building  stone  which  is  almost  white  in  color,  and 
hence  attractive  for  costh'  buildings.  Extensive  quarries  are  operated 
in  the  same  rock  masses  in  nearby  localities  near  Carthage,  Mo.,  from 
which  vast  quantities  are  shipped  in  many  directions  to  be  used  in  high 
grade  buildings.  Also,  the  same  limestone  around  Ash  Grove,  Mo.,  is 
burned  into  a  superior  white  lime  which  is  shipped  all  over  Kansas, 
Missouri,  Oklahoma  and  elsewhere.  Equally  good  building  stone  and 
lime  may  be  had  from  the  Mississippian  rocks  in  Kansas  and  are  now 
lying  there  awaiting  the  activity  of  operators. 

2.  \\'ater:  As  already  explained,  the  Mississippian  formation  extends 
east  and  occupies  the  surface  throughout  the  highlands  of  south  central 
Missouri  around  Springfield  where  a  copious  rainfall  supplies  an  abund- 
ance of  water,  portions  of  which  become  lodged  between  the  rock  layers 
and  gradually  work  down  the  dip  plains  westward.  In  this  way  large 
quantities  of  water  are  obtained  by  deep  drilling  in  many  places  in  south- 
eastern Kansas,  and  different  municipalities  obtain  a  satisfactory  supply 
of  good  water  in  this  manner. 

3.  Ores  of  Lead  and  Zinc;  P>y  far  the  must  impcirtant  product 
obtained  from  the  Mississippian  formations  in  southeastern  Kansas  and 
sotithwestern  Missotiri  are  the  ores  of  lead  and  zinc  which  occur  here 
in  such  large  quantities.  The  i)rincii>al  ore  of  lead  is  galena,  a  sulphide 
of  lead  (Pb.S),  allhotigh  small  amounts  of  the  carbonate  and  sulphate 
are  found,  named  ccrussite  and  anglesite  respectively.  The  principal 
zinc  ore  is  sphalerite,  or  zinc  blende,  also  a  sulphide  (ZnS),  often  called 
■'jack"  locally,  zinc  carbonate  Smithsonite,  and  zinc  silicate  calamine 
occur  sparingly.  The  productive  area  in  Kansas  has  a  much  smaller 
acreage  tiian  is  found  across  the  state  line  in  Missouri,  but  no  richer 
lead  and  zinc  mines  have  ever  been  developed  in  the  world  than  in  some 
])ortions  of  Kansas.  One  piece  belonging  to  the  South  Side  Mining  and 
Smelting  company,  containing  only  80  acres,  has  already  produced  ore 
with  a  market  value  of  more  than  $4,000,000,  with  scarcely  a  shaft  as 
much  as  200  feet  dee]).  The  entire  yield  from  Kansas  has  reached  as 
high  as  $2,000,000  a  year  in  ore  values,  which  would  be  nmro  than 
83,000,000  if  the  value  of  the  metal  were  counted. 

How  Ic)ng  these  rich  mines  will  continue  to  be  profitable  no  one  can 
foretell,  l)nl  when  \vc  consider  that  the  mining  thus  far  is  all  in  shallow 


KANSAS    HISTORY  737 

t^round,  and  that  elsewhere  as  great  or  greater  values  continue  down- 
wards for  I, coo  feet  or  more,  it  seems  probable  that  this  area  also  will 
he  productive  for  many  scores  of  years  yet  to  come. 

COAL    MKASTRES. 

Stratigraphy. — The  Coal  Measures  of  Kansas  occupy  about  20,000 
square  miles  in  the  eastern  end  of  the  state.  They  immediately  overlie 
the  Mississippian,  and  in  turn  are  overlaid  by  the  Permian.  The  eastern 
limit  of  their  area  is  the  line  trending  northeast  and  southwest  previously 
described  as  the  western  limit  of  the  Mississippian.  Along  this  boundary 
the  Coal  Measure  rocks  are  very  thin.  Their  base  plane  dips  gently 
westward  about  25  feet  to  the  mile  on  the  south  line,  while  the  surface 
gradually  rises,  so  that  the  Coal  Measures  formation  constitutes  a  wedge 
pointing  eastward. 

The  lowermost  formation  of  the  Coal  Measures  is  a  shale  bed,  some- 
what variable  in  thickness  in  different  parts  of  the  state,  but  which 
averages  about  450  feet.  These  have  been  called  the  Cherokee  shales, 
on  account  of  their  extensive  surface  exposure  in  Cherokee  county.  Im- 
mediately above  the  Cherokee  shales  are  two  limestone  formations 
separated  by  7  to  8  feet  of  black  shale  which  together  are  called  the  Fort 
Scott  limestone.  These  in  turn  are  overlaid  by  40  feet  of  shale  known 
as  the  Labette  shales,  followed  by  22  feet  of  the  Pawnee  limestone,  above 
which  are  alternating  beds  of  limestones  and  shales,  the  latter  often 
carrying  large  bodies  of  sandstone,  from  the  bottom  to  the  top  of  the 
Coal  Measures.  Each  of  these  individual  limestone  and  shale  beds  has 
been  studied  in  detail  by  the  Kansas  Geological  Survey,  has  been  named 
and  the  line  of  outcroppings  of  all  the  principal  formations  traced  on 
the  various  maps  in  Volume  IX  of  the  State  Geological  .Survey,  to  which 
the  reader,  if  interested,  is  referred  for  a  detailed  discussion.  These 
several  individual  horizons  have  been  grouped  together  into  stages 
named  as  follows,  beginning  at  the  base :  Cherokee,  Marmaton,  Pottawa- 
tomie, Douglas,  Shawnee  and  Wabaunsee.  The  scheme  at  the  end  of 
this  article  illustrates  these  details  and  generalities  better  than  can  be 
described  in  ordinary  sentences. 

All  of  these  several  formations  overlie  each  other  in  regular  order,  as 
shown  in  the  above  mentioned  scheme.  In  every  instance  each  individ- 
ual formation  outcrops  to  the  east  and  lies  buried  to  the  west  beneath 
the  overlying  formations.  Throughout  the  entire  Coal  Measures  area 
from  top  to  bottom,  the  strata  dip  westward,  while  the  surface  is 
inclined  to  the  east.  Traveling  westward,  therefore,  one  is  constantly' 
passing  from  the  lower  formations  to  the  higher,  or  from  the  older  to 
the  younger.  A  drill  hole  put  down  to  the  west,  consequently,  will  pass 
through  the  succeeding  formations  downward  in  regular  order. 

Beyond  the  limits  of  Kansas  the  Coal  Measures  extend  east  and  north 
into  Missouri  and  Nebraska  and  from  there  northeast  into  Iowa,  making 
the  Kansas  coal  fields  continuous  stratigraphicallv  with  the  coal  fields 
(1-47) 


738  CYCLOI'EDIA    OF 

of  I\Iissouri  and  Iowa.  On  the  south  they  extend  far  into  Oklahoma, 
from  which  place  they  veer  eastward  and  constitute  the  coal  fields  of 
Arkansas.  The  Kansas  coal  fields,  therefore,  lie  midway  between  those 
of  Arkansas  and  Oklahoma  on  the  south,  and  Missouri  and  Iowa  on  the 
north. 

Economic  Products. — Kansas  Coal  Measures  are  noted  for  being  rich 
in  five  particular  kinds  of  products,  namely:  i.  Coal;  2.  Oil  and  Gas; 
3.    Clays-Shales ;  4.    Cement  material ;  and  5.    Building  Stone. 

1.  Coal:  About  the  middle  of  the  Cherokee  shales  three  distinct  beds 
of  coal  are  found  and  are  mined  very  extensively,  particularly  in  Cher- 
okee and  Crawford  counties,  while  coal  seams  occupying  the  same  strati- 
graphic  levels  are  known  to  exist  in  many  other  places  in  the  state, 
particularly  in  the  vicinity  of  Kansas  City,  Leavenworth  and  Atchison. 
In  some  places  but  one  of  these  veins  seems  to  have  been  developed  to 
a  considerable  extent,  while  elsewhere  all  three  of  them  are  of  com- 
mercial importance.  At  present  (lyii)  nmre  than  90  per  cent,  of  all  the 
coal  being  mined  in  the  state  is  obtained  from  the  Cherokee  shales. 

Well  up  in  the  Marmaton  stage  is  another  bed  of  coal  known  to  be 
extensively  developed  in  the  vicinity  of  Pleasanton  and  La  Cygne,  and 
probably  futtire  prospecting  will  find  the  seam  in  many  more  places. 
This  is  usually  known  as  the  Pleasanton  coal  and  has  been  mined  in 
many  places  in  the  valley  lying  between  Pleasanton  and  La  Cygne,  and 
for  miles  to  the  east.  No  one  knows  the  size  of  this  coal  area,  but  prob- 
ably it  is  much  more  extensive  than  is  known  al  incscnl. 

Other  lesser  beds  of  coal  are  found  irregularly  here  and  there  through- 
out the  Pottawatomie  stage,  but  none  of  considerable  importance  as  we 
pass  upwards  until  the  Douglas  stage  is  reached.  Here,  from  50  to  100 
feet  below  the  Oread  limestone,  a  bed  of  coal  occurs  irregularly  entirely 
across  the  state.  It  is  developed  in  the  bluffs  along  the  Missouri  river 
near  Atchison,  lying  about  100  feet  below  the  Oread  limestone,  where 
it  was  mined  to  a  considerable  extent  in  time  past.  Southward,  in 
Douglas  county,  in  early  days  of  Kansas  history,  it  was  mined  al  prob- 
ably fifty  different  places.  Still  further  southward,  in  Franklin  count}, 
it  was  mined  in  many  places  around  Pomona,  Ransomville  and  Williams- 
l)urg.  From  here  to  the  southwest  a  line  of  early  day  mines  can  be 
traced  entirely  across  the  slate,  where  local  mines  were  operated  in  the 
winter  season  for  wagon  trade. 

Passing  up  the  geological  column  to  near  liie  top  of  the  Shawnee 
stage  another  vein  of  coal  is  found  marking  a  line  here  and  there  entirely 
across  the  state  from  northeast  to  southwest.  'J'he  coal  here  is  conlined 
principally  to  the  Severy  Scranton  shales,  with  theniines  most  abundant 
all  the  way  from  a  few  miles  west  and  southwest  of  Topeka,  to  the 
vicinity  of  Osage  City,  where  mining  is  still  prosccufeil  on  a  cunmu-rcial 
scale. 

2.  Oil  and  Gas:  Almost  all  the  oil  and  gas  thus  far  developed  in 
Kansas  has  been  obtained  from  the  Cherokee  and  Marmaton  stages, 
with  more  than  nine-tcntiis  of  it  coming  from  the  Cherokee  shales.    The 


KANSAS    IIISTDUV  739 

principal  productive  fields,  of  course,  lie  to  the  west  of  the  outcropping 
areas,  so  that  wells  are  drilled  from  300  to  1,600  feet  in  depth  before 
reaching-  the  productive  zones.  ( )il  and  gas  are  found  almost  universally 
in  sandstone,  probably  because  the  pores  serve  as  receptacles  for  them, 
and  these  sandstones  lie  interbedded  in  the  Cherokee  shales  and  some 
of  the  shales  higher  up  tlu-  geologic  column.  l'"arther  to  the  west  in  the 
vicinity  of  Elmdale,  Augusta  and  Arkansas  City  small  dex-elopments 
of  gas  have  been  made  in  wells  of  varying  depth  where  tlie  Permian 
rocks  are  exposed  at  the  surface.  In  all  cases  ])robably  the  drill  went 
entirely  through  the  Permian  and  into  some  of  the  upper  Coal  Measure 
formations,  but  by  no  means  deep  enough  to  reach  the  formations  which 
produce  oil  and  gas  in  such  large  quantities  farther  east. 

3.  Clay-Shales:  The  Coal  Measure  shales,  in  general,  are  excellent 
clays  for  making  a  great  variety  of  brick,  tile  and  otiier  clay  products. 
The  clay  industry  to  date  has  been  developed  principally  in  the  south- 
eastern part  (.)f  the  state  where  fuel  is  al)u»idanl  and  cheap,  either  in  the 
coal  fields  of  Cherokee  and  Crawford  counties,  or  in  tlie  gas  fields  a  little 
farther  west.  Shales  belonging  to  different  stratigraphic  horizons  have 
been  used  in  different  places  and  have  been  found  to  be  exceedingly 
valuable  for  making  all  kinds  of  street-paving  brick,  common  building 
brick,  dry-pressed,  fancy  red  brick,  side-walk  brick,  hollow  clay  building 
tile,  drainage  and  sewer  tile.  At  Pittsburg  and  vicinity  the  Cherokee 
shales  have  produced  a  desirable  material  for  this  purpose.  At  Coffey- 
ville  the  Cofteyville  shales  produce  excellent  brick,  .\bout  Cherryvale 
the  Cherryvale  shales  are  equally  desirable,  and  so  on  almost  to  the  top 
of  the  Coal  Measures  formations,  with  practically  all  the  intervening 
shales  producing  very  satisfactory  material,  as  is  witnessed  by  the  high 
quality  of  brick  produced  from  the  Chanute  shales  at  Chanute,  the  Lane 
shales  at  Table  Mound  west  of  Independence,  the  Lawrence  shales  at 
Lawrence,  the  Calhoun  shales  at  Topeka,  etc. 

4.  Cement  Material :  The  limestone  of  the  Coal  Measures  formations 
of  Kansas,  while  in  general  not  absolutely  pure,  is  excellent  material 
for  the  production  of  Portland  cement,  when  properl}'  mixed  with  Coal 
Measure  shales.  Fortunately,  the  impurities  present  in  the  limestone 
are  identical  with  the  materials  of  the  shales,  and  therefore  are  in  no 
way  objectionable.  The  shales  also,  interbedded  with  the  limestones, 
seldom  contain  any  impurities  which  are  detrimental  to  the  manufacture 
of  high-grade  Portland  cement.  This  fact  in  connection  with  the 
abundance  of  fuel  coal,  natural  gas,  and  fuel  oil,  has  resulted  in  the 
erection  of  numerous  Portland  cement  plants  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  the  state,  each  of  which  draws  its  raw  materials  from  the  Coal  Meas- 
ures limestones  and  shales.  It  is  fortunate  that  such  valuable  ma- 
terials exist  in  such  large  quantities  because  the  Portland  cement  indus- 
try has  now  become  one  of  the  leading  manufacturing  industries  of  the 
state  and  the  supply  of  material  is  sufficiently  abundant  to  last  literallv 
millions  of  years. 

5.  Building  Stone:    Manv  of  the  limestone  horizons  in  the  Kansas 


740  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Coal  Measures  produce  excellent  building  stone  and  the  broad  prairies 
are  dotted  here  and  there  with  scores  of  stone  quarries,  some  of  which 
already  have  reached  a  considerable  magnitude  of  production.  The 
sandstone  beds  here  and  there  interbedded  with  the  shales  likewise  pro- 
duce good  flagging  stones  for  making  walks  and  for  other  constructional 
purposes.  Should  the  time  ever  come  when  a  larger  amount  of  high- 
grade  building  stone  is  required,  either  limestone  or  sandstone,  the  Coal 
Measures  of  Kansas  may  be  called  upon  to  increase  the  present  pro- 
duction many  hundred  fold. 

l'ERMI.\N. 

Stratigraphy. — The  Permian  formations  of  Kansas  are  composed 
almost  entirely  of  alternating  beds  of  limestone  and  shales  with  much 
less  sandstone  in  the  shale  than  is  found  below  in  the  Coal  Measures. 
The  Permian  rocks  overlie  the  Coal  Measures  conformably ;  that  is,  their 
bedding  planes  are  approximately  parallel  witli  the  bedding  planes  of 
the  Coal  Measures.  In  general  physical  and  chemical  properties  also, 
the  Coal  Measures  rocks  grade  into  Permian  so  that  the  only  definite 
criterion  for  separating  them  is  the  character  of  the  animal  and  plant 
life  as  represented  !\v  the  fossils  found  in  them.  The  line  of  demarcation 
between  the  west  limit  of  the  Coal  Measures  and  the  eastern  limit  of  the 
Permian  is  an  irregular  one  trending,  in  general,  nortli  and  south  from 
near  the  northeast  corner  of  Marshall  county  to  the  southeast  corner  of 
Cowley  county.  On  the  high  ridges  the  Permian  extends  farther  east, 
because  it  overlies  the  Coal  Measures,  while  in  the  vallej'S,  such  as  the 
Kansas  river  valley,  erosion  has  worn  away  the  overlying  Permian  expos- 
ing the  underlying  Coal  Measures  much  farther  to  the  west.  In  tliis 
way  ihe  line  of  demarcation  is  more  or  less  tortuous,  varying  in 
extreme  cases  as  much  as  35  miles  in  an  east  and  west  direction. 

Naturally,  the  Permian  is  divided  into  two  great  divisions,  ilie  Uiwcr 
and  the  upper,  the  lower  Permian  being  composed  of  light  colored  lime- 
stones and  liglil  or  dark  green  colored  shales,  while  the  upper  Permian 
is  composed  of  red  colored  shales  and  imjierfect  sandstones,  commonly 
known  as  the  Red-Reds.  All  the  Permian  formations  dip  gently  to  the 
west,  so  that  here,  the  same  as  with  tlie  Coal  Measures,  one  lraveli.ng 
westward  is  continuously  passing  from  the  lower  to  the  higher  strata — 
from  I  he  older  to  the  younger.  Drill  holes  put  down  at  any  point  at  the 
western  limit  of  the  Permian,  therefore,  will  penetrate  the  several  sub- 
divisions in  succession,  and  should  they  be  carried  far  enough,  would 
penetrate  the  Coal  Measures  likewise,  which  underlie  the  Permian. 

In  a  norlii  and  soulh  line  the  rock  strata  arc  continuous  and  almost 
level,  so  that  Ihe  outcroi)ping  of  any  one  formation  may  be  traced  north 
and  south  entirely  across  the  stale.  It  appears  that  the  Permian  is  much 
less  in  thickness  at  the  north  than  at  the  south.  All  the  ujjper  Permian 
here  is  wanting,  so  that  the  overlying  Dakota  Cretaceous  rests  imniodi- 
ately  on  the  Permian,  while  in  the  south,  the  thick  red-heds  inler\iMU' 
Iii'i  v\i-ct)   (111'  lowci'   I'i-rini;iii  and  the  ( ■|-c(ac('ous.      I'.eyond  the  limits  of 


KANSAS    HISTORY  741 

Kansas,  the  J'ermian  exleuds  boUi  north  and  smith.  On  the  north  it 
reaches  only  about  30  miles  into  Nebraska  until  it  becomes  entirely 
covered  by  the  Dakota  Cretaceous  which  laps  eastward  and  rests  on 
the  Coal  Measures  formations.  From  the  south  side  of  the  state  it 
extends  southward  through  Oklahoma  and  Texas. 

Economic  Products. — The  Permian  of  Kansas  is  particularly  noted 
for  its  large  (piantities  of  salt,  but,  in  addition,  il  also  supplies  unlimited 
quantities  of  clay-shale  and  building  stone. 

I.  Salt:  Kansas  has  enough  salt,  sodium  chloride  (NaCl),  to  sup])ly 
the  world  for  many  thousands  of  years.  It  is  regularly  ihterbedded  with 
the  Permian  shales.  The  eastern  limit  of  the  salt  beds  is  a  few  miles 
west  of  Wichita,  McPherson  and  Salina.  while  the  western  limit  has  not 
been  determined,  neither  has  the  northern  nor  the  southern  limits.  At 
Hutchinson  the  salt  is  known  to  be  415  feet  thick.  Northward  it  appears 
gradually  to  grow  thinner  and  is  about  200  feet  thick  at  Kanapolis  and 
Ellsworth,  and  150  feet  thick  at  Lincoln,  where  a  deep  well  drilled  early 
in  191 1  proved  its  presence  and  quality.  At  Kingman  and  Hutchison 
it  is  about  600  feet  below  the  surface,  at  Lyons  800  feet  below  the  sur- 
face and  at  Ellsworth  and  Kanapolis  600  feet.  A  deep  well  at  Anthony 
also  showed  an  abundance  of  salt.  From  here  southward  it  extends  far 
across  into  Oklahoma. 

Salt  is  mined  by  two  distinct  processes.  Rock  salt  is  obtained  by 
sinking  a  shaft  to  the  salt  and  mining  it  much  as  coal  is  mined.  It  is 
then  hand  sorted,  crushed  and  passed  over  sieves  of  different  grades 
and  sent  into  the  market  in  desirable  forms.  The  other  grade  of  salt  is 
obtained  by  first  drilling  a  hole,  like  an  oil  well  hole,  down  to  the  rock 
salt  and  inserting  a  pipe  which  fits  lightly  into  the  well  and  extends 
down  to  the  top  of  the  salt.  A  smaller  pipe  is  now  put  inside  the  first 
one  and  carried  down  to  the  bottom  of  the  well.  A  pump  is  then  attached 
to  the  larger,  or  outside,  pipe  and  water  is  forced  down  into  the  well.  In 
time  it  dissolves  all  the  salt  it  can  dissolve,  about  one  pound  of  salt  to 
36  pounds  of  water,  and  is  forced  up  through  the  inner  pipe.  A  new 
well  furnishes  but  little  brine,  because  the  surface  area  is  so  small  it 
requires  so  long  a  time  for  the  water  to  become  saturated.  But  as  solu- 
tion continues  the  surface  becomes  larger,  so  that  within  a  year  or  so 
the  pump  can  be  kept  running  constantly  and  a  good  strong  brine  is 
constantly  delivered  by  the  smaller  pipe.  The  brine  is  then  evaporated 
by  artificial  heat  and  "evaporated"  salt  is  obtained. 

3.  Gypsum :  Gypsum  is  the  foundation  for  one  of  the  great  indus- 
tries of  Kansas.  Rock  gypsum  is  found  in  many  places  in  the  Permian. 
Extensive  factories  are  now  in  operation  in  the  vicinity  of  Blue  Rapids, 
in  Marshall  county,  in  southern  Dickinson  county,  and  in  Barber  county, 
all  of  which  use  rock  gypsum.  A  few  years  ago  a  number  of  plants  were 
operating  on  gypsum  or  on  gypsite,  beds  of  which  are  found  here  and 
there  throughout  the  Permian  area.  Rock  gypsum  occurs  in  a  well 
stratified  form  interbedded  with  other  Permian  formations.  About  Blue 
Rapids  and  Hope  it  lies  beneath  the  surface,  but  in  Barber  colu^t^•,  and 


742  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

stretcliing  away  southward  into  Oklahoma,  it  caps  the  hills  similar  to 
the  way  limestone  does  so  frequently  throughout  the  Coal  Measures 
area.  It  occurs  in  a  well  stratified  form,  can  be  quarried  the  same  as 
stone  and  is  sufficiently  pure  to  meet  all  the  requirements  for  the  manu- 
facture of  high-grade  plaster  and  other  goods  made  from  gypsum. 
Gypsum  is  used  for  making  different  grades  of  hard  wall  plaster,  in  its 
present  form  it  is  a  hydrated  calcium  sulphate  ( CaSO^  +  2H,0).  When 
ground  to  powder  and  heated  it  gives  u])  a  portinn  nf  the  water  of 
crj^stallization  and  takes  on  a  propertx'  Ijy  which  it  may  again  absorb 
water  and  harden,  or  "set."  Diflferent  grades  of  plaster  are  made  by 
driving  off  different  proportions  of  water.  Also  by  certain  secret  treat- 
ments a  superior  grade  is  made  known  as  Keen's  cement,  which  is  used 
extensively  for  interior  decorations  of  costly  buildings. 

3.  Clay-Shale:  But  little  development  work  has  been  done  on  the 
clay-shales  of  the  Permian.  It  is  known,  however,  that  many  of  them 
will  prove  exceedingly  valuable.  Chemical  analysis  shows  that  they  con- 
tain less  iron  than  the  Coal  Measure  shales  to  the  east,  and,  therefore, 
it  may  reasonably  be  expected  that  a  great  variety  of  light  colored  brick 
and  terracotta  may  be  made  from  them.  A  rich  harvest  awaits  the 
development  of  the  Permian  clay  industry. 

4.  Building  Stone :  The  Permian  affords  some  of  the  best  Ijuilding 
stone  in  the  state,  principally  limestone.  Here  and  tliere  throughout 
the  entire  area  from  the  nortJi  side  of  the  state  to  the  smith  good  build- 
ing stone  is  available. 

cki-:taci-:ous. 

According  to  the  general  geological  section  previously  gi\cn  the  great 
Cretaceous  com])!cx  is  divided  first  into  the  lower  and  ui^pcr,  and  the 
upper  again  subdived  into  a  luunber  of  individual  stages  and  formations. 
For  a  proper  study  of  Kansas  Cretaceous,  one  should  begin  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  Cretaceous  colunui.  which  would  carry  him  far  to  the  south 
beyond  the  limits  of  the  slate  to  the  vicinity,  we  will  say,  ni  I'.l  I'aso. 
It  seems  thai  the  great  mid-continental  sea  which  existed  in  the  west 
of  tJie  Coal  Measures  and  Permian  areas  of  Kansas  had  \ui>vc  faxorable 
conditions  for  the  production  of  thick  lieavy  beds  southward  than  to 
the  northward  tliroitghout  the  earlier  pail  of  Cretaceous  tiiiic.  and  fur- 
ther, that  a  gradual  uprising  to  the  south  drove  the  ocean  waters  north- 
ward into  the  .\rctic  Ocean  where  they  now  are.  In  this  way  a  great 
mid-conlineiit;il  area  was  covered  thousands  of  feet  in  di'ptii  with  Cre- 
taceous rocks,  the  lower  and  older  ones  towards  the  souili  and  the 
younger  and  up|)er  ones  towards  the  north. 

Comanche:  In  Clark,  Comanche,  Kiowa  and  ILirlur  coiiiilics  we  lind 
a  small  mass  of  Comanche  Cretaceous  which  is  the  iii)pennost  sub- 
division of  tlie  Lower  Cretaceous,  'i'liis  is  wedge-sliaped,  tapering  north- 
ward and  thickening  to  the  soutli  in  Oklahoma  and  Texas.  It  dis;ippears 
under  the  Tertiary  sf)nth  of  the  .\rkansas  river  and  thus  f.ir  no  tracings 
of  it   ii;ive  I)ei'n  found  noitji  of  the  counties  n:imed.      i'roli.ilih    it  under- 


KANSAS    IITSTORY  743 

lies  the  Tertiary  for  sonic  distance  north  of  where  it  is  now  observable, 
but  where  its  true  northern  limit  is  can  only  be  determined  by  proper 
explorations  beneath  the  siu"face  of  the  Tertiarx'  in  the  area  south  of 
Great  Bend. 

Dakota :  The  lowermost  member  of  the  Cretaceous  found  in  con- 
siderable quantities  in  Kansas  is  the  Dakota.  It  has  a  large  develop- 
ment in  an  area  reaching  northeast  and  sotithwest  from  Washington 
county  to  Edwards  coimty,  as  already  described  in  previous  pages,  with 
traces  of  it  here  and  there  in  the  southwest  part  of  the  state  where  the 
Cimarron  and  Bear  rivers  have  cut  through  the  Tertiary,  veneering  and 
exposed  long  narrow  strips  of  Dakota  rocks.  Probably  it  underlies  the 
entire  southwest  corner  of  Kansas  including  six  or  eight  counties  south 
of  the  Arkansas  river,  throughout  which  the  Tertiary  mantle  obscures 
it  from  sight. 

The  Dakota  rocks  lie  almost  horizontally,  but  throughout  their  west- 
ernmost exposure  dip  gently  to  the  east.  For  example,  their  elevation 
in  Morton  county  is  over  3,500  feet  above  tide,  while  their  easternmost 
outcrop  in  the  central  part  of  the  state  is  below  2,000  feet.  This  is  in 
conformity  with  what  one  should  expect  when  it  is  recalled  that  the 
same  Dakota  formation  outcrops  throughout  a  long  zigzag  area  along 
the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  where  they  have  a  north 
and  south  extent  of  thousands  of  miles  at  an  altitude  of  from  5,000  to 
7,000  feet  above  tide.  This  easterly  dip  throughout  eastern  Colorado 
and  western  Kansas  is  common  not  only  to  the  Dakota  strata,  but  to 
all  the  rocks  overlying  them,  due  evidently  to  the  uplifting  of  the  Rocky 
mountai,ns,  by  which  process  the  old  interior  ocean  was  drained  north- 
ward as  above  explained. 

The  Dakota  Cretaceous  consists  of  alternating  beds  of  sandstone  and 
shales  aggregating  a  thickness  of  about  450  feet.  Usually  the  sandstone 
is  coarse  and  porous  and  has  many  springs  bursting  out  along  the 
eastern  outcropping  lines,  the  source  of  the  water  of  which,  of  course,  is 
the  catchment  area  westward  along  the  mountainous  borders.  The 
eastward  migration  of  water  throughout  these  many  hundreds  of  miles 
is  well  proven  from  the  various  artesian  wells  available  here  and  there 
over  the  Great  Plains  area.  It  seems  strange  to  many  that  these  springs 
should  be  on  or  near  the  hill-tops  and  on  the  high  ground  rather  than 
in  the  valleys,  where  springs  generally  occur.  When  it  is  remembered, 
however,  that  the  present  eastern  demarcation  of  the  Dakota  is  largely 
controlled  by  erosion,  and  how,  therefore,  the  easternmost  limits  neces- 
sarily will  be  on  the  high  divides  between  the  stream,  one  can  readily 
understand  how  water  traveling  from  the  west  towards  the  east  finally 
will  find  outlets  along  the  eastern  border  of  the  sandstone,  and  therefore, 
on  the  high  ground.  Another  natural  sequence  follows  from  the  con- 
ditions just  named,  namely,  that  these  seeps  and  springs  carrying  traces 
of  iron  leached  from  the  rocks  will  have  the  same  iron  deposited  in  the 
sandstones  where  the  seeps  are  evaporated,  so  that,  in  general,  the 
eastern   limits  of  the  Dakota  sandstones  have  a  reddish  or  dark  iron- 


744  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

stained  appearance,  often  refered  to  by  local  residents  and  generally 
explained  by  assuming  that  at  some  previous  time  the  rocks  have  been 
burned  to  give  them  their  peculiar  colors. 

The  Dakota  sandstone,  therefore,  in  general  is  a  coarse  rock  exceed- 
ingly pervious  to  water,  colored  yellow,  reddish  and  brownish  by  iron 
rust  stains,  and  suitable  in  every  way  for  carrying  large  quantities  of 
water,  which  is  one  of  its  most  striking  characteristics.  Also,  the  Dakota 
shale  beds  of  Kansas  are  particularly  noted  for  the  large  amount  of  salt 
they  contain.  One  result  is.  that  the  siliferous  shale  beds  have  been 
eroded  away  more  rapidh'  than  the  rocks  below  and  many  peculiarly 
shaped  depressions  result,  the  most  noted  of  which  is  the  so-called 
"basin"  just  north  of  Great  Bend.  Here  the  siliferous  shales  have  been 
washed  away  and  a  circular  "fry-pan"  shaped  basin  formed.  North- 
ward, in  many  places  salt  marshes  exist,  such  as  the  famous  one  near 
Concordia.  These  marshes  become  more  or  less  filled  with  water 
throughout  the  winter  and  spring,  which  leaches  large  quantities  of  salt 
from  the  siliferous  shales.  During  the  dry  weather  of  summer  and  early 
autumn  the  water  becomes  evaporated,  leaving  a  variable  amount  of 
salt  behind.  In  early  days  of  occupation  of  the  plains  by  white  men^ 
such  salt  marshes  were  visited  by  people  for  hundreds  of  miles  around, 
the  salt  scooped  up  from  the  ground  and  hauled  away  li}-  wagon  loads. 
Recently,  since  our  salt  mines  have  been  in  operation  in  the  central  jnirt 
of  the  state,  no  further  attention  is  given  the  salt  marshes  in  an  indus- 
trial way. 

I.  Clays:  The  clays  of  the  Dakota  are  munerous  and  variable  in 
quality  and  bid  fair  to  become  some  of  the  most  valuable  in  the  state, 
on  account  of  their  great  variety.  In  places  they  are  almost  free  from 
iron,  producing  a  clay  approaching  fire-clay  in  quality,  which  is  \ery 
suitable  for  making  light  colored  and  buf?  colored  brick  and  urnanuntal 
terracotta. 

Benton. — Immediately  overlj'ing  the  Dakota,  and  conformable  with 
it,  we  find  the  Benton  complex  of  limestones  and  shales,  aggregating  a 
thickness  of  about  400  feet.  It  is  composed  almost  entirely  of  alternat- 
ing beds  of  soft,  light  colored  limestone  and  darkly  colored,  sometimes 
almost  greenish  shales,  which  in  other  places  are  practically  black.  The 
limestones  are  in  broad  thin  layers  much  softer  than  the  Coal  Measures 
limestones,  but  substantially  the  same  in  chemical  composition.  They 
lend  themselves  readil}'  to  quarry  purposes  and  may  be  broken  readilx' 
into  long  slender  pieces  suitable  for  fence-posts,  for  which  they  are  used 
to  a  great  extent  throughout  the  entire  Benton  area  of  the  stale,  in 
fact,  one  riding  east  or  west  across  the  state  on  any  of  the  trans-state 
railroads  north  of  the  .'\rkansas  river  can  recognize  when  he  is  in 
the  Benton  area  by  the  limestone  fence-posts  so  readily  seen  from  the 
car  window.  This  fence-post  zone  is  from  30  to  40  miles  wide  and  prac- 
tically outlines  the  area  throughout  which  the  Benton  formation  covers 
the  surface  of  the  ground.  The  stone  is  so  soft  it  can  be  cut  with  a  car- 
penter's saw  and  shaped  at  pleasure.     Upon  ex|)osure  to  ilic  .ilmnsplu'rc 


KANSAS    IIISTOUV  745 

it  dries  and  hardens  s(i  that  it  becomes  ([uite  servicable  for  structural  pur- 
poses, and  many  prelentious  buildings  are  built  of  it. 

The  Benton  shales  thus  far  have  been  used  but  little  in  the  economic 
arts,  although,  as  shown  from  preliminary  examinations,  they  are  ser- 
\'icable  for  making  many  kinds  of  brick,  tile,  and  other  clay  products. 
Also,  they  are  servicable  for  making  Portland  cement  when  properly 
mixed  with  calcareous  material,  as  is  shown  by  the  plant  at  Yocemento 
in  Ellis  county,  which  uses  the  uppermost  horizon  of  Benton  shales 
mixed  with  the  overlying  Niobrara  chalk  for  making  Portland  cement. 

Niobrara. — Overlying  the  Benton  and  conformable  with  it  we  find 
the  Niobrara  shales  and  limestones,  aggregating  about  500  feet  in  thick- 
ness. The  limestones  are  the  famous  Kansas  chalk.  The  eastern  limit 
of  the  Niobj-ara,  which  is  also  the  western  limit  of  the  Benton,  is  an 
exceedingly  irregular  line  stretching  from  the  middle  of  the  north  side 
of  Washington  county  southwestward,  crossing  the  west  side  of  the  state 
about  8  or  10  miles  north  of  the  Arkansas  river.  Much  of  the  area  to 
the  west  is  covered  with  Tertiary  material,  so  that  the  exposure  of 
Niobrara  is  confined  principally  to  the  valleys  and  blufifs  of  streams, 
although  there  is  no  doubt  about  it  being  a  continuous  formation  under- 
neath the  Tertiary. 

This  general  outcropping  border  corresponds  with  the  ideas  advanced 
in  speaking  of  the  northward  recession  of  the  great  inland  sea,  the 
extreme  southwest  corner  of  the  state  being  occupied  by  the  Dakota, 
then  a  strip  of  Benton  along  the  Arkansas  river,  and  now  the  Niobrara 
on  top  of  the  Benton  as  one  travels  westward  and  northward.  On  a 
geological  map  of  Kansas  one  would  find,  therefore,  comparatively  small 
areas  occupied  by  the  Niobrara,  but,  could  one  by  magic  remove  the 
Tertiary  mantle,  without  doubt  the  Niobrara  would  occupy  as  large  an 
area,  probably  much  larger,  than  either  the  Benton  or  the  Dakota. 

The  Niobrara  limestone,  or  chalk,  is  distinguished  from  the  Benton 
in  physical  properties  principally  by  its  thick,  heavy  beds  rather  than 
thin  well-marked  ones  common  to  the  Benton,  and  by  the  general  chalky 
nature  of  the  material.  In  chemical  composition  it  is  about  as  pure  a 
limestone  as  is  found  in  the  state,  ranging  from  90  to  96  per  cent,  pure 
lime  carbonate.  It  is  particularly  soft,  so  that  it  may  be  whittled  with 
a  knife  or  cut  with  a  saw  almost  like  shale.  Here  and  there  ground 
water  has  deposited  silica  within  it,  producing  locally  masses  of  agate 
and  other  silicious  forms  of  rocks,  some  of  which  are  of  the  moss-agate 
variety  and  fairly  beautiful.  The  upper  Niobrara,  also,  is  noted  for  its 
abundance  of  fossils,  reptiles  and  fishes  which  are  found  here  and  there 
wherever  the  Niobrara  is  exposed  throughout  the  state. 

Pierre. — In  the  extreme  northwest  part  of  the  state  some  of  the 
streams  have  cut  through  the  mantle  of  Tertiary  exposing  Cretaceous 
rocks  which  usually  are  considered  to  belong  to  the  Pierre,  or  Ft.  Pierre, 
as  it  was  previously  called.  Some  parties  have  also  thought  that  the 
Fox  Hill  was  exposed  in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Francis,  Cheyenne  county, 
althouofh  usualiv  this  is  considered   Pierre.     Both   the   Pierre  and   Fox 


746  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

J] ill  occur  in  much  greater  abundance  farther  to  the  north  and  north- 
west. How  much  of  either  of  them  underlies  the  Tertiary  in  Kansas 
probably  never  will  be  known,  but  so  small  an  amount  of  each  of  them 
IS  actually  found  that  their  importance  is  correspondingly  reduced. 

Tertiary  and  Pleistocene. — As  already  explained,  the  western  end  of 
Kansas  is  covered  b}-  a  veneering  or  mantle  of  material  carried  eastward 
by  rivers  from  the  great  Rocky  mountain  area.  This  debris,  or  loess  as 
it  is  now  frequently  called,  covers  the  entire  plains  area  from  the  foot- 
hills of  the  Rocky  mountains  eastward  far  into  the  Dakotas,  Nebraska, 
Kansas,  Oklahoma  and  Texas.  It  consists  principally  of  soil,  sand  and 
gravel,  which  in  places  seems  to  be  reasonabl}'  well  stratified,  but  which 
in  general  is  practically  void  of  structure.  Here  and  there  are  coarse 
gravel  beds  extending  miles  horizontall}'  and  from  5  to  joo  feet  \  er- 
ticall)-,  the  sand  and  gravel  of  which  is  cemented  together  by  calcium 
carbonate,  forming  a  sandstone  of  variable  hardness  which  has  been 
called  by  different  names,  such  as  "mortar  beds,"  "Tertiary  grit."  etc. 
This  Tertiary  mantle  carries  the  vast  amount  of  ground  water  found  so 
abundantly  throughout  the  plains  area.  Also,  here  and  there  it  carries 
many  fossils  of  vertebrae  animals,  important  to  the  paleontologist.  Tt 
seems  that  in  geological  age,  the  oldest  of  it  is  at  least  as  old  as  the  Loup 
Fork  Tertiary,  while  recent  winds  and  river  action  has  worked  over  tlie 
surface  material  until  part  of  it,  at  least,  and  probably  much  of  it,  should 
be  designated  as  Pleistocene.  In  general,  it  has  quite  the  appearance 
of  river  alluvium  and,  broadly  speaking,  is  about  as  regular  in  character 
as  alluvium  usually  is,  while  in  detail  it  differs  very  materially  from 
place  to  place,  again  very  much  like  river  alluvium. 

Gerardy,  a  little  village  of  Washington  county,  is  a  statimi  nu  the 
C'hicagi).  r.nrlington  I'l-  Ouincy  R.  R.  17  miles  northeast  of  Washing- 
ton, the  county  scat,  and  5  miles  north  of  Hanover,  from  which  jilace 
mail  is  delivered  by  rural  carrier.     The  j)opulation  in   i<)i;i  was  ^j. 

Germaine  Sisters. — One  of  the  most  thrilling  instances  of  Indian 
atrocity  that  c\er  occurred  in  Kansas  was  the  murder  of  an  emigrant 
named  Germaine.  with  several  members  of  his  family,  and  tlu-  carry- 
ing olT  of  four  daughters  into  captivity  in  the  fall  of  1S74.  In  the 
early  part  of  that  ye;ir  a  great  numl)er  of  buffaloes  were  killed  by 
hunters  and  frontiersmen,  the  hides  being  shipped  east,  the  tongues 
used  ffjr  food  and  the  carcasses  left  to  rot  on  the  jilains.  This  whole- 
sale slaughter  of  their  main  food  su|)ply  exasperated  the  Indians  to 
such  an  extent  Ih.it  the  Kiowas,  Comanclies,  Cheyennes  ami  Ar.ipahoes 
held  a  council  and  determined  to  make  war  upon  the  whiles. 

The  Germaine  family,  consisting  of  the  father,  niolher.  one  son  and 
six  daughters,  was  on  the  wa}'  to  Colorado.  ( )n  the  morning  of  Sept. 
10,  1H74,  they  were  attacked  on  the  bank  of  the  .'^nioky  llill  river  in 
western  Kansas.  Mr.  Germaine.  his  wife  and  son  wert'  killed  aii<l 
scal|)ed  :  f)ne  daughter  was  shot;  another  Intrned  to  (K'ath.  .'ind  the  oilier 
four  girls  carried  olT  to  be  subjected  in  .1   wmse   t  re.itnieiit    than   ile.itli. 

The  youngest  girl  was  rescued  from  the   lndi;nis  at   a   \  i!l;ige  on   the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  747 

liaiiks  III"  the  Solomon  river  by  James  C'aniKin  and  Licnt.  Wliittcmurc, 
in  command  of  loo  men  of  the  Fifth  L'nited  States  infantry  from  i<"ort 
Wallace.  A  blizzard  came  up  and  tlie  soldiers  were  forced  to  march 
to  Fort  Dodge,  where  it  was  learned  from  the  rescued  child  that  her 
three  sisters  were  still  captives.  Later  Mr.  Cannon  discovered  that 
the  girls  were  held  at  a  Cheyenne  village  on  Crooked  creek,  near  the 
Cimarron  river,  about  40  miles  from  Fort  Dodge,  and  he  managed  to 
rescue,  a  second  girl. 

Gen.  Pope  was  notified,  and  an  expedition  was  started  for  the  village. 
A  messenger  was  sent  to  the  band  holding  the  girls  to  surrender  to 
the  authorities  and  the  Indians  returned  to  their  agency,  where  they 
surrendered  to  Gen.  Miles'  command.  The  girls  were  sent  to  Fort 
Leavenworth,  Gen.  Miles  was  appointed  their  guardian,  and  Congress 
diverted  $10,000  of  the  Indian  annuities  for  their  benefit.  The  income 
from  this  sum  was  to  be  used  for  their  support  during  their  minority 
and  the  principal   divided  among  them  when  they  became  of  age. 

German  Evangelical  Synod  of  North  America. — ( )n  Oct.  15.  1840. 
six  German  missionaries  of  Illinois  and  Missouri  met  at  Gravois  set- 
tlement in  Missouri  and  there  formed  the  German  Evangelical  associa- 
tion of  the  West.  Many  of  the  ministers  of  this  organization  had  been 
ordained  in  the  Evangelical  church  of  Germany  and  sent  to  the  L'nited 
States  by  missionary  societies  of  the  Fatherland,  and  in  manv  cases 
a  large  number  of  the  church  members  had  belonged  to  the  L'nited 
Evangelical  church  in  Germany  before  coming  to  America.  The 
movement,  which  gave  rise  to  this  association  in  Missouri,  was  felt 
in  other  parts  of  the  country,  and  other  unions  were  organized  which 
joined  with  the  W'estern  association.  The  most  important  of  these 
were:  The  German  Evangelical  association  of  Ohio,  established  in 
1858;  the  German  l'nited  Evangelical  synod  of  the  East,  organized  in 
i860;  the  E\-angelical  s}'nod  of  the  Northwest,  started  in  1872:  and 
the  L'nited  Evangelical  synod  of  the  East,  established  the  same  year. 
In  1866  the  name  of  the  organization  was  changed  tc)  the  Evangelical 
Synod  of  the  West,  and  in  1877  to  the  German  Evangelical  Synod  of 
North  America. 

The  church  is  divided  into  seventeen  districts,  each  district  having 
cliarge  of  local  affairs,  and  its  officers  responsible  to  the  general  synod, 
which  meets  every  four  years,  being  composed  of  ministerial,  lay  and 
teaching  delegates  elected  by  the  district  meetings. 

During  the  two  decades,  from  1880  to  1900,  the  church  made  rapid 
progress,  for  in  the  latter  year  the  synod  had  922  ministers  in  the 
Linited  States;   1,153  congregations  and  a  membership  of  203,574. 

The  movement  of  Evangelical  unions  in  Kansas  began  in  the  earh' 
'60s,  an  Evangelical  association  having  been  formed  at  Humboldt, 
Allen  county,  in  i860,  with  a  preacher  named  Dubbs  as  the  first  pastor. 
This  was  followed  in  1861  by  the  Evangelical  association,  of  Leaven- 
worth. 

The    Marysville,    Marshall    county,    German    Evangelical    association 


748  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

was  organized  in  1868  by  A.  Bathe,  who  in  1870  estabUshed  the  Ger- 
man Evangelical  church  at  Stozenbach.  In  Douglas  countv,  St.  Paul's 
German  Evangelical  church  was  organized  at  Eudora  in  1869.  bv  B. 
C.  Haus,  with  15  members,  and  he  became  the  first  minister.  A  Ger- 
man Evangelical  association  was  organized  at  Hiawatha,  Brown  count}-, 
in  April,  1881,  by  Philip  Fricker.  The  Evangelical  association  at 
Jewell  City  was  organized  in  the  spring  of  1872  by  L.  W'egner,  the 
first  pastor.  In  July,  1882,  a  German  Evangelical  association  was  per- 
fected at  Emporia  with  11  members,  by  C.  F.  Erffmeyer,  and  the 
same  year  an  Evangelical  association  was  organized  at  Wyandotte,  now 
Kansas  City,  Kan.  Today  the  German  Evangelical  Synod  of  North 
America  ranks  tenth  of  all  denominations  in  Kansas  with  a  member- 
ship of  3,617. 

Germantown,  a  little  village  in  Mission  township.  Brown  county,  is 
a  station  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  10  miles  south- 
west of  Hiawatha,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  posloffice 
and  is  the  trading  point  for  the  surrounding  country.  The  population 
in   1910  was  50. 

Geuda  Springs. — On  the  line  between  Cowley  and  Sumner  counties 
is  a  remarkable  group  of  salt  springs  that  flow  from  100  to  450  gal- 
lons each  per  hour,  that  have  been  known  since  the  earliest  settle- 
ment of  that  section.  These  springs  are  situated  on  a  branch  of  the 
St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  railroad,  a  little  to  the  north  of  the  town 
of  Geuda  Springs  and  about  7  miles  from  Arkansas  City.  The  waters 
from  these  springs  strongly  impregnate  the  waters  in  the  creeks  in  the 
vicinity.  A  lake  formed  by  the  creek  near  these  springs  has  been 
greatly  enlarged  and  improved  by  damning  the  creek  and  now  covers 
about  50  acres,  making  it  the  largest  body  of  salt  water  in  the  state. 
Geuda  is  said  to  be  an  Indian  word,  Ge-u-da.  meaning  healing  si^rings, 
and  the  place  must  have  I^een  a  well  known  stopping  place  with  the 
Indians.  Many  improvements  were  made  at  the  springs  during  the 
latter  '80s,  including  bath-house  and  hotel,  improving  the  lake,  laying 
out  drives,  etc.  Much  of  the  water  has  been  bottled  and  shipped  to 
points  in  Kansas  and  adjoining  states,  an  analysis  showing  tliem  lo 
contain  sodium  chloride,  sodium  phosphate,  sodium  bromide,  sodium 
iodide,  sodium  nitrate,  sodium  bicarbonate,  sodium  biborate,  potas- 
sium sulphate,  lithium  chloride,  calcium  sulpliate,  calcium  bicarl)onatc. 
magnesium  sulphate,  magnesium  chloride,  iron  bicarbonate,  alumina, 
silica,  and  organic  matter.  .About  1890  a  dam  with  a  flume  outlet  was 
l)uilt  across  the  salt  marsh  just  north  of  the  springs,  which  was  the 
means  of  covering  the  whole  marsh  witli  w.itor  and  affording  excellent 
boating. 

Geuda  Springs,  an  incorporated  town  of  Sunnu'v  ri unity,  is  located 
in  Walton  lownshi]).  on  the  Kansas  Southwestern  r.iilroad,  20  miles 
southeast  of  Wellington,  the  county  scat,  and  near  the  mineral  springs 
of  the  same  name.  It  has  a  bank,  a  score  or  more  of  good  retail  stores, 
cinirches  and  schools,  express  and  telegr.-iph  ofTices.  .ind  .1  money  order 
postoflfice   with    three  rural   routes.     The    po|)ulation    in    1010   was    254. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  749 

The  main  street  is  on  the  line  between  Sumner  and  Cowley  counties. 
The  first  liouse  on  the  town  site  was  built  by  George  B.  Green,  the 
first  drug  store  was  opened  by  G.  A.  Cutler,  the  general  store  ])y  J. 
R.  Musgrave,  and  the  first  hotel,  the  Geuda  Springs  house,  was  built 
by  James  Stiner. 

Gideon,  a  hamlet  located  in  tlie  central  jjart  of  Douglas  county,  is 
aliout  8  miles  southwest  of  Lawrence,  the  nearest  railroad  town.  frf)m 
which  it  has  rural  free  delivery. 

Gilbert,  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  K.  in  Mitchell  county, 
is  located  about  3  miles  east  of  Beloit,  the  county  seat,  from  which 
place  it  receives  mail. 

Giles,  Fry  W.,  one  of  the  founders  of  Topeka,  was  born  at  Littleton, 
N.  H.,  in  1819,  a  descendant  of  John  Giles,  who  came  from  England 
and  settled  in  Massachusetts  in  1634.  In  the  fall  of  1854  Fry  W.  Giles 
left  New  England  for  Kansas,  and  on  Dec.  4  of  that  year  arrived  at 
the  place  where  Topeka  now  stands.  He  was  secretary  of  the  associa- 
tion that  laid  out  the  city,  and  it  is  said  was  the  man  who  gave  the 
name  to  the  new  town.  In  March,  1855,  l""^  was  appointed  postmaster, 
the  first  to  serve  in  that  capacity  in  Topeka.  During  the  early  settle- 
ment of  the  county  he  kept  a  private  record  of  real  estate  transfers, 
which  was  later  made  the  legal  records  of  Shawnee  county  by  act  of 
the  legislature.  In  1857  he  was  elected  county  recorder  and  clerk, 
and  in  1864  he  opened  the  first  bank  in  Topeka.  Two  years  later  he 
cook  a  partner  and  the  business  was  conducted  for  some  time  under 
the  firm  name  of  F.  W.  Giles  &  Co.  When  the  Topeka  National  bank 
was  founded  he  became  the  first  president  of  that  institution.  Mr. 
Giles  was  the  author  of  a  work  entitled  "Thirty  Years  in  Topeka," 
which  was  published  in  1886.  In  this  work  he  relates  many  interest- 
ing incidents  that  occurred  during  that  period — incidents  that  other- 
wise might  have  been  forgotten.     He  died  on  June  9,  1898. 

Gilfillan,  a  small  village  of  Bourbon  county,  is  the  terminus  of  a 
short  branch  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  that  connects  with  one  of 
the  main  lines  at  Marmaton,  6  miles  west  of  Fort  Scott,  from  which 
place  mail  is  delivered  by  rural  carrier. 

Gill,  a  little  village  of  Western  township,  Logan  count)',  is  located 
on  the  .Smoky  Hill  river  about  16  miles  west  of  RusselJ  Springs,  the 
county'  seat,  and  4  miles  southeast  of  Turkey  Creek  on  the  Lhiion 
Pacific,  which  is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  It  has  a  money  order 
postoffice  and  is  a  trading  center  for  the  neighborhood.  The  poptila- 
tion  in  1910  was  47.  There  is  also  a  hamlet  named  Gill  in  the  western 
part  of  Finney  county. 

Girard,  the  county  seat  of  Crawford  county,  is  situated  near  the  cen- 
ter of  the  county  at  the  junction  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
and  the  St.  Touis  &  San  Francisco  railroads.  It  is  also  connected  by 
electric  lines  with  Franklin  and  Dunkirk.  The  town  was  laid  out  in 
1868,  when  the  railroad  survey  was  made,  by  a  company  of  which  A. 
Danford  was  president  and  C.  H.  Strong  was  secretary.     It  was  named 


75U  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Girard  by  Mr.  Strong,  after  his  old  home  town  in  Pennsylvania.  The 
first  dwelling  was  erected  by  C.  H.  Strong,  who  was  appointed  the 
first  postmaster  when  the  office  was  established  in  1868.  J.  .Mexander 
opened  the  first  store.  A  second  store  was  soon  afterward  opened  by 
a  man  named  Sinnet,  and  in  Dec,  1868,  James  Hull  erected  a  build- 
ing which  was  used  as  the  first  court-house.  Owing  to  the  troubles 
over  the  building  of  the  railroad  the  growth  of  Girard  was  slow  for  a 
time,  but  by  Feb.,  1870,  there  were  140  buildings  in  the  place.  The 
first  town  trustees,  appointed  on  Nov.  10,  1869,  were  L.  V.  Crawford, 
X.  Sinnet,  D.  W.  Burnett,  W.  E.  Blandon  and  James  Hull. 

The  first  school  house  was  built  in  1869,  and  Maggie  T.  Hill  taui;lit 
the  first  school  in  the  new  building.  .\  high  school  was  established 
in  18S2.  The  first  newspaper — the  Girard  Press — was  started  in  Nov., 
1869,  but  did  not  live  long.  (See  Newspapers.)  In  March,  1871,  Girard 
was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third  class,  and  at  the  election  in 
April  George  Ryan  was  chosen  mayor;  A.  J.  \'ickers,  J.  E.  Raymond, 
E.  Fanger,  H.  P.  Grund  and  F.  B.  Andrus,  councilmen.  The  first  bank 
was  started  in  June,  1871,  by  Frank  Playter. 

The  Girard  of  the  present  day  is  a  city  oi  tlie  seccmd  class,  et|uip]5ed 
with  waterworks,  electric  lights,  fire  and  police  departments,  a  fine 
sewer  system,  good  public  schools,  a  number  of  churches,  etc.  It  has 
3  banks,  3  weekly  newspapers  (the  Girard  Press,  the  Independent 
News,  and  the  Appeal  to  Reason),  an  international  money  order  post- 
office  with  seven  rural  routes,  a  telephone  exchange,  an  opera  house, 
telegraph  and  express  offices,  good  hotels,  and  a  number  of  fine  stores 
and  residences.  Among  the  industries  are  flour  mills,  an  oi!  refinery, 
a  creamery,  cereal  coffee,  condensed  milk,  Nintgar  and  fence  factories, 
a  stove  works,  an  ice  and  cold  storage  plant,  etc.  Being  located  in  the 
coal  fields,  a  large  number  of  the  inhabitants  are  interested  in  niining 
operations,  and  large  quantities  of  coal  are  slii|)pe(I  fmni  (lirard  every 
year.     The   population   in    1910  was  2. 44''). 

Girls'  Industrial  School. —  (See  industrial  Schools.  1 

Glade,  a  \illage  of  Pliilli])s  county,  is  a  station  on  the  .\lchison  iS: 
Lenora  division  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  6  miles  south  of  I'hillips- 
burg,  the  county  seat.  It  was  formerly  known  as  Marvin,  or  ('hil- 
licothe.  Glade  has  a  money  order  postofiice  with  two  rural  routes, 
telegrajih  and  express  offices,  a  good  local  rct.iil  trade,  .nul  is  a  shi])- 
|)iiig  jiriint  of  some  im])ortance.     The  ])o])nlatioii   in    njio  was   175. 

Gladstone,  a  small  hamlet  in  the  northwestern  ]i.irt  of  Phillips  cottnty, 
is  located  neai-  the  head  of  Driftwood  creek,  ahoni  S  miles  from  I'.eards- 
ley,  which  is  the  nearest  railroad  station.  .Mail  i>  received  by  rur.'il 
delivery  from   Henkelman,  Xeb. 

Glasco,  an  incorporated  cit}'  oi'  (  lond  county,  is  located  in  .Solomon 
tovvnsiiip  on  the  Scjlomon  river  and  tlu'  I'lnon  Pacific  R.  R..  about  20 
miles  southwest  of  Concordia,  the  county  seat.  It  li.is  j  b.'uiks,  an 
international  money  order  ])ostoffice  with  four  rural  routes,  express  and 
tcle,L;r;i|)li  service,  telc])hone  connections,  a  weekly   newspaper  (the  Sun), 


KANSAS    HISTORY  751 

an  opera  house,  graded  and  high  schools,  churches  of  the  leading 
denominations,  hotels,  mercantile  houses,  etc.  The  population  in  1910 
was  720. 

deed,  Charles  S.,  lawyer  and  writer,  was  born  at  Alorrisville,  Vt.,  ■ 
March  23,  1856,  a  son  of  Thomas  and  Cornelia  (Fisk)  Gleed.  In  early 
life  he  came  to  Kansas,  and  from  1876  to  1880  he  was  a  student  in 
the  state  university,  receiving  from  that  institution  the  degree  of  A.  H. 
lie  then  became  a  student  in  the  law  school  of  the  University  of  Kan- 
sas, and  from  1880  to  1884  he  was  connected  with  the  traffic  and  law 
departments  of  the  Union  Pacific  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe  railroads.  In  1884  hs  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  on  June  28, 
1S88,  he  married  Miss  Mabel  Gore  of  Lawrence,  Kan.  Mr.  Gleed  has 
served  as  editor  of  the  Denver  Daily-  Tribune ;  as  president  of  the 
Ka«.sas  City  Daily  Journal,  the  Missouri  and  Kansas  Telephone  com- 
paiiV,  and  the  Bell  Telephone  company  of  Missouri;  vice-president  of 
tliii  Pioneer  Trust  company,  and  as  a  director  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
/.,;  Santa  Fe  railroad.  From  1889  to  1893  he  was  a  regent  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Kansas.  He  has  written  many  legal,  economic  and  feature 
Articles  for  newspapers  and  magazines ;  is  a  life  member  and  director 
of  the  Kansas  State  Historical  Society,  and  belongs  to  various  clubs 
in  Topeka,  where  he  resides,  and  elsewhere. 

Gleed,  James  W.,  lawyer  and  brother  of  the  above,  was  born  at  J\Ior- 
r.sville.  Vt.,  March  8,  1859.  In  1879  he  received  the  degree  of  A.  B. 
,./om  the  University  of  Kansas,  and  from  that  time  until  1882  was  a 
iutor  in  Latin  and  Greek  in  that  institution.  He  then  received  the 
degree  of  A.  M.,  and  for  the  next  year  was  professor  of  Greek.  In 
1884  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.  B.  from  Columbia  University.  On 
hug.  25,  1886,  he  married  Miss  Grace  Greer  of  Topeka.  From,  1887 
1 J  1900  he  was  professor  of  the  law  of  real  property  in  the  University^ 
/f  Kansas.  In  1904  Columbia  University  honored  him  with  the  degree 
of  LL.  D.  and  in  1906  the  same  degree  was  conferred  on  him  by  Baker 
University.  Mr.  Gleed  has  served  as  general  solicitor  for  the  Missouri 
and  Kansas  Telephone  company ;  was  for  twelve  years  on  the  board  of 
regents  of  the  state  university,  and  lias  contributed  articles  to  maga- 
zines on  educational  and  economic  subjects.  He  resides  in  Topeka, 
where  he  is  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law. 

Glen,  a  hamlet  of  Lincoln  county,  is  located  near  the  head  of  Spill- 
man  creek,  about  16  miles  northwest  of  Lincoln,  the  county  seat.  Mail 
is  delivered  b)'  rural  carrier  from  the  office  at  Cedron.  A^esper,  on  the 
Union  Pacific,  is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Glendale,  a  hamlet  of  Bourbon  county,  is  situated  about  8  miles 
north  of  Fort  Scott,  the  county  seat,  from  which  it  has  rural  free 
delivery. 

Glen  Elder,  an  incorporated  town  of  Mitchell  county,  is  located  on 
the  Solomon  river  and  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  in  Glen  Elder  town- 
ship, 12  miles  west  of  Beloit,  the  county  seat.  It  has  3  hotels.  2  grain 
elevators,  2  banks,  a  weekly  newspaper,  express  and  telegraph  offices 
and   an   international    mone}'   order    postoffice    with    four   rural    routes. 


Z.-)^ 


CYCLOPEXIIA    OF 


The  population  in  1910  was  565.  The  town  was  established  in  1871 
by  Xeve  &  Spencer,  and  called  West  Hampton.  The  Glen  Elder  post- 
office,  which  was  located  half  a  mile  north  of  this  point,  was  moved 
•and  the  town  took  the  name  of  the  postoffice.  The  promoters  of  the 
town  built  a  large  flour  mill.  The  Mitchell  County  Ivey,  a  green- 
back paper,  was  started  by  George  E.  Daugerty.  who  printed  it  by 
hand  with  a  roller. 

Glengrouse,  a  small  village  of  Cowley  count}',  is  situated  near  the 
northeast  corner  of  the  county  on  Grouse  creek,  about  25  miles  from 
W'infield,  the  county  seat.  The  population  in  1910  was  32.  Mail  is 
received  from  Atlanta  by  rural  delivery. 

Glenloch,  a  hamlet  of  Anderson  county,  is  located  in  Jackson  town- 
ship, on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R..  6  miles  northwest  of  Garnett,  the 
county  seat.  It  has  express  and  telegraph  offices  and  a  mone}-  order 
postoffice.     The  population,  according  to  the  census  of  1910,  was  50. 

Glenn's  Expedition. — Of  all  the  expeditions  that  \isited  Kansas,  or 
some  portion  of  it,  in  the  early  part  of  the  19th  century,  less  seems 
to  be  known  regarding  that  led  by  Col.  Hugh  Glenn  than  any  other. 
It  appears  to  have  been  merely  a  party  of  adventurers,  acting  without 
official  authority,  and  with  no  other  object  in  view  than  to  see  the 
country  and  learn  something  of  its  possibilities.  The  best,  and  per- 
haps the  only,  account  of  the  expedition  is  that  found  in  the  journal 
of  Jacob  Fowler,  who  was  the  chronicler  of  the  undertaking.  This 
journal  was  edited  and  published  by  Dr.  Elliott  Coues  a  few  years  ago, 
and  from  it  the  following  facts  regarding  the  expedition  are  taken. 

Fowler  and  a  few  associates  left  Fort  Smith,  Ark.,  on  Sc])t.  6.  1821, 
crossed  the  Arkansas  river  and  made  their  way  to  the  Neosho,  near 
where  Fort  Gibson  was  afterward  built.  Hugh  Glenn  was  a  well  known 
Indian  trader,  and  at  that  time  had  a  trading  house  on  the  Verdigris 
river,  about  a  mile  from  its  mouth.  From  the  Neosho,  Fowler's  party 
moved  on  to  Glenn's  trading  house,  where  the  time  until  Sept.  25  was 
spent  in  "making  arrangements  for  the  journey  to  the  mountains." 
A  company  of  20  men  was  formed,  including  Jacob  Fowler  and  his 
brother  Robert,  Nathaniel  Pryor,  who  had  been  with  Lewis  and  Clark, 
several  Frenchmen  and  a  negro  belonging  to  Jacob  Fowler,  lender 
command  of  Col.  Glenn  the  expedition  set  out  up  the  .Arkansas  \;illc\-. 
Fowler,  who  kej)!  the  journal,  was  not  much  of  a  speller,  hut  what 
he  lacked  in  a  knowledge  of  orthography  he  made  u])  b\'  the  zeal  with 
which  he  kept  a  detailed  record  of  each  day's  march.  (  >ii  ( )ct.  o  he 
says: 

"We  now  steered  north  leaveing  the  Uiver  (the  .\rkansas)  on  our 
lefft  Hand  Releveing  the  High  Hill  and  I'.IutTs  Near  the  River  WCld 
be  difequal  to  pass  With  loaded  pack  Horses — at  six  miles  over  lligh 
Uicli  lime  stone  Pirarie  We  Cami)e(l  on  a  Crick  60  feet  \\'ide  Wheare 
We  killed  some  turkeys  in  the  Evening." 

Coues  thinks  that  this  "crick"  was  the  stream  known  as  (irouse 
creek,   which    flows    in   a   southerly    direction    through    Cowley    county. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  753 

Kan.,  and  empties  into  the  Arkansas  river  near  tlie  SDUlhern  boundary 
of  the  state.  For  the  next  30  days  the  expedition  was  in  Kansas.  From 
Grouse  creek  it  moved  west  for  a  few  miles,  then  turned  north,  and 
on  the  9th  it  struck  the  Whitewater  fWahuit)  creek  somewhere 
between  the  present  towns  of  Arkansas  City  and  Winfield.  On  the 
nth  it  again  turned  west,  and  two  days  later  was  about  where  Wichita 
now  stands.  The  remainder  of  the  course  through  the  state  was  along 
the  Arkansas  river.  According  to  Coues  the  camp  of  the  I7lh  was  not 
far  from  the  present  town  of  Ellinwood  in  Barton  county;  the  Pawnee 
fork  was  crossed  near  Larned ;  the  camp  of  the  25th  was  near  Ford, 
in  Ford  county,  and  that  of  the  27th  was  not  far  from  Dodge  City. 
On  the  29th  the  camp  was  pitched  near  Pierceville,  Finney  county,  and 
on  the  30th  the  expedition  halted  for  the  night  about  8  miles  west  of 
Garden  City.  Fowler's  journal  for  the  31st  says  they  had  reached  a 
point  where  "a  great  many  trees  appear  to  Have  (been)  Cut  down 
by  White  men  and  a  french  trading  Camp  Have  been  latly  burned 
down  Soposed  to  be  Shotoes."     (See  Chouteau's  Island.) 

On  Nov.  I  the  expedition  "lay  by  to  Rest  Horses  and  dress  Skins 
and  prepare  for  winter.  This  morning  the  first  Ice  We  seen  frose  in 
the  Kittle  about  as  thick  as  the  Blaid  of  a  knife  and  Ice  floted  down  the 
River." 

All  of  the  2nd  was  spent  in  camp,  but  on  the  3d  the  expedition  pro- 
ceeded on  up  the  river  and  that  night  camped  near  the  present  village 
of  Kendall,  not  far  from  the  boundary  between  Kearny  and  Hamil- 
ton counties.  Here  another  short  rest  was  taken,  and  on  the  5th  the 
expedition  moved  on  westward,  entering  Colorado  either  that  day  or 
the  one  following. 

Glenwood,  a  hamlet  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Leavenworth  county, 
is  about  2  miles  northwest  of  Jaggard,  the  nearest  railroad  point,  and 
8  miles  northwest  of  Bonner  Springs,  from  which  it  has  rural  free 
delivery. 

Glick,  George  W.,  the  ninth  governor  of  Kansas  after  the  state  was 
admitted  into  the  Union,  was  born  at  Greencastle,  Ohio,  July  4,  1827, 
a  son  of  Isaac  and  Mary  (Sanders)  Glick.  His  great-grandfather, 
Henry  Glick,  with  four  brothers,  came  from  Germany  during  the 
colonial  period,  and  all  served  as  soldiers  in  the  Continental  army  dur- 
ing the  Revolutionary  war.  His  grandfather,  George  Glick,  served 
under  Gen.  Harrison  in  the  War  of  1812,  and  was  wounded  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Fort  Meigs,  not  far  from  the  present  city  of  Toledo,  Ohio.  When 
Gov.  Glick  was  about  five  years  of  age  his  parents  removed  to  San- 
dusky county,  Ohio,  where  his  father  acquired  extensive  farming  inter- 
ests and  became  a  citizen  of  prominence,  having  been  elected  treasurer 
of  the  county  three  times  in  succession.  Here  the  future  governor  of 
Kansas  attended  the  public  schools,  and  by  his  studious  habits  man- 
aged to  acquire  a  good,  practical  knowledge  of  the  English  language 
and  higher  mathematics.  His  ambition  was  to  be  a  lawyer,  and  soon 
after  leaving  school  he  entered  the  oiifice  of  Buckland  &  Haves  at 
(I-48) 


754  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Lower  Sandusky  (now  Fiemont),  where  he  studied  for  two  years^ 
when  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1850  by  the  supreme  court  of 
Ohio,  before  which  tribunal  he  passed  an  examination  witli  the  stu- 
dents of  the  Cincinnati  Law  School.  He  began  practice  at  Fremont 
and  soon  won  distinction  as  a  lawyer.  A  firm  believer  in  the  prin- 
ciples advocated  by  the  Democratic  party,  he  cast  his  political  lot  with 
that  organization,  and  in  1858  was  nominated  for  Congress,  but 
declined  the  honor.  The  same  year  he  made  the  race  for  state  senator 
agains^  Ralph  P.  Buckland,  one  of  his  preceptors,  and  although  defeated 
led  his  ticket  by  nearly  2,000  votes.  About  a  year  before  this  cam- 
paign he  had  been  appointed  colonel  of  the  Second  regiment  and  judge- 
advocate  of  the  Seventeenth  division  of  the  Ohio  militia  by  Gov.  Salmon 
P.  Chase.  In  the  fall  of  1838,  after  his  defeat  for  state  senator.  Gov. 
Glick  came  to  Kansas,  locating  at  Atchison,  where  he  formed  a  part- 
nership with  Alfred  G.  Otis,  under  the  firm  name  of  Otis  &  Glick, 
which  association  lasted  for  fifteen  years.  At  the  election  of  Dec.  6, 
1859 — the  first  election  under  the  Wyandotte  constitution — he  was  the 
Democratic  candidate  for  judge  of  the  Second  judicial  district:  was 
a  member  of  the  legislature  from  1863  to  1868;  was.  the  Democratic 
candidate  for  governor  in  1868,  but  was  defeated  by  James  M.  Harvey ; 
was  elected  to  the  legislature  again  in  1875  and  also  in  1880;  served 
as  speaker  pro  teni  in  the  session  of  1876;  and  in  1882  was  nominated 
and  elected  governor,  being  the  only  candidate  on  the  Democratic 
stale  ticket  to  win  a  victory.  Gov.  Glick  had  been  active  in  political 
and  legal  affairs  in  many  other  ways.  In  1866  he  was  elected  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Union  convention  at  Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  he  served  as  county 
commissioner  and  auditor  of  Atchison  county ;  was  one  of  the  early 
directors  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  and  attorney  for  the  central 
branch  from  1867  to  1874:  engaged  in  farming  and  stock  raising  in 
1874,  his  "Shannon  14111"  farm  of  about  600  acres  being  one  of  the 
best  known  farms  in  eastern  Kansas ;  was  United  States  pension  agent 
at  Topeka  from  1885  to  1892;  was  for  over  thirty  years  a  member  of 
the  state  board  of  agriculture ;  was  treasurer  of  the  board  of  Centen- 
nial managers  in  1876;  was  one  of  the  commissioners  to  the  Chicago 
exposition  of  1893  '^"^1  the  Louisiana  Purchase  exposition  at  St.  Louis 
in  T904;  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Atchison  Gas  company;  was- 
thc  first  master  of  Shannon  Hill  Grange.  Patrons  of  Husbandry;  was  a 
Knight  Templar  Mason,  belonging  to  lodge,  chapter  and  commandery 
in  Atchison,  and  on  Dec.  7,  1907,  he  was  elected  first  vice-]MCsi<lent  of 
the  Kansas  Historical  Society.  On  Sept.  17.  1857,  Gov.  Glick  was  united 
in  marriage  at  Massillon,  Ohio,  with  Miss  F,lizabelh,  daughter  of  Dr. 
A.  Ryder  of  Fremont.  To  this  union  were  born  a  son  and  a  daughter, 
l-'redcrick  11.  and  Jennie.  The  s.()n  was  ]iri\ale  secretary  to  his  father 
while  tlic  latter  was  governor.  After  a  long  illness  Gov.  (Hick  diid  at 
his  hr)me  en   April   13,   191 1. 

Click's  Administration. — Gov.  George  W.  Glick,  the  first  Dcnioct.itic 
governor  of  the  State  of  Kansas,  was  inaugurated  on  Jan.  8,    1SS3,  and 


KANSAS    HISTORY  755 

the  next  day  niarkc-d  tlic  ojieiuns'  of  thr  fourth  biennial  session  of  tlic 
legislature,  which  organized  with  I.ieut.-Gov.  D.  W.  Finney  as  presi- 
dent of  the  senate  and  James  D.  Snoddy  as  speaker  of  the  house.  Fol- 
lowing the  custom  required  by  the  constitution,  Gov.  Glick  stdimitled 
his  message  to  the  assembly  at  the  opening  of  the  session. 

"I  consider  this  duty,"  said  he,  "under  the  present  system  of  bien- 
nial sessions,  would  be  proper,  and  more  satisfactory  to  the  legisla- 
ture, were  it  performed  by  the  outgoing  executive,  as  all  transactions 
of  the  government  are  familiar  to  him,  and  he  a  part  of  them  and  an 
important  factor  in  them.  The  incoming  administration  labors  under 
great  difficulty  in  endeavoring  to  perform  this  duty  to  the  state.  The 
inability  of  any  one  to  make  himself  entirely  familiar  with  all  the 
various  ai?airs  of  state,  its  educational,  charitable,  reformatory  and 
penitive  institutions,  in  the  short  time  intervening  between  the  elec- 
tion and  the  time  for  entering  upon  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  the 
executive  office,  will  be  apparent  to  any  one  who  will  give  the  matter 
a  moment's  reflection." 

Notwithstanding  this  view,  the  governor  goes  on  and  gives  an  intelli- 
gent review  of  the  conditions  surrounding  the  finances,  institutions  and 
industries  of  the  state.  He  announced  the  corn  crop  of  1882  as  hav- 
ing been  over  35,000,000  bushels  ;  the  wheat  crop  more  than  35,000,000 
bushels,  and  the  value  of  all  farm  products  for  the  year  as  over 
$108,000,000.  The  permanent  school  fund  had  reached  $2,280,121.07, 
and  there  was  a  cash  balance  of  $644,323.76  in  the  state  treasury  at 
the  close  of  the  year. 

He  recommended  that  provisions  be  made  for  the  appointment  of 
a  state  veterinarian,  in  connection  with  the  state  board  of  agriculture, 
"who  shall  be  charged  with  the  duty  of  looking  after,  and  aiding  the 
people  in  protecting  the  live  stock  against  contagious  diseases,"  etc. 
He  also  recommended  the  creation  of  the  office  of  county  assessor, 
in  order  "to  secure  an  equal,  or  at  least  a  more  uniform  valuation  of 
real  estate,"  and  that  county  commissioners  be  authorized  "to  levy  a 
tax  annually,  not  exceeding  one  mill  on  the  dollar,  to  be  tised  exclusively 
by  the  county  board  in  the  repair  of,  or  grading  roads,  where  public 
necessity  may  require  such  work  to  be  done,  as  the  means  now  provided 
by  law  are  inadequate." 

Earlier  in  the  year  the  supreme  court  had  decided  the  prohibitory 
amendment,  as  well  as  the  law  giving  it  force,  valid  and  in  harmony 
with  the  spirit  of  the  constitution.  In  discussing  this  subject,  the  gov- 
ernor declared  that  "It  was  premature — and  indeed  unfortunate — to 
have  engrafted  into  the  fundamental  law  of  the  state  a  policv  which 
from  its  nature  was  an  experiment  of  doubtful  utility  and  of  uncer- 
tain success,  and  which  has  proved  a  failure  wherever  tried  in  other 
states."  Holding  this  view,  it  was  natural  that  he  should  recommend 
the  resubmission  of  the  amendment.      (See  Prohibition.) 

A  large  part  of  the  message  was  devoted  to  a  discussion  of  the  rail- 
road problem,  the  result  of  which  was  the  passage  of  a  law  fixing  the 


756  CYCLOPEDIA   OF 

passenger  rate  at  three  cents  a  mile  and  the  estalilishment  of  a  railroad 
commission  (q.  v.). 

It  will  be  remembered  that  the  legislature  of  1877  passed  an  act 
authorizing  the  governor  to  appoint  a  state  agent  to  prosecute  the 
claims  of  Kansas  against  the  United  States,  and  that  Gov.  Anthony 
appointed  ex-Gov.  Samuel  J.  Crawford  to  the  position.  In  his  message 
of  1883  Gov.  Glick  says  that  Mr.  Crawford,  as  the  agent  of  the  state, 
"has  with  great  energy  and  marked  ability  prosecuted  the  claims  of 
the  state  against  the  general  government,  and  has  secured  for  the 
school  interests  of  the  state  267,898  acres  of  land,  leaving  1,600  acres 
yet  in  controversy ;  and  also  secured  and  adjusted  a  large  amount  of 
the  claims  against  the  general  government  for  money  expended  and 
indebtedness  assumed  on  account  of  the  volunteer  and  militia  forces 
into  active  service,  and  five  per  centum  on  the  sale  of  public  land, 
and  other  moneys  and  lands.  He  is  entitled  to  his  compensation  for 
services  rendered  under  his  contract,  and  you  will  without  doubt  make 
an  appropriation  for  such  payment." 

In  response  to  this  request  on  the  part  of  the  executive  the  legisla- 
ture, by  the  act  of  March  5,  made  an  appropriation  to  pay  Mr.  Craw- 
ford for  services  already  rendered  or  in  process  of  consummation.  This 
appropriation,  amounting  to  .$10,209.65,  was  distributed  as  follows : 
$200  for  securing  to  the  state  indemnity  school  lands,  and  a  sum  equal 
to  ten  per  centum  of  lands  so  secured,  estimating  the  value  at  $1.25 
per  acre ;  $4,238.25  to  pay  for  his  services  in  collecting  the  five  per 
centum  due  from  the  United  States  on  sales  of  land  in  the  Indian 
reservations  in  Kansas;  $1,076.15  for  services  in  securing  the  rebate  of 
$10,761.50  on  the  direct  war  tax  levied  against  the  state;  $895.25  for 
the  recovery  of  $8,952.57  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1883.  on 
account  of  arms,  etc.,  furnished  the  I''nited  States  by  the  State  of 
Kansas  in  i86r ;  $3,800,  "or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  necessary,  for 
ihe  purpose  of  paying  said  agent  for  his  services  in  prosecuting  tc 
recover  five  per  centum  on  sales  of  land  in  former  Indian  reservations, 
not  included  in  former  accountings  by  the  Ignited  States  and  hereto- 
fore disallowed,  the  same  being  estimated  at  (he  sum  of  $38,000." 

The  next  day  another  act  was  passed,  authorizing  Crawford  to  repre- 
sent the  State  of  Kansas  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  grants  of  land 
made  by  Congress  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  railroads  within  the 
state;  and  that  "in  the  execution  of  his  authority  under  this  act  he 
shall  investigate  and  ascertain  the  amount  of  land  granted  by  Con- 
gress for  the  benefit  of  railroads  in  Kansas,  and  the  amount  td  which 
each  of  said  railroads  was  or  is  entitled  as  indcmnit\- ;  .  .  .  and 
wliether  in  the  adjudication  of  such  grants  the  just  rights  of  the  state 
or  f)f  citizens  thereof  have  been  impaired."     CScc  Railroads.) 

Tn  the  execution  of  the  duties  imposed  by  this  act  Mr.  Crawford 
was  required  to  report  to  the  governor,  for  transmission  In  the  legisla- 
ture, and  was  to  receive  no  compensation  unless  the  slate  was 
benefited. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  757 

The  session  lasted  until  March  8.  In  addition  to  the  acts  above 
mentioned,  the  state  was  divided  into  seven  Congressional  districts ; 
provision  was  made  for  the  sale  of  school  lands  on  twenty  years'  time, 
with  six  per  cent,  interest  per  annum  on  deferred  payments;  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  mine  inspector  was  authorized  and  laws  passed  to  guard 
the  health  and  safety  of  persons  employed  in  the  mines ;  cities  with 
outstanding  bonds  were  given  authority  to  compromise  and  refund  their 
debts:  the  political  disabilities  of  a  number  of  persons  were  removed, 
and  the  eighteenth  judicial  district  was  established.'  One  of  the  duties 
devolving  upon  this  session  was  the  election  of  a  United  States  senator, 
and  a  ballot  was  accordingly  taken  on  Jan.  24.  Preston  B.  Plumb 
received  127  votes;  John  Martin,  20;  J.  G.  Bayne,  12;  John  A.  Ander- 
son, 3,  and  Gov.   Click,   i.     Mr.  Plumb  was  therefore  declared  elected. 

On  March  31,  1883,  the  executive  council  appointed  the  first  board 
of  railroad  commissioners  for  the  State  of  Kansas.  It  consisted  of 
Henry  Hopkins,  who  was  appointed  for  three  years ;  James  Humphrey, 
for  two  years,  and  L.  L.  Turner,  for  one  year.  (See  Railroad  Com- 
mission.) 

Dudley  C.  Haskell,  representative  in  Congress  from  the  second  dis- 
trict, died  on  Dec.  16,  1883,  and  on  Jan.  3,  1884,  Gov.  Click  ordered 
an  election  for  March  i  to  select  a  representative  for  the  unexpired 
term.  The  Republicans  nominated  Edward  H.  Funston,  who  was 
opposed  by  S.  A.  Riggs.  At  the  election  Funston  received  24,116  votes, 
and  Riggs,  17,904.  Mr.  Funston  took  the  oath  of  ofifice  as  Congress- 
man on  March  21. 

During  the  winter  of  1883-84  the  malady  known  as  the  foot-and- 
mouth  disease  became  prevalent  among  the  cattle  in  the  counties  of 
Woodson,  Anderson,  Lyon,  Allen  and  Cofifey.  At  that  time  there  were 
in  the  state  some  2,000,000  cattle,  valued  at  $50,000,000,  and  sheep 
worth  over  $2,000,000,  all  of  which  were  subject  to  the  disease,  which 
was  pronounced  contagious  and  incurable.  As  the  governor  had  no 
power  to  declare  or  enforce  a  quarantine  against  infected  animals, 
there  arose  a  general  demand  for  a  special  session  of  the  legislature 
to  devise  ways  and  means  to  stamp  out  the  disease.  Accordingly,  on 
March  13,  1884,  Gov.  Click  issued  a  proclamation  calling  the  general 
assembly  to  meet  in  extra  session  on  the  i8th.  The  legislature  met 
pursuant  to  the  call  and  organized  by  the  election  of  A.  P.  Riddle 
president  pro  tem  of  the  senate,  and  James  D.  Snoddy  speaker  of  the 
house.  The  session  lasted  only  until  the  25th,  and  but  few  bills  were 
passed.  The  sum  of  $7,000  was  appropriated  for  an  exhibit  of  the 
state's  products  at  the  New  Orleans  exposition  ;  a  live  stock  sanitary 
commission  was  created ;  quarantine  grounds  for  Texas  cattle  were 
designated,  and  provisions  made  for  the  appointment  of  a  state 
veterinary  surgeon. 

The  most  interesting  events  of  the  year  1884  were  the  incidents  con- 
nected with  the  political  campaign.  On  April  21  a  committee  of  the 
National  Greenback  party  met  at  Topeka  and  selected  as  delegates-at- 


758  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

large  to  the  national  convention,  A.  J-  Utley,  P.  P.  Elder.  J.  II.  Lini- 
bocker  and  C.  H.  Moody.  The  committee  also  selected  the  following 
named  gentlemen  for  delegates  to  the  Anti-monopoly  convention  at 
Chicago:  H.  P.  Vrooman,  W.  J.  A.  Montgomery,  A.  B.  Montgomery 
and  J.  C.  Hebbard.  This  convention  met  on  May  14  and  nominated 
Gen.  Benjamin  F.  Butler  for  the  presidency,  which  action  was  indorsed 
by  the  national  Greenback  convention  at  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  two  weeks 
later. 

A  Republican  state  convention  at  Topeka  on  April  29  nominated 
P.  B.  Plumb.  John  G.  Wood,  J.  S.  Merritt  and  A.  \V.  Mann  for  dele- 
gates-at-large  to  the  national  convention,  and  two  delegates  from  each 
Congressional  district  were  also  named.  John  H.  Price  and  D.  A. 
Valentine  were  nominated  for  presidential  electors-at-large.  The  dis- 
trict electors  were:  ist  district,  A.  T-  Felt;  2nd,  I.  O.  Pickering;  3d, 
Dr.  J.  L.  Denison;  4th.  J.  M.  Miller";  5th,  F.  W.  Sturgis ;  6th.  W.  S. 
Tilton :  7th,  T.  T.  Taylor.  A  vote  was  taken  by  the  convention  to 
express  the  choice  of  the  Kansas  Republican  for  president,  and  James 
G.  Blaine  received  the  votes  of  202  of  the  289  delegates.  The  resolu- 
tions indorsed  President  Arthur's  administration ;  favored  "such  legis- 
lation as  will  afford  labor  just  remuneration,  and  make  capital  secure 
in  investment,"  and  a  national  law  regulating  interstate  commerce. 

The  Democratic  state  convention  for  the  selection  of  delegates  to 
the  national  convention  was  held  in  Topeka  on  May  28.  Gov.  George 
W.  Glick,  Thomas  P.  Fenlon,  W.  C.  Terry  and  Thomas  Hudson  were 
selected  as  dele,gates-at-large,  and  district  delegates  were  also  chosen. 
Among  the  resolutions  adopted  was  one  indorsing  Gov.  Click's  admin- 
istration "as  able,  conservative  and  honest,"  and  the  convention  "points 
with  pride  to  the  first  Democratic  governor  of  Kansas,  as  a  specimen 
of  what  may  be  expected  when  the  Democracy  shall  take  possession  of 
the  national  government." 

Oji  July  16  the  Republican  state  convention  for  the  nomination  of 
candidates  for  the  state  offices  met  in  To]5eka.  John  .\.  Martin  was 
nominated  for  governor;  A.  P.  Riddle,  for  lieutenant-governor;  E.  B. 
Allen,  for  secretary  of  state;  E.  P.  McCabe,  for  auditor;  .^anniel  T. 
Howe,  for  treasurer;  S.  B.  Bradford,  for  attorney-general;  J.  11.  La,w- 
head.  for  superintendent  of  public  instruction  ;  .Albert  II.  Ilorlon,  for 
chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court;  and  \\'illiam  .\.  Johnston,  for  asso- 
ciate justice. 

The  day  following  the  Republican  convenlion  tlie  Projiibilionists 
met  in  Topeka  and  selected  delegates  to  the  national  cnn\cniiiMi  of  iliat 
party,  the  delegates-at-largc  being  J.  FT.  Byers,  M.  V.  P..  l'.onnett,  James 
F.  I.egatc  and  A.  M.  Richardson.  Ex-Gov.  Jolm  \\  St.  Tolin  was 
nominated'  for  president  by  the  nalinnal  Proliihitiim  ccnncnlinn.  \\liich 
met  at  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  July  24. 

Two  conventions  assembled  in  Topeka  on  .Aug.  20 — one  C(ini])iiscd 
of  Democratic  delegates  from  all  parts  of  tlie  sl:ite.  and  unc  nf  i\e- 
publicans  wlio  favored  the  resubmission  of  the  prohihilory  anicniiniciit. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  759 

The  latter  adopted  a  resolution  to  the  effect  that  "no  candidates  for 
legislative,  gubernatorial  or  judicial  office  should  be  supported  for  elec- 
tion who  are  not  known  to  be,  and  who  will  not  pledge  themselves, 
for  resubmission,  and  Gov.  Glick  was  heartily  complimented  and  com- 
mended "for  the  manly  and  honest  course  he  has  taken,  and  the  fight 
he  has  made,  in  behalf  of  the  personal  liberty  of  the  people  of  Kansas." 

A  conference  committee,  consisting  of  seven  members  from  each 
convention,  recommended  that  the  resubmissionists  be  permitted  to 
name  one  candidate  on  the  state  ticket,  and  Cyrus  K.  Holliday  was 
nominated  for  lieutenant-governor  in  accordance  with  this  arrange- 
ment. The  resubmission  convention  then  adjourned  and  the  members 
repaired  in  a  body  to  the  hall  where  the  Democratic  convention  was 
in  session.  Here  they  were  received  with  a  great  demonstration  of 
enthusiasm  and  some  time  was  devoted  to  speech-making,  after  which 
the  delegates  settled  down  to  the  nomination  of  candidates  for  state 
offices.  Gov.  Glick  was  renominated  by  acclamation;  the  nomination 
of  Mr.  Holliday  for  lieutenant-governor  was  sanctioned  in  the  same 
way  ;  Eugene  Hagen  was  named  for  secretary  of  state ;  H.  V.  Gavigan, 
for  auditor;  W.  A.  Huliman,  for  treasurer;  George  P.  Smith,  for  attor- 
ney-general; M.  J.  Keyes,  for  superintendent  of  public  instruction;  W. 
P.  Campbell,  for  chief  justice,  and  T.  A.  Hurd,  for  associate  justice. 
Presidential  electors  were  also  chosen,  as  follows :  At  large,  Thomas 
Moonlight  and  George  T.  King;  ist  district,  W.  W.  Sargent:  2nd,  J. 
B.  Chapman;  3d,  B.  F.  Devore ;  4th,  T.  P.  Fulton;  5th,  James  Ketner; 
6th,  H.  A.  Yonge;  7th,  J.  B.  Fugate. 

The  platform  adopted  by  the  Democratic  convention  indorsed  the 
nomination  of  Cleveland  and  Hendricks  for  the  presidency  and  vice- 
presidency  by  the  national  convention  at  Chicago ;  approved  the  admin- 
istration of  Gov.  Glick ;  congratulated  the  people  of  Kansas  on  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  board  of  railroad  commissioners;  declared  "That  con- 
stitutional prohibition  has  been  fruitful  of  discord,  perjury  and  dis- 
crimination," and  demanded  "a  repeal  of  the  present  obnoxious  and 
unjust  law  for  the  enforcement  of  prohibition,  and  in  its  stead  a  well 
regulated  license  system  rigidly  enforced." 

A  state  ticket  was  placed  in  the  field  by  a  convention  of  the  Green- 
back-labor party  at  Topeka  on  Aug.  27,  and  was  made  up  as  follows : 
Governor,  H.  L.  Phillips;  lieutenant-governor,  John  W.  Breidenthal ; 
secretary  of  state,  J.  C.  Plebbard ;  auditor,  W.  H.  T.  Wakefield;  treas- 
urer, D.  PI.  Hefiflebower;  attorney-general.  H.  L.  Brush;  superintend- 
ent of  public  instruction.  Miss  Fannie  Randolph  ;  chief  justice,  H.  P. 
Vrooman ;  associate  justice,  J.  D.  McBrian;  presidential  electors  at 
large,  A.  J.  I'tley  and  S.  D.  Underwood;  ist  district,  B.  H.  Oldfield ; 
2nd,  C.  T.  Sears;  3d,  E.  H.  Benham  ;  4th,  C.  Corning;  5th,  J.  H.  Lim- 
bocker;  6th,  C.  J.  Lamb;  7th,  J.  H.  Franklin. 

On  Sept.  2  a  convention  of  Prohibitionists  favoring  an  independent 
party  movement  m.et  at  Pawrence  and  selected  the  following  presi- 
dential electors:     S.  L.  North,  E.  Clark,  Theodore  Wilson,  R.  L.  Lotz, 


760  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Theodore  Owen,  C.  P.  Stevens,  T.  C.  Miller,  J-  S.  Stockton  and  !M. 
V.  B.  Barker.  A  majority  of  the  delegates  decided  that  it  was  not 
advisable  to  name  a  state  ticket,  leaving  each  member  of  the  part)' 
free  to  act  individually,  but  pledged  themselves  to  use  their  best 
endeavors  to  secure  the  election  of  the  national  Prohibition  ticket. 
This  action  did  not  meet  the  approval  of  some,  and  about  forty  of  the 
delegates  bolted  the  convention,  nominated  A.  B.  Jetmore  for  governor; 
Miles  Brown  for  lieutenant-governor ;  Allen  Williams  for  auditor ;  Wil- 
liam Battles  for  treasurer ;  R.  Simons  for  attorney-general ;  and  indorsed 
the  Greenback  candidates  for  secretary  of  state,  superintendent  of  pub- 
lic instruction,  and  the  supreme  court  justices.  Mr.  Jetmore  subse- 
quently declined  to  make  the  race. 

At  the  election  on  Nov.  4  the  Republican  presidential  electors  car- 
ried the  state  by  almost  65,000  plurality.  Martin,  the  Republican  candi- 
date for  governor,  received  146,777  votes;  Click,  108,284;  Phillips, 
9,998;  John  Martin,  142;  scattering,  38.  Gov.  Glick  ran  about  11,000 
votes  ahead  of  the  Democratic  candidate  for  lieutenant-governor,  and 
nearly  14,000  ahead  of  the  rest  of  the  ticket,  owing  to  the  support  of 
the  Republicans  who  favored  the  resubmission  of  the  prohibitory  amend- 
ment. Seven  Republican  Congressmen  were  elected  from  the  several 
districts,  in  the  order  named:  E.  N.  Morrill,  E.  H.  Funston.  B.  W. 
Perkins,  Thomas  Ryan,  John  A.  Anderson,  Lewis  Hanback  and  ."-Samuel 
R.  Peters. 

On  Dec.  3,  1884,  the  presidential  electors  met  and  cast  the  vote  of 
the  state  for  James  G.  Blaine  for  president,  and  Jiihn  A.  Logan  for 
vice-president,  each  of  whom  received  nine  electoral  votes.  James  M. 
Miller  was  chosen  messenger  to  carry  the  vote  to  Washington,  D.  C. 

During  the  year  1884  James  Smith,  secretary  of  state,  issued  char- 
ters to  78,0  corporations,  which  would  indicate  that  the  business  and 
industrial  interests  of  the  state  were  keeping  pace  with  the  march  of 
progress. 

Gov.  Martin  was  inaugurated  on  Jan.  12,  1885,  and  the  next  day 
Gov.  Click  retired  from  the  office  which  he  had  held  for  two  years, 
during  which  time  he  had  endeavored  to  discharge  his  duties  with 
fidelity  and  impartiality. 

Globe,  a  hamlet  of  Douglas  county,  is  located  in  the  extreme  south- 
western portion  in  the  valley  of  Eight  Mile  creek,  about  12  mile's  west 
of  r>aldwin,  the  nearest  railroad  town,  from  which  it  has  rural  free 
delivery.      In    1910   the    population    was  47. 

Goddard,  an  incorporated  city  of  the  third  class  in  Sedgwick  county, 
is  a  slaiiiMi  on  the  Atcaison,  Toi)eka  &  Sante  Fe  R,  R.  14  miles  west 
of  Wichita,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  grain  elevators,  general 
stores,  graded  schools.  Baptist  and  Methodist  churches,  telegraph, 
express  and  telephone  service,  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two 
rural  routes.  The  name  was  fornurly  Blcndnn,  In  njio  (Indd.ird 
reported  a  populatif)n  of  225, 


KANSAS    HISTORY  761 

Godfrey,  a  small  hamlet  of  Bourbon  county,  is  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Missouri  Pacific  and  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  rail- 
roads, 7  miles  south  of  Fort  Scott,  from  which  place  mail  is  received 
by  rural  delivery. 

Godfrey  County. — This  county  was  created  by  the  first  territorial 
legislature,  with  the  following  boundaries:  "Beginning  at  the  south- 
east corner  of  Greenwood  county ;  thence  south  to  the  southern  bound- 
ary of  the  territory ;  thence  west  24  miles ;  thence  north  to  the  south- 
west corner  of  Greenwood;  thence  east  24  miles  to  the  place  of  be- 
ginning." 

In  the  original  act  the  name  is  spelled  "Godfrey."  It  was  attached 
to  Allen  county  for  civil  and  military  purposes  and  was  never  organ- 
ized as  an  independent  political  division  of  the  state.  By  the  act  of 
June  3,  1861,  the  name  was  changed  to  Seward  county,  in  honor  of 
William  H.  Seward,  and  subsequently  the  territory  was  divided  into 
the  present  counties  of  Elk  and  Chautauqua. 

Goessel,  a  hamlet  of  Marion  county,  is  located  18  miles  southwest 
of  .Marion,  the  county  seat,  and  10  miles  so^uth  of  Lehigh,  on  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  the  nearest  railroad  station  and 
shipping  point.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route. 
The  population,  according  to  the  census  of  1910,  was  lOo". 

Goff,  one  of  the  thriving  towns  of  Nemaha  county,  an  incorporated 
city  of  the  third  class,  is  located  in  Harrison  township  15  miles  south- 
east of  Seneca,  the  county  seat,  at  the  junction  of  the  two  branches 
of  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  It  was  established  by  the  railroad  in  1880 
and  named  after  Edward  H.  Goff,  a  railroad  man.  In  1910  it  had  422 
inhabitants,  a  weekly  newspaper,  good  banking  facilities,  telegraph  and 
express  offices,  and  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  three 
rural  routes. 

Gognac,  a  country  postoffice  in  Grant  county,  is  located  near  the 
west  line  about  9  miles  southwest  of  New  LHysses,  the  county  seat,  and 
30  miles  south  of  Hartland,  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Gold. — From  the  earliest  period  of  history  gold  has  had  a  strange  fas- 
cination for  the  human  race.  To  secure  the  yellow  metal  men  have 
imdergone  all  sorts  of  hardships.  The  lure  of  gold  led  Coronado  (q.  v.) 
to  undertake  an  expedition  into  the  wilds  of  North  America  in  search  of 
the  wealthy  province  of  Quivira.  Since  that  time  rumors  of  gold  in  what 
is  now  the  State  of  Kansas  have  been  repeatedly  circulated.  Du  Pratz's 
map  of  Louisiana,  published  in  1757,  has  marked  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Little  Arkansas  river  "A  Gold  Mine."  It  may  be,  however,  that  this 
marking  was  due  to  a  tradition  that  years  before  a  party  from  New  Mex- 
ico, while  going  down  the  Arkansas  river  in  boats,  was  attacked  at  this 
point  by  Indians  and  all  the  members  killed  but  one,  who  succeeded  in 
making  his  escape  after  burying  a  large  amount  of  money  and  treasure. 
In  1836  Jesse  Chisholm  guided  a  party  to  the  place  to  search  for  this 
buried  wealth,  and  other  searching  parties  made  investigations,  but  with- 
out success. 


762  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

William  B.  Parsons  and  O.  B.  Gunn  both  published  in  1859  accounts 
of  the  gold  mines  in  western  Kansas.  Parsons  tells  of  a  part}-  being 
made  up  at  Lawrence  to  go  to  the  mines  under  command  of  J.  H.  Turney. 
These  mines  are  in  the  vicinity  of  Pike's  peak  and  have  produced  a 
large  amount  of  gold,  but  they  are  now  in  the  State  of  Colorado. 

The  Kansas  City  Journal  of  June  17,  1859,  in  giving  an  account  of  a 
trip  down  the  Kansas  river  by  the  steamer  Gus  Linn,  says:  "Mr.  P>udd 
informs  us  that  while  the  boat  was  aground  near  Topeka,  some  of  the 
deck  hands  washed  several  particles  of  gold  from  the  sand  in  the  bed  of 
the  river.  No  claims  have  yet  been  sold,  but  it  is  really  said  that  there 
is  to  be  a  daily  express  started  from  Leavenworth  next  week  to  the  new 
diggings.    The  gold  is  a  fact." 

If  the  Leavenworth  express  was  started,  or  if  any  systematic  effort 
was  ever  made  to  develop  gold  mines  at  Topeka,  no  account  of  the  occur- 
rence has  been  preserved.  The  Kansas  City  Star  of  Feb.  25,  1896,  pub- 
lished another  report  of  mines  having  been  found  in  Kansas.  It  says: 
"Gold  has  been  found  at  Hollenberg,  Kan.,  and  is  said  to  assay  $16  to 
$20  to  the  ton.  It  is  found  in  the  sand  and  near  a  large  creek.  Hollen- 
berg is  a  German  settlement  in  northeastern  Kansas  on  the  Grand  Island 
road.  According  to  the  traditions  of  the  country,  gold  was  found  in  that 
locality  by  emigrants  traveling  to  the  far  West  in  '42  and  later.  The 
excitement  is  increasing  and  people  are  coming  into  tlie  little  town  in 
crowds  from  all  directions." 

But  again  the  gold  seekers  were  doomed  to  disappointment  and  the 
crowds  departed  almost  as  quickly  as  they  came,  leaving  Hollenberg  to 
pursue  "the  even  tenor  of  its  way"  as  a  quiet  little  village  of  A\'ashing- 
ton  county. 

About  the  time  of  the  Hollenberg  discovery,  C.  K.  Holliday,  hearing 
reports  of  tin  along  the  upper  course  of  the  Smoky  Hill  river,  sent  a  man 
to  investigate.  No  tin  was  found,  but  an  ore  bearing  a  low  percentage 
of  zinc  was  discovered.  A  shaft  was  sunk  to  the  depth  of  some  200  feet, 
and  in  experimenting  with  the  shale  a  metal  was  found  that  bore  a 
strong  resemblance  to  gold.  In  the  spring  of  1902  a  company  was  formed 
at  Topeka  for  the  purpose  of  making  more  extended  investigations. 
Prof.  Ernest  Fahrig  of  the  Philadelphia  commercial  museum  was  em- 
ployed to  come  to  Kansas  and  examine  the  shale.  Samples  assayed  by 
him  showed  about  $3  to  the  ton.  Machincr}'  was  brought  from  Phila- 
delphia and  a  special  mill  was  erected  at  Topeka  for  the  reduction  of  the 
ore.  Anotiier  company  established  a  mill  at  Smoky  Hill,  and  a  number 
of  well  known  Topeka  citizens  invested  in  Trego  and  Fllis  cminly  lands. 
Anmng  them  were  John  R.  Mulvane.  C.  K.  Ilnlliday,  W.  A.  L.  Thomp- 
son arid  Judge  Frank  Doster.  I'or  a  time  the  press  was  filled  with 
accounts  of  the  development  of  the  "Trego  shales."  Prof.  TIaworth  of 
the  state  university  and  Prof.  Waldcmar  Lindgrcn  of  the  United  States 
geological  survey  were  skeptical  as  to  the  metal's  being  gold,  and 
tliorf>ugh  tests  demonstrated  lli.ii  their  skepticism  was  fotuuled  (in 
scientific  facts.    Tiie  Trego  guld,  while  liming  the  color,  was  Licking  in 


KANSAS    HISTORY  763 

specific  gravity.  When  its  true  character  became  known  tlic  project  of 
developing  mines  was  abandoned,  as  the  amount  of  zinc  contained  in 
the  shale  was  so  low  that  it  could  not  be  mined  with  profit. 

Hazelrigg's  History  of  Kansas  (p.  252)  tells  of  the  establishment  of  a 
gold  and  silver  refinery  at  Pittsburg  in  1891,  and  also  states  that  during 
the  next  four  years  several  were  started,  the  largest  being  located  at 
Argentine.  The  statement  is  further  made  that  in  the  four  years  one  of 
these  concerns  refined  9,600,000  ounces  of  silver,  and  the  author  adds : 
"With  an  abundance  of  ore  near,  and  possibly  in  this  state,  this  work 
promises  to  become  an  important  industry." 

The  prediction  was  not  fulfilled,  however.  The  smelters  at  Argen- 
time  and  Pittsburg  were  built  to  refine  ores  from  Mexico,  Colorado  and 
Utah,  and  not  with  the  hope  of  finding  gold,  silver  or  other  valuable  ores 
in  Kansas.  They  were  established  upon  the  theory  that  the  smelter 
should  be  near  the  center  of  manufacturing  and  transportation — a  theory 
that  was  soon  found  to  be  false.  The  duty  on  fluxing  ores  from  Mexico, 
and  the  impracticability  of  placing  the  smelter  so  far  from  the  mines, 
caused  the  abandonment  of  the  enterprise  and  resulted  in  the  disman- 
tling of  the  smelter  at  Argentine,  which  was  one  of  the  largest  in  the 
United  States 

With  some  people,  the  hope  of  finding  gold  in  Kansas  may  linger,  but 
with  a  large  majority  of  her  citizens  the  belief  prevails  that  the  real  gold 
mines  of  the  state  are  in  her  corn,  wheat  and  alfalfa  fields. 

Goode,  a  small  hamlet  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Phillips  county,  is 
about  14  miles  from  Phillipsburg,  the  county  seat,  whence  mail  is  deliv- 
ered by  rural  route.  Long  Island,  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy, 
is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Goodin,  Joel  K.,  lawyer  and  legislator,  was  born  at  Somerset,  Perry 
county,  Ohio,  Feb.  24,  1824.  He  received  an  academic  education,  after 
which  he  took  up  the  study  of  law.  Early  in  1854  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  his  native  state  and  the  following  June  located  upon  the  Waka- 
rusa  river  in  what  is  now  Douglas  county,  Kan.  He  quickly  espoused 
the  free-state  cause ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  Big  Springs  convention ;  was 
clerk  of  the  lower  house  of  the  Topeka  legislature  until  it  was  dispersed 
by  Col.  Sumner;  was  secretary  of  the  council  in  the  free-state  legislature 
of  1858,  and  the  same  year  he  began  the  practice  of  law  in  Douglas 
county,  but  soon  afterward  removed  to  Ottawa.  In  1866  he  was  elected 
to  represent  Franklin  county  in  the  legislature,  and  was  reelected  in 
1867.  While  a  member  of  the  house  he' assisted  in  organizing  the  State 
School  for  the  Deaf  at  Olathe.  On  Jan.  8,  1846,  Mr.  Goodwin  married 
Elizabeth  Crist  of  Bucyrus,  Ohio.  She  died  on  May  21,  1870,  and  he  sub- 
sequently married  Mrs.  Catherine  A.  Coffin,  nee  Taylor,  a  daughter  of 
one  of  the  early  presidents  of  Baker  University.  Mr.  Goodin  died  at 
Ottawa  on  Dec.  9,  1894. 

Goodin,  John  R.,  judge  and  member  of  Congress,  was  born  at  Titifin, 
Seneca  county,  Ohio,  Dec,  14,  1836.  His  father  John  Goodin,  was  county 
treasurer  for  several  terms,  state  senator  in  the  Ohio  state  legislature  and 


764  CYCLOPEDIA   OF 

agent  for  the  Wyandotte  Indians  at  Upper  Sandusky.  In  1844  the  family 
moved  to  Kenton,  Ohio,  and  John  was  thus  enabled  to  attend  college. 
In  1854  he  began  to  read  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  three  years 
later.  In  1858  he  married  Naomi  Monroe.  Within  a  j-ear  they  went 
west  and  located  at  Humboldt,  Kan.,  where  Mr.  Goodin  resumed  his 
law  practice.  During  the  raid  on  Humboldt,  in  1862  he  lost  everything. 
In  1866  he  was  elected  to  the  Kansas  state  legislature ;  the  following  year 
he  was  elected  judge  of  the  district  court;  was  reelected  in  1871.  He 
was  kept  on  the  bench  term  after  term,  although  a  Democrat  living  in  a 
district  that  was  unaminously  Republican,  having  been  elected  as  the 
reform  and  opposition  candidate.  He  resigned  to  take  a  seat  in  Congress 
in  1874.  Two  years  later  he  was  defeated  for  reelection,  and  in  the 
later  "70s  was  a  candidate  for  governor  but  was  unsuccessful.  In  1883, 
Judge  Goodin  moved  to  Wyandotte,  now  Kansas  City,  Kan.,  where  he 
engaged  in  the  iiractice  of  his  profession  until  his  death  on  Dec.  18,  1895. 

Goodintent,  a  hamlet  in  the  eastern  uortion  of  Atchison  county,  is 
about  7  miles  northeast  of  Atchison,  the  county  seat,  from  which  it  has 
free  rural  delivery. 

Goodland,  the  county  seat  of  Sherman  county  and  one  of  the  most 
progressive  cities  in  western  Kansas,  is  situated  almost  in  the  exact 
geographical  center  of  the  county  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific 
R.  R.  It  was  settled  in  1887.  The  railroad  company  established  shops, 
round  house  and  power  house,  coal  chutes,  and  the  largest  stock  yards 
between  Topeka  and  Denver.  The  company  also  erected  a  fine  passen- 
ger station  and  office  building.  Goodland  has  electric  lights,  water- 
works, a  telephone  exchange,  3  banks,  2  weekly  newspapers  (the  News- 
Republic  and  the  Sherman  County  Record),  2  opera  houses,  telegraph 
and  express  offices,  and  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  four 
rural  routes.  Among  the  industries  are  the  railroad  shops,  flour  mills, 
a  cigar  factory,  grain  elevators,  etc.  The  city  has  spent  in  recent  years 
about  $750,000  for  improvements,  with  the  result  that  the  streets  are 
well  paved,  and  practically  all  the  sidewalks  are  of  cement.  Mucli  of  the 
progress  is  due  to  the  energy  of  the  commercial  club,  which  is  com- 
posed of  the  active  business  men  of  the  city.  A  $20,000  high  school 
building  was  erected  a  few  years  ago,  and  the  graded  schools  are  equal 
to  those  in  any  city  of  similar  size.  The  fraternal  organizations  are  well 
represented,  especially  the  railroad  orders,  and  the  Freemasons  have  a 
fine  temple.  The  population  in  1910  was  1,993,  '^  S'^'"  o^  934  dni-ing  the 
preceding  decade. 

Goodnow,  Isaac  T.,  educator,  was  born  at  Whitinghain,  \'l.,  Jan.  17, 
1814.  When  fourteen  years  old  he  entered  a  store  as  a  clerk.  .\t 
the  age  of  twenty  he  entered  the  W'ilbraham  Academy  and  for  four- 
teen years  was  connected  wiili  that  institution,  first  as  student  ;ind 
later  as  an  instructor.  In  1848  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  natural 
sciences  in  Providence  Seminary  at  East  Greenwich,  K.  I.,  which  posi- 
tion lie  iield  until  1855,  when  he  removed  to  Kansas,  settling  near  Man- 
hattan.    Two  years  later  l.c  went   cast   and   raised  .^4.000  f(ir  building 


KANSAS    JIISTORV  765 

a  Methodist  church  at  Manhattan.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of 
Bluemont  College,  which  later  became  the  State  Agricultural  College. 
In  the  interest  of  this  institution  he  again  went  east  and  raised  $15,000 
in  money,  a  library  of  some  2,000  volumes,  and  some  scientific 
apparatus.  As  a  member  of  the  state  legislature  he  secured  the  passage 
of  a  bill  to  locate  the  state  university  at  Manhattan,  but  it  was  vetoed 
by  Gov.  Robinson.  In  1862  and  again  in  1864  he  was  elected  state 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  and  during  his  two  terms  he 
wielded  considerable  influence  in  laying  the  foundation  for  the  pres- 
ent public  school  system  of  the  state.  He  was  appointed  agent  to  dis- 
pose of  the  90,000  acres  of  the  agricultural  college  lands,  and  in  1869 
was  made  land  commissioner  of  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  rail- 
road.    Mr.  Goodnow  died  in  1894. 

Goodrich,  a  village  of  Linn  county,  is  situated  in  the  northwestern 
portion,  about  17  miles  northwest  of  Mound  City,  the  county  seat.  It 
is  a  station  on  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  R.  R.,  has  a  money  order 
postofifice  and  telegraph  station,  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  90. 

Goose  Question. — Judge  Lawrence  D.  Bailey,  in  an  account  of  the 
border  troubles  in  Kansas  written  for  the  Garden  City  Sentinel  in 
1887,  says :  "All  who  were  actively  and  heartily  in  favor  of  making 
Kansas  a  slave  state  were  pronounced  'S.  G.  Q.,'  that  is  to  say  'sound 
on  the  goose  question,'  and  all  others  were  abolitionists." 

McNamara,  in  his  "Three  Years  on  the  Kansas  Border"  (p.  143., 
tells  how  some  pro-slavery  men  from  Platte  county.  Mo.,  came  into 
Weston  on  March  29,  1855  (the  day  before  the  election  for  members 
of  the  first  Kansas  legislature),  with  a  live  goose  fastened  on  the  top 
of  a  long  pole,  thus  giving  a  "living  demonstration"  that  they  were 
sound  on  the  goose  question  and  ready  to  invade  the  territory  for  the 
purpose  of  voting. 

Just  how  the  expression  originated,  and  for  what  purpose — if  there 
was  any  fixed  purpose — is  rather  problematical.  A  diligent  search 
through  the  archives  of  the  Kansas  Historical  Society  fails  to  bring 
to  light  any  information  on  the  subject.  It  may  have  been  a  sort  of 
password  of  some  of  the  secret  political  organizations  of  that  day,  or 
it  may  have  originated  with  some  one  in  a  spirit  of  levity  and  accepted 
by  the  pro-slavery  advocates  as  a  slogan.  Whatever  may  have  been 
its  origin,  the  newcomer  to  Kansas  territory  was  certain  to  incur  the 
lasting  displeasure,  if  not  the  mortal  enmity,  of  the  pro-slaverites  if 
they  discovered  that  he  was  not  "sound  on  the  goose  question." 

Gophers. —  (See  Prairie  Dogs.") 

Gordon,  a  little  village  of  Butler  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  19  miles  south  of  Eldorado,  the  county  seat. 
It  is  in  Walnut  township,  on  the  Walnut  river,  has  a  money  order 
postofifice,  an  express  ofiSce,  and  a  good  local  retail  trade,  tnough  the 
population  in   1910  was  only  28. 

Gorham,  a  village  of  Big  Creek  township,  Russell  county,  is  located 
near  the  western  boundary,  and  is  a  station  on  the  Union  Pacific  R. 


766  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

R.  8  miles  west  of  Russell,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  liank,  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  a 
grain  elevator,  some  good  general  stores,  and  in  1910  reported  a 
population  of  175. 

Goss,  Nathaniel  S.,  naturalist,  was  born  at  Lancaster.  N.  H..  June 
6,  1826,  a  son  of  Nathaniel  and  Parmelia  (Abbott)  Goss.  \Miile  he 
was  still  in  his  boyhood  his  parents  removed  to  Wisconsin,  where  he 
married  in  1855  Miss  Emma  Brown  of  Pewaukee,  who  died  in  a  short 
time,  and  in  the  spring  of  1857  he  came  to  Kansas,  having  been  one  of 
the  first  settlers  of  the  city  of  Neosho  Falls.  In  i860  he  was  com- 
missioned major  in  the  Kansas  militia,  and  in  1863  was  made  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  Sixteenth  militia  regiment,  with  which  he  was  engaged 
in  active  service  in  southwestern  Kansas.  After  the  war  he  was 
appointed  register  of  the  United  States  land  office  at  Humboldt,  but 
resigned  to  become  land  attorney  for  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas 
railroad,  and  later  held  a  similar  position  with  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe.  Mr.  Goss  is  better  known,  however,  for  his  work  as  a 
naturalist.  His  opportunities  to  acquire  an  education  in  early  life  were 
very  limited.  Unable  to  study  in  the  schools  established  by  man.  he 
studied  nature.  Birds  had  a  peculiar  attraction  for  him.  As  a  boy  he 
loved  them,  and  learned  many  interesting  facts  concerning  their  habits, 
etc.  As  he  grew  older  he  took  up  the  work  of  gathering  and  pre- 
paring specimens  of  birds  from  every  quarter  of  the  country.  In  1881 
this  collection — which  is  one  of  the  finest  in  existence — was  presented 
to  the  State  of  Kansas,  with  the  understanding  that  it  should  be  known 
as  the  "Goss  Ornithological  collection,"  and  that  he  should  be  the  cus- 
todian of  it  as  long  as  he  lived.  The  collection  is  now  in  the  state 
capitol  at  Topeka.  In  1883  Mr.  Goss  was  elected  a  life  member  of  the 
American  Ornithological  Union  in  recognition  of  his  work.  His  Inter 
years  were  spent  in  writing  a  history  of  the  "Birds  of  Kansas,''  which 
was  published  a  short  time  before  his  death.  Mr.  Goss  died  suddenly 
of  heart  trouble  at  Neosho  Falls,  March  10,  1891.  He  was  buried  at 
Topeka,  the  funeral  services  being  conducted  in  the  senate  chamber. 

Gove,  the  county  seat  of  Gove  county,  is  centrally  located  11  miles 
south  of  Grainfield  on  the  Union  Pacific,  the  nearest  shipping  point.  It 
is  an  incorporated  city  of  the  third  class,  has  a  bank,  a  weekly  news- 
paper (the  Gove  County  Republican-Gazette),  over  a  score  of  mer- 
cantile establishments,  and  a  money  order  postoffice.  The  population 
in  1910  was  196.  Gove  was  founded  in  1885.  A  number  of  buildings 
were  at  once  erected  and  a  telephone  line  to  Grainfield  was  installed. 
It  was  made  the  county  seat  in  1886.  In  Jan.,  1SS8.  it  was  organized 
as  a  city  of  the  third  class.  At  that  time  it  had  a  line  two-story  brick 
school  house,  a  two-story  court-house  .md  a  newspaper,  bank  and 
stores,  and  a  brick  plant.    The  Gove  county  high  school  is  located  here. 

Gove  County,  in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  is  the  third  from  the 
west  line  of  the  state,  the  third  south  from  the  Nebraska  line  and  the 
fiftli  north  from  Oklahoma.     It  is  bounded  on  the  north  1)\    Thoni.-i^  ;uid 


KANSAS    HISTORY  767 

Sheridan  counties,  on  the  east  by  Trego,  on  tlie  south  by  Lane  and 
Scolt,  and  on  the  west  by  Logan  county.  The  first  settlements  were 
made  in  the  latter  '70s.  The  Union  Pacific  railroad  was  built  through 
this  section  of  the  state  about  that  time  and  the  first  towns  were  estab- 
lished along  the  railroad.  Buffalo  Park  was  the  first  town.  It  was 
established  about  1878.  One  of  the  most  important  early  settlements 
was  the  Bristol  colony,  which  came  from  Bristol,  Bucks  county,  Pa., 
in  1879.  Its  officers  were:  President,  M.  E.  West;  secretary,  R.  Robin- 
son ;  treasurer,  R.  Shaw.  Eleven  families  constituted  the  party.  They 
came  first  to  Buffalo  Park  and  after  prospecting  through  the  surrounding 
territory-  located  southwest  of  the  town.  The  people  found  native  build- 
ing stone  to  construct  buildings,  plenty  of  good  grass  for  cattle,  and 
water  at  an  average  depth  of  50  feet.  There  was  no  timber  and  the 
government  granted  timber  claims,  whereby  the  claim  holder  was 
required  to  plant  ten  acres  of  timber.  Hundreds  of  these  timber  claims 
were  taken,  resulting  in  the  planting  of  thousands  of  acres  of  trees. 

In  1879,  the  legislature  erected  Gove  county  and  bounded  it  as  fol- 
lows :  "Commencing  at  the  northeast  corner  of  township  10  range  26 
west ;  thence  west  on  said  township  line  to  the  east  line  of  range  30 
west;  thence  south  on  said  range  line  to  the  north  line  of  township  15; 
thence  east  on  said  line  to  the  west  line  of  range  25  west;  thence  north 
on  said  range  line  to  the  place  of  beginning."  The  present  boundaries 
extend  to  the  east  line  of  range  32,  and  to  the  south  line  of  township  15 
Gove  township,  as  it  was  called  at  that  time,  was  attached  to  Ellis 
county  for  judicial  purposes.  In  1881  the  legislature  removed  it  from 
Ellis  and  attached  it  to  Trego. 

The  drought  of  18S0  was  rather  severe  in  Gove  county  and  reduced 
man}'  families  to  destitute  circumstances.  Outside  aid  was  sent  in  and 
much  suffering  relieved  in  this  way.  There  were  several  little  towns 
in  the  county  by  this  time,  and  two  newspapers  were  established  in  this 
year,  the  Grainfield  Republican  and  the  Buffalo  Park  Express. 

In  1886  the  governor  appointed  L.  F.  Jones  census  taker.  He  made 
his  returns  in  August,  showing  that  the  population  was  3,032,  of  whom 
851  were  householders,  and  that  there  were  $549,909  worth  of  taxable 
property.  Two  petitions  were  sent  in  on  the  county  seat  matter,  one 
asking  that  Grainfield  be  made  the  temporary  county  seat  and  the  other 
asking  the  same  thing  for  Gove.  Delegations  from  each  town  went  to 
Topeka  to  interview  the  governor,  help  count  the  names  on  the  petitions, 
and  to  prefer  charges  of  fraud  against  each  other.  Originally  the  peti- 
tion for  Gove  had  612  names  and  that  from  Grainfield  336.  Some  of  the 
names  on  the  Gove  petition  were  not  on  the  census  taker's  list,  which 
cut  the  Gove  majority  down  to  71.  Then  it  was  found  that  some  of  the 
names  on  the  Grainfield  petition  were  open  to  the  same  objection,  and 
after  a  thorough  investigation  the  governor  proclaimed  Gove  the  tempor- 
ary county  seat.  The  following  ofificers  were  appointed :  Commission- 
ers, Jerome  B.  McClanahan,  William  T.  Stokes  and  Lyan  Raymond ; 
clerk,  Dell  A.  Borah.     The  election  was  held  at  the  time  of  the  ereneral 


768  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

election  on  Xov.  2,  1886,  and  Gove  was  made  the  permanent  county  seat, 
in  spite  of  the  olifer  of  Grainfield  to  furnish  the  site,  put  up  a  $6,000  court- 
house and  buy  $1,200  worth  of  books.  The  officers  chosen  were  as 
follows:  Clerk,  Dell  A.  Borah;  sheriff,  J.  W.  Hopkins;  probate  judge, 
C.  E.  Hebard ;  treasurer,  George  S.  Dyer ;  register  of  deeds,  L.  F.  Jones ; 
clerk  of  the  district  court,  U.  W.  Ohlinger;  superintendent  of  public 
instruction,  G.  G.  Lehmer;  attorney,  R.  C.  Jones;  surveyor,  F.  B.  Cope; 
coroner,  David  Blackwell ;  commissioners,  Lyman  Raymond,  J.  W. 
Campbell  and  Gustavus  Peterson. 

By  this  time  there  were  8  towns  in  the  county,  and  41,590  acres  of 
cultivated  soil.  The  settlers  had  recovered  from  the  hardships  of  the 
early  beginnings  and  most  of  them  were  raising  fair  crops. 

Gove  county  is  divided  into  nine  townships,  viz :  Baker,  Gaeland, 
Gove,  Grainfield,  Grinnell,  Larrabee,  Lewis  and  Payne.  The  postoffices 
in  the  county  are,  Gove,  Alanthus,  Ball,  Campus,  Catalpa,  Coin,  Grain- 
field,  Grinnell,  Hackberry,  Jericho,  Jerome.  Orion,  Park,  Ouinter, 
Tweed  and  Valhalla.  The  surface  is  undulating  with  bluffs  and  rough 
lands  along  the  streams.  Bottom  lands  average  one-half  mile  in  width. 
The  largest  stream  is  the  Smoky  Hill  river  which  flows  from  west  to 
east  through  the  southern  part.  Two  branches  of  Hackberry  creek  enter 
in  the  northwest  and  join  two  other  creeks  near  the  centef  of  the  county, 
forming  the  larger  Hackberry  creek  which  continues  in  a  southeasterly 
direction,  joining  the  Smoky  Hill  in  Trego  county.  Gypsum,  limestone 
and  mineral  paint  are  found  in  considerable  quantities. 

Winter  wheat,  corn,  barley  and  sorghum  are  the  principal  field  crops. 
Live-stock  raising  is  profitable.  The  value  of  the  farm  products  in  1910 
was  $1,194,476,  of  which  field  crops  amounted  to  over  $1,000,000,  live 
stock,  poultry,  eggs  and  dairy  products  making  up  the  balance.  The 
population  of  the  county  in  1910  was  6,044,  which  was  nearly  three 
times  that  of  1900.  The  assessed  valuation  of  property  was  $10,373,486. 
The  school  population  is  1,437,  '^"d  there  are  46  organized  school  dis- 
tricts. 

Gove,  Grenville  L.,  soldier,  was  a  son  of  Moses  Gove,  who  was  at  one 
time  mayor  of  Manhattan.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  war  he 
enlisted  in  Company  F,  Sixth  Kansas  cavalry  as  a  private,  but  was  soon 
made  a  corporal.  In  the  summer  of  1862  he  was  assigned  to  duty  as  a 
recruiting  officer  and  raised  Company  G,  Eleventh  Kansas  cavalry,  of 
which  he  was  commissioned  first  lieutenant.  In  May,  1864,  he  was  pro- 
moted to  captain  and  remained  in  command  of  the  company  until  his 
death  at  Olathe,  Kan.,  Nov.  7,  1864.  Gove  county  and  a  Grand  Army 
post  at  Manhattan  have  been  named  in  his  honor. 

Governors. — Kansas  became  an  organized  territory  on  May  30,  1854, 
but  the  territorial  government  was  not  fully  established  until  the  "lli  of 
the  following  October.  Between  that  time  and  Feb.  9,  1861,  when  the 
state  government  was  inaugurated,  the  territory  had  six  governors  and 
five  acting  governors.  The  governors  and  their  terms  of  service  were 
as  follows: 


KANSAS    HISTORY  769 

Andrew  H,  Reeder,  from  Oct.  7,  1854  to  April  17,  1855,  and  again  from 
June  23  to  Aug.  16,  1855;  Wilson  Shannon,  from  Sept.  7,  1855,  to  June 
24,  1856,  and  from  July  7,  to  Aug.  18,  1856;  John  W.  Geary,  from  Sept. 
9,  1856,  to  March  12,  1857;  Robert  J.  Walker,  from  May  27  to  Nov.  16, 
1857;  James  W.  Denver,  from  May  12  to  Oct.  10,  1858;  Samuel  Medary, 
from  Dec.  18,  1858,  to  Aug.  i,  1859,  Sept  15,  1859,  to  April  15,  i860,  June 
16  to  Sept.  II,  and  Nov.  25  to  Dec.  17,  i860. 

Daniel  Woodson,  the  first  territorial  secretary,  was  five  times  acting 
governor,  to-wit:  April  17  to  June  23,  1855;  Aug.  16  to  Sept.  7,  1855; 
June  24  to  July  7,  1856;  Aug.  18  to  Sept.  9,  1856;  and  March  12  to  April 
16,  1857.  Frederick  P.  Stanton  was  acting  governor  from  April  16  to 
May  27,  1857,  and  again  from  Nov.  16  to  Dec.  21,  1857.  James  W.  Den- 
ver was  acting  governor  from  Dec.  21,  1857,  ^'^  May  12,  1858,  when  he 
was  appointed  governor.  Hugh  S.  Walsh  served  as  acting  governor  from 
July  3  to  July  30,  1858;  Oct.  10  to  Dec.  18  1858;  Aug.  i  to  Sept.  15,  1859, 
and  from  April  15  to  June  15,  i860.  George  M.  Beebe  was  acting  gover- 
nor from  Sept.  11  to  Nov.  25,  i860,  and  from  Dec.  17,  i860,  to  Feb.  9, 
1861. 

Section  i,  article  i,  of  the  Wyandotte  constitution,  under  which  the 
state  was  admitted  into  the  Union,  provided  that  the  governors  should 
be  inaugurated  on  the  "second  Monday  of  January  next  after  their  elec- 
tion, and  with  the  exception  of  Gov.  Charles  Robinson,  who  came  into 
office  on  Feb.  9,  1861,  this  date  has  been  the  beginning  of  the  guberna- 
torial term  of  office.  Following  is  a  list  of  the  state  governors,  each  of 
whom  was  inaugurated  on  the  date  mentioned. 

Charles  Robinson,  Feb.  9,  1861 ;  Thomas  Carney,  Jan.  12,  1863 ;  Sam- 
uel J.  Crawford,  Jan.  9,  1865,  (Gov.  Crawford  resigned  on  Nov.  4,  1868, 
and  Lieut. -Gov.  Nehemiah  Green  took  the  oath  of  office  the  same  day, 
serving  until  the  close  of  the  term  for  which  Crawford  had  been  elected)  ; 
James  M.  Harvey,  Jan.  11,  1869;  Thomas  A.  Osborn,  Jan.  13,  1873; 
George  T.  Anthony,  Jan.  8,  1877;  John  P.  St.  John,  Jan.  13,  1879;  George 
W.  Click,  Jan.  8,  1883:  John  A.  Martin,  Jan.  12  1885;  Lyman  U.  Hum- 
phrey, Jan.  14,  1889;  Lorenzo  D.  Lewelling,  Jan.  9,  1893;  Edmund  N. 
Morrill,  Jan.  14,  1895;  John  W.  Leedy,  Jan.  11,  1897;  William  E.  Stanley, 
Jan.  9,  1899;  Willis  J.  Bailey,  Jan.  12,  1903;  Edward  W.  Hoch,  Jan.  9, 
1905;  Walter  R.  Stubbs,  Jan.  11,  1909. 

Of  the  state  governors,  Crawford,  Harvey,  Osborn,  St.  John.  ]\Iartin, 
Humphrey,  Stanley,  Hoch  and  Stubbs  were  each  elected  for  two  terms. 

Grace,  a  small  hamlet  of  Sherman  county,  is  situated  in  the  Beaver 
creek  valley,  about  18  miles  northeast  of  Goodland,  the  county  seat.  It 
was  formerly  a  postoffice,  but  now  the  people  receive  mail  by  rural 
delivery  from  Edson,  which  is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Gradan,  a  country  postoffice  in  Graham  county,  is  located  in  Allodium 
township,  17  miles  northwest  of  Hill  City,  the  county  seat,  and  8  from 
Moreland,  the  nearest  shipping  point. 

Grafstrom,  Edward,  mechanical  engineer,  was  born  at  Motola, 
Sweden,  Dec.  19,  1862.  He  was  educated  at  the  Orebro  University 
(1-49) 


•J-JO  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

and  the  Boras  Institute  of  Technology,  where  lie  was  graduated  in 
mechanical  engineering  at  the  age  of  nineteen  years.  Soon  afterward 
he  came  to  America,  where  he  found  employment  with  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad  company,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death 
he  was  chief  mechancial  engineer  of  that  great  corporation.  Mr.  Graf- 
strom  met  his  fate  in  a  manner  that  was  both  sad  and  tragic.  .At  the 
time  of  the  great  flood  in  the  spring  of  1903  he  designed  and  hastily 
constructed  a  small  steamer,  with  which  he  engaged  in  rescuing  the 
inhabitants  of  the  flooded  districts  of  Topeka.  Hundreds  of  people 
were  conveyed  to  places  of  safety  through  his  energy  and  foresight. 
On  the  night  of  June  2,  while  trying  to  rescue  still  more,  his  boat  was 
capsized,  and  while  the  other  five  members  of  the  crew  succeeded  in 
saving  themselves,  Mr.  Grafstrom  was  swept  a\va\-  by  the  raging 
waters.  His  body  was  never  recovered.  On  June  6,  1906,  a  commit- 
tee of  railroad  men  presented  to  the  Kansas  Historical  Society  a  fine 
bronze  tablet  bearing  an  inscription  recounting  his  deed  of  valor  and 
his  heroic  sacrifice.  The  presentation  of  the  tablet  was  made  in  the 
hall  of  the  house  of  representatives.  Gov.  tloch  and  James  A.  Trout- 
man  delivering  addresses  in  which  they  paid  a  high  tribute  to  ]\Ir. 
Grafstrom's  scholarly  attainments  and  the  unselfish  dispositiim  which 
caused  him  to  forfeit  his  life  while  trying  to  save  others. 

Grafton,  one  of  the  inland  hamlets  of  Chautauciua  counlw  is  located 
on  Xorth  Caney  Creek,  6  miles  north  of  Sedan,  the  county  seat,  from 
whence  it  receives  its  mail  by  rural  route.  Sedan  is  also  the  nearest 
shipping  and  banking  point. 

Graham  County,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  state,  is  the  fourth 
county  from  the  west  line  and  the  second  south  from  Nebraska.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Norton  county,  on  the  east  by  Rooks,  on  the 
south  by  Trego,  and  on  the  west  by  Sheridan. 

The  first  settlements  were  made  on  Bow  creek  in  the  norlhcrn  part 
of  the  county  in  1872.  The  first  to  locate  was  W.  E.  Kiclgley  in  May. 
Following  him  were:  Dr.  .\.  1).  ^^'ilkinson,  E.  Poole.  F.  Schulcr,  M. 
N.  Colman,  John  McGeary,  Binris  Harper.  Robert  Morrison,  Joseph 
Morrison,  Charles  Smith,  Peter  ^'oung,  Paris  Stevens,  l-'rank  Nickol, 
T.  C.  Deshon  and  some  others.  The  first  settler  to  locate  elsewhere 
than  on  Bow  creek  was  P.  FI.  Collins,  who  took  a  claim  10  miles  south. 
Z.  T.  Fletcher  located  on  the  site  of  Nicodemus  and  started  the  first 
grocery  store  at  that  i)lace  in  1872.  •  Mrs.  Fletcher  was  the  lirsl  white 
woman  in  the  count\'.  ( )n  coming  into  Graham  couiilv  tlu'  settlers 
found  plenty  of  building  material — stone,  lime  and  sand.  There  was 
timber  on  Bow  creek  but  the  contractors  for  the  army  cut  it  olT  and 
in  a  few  years  fuel  was  very  scarce.  The  blulTs  along  the  streams 
formed  natural  stock  corrals,  and  on  the  Solomon  and  on  Brush,  Spring 
and  I'ow  creeks  there  were  plenty  of  good  mill  sites.  l"p  until  1875  the 
chief  occu])alion  was  hunting,  hauling  bulTalo  bones  and  raising  a  few 
cattle.  It  was  not  until  1876  that  there  was  a  mill  luarcr  than  Glen 
Elder  in  Mitchell  county,  over  80  miles  away.  Iliire  were  75  ])eo])lc 
in  the  county  at  this  time,  but  six  years  later  tluie  were  .l.-'.sS. 


KANSAS    IlISTOkY  77I 

The  early  towns  were:  Hill  City,  established  by  W.  R.  Hill  in 
1876,  Nicodenuis.  Millbrook,  Gettysburg,  Roscoe  and  Sniithville. 
Nicodemus,  the  second  town  in  the  county,  was  established  by  a  town 
company  in  1877  on  the  site  where  Mr.  Fletcher  had  established  his 
store  on  Spring  creek.  The  other  towns  were  estaljlished  in  1878: 
Millbrook,  by  N.  C.  Terrell;  Gettysburg,  by  A.  J.  Wheeler;  Roscoe, 
by  G.  E.  Higinbotham.  The  postoffices  in  all  these  towns  were  estati- 
lished  ill  1878,  the  postmasters  being:  J.  W.  Crawford  at  Hill  City, 
Z.  T.  Fletcher  at  Nicodemus,  N.  C.  Terrell  at  Millbrook,  Joseph  Getty 
at  Gett>sburg,  G.  E.  Higinbotham  at  Rosaoe.  The  first  postoffice  was 
called  Graham  and  was  on  Bow  creek.  It  was  established  in  1874,  with 
H.  W.  Windom  as  postmaster.  Houston,  the  second  postoffice,  was 
established  in  1875,  with  Oren  Nevins  as  postmaster.  The  first  Sunday 
school  was  held  at  the  home  of  J.  A.  Holliway  in  1874,  the  first  ser- 
mon was  preached  near  the  Houston  postoffice  by  Rev.  J.  M.  Brown 
in  1876.  The  first  school  district  was  organized  at  Nicodemus.  The 
first  drug  store  was  opened  by  C.  Fountain  on  the  site  of  Millbrook 
in  June,  1878.  Three  newspapers  were  established  in  1879 — the  West- 
ern Star  at  Hill  Cit}-  in  Ma}-,  by  Beaumont  &  Garnett ;  the  ^Millbrook 
Times,  a  Greenback  paper,  by  B.  F.  Graves  in  July,  and  the  Graham 
County  Lever  at  Gettysburg  by  McGill  &  Hogue  in  August.  Another 
paper,  the  Roscoe  Tribune,  was  established  in  May,  1880,  by  Worches- 
ter  &  Kellogg.  In  1881  there  were  22  postoffices.  2.2  church  organiza- 
tions, 40  organized  school  districts  and  42  business  houses. 

County  organization  was  effected  on  April  i,  1880,  with  Millbrook 
as  the  county  seat.  The  appointed  officers  were:  Clerk,  E.  P.  ]\Ic- 
Cabe ;  commissioners,  E.  C.  Moses  and  O.  G.  Nevins.  The  first  elec- 
tion was  held  on  June  i.  Hill  City  was  chosen  as  the  permanent  county 
seat,  and  the  following  officers  were  elected :  Representative,  J.  L. 
'Walton;  commissioners,  A.  Mort,  G.  W.  Morehouse  and  J.  N.  Glover; 
county  clerk,  John  Deprad  ;  county  attorney,  J.  R.  McCowen ;  register 
of  deeds,  H.  J.  Harrvi ;  treasurer,  L.  Thoman ;  surveyor,  L.  Pritchard ; 
sheriff,  E.  A.  Moses;  coroner.  Dr.  Butterfield ;  probate  judge,  James 
Gordon. 

The  following  incident  is  an  illustration  of  the  sufferings  and  jjriva- 
tions  of  early  days  in  Graham  county :  A  man  by  the  name  of  Allen 
was  living  with  his  wife  and  five  children  about  20  miles  north  of 
Millbrook  in  the  winter  of  1880.  On  Wednesday  Mr.  Allen  went  to 
Millbrook  to  get  some  coal.  On  his  way  back  he  was  caught  in  a 
blizzard  and  lost  his  way.  \Mien  he  reached  home  Friday  morning 
he  found  his  family  all  frozen  to  death. 

Graham  county  is  divided  into  13  townships,  A'iz :  Allodium,  Bryant, 
Gettysburg,  Graham,  Happy,  Hill  City,  Indiana,  Millbrook,  Morlan, 
Nicodemus,  Pioneer,  Solomon  and  Wild  Horse.  The  postoffices  are. 
Hill  City,  the  county  seat,  Bogue,  Gradan,  Morland,  Nicodemus,  Pen- 
okee.  Saint  Peter  and  Togo.  The  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  runs  through 
the  central  part  of  the  county  from  east  to  west,  passing  through  Hill 
City. 


//^ 


CYCLOr'EDIA    OF 


The  largest  stream  is  the  south  fork  of  the  Solomon  river  which 
flows  east  through  the  central  part.  It  has  numerous  tributaries.  Sev- 
eral creeks  in  the  southern  part  of  the  county  are  tributary  to  the  Saline. 
The  timber  belts  along  these  streams  are  narrow  and  contain  the  vari- 
eties of  wood  most  common  to  Kansas.  The  bottom  lands  average  one 
mile  in  width.     Limestone,  sandstone,  and  gypsum  are  plentiful. 

This  is  a  remarkable  alfalfa  section,  and  has  some  of  the  largest  farms 
in  the  state.  It  is  also  a  stock  and  grain  county.  The  farm  products 
are  worth  about  $3,000,000  per  annum,  that  of  1910  lacking  a  few  thou- 
sand dollars  of  that  amount.  Wheat  in  that  year  brought  $794,716;  corn, 
$872,060;  tame  grasses,  $213,854;  wild  grasses,  $91,259;  animals  sold 
for  slaughter,  $604,652.  Dairy  products,  poultry,  sorghum,  potatoes  and 
Kafir  corn  are  also  important. 

The  assessed  valuation  of  property  in  1910  was  $13,146,430.  The 
population  in  that  year  was  8,700. 

Grainfield,  an  incorporated  city  of  Gove  county,  is  located  in  Grain- 
field  township,  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.,  11  miles  north  of  Gove,  the 
comity  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  an  elevator,  a  number  of  mercantile  estab- 
lishments, a  money  order  postofifice  with  one  rural  route,  telegraph  and 
express  offices,  and  the  population  according  to  the  census  of  1910  was 
309.  The  town  was  started  by  the  railroad  company  which  sent  a  Mr. 
Beal  from  Abilene  in  1879  to  project  a  town.  He  started  at  once  to 
erect  a  $10,000  stone  hotel,  known  as  the  Occidental  house.  The  spirit 
was  catching,  and  before  his  hotel  was  finished  a  number  of  buildings 
were  put  up,  including  two  stores.  In  four  months'  time  it  was  a  full 
fledged  town  with  all  conveniences  of  life,  and  with  a  iJopulation  of  150. 
The  first  newspaper  was  the  Grainfield  Republican  established  in  1880. 

Granada,  one  of  the  hamlets  of  Nemaha  coimty,  is  located  in  Granada 
township  17  miles  southeast  of  -Seneca,  the  county  seat,  and  8  miles 
north  of  AVelmore,  from  which  place  it  receives  its  mail.  It  is  one  of  the 
oldest  settled  places  in  the  county,  the  first  person  to  locate  in  the  vicin- 
ity liaving  been  D.  M.  Locknane  in  1855.  Other  early  settlers  were: 
Messrs.  Chappel,  Pilant,  Haigh,  Searles,  Vilott,  Spencer,  Anderson,  Ter- 
rill,  Wright,  Lelson,  Knapp,  Nevil,  Swerdferger,  O'Brien,  Riley,  Duwalt, 
Brown  and  Steer.  A  stose  was  built  in  1856  and  Granada  became  a 
station  on  the  old  overland  route  to  Denver.  It  had  one  of  the  first  wells 
in  Kansas,  and  at  the  time  of  the  Civil  war  was  a  thrifty  little  town. 
With  the  advent  of  railroads  to  both  north  and  south  it  lost  its  prestige. 
'J'he  census  of  1910  records  it  as  having  47  inhaliitants. 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic. — The  membership  of  this  palrintic  nrder 
is  coiTiposed  of  veteran  Union  soldiers  and  sailors  nf  tlu-  ("i\il  war.  It 
was  founded  in  the  winter  of  1865-66  by  Dr.  B.  F.  Ste])hcnson  and  Rev. 
W.  J.  Rudolph  of  Illinois,  the  first  post  having  been  instituted  at  Decatur, 
III.,  April  6,  1866,  and  the  first  national  encaminuent  assembled  at  In- 
dianapolis, Ind.,  on  Nov.  20  following.  The  niniio  of  the  order  is  "Fra- 
ternity, Commemoration  and  Assistance."  .md  iis  nhjects  are  to  .lid 
the  widows  and  nrphans  of  soldiers,  collect  relics,  and  erect   nmunnuiits 


KANSAS    HISTORY  773 

and   hdmes  to  commemorate   the   valor  (jf  the    L'nion   soldier   and    pro- 
vide  for  themselves. 

Similar  societies  were  organized  in  other  states  soon  after  the  close  of 
the  war.  Lieut. -Col.  Henry  S.  Greene,  of  the  Fourth  Arkansas  cavalry, 
located  in  Topeka  in  Sept.,  18^5,  and  in  December  organized  a  society 
of  veteran  soldiers  and  sailors  which  took  the  name  of  the  "Veteran 
Brotherhood."  Greene  was  elected  commander  of  the  first  camp  at 
Topeka,  other  societies  were  organized,  and  in  June,  1866,  a  state  con- 
vention was  held  at  Topeka.  In  the  Indianapolis  convention  or  en- 
campment in  November,  the  Kansas  Veteran  Brotherhood  was  repre- 
sented by  Maj.  Thomas  J.  Anderson.  In  Dec,  1866,  another  state  en- 
campment was  held  at  Topeka,  when  it  was  resolved  to  transfer  the 
Veteran  Brotherhood  to  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  The  camp 
at  Topeka  became  Lincoln  Post  No.  i,  which  is  still  in  existence,  though 
it  was  discontinued  for  a  time.  There  were  at  that  time  32  camps 
of  the  Veteran  Brotherhood  in  the  state. 

A  provisional  organization  was  effected  in  Feb.,  1872,  with  \V.  S. 
Jenkins  as  provisional  department  commander.  In  1876  Col.  John 
Guthrie  became  provisional  commander,  and  on  March  16,  1880,  Kan- 
sas was  made  a  regular  department  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic. 
The  first  annual  encampment  of  the  state  department  was  held  at 
Topeka,  beginning  on  Jan.  18,  1882.  The  past  department  commanders 
since  that  time  have  been  as  follows :  J.  C.  Walkinshaw,  18S2 ;  Thomas 
J.  Anderson,  1883;  Homer  W.  Pond,  1884;  Milton  Stewart,  1885;  C.  J. 
McDivitt,  1886;  T.  H.  Soward,  1887;  J.  W.  Feighan,  1888;  Henry 
Booth,  1889;  Ira  F.  Collins,  1890;  Tim  McCarthy,  1891 ;  A.  R.  Greene, 
1892;  Bernard  Kelley,  1893;  W.  P.  Campbell,  1894;  J.  P.  Harris,  1895; 
W.  C.  Whitney,  1896;  Theodore  Botkin,  1897;  D.  W.  Eastman,i898;  O. 
H.  Coulter,  1899;  W.  W.  Martin,  1900;  J.  B.  Remington,  1901 ;  H.  C. 
Loomis,  1902;  A.  W.  Smith,  1903;  Charles  Harris,  1904;  P.  H.  Coney, 
1905-06;  R.  A.  Campbell,  1907;  W.  A.  Morgan,  1908;  Joel  H.  Rickel, 
1909;  N.  E.  Harmon,  1910;  T.  P.  Anderson,  1911. 

At  one  time  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  in  the  LInited  States 
numbered  over  400,000  members,  but  death  has  thinned  the  ranks  until 
in  1910  the  number  was  only  a  few  over  200,000.  The  roster  of  the 
Kansas  department  for  191 1  shows  498  posts  in  the  state,  with  a  total 
membership  in  excess  of  10,000.  The  largest  post  in  the  state  is  Gar- 
field Post  No.  25,  located  at  Wichita,  which  reported  444  members 
The  second  largest  was  Lincoln  No.  i,  of  Topeka,  which  reported  361. 
Some  of  the  posts  reported  as  few  as  6  members,  and  others  reported 
from  8  to  12,  only  15  posts  reporting  over  100. 

On  various  occasions  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  in  Kansas  has 
influenced  legislation.  The  order  was  largely  responsible  for  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  state  soldiers'  home,  the  orphans'  home,  and  the 
erection  of  the  memorial  hall  in  Topeka.  In  1885  an  act  was  passed 
making  it  a  violation  of  law  to  wear  the  Grand  Army  badge  unless 
the  wearer  should  be  a  member;  in  1895  two  rooms  in  the  capitol  were 


774  CYCLOPEDIA   OF 

set  apart  by  law  for  the  Grand  Army  museum.  In  1901  the  sum  of 
$1,000  was  appropriated  to  provide  furniture  for  storing  relics,  flags, 
etc.,  and  at  the  same  session  the  state  authorities  were  directed  to  turn 
over  to  the  Grand  Army  312  tents  to  be  used  at  encampments.  In  1905 
an  appropriation  of  $1,500  was  made  to  provide  additional  cases  for 
the  display  of  relics,  etc. 

The  Women's  Relief  Corps,  the  ladies'  auxiliary  to  the  Grand  Army 
oi  the  Republic,  had  its  origin  at  Portland,  JMe.,  in  1869,  when  some 
women  whose  husbands  belonged  to  Bosworth  Post  organized  a  relief 
.society  for  local  work  among  the  needy.  \\'ithin  the  next  few  years 
the  women  of  other  localities  formed  aid  societies,  etc.,  and  in  April, 
1879,  representatives  of  these  societies  from  several  states  met  at  Fitch- 
burg,  Mass.,  and  organized  the  \\'omen"s  Relief  Corps.  The  first  state 
society  to  take  that  name  was  that  of  New  Hampshire  in  1880.  In 
New  Jersey  the  "Ladies"  L^oyal  League  "  changed  its  name  to  the 
Women's  Relief  Corps  in  1881.  Two  j-ears  later  the  Grand  Army, 
in  annual  encampment  at  Denver,  Col.,  recognized  the  Women's  Re- 
lief Corps  as  an  auxiliary,  and  the  following  year  the  first  national 
convention    was    held. 

In  Kansas  the  first  corps  was  formed  at  Leavenworth  in  1883,  by 
Mrs.  Emily  Jenkins  and  eleven  other  women.  Mrs.  Jenkins  has  been 
called  the  "mother"  of  the  movement  in  Kansas.  A  state  organiza- 
tion was  effected  at  Mound  City,  April  28,  1896,  when  Lucy  A.  M. 
Dewey  was  elected  president ;  Mrs.  M.  M.  Stearns,  secretary ;  and  Mrs. 
Maria  Hurley,  treasurer.  In  1910  were  about  160,000  members  in  the 
United  States,  of  which  Kansas  had  a  fair  proportion.  The  principal 
officers  of  the  Kansas  corps  for  191 1  were:  President,  Lillian  M. 
Hendricks;  senior  vice-president,  Mary  McFarland ;  junior  vice-presi- 
dent, Kate  Kilmer:  secretary,  Marian  S.  Nation:  treasurer,  Florence 
A.    Bunn. 

Grand  Haven,  a  small  settlement  in  the  extreme  southwest  cor- 
ner 111  .Shawnee  county,  is  about  20  miles  from  Topeka.  the  county 
scat,  and  8  miles  from  F.skridge,  which  is  the  most  conxenii-nt  rail- 
road station,  whence  mail  is  received  by  rural  carrier. 

Grand  Summit,  a  village  of  Cowley  county,  is  a  statimi  cm  llic  .Atchi- 
son, To])cka  &  .Santa  I""e  R.  R.  29  miles  northeast  of  Winlield,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  express  and  telegraph  offices, 
some  general  stores,  does  some  shipi)iug.  .iml  in  njio  n'piuled  a  popu- 
lation   of   52. 

Grange  Movement. —  (.See   Patrons  of  llusbandry.) 

Grant  County,  in  the  southwestern  i)art  of  the  state,  is  the  second 
north  from  the  ()klalii>ma  line  and  the  second  east  from  Colorado.  It 
was  created  in  1887  out  of  I'^inney  comity  territory,  Ijy  act  nf  fhc  legis- 
lature which  fixed  its  boundaries  as  follows:  "Commencing  at  the 
interscctinu  of  the  east  line  of  range  35  west  with  tlu'  noitli  line  of 
township  2'^  south;  thence  south  along  range  line  to  whcii'  it  inter- 
sects   the  Cith    standard    parallel;   thence   west   along   the   ()tli    standard 


KANSAS    HISTORY  775 

parallel  t(i  where  it  is  intersected  by  the  east  line  of  range  39  west; 
thence  north  alons:^  said  range  line  to  its  intersection  with  the  north 
line  of  township  27  south;  thence  east  to  the  ])lace  of  beginning." 

In  compliance  with  a  petition  from  the  citizens  the  governor  appointed 
T.  J.  Jackson  to  take  the  census,  fie  made  his  report  in  Aug.,  1887, 
which  showed  that  there  were  2,716  inhabitants,  653  of  whom  were 
householders,  and  $534,756  worth  of  taxable  property.  There  were 
three  candidates  for  the  county  seat,  Ulysses,  Cincinnati  and  Surprise, 
the  latter  being  a  little  town  4  miles  northwest  of  Ulysses  and  2  miles 
north  of  Cincinnati.  The  governor's  proclamation  was  not  made  until 
June,  1888.  It  named  Ulysses  as  the  temporary  county  seat,  and  ap- 
pointed the  following  officers :  Commissioners,  J.  A.  HufT,  Richard 
Brollier  and  P.  F.  Raudebaugh ;  clerk,  Samuel  Swendson ;  sheriff,  H. 
M.  Bacon.    . 

An  election  to  decide  the  location  of  the  county  seat  was  held  on 
Oct.  16,  1888,  and  resulted  in  favor  of  Ulysses,  but  the  fight  did  not  end 
there.  It  was  settled  in  the  supreme  court  in  1890,  Ulysses  in  the  end 
being  the  victor.  Some  interesting  evidence  was  brought  out  in  court 
by  Alvin  Campbell,  who  was  a  Cincinnati  partisan.  He  introduced 
facts  to  show  that  the  city  council  of  Ulysses  had  bonded  the  people 
to  the  extent  of  $36,000  to  buy  votes.  It  was  an  open  secret  that  votes 
were  bought.  Professional  voters  had  been  brought  in  and  boarded 
for  the  requisite  30  days  before  the  election  and  given  $10  each  when 
tiiey  had  voted,  but  it  was  not  known  at  the  time  that  this  had  been 
done  at  public  expense.  Professional  toughs  were  also  hired  to  in- 
timidate the  Cincinnati  voters.  It  was  claimed  that  Ulysses  bought 
338  votes.  The  exposure  of  the  fact  that  public  fimds  had  been  used 
created  excitement  among  the  citizens  who  found  themseh'es  thus  in- 
volved for  the  payment  of  bonds,  and  those  to  blame  for  the  outrage 
retaliated  upon  Alvin  Campbell  by  tarring  him  in  Aug.,  1889.  It  was 
also  shown  in  court  that  Cincinnati  had  bought  votes  and  engaged  in 
irregular  practices,  and  Ulysses  finally  won,  though  it  w^as  a  dearly 
bought  victory.  Added  to  the  $36,000  spent  in  the  county  seat  fight 
was  $13,000  in  bonds,  which  had  been  voted  for  a  school  house  and 
$8,000  for  a  court-house. 

Then  came  the  panic  and  crop  failure  of  1898.  The  population  qf 
Ulysses  fell  from  1,500  to  400,  and  later  to  only  40.  Buildings  were 
moved  away.  Banks  closed  and  the  merchants  let  their  stock  of  goods 
run  down.  A  succession  of  good  years  brought  prosperity.  A  new 
bank  was  opened,  new  buildings  were  erected  to  take  the  place  of  those 
moved  away,  and  all  would  have  been  well  but  for  the  old  debt  which 
hung  like  a  weight  to  the  town.  The  bonds  were  due  in  1908,  and  with 
accrued  interest  amounted  to  $84,000.  It  was  decided  to  move  the  toVvn 
to  a  new  location.  Onlj-  two  people  who  had  passed  through  the  boom 
days  remained,  and  the  newcomers  could  not  see  the  justice  of  their 
having  to  pay  a  debt  from  which  they  derived  no  benefit.  A  new  and 
better  site  was  selected,  about  half  way  to  the  old  site  of  Cincinnati, 


776  '  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

which  had  meantime  become  a  field.  It  was  no  light  work  to  move 
the  whole  town,  which  had  a  hotel  of  35  rooms,  a  bank,  a  printing 
office,  a  number  of  fair  sized  stores  and  a  number  of  residences.  Mov- 
ing outfits  were  brought  from  Garden  City  and  St.  John  to  do  the 
heaviest  hauling  while  several  local  teamsters  handled  the  lighter  work. 
As  a  result  of  damage  done  to  the  bank  building,  the  safe  sat  out  in 
the  street  for  several  weeks  without  being  disturbed.  The  court-house 
was  left  on  the  old  site  and  the  county  officers  continued  to  do  busi- 
ness there.  The  school  house  was  not  moved,  so  the  people  did  not  take 
with  them  an)'  of  the  "benefits"  for  which  the  town  had  been  bonded. 
The  town  is  now  called  New  Ulysses. 

The  surface  of  Grant  county  is  prairie.  The  north  fork  of  the  Cimar- 
ron river  enters  2  miles  north  of  the  southwest  corner,  flows  in  a  north- 
easterly direction  to  the  center,  thence  southeast  across  the  eastern 
boundary.  The  south  fork  of  the  same  river  flows  east  across  the 
southern  part,  joining  the  north  fork  near  the  east  line  of  the  county. 

The  county  is  divided  into  three  townships — Lincoln,  Sullivan  and 
Sherman.  The  postoffices  are,  Doby.  Gognac,  Lawson,  New  Ulysses 
and  Warrendale.  There  arc  no  railroads  at  present,  but  a  line  of  the 
Athchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  will  probably  be  extended  from  Jetmorc 
southwest  through  Grant  county.  The  nearest  shipping  point  is  Hart- 
land  in  Kearny  county. 

Grant  is  one  of  the  counties  in  which  irrigation  is  used.  The  special 
session  of  the  legislature  in  1908  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  county 
commissioners  to  appropriate  money  to  drill  artesian  wells  for  irri- 
gating purposes.  The  farm  products  amount  to  about  $250,000  a  year. 
In  1910  the  wheat  crop  was  worth  $9,000,  corn,  $14,724,  broom-corn, 
$70,000,  milo  maize,  $30,000,  Kafir  corn,  $47,000  and  Jerusalem  corn, 
$31,000.  Animals  sold  for  slaughter  and  dairy  products  amounted  to 
over  $30,000. 

The  population  in  1910  was  1,087  'is  against  422  in  1900.  The  as- 
sessed valuation  of  property  in  1910  was  $1,797,214.  Grant  being  one  of 
the  newer  counties,  and  just  having  recovered  from  the  efifccls  of  its 
boom  days,  has  only  begun  to  grow.  The  railroad  and  an  increase  of 
the  irrigated  area  will  doubtless  cause  a  large  increase  in  population 
and  the  value  of  property  in  the  next  few  years. 

Grantville,  a  \illage  of  Jefferson  county,  is  located  in  Kaw  townsiiip 
on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  25  miles  southwest  of  Oskaloosa,  the  county 
seat  and  7  miles  from  Topeka.  It  has  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  a 
money  order  postoffice.    The  population  in  1910  was  103. 

Grapevine  Telegraph. — In  the  territorial  days,  while  the  conflict  over 
sla\cry  was  Ibc  leading  issue  in  Kansas  affairs,  a  sort  of  pro-slavery  head- 
quarters was  maintained  at  Weston,  Mo.,  for  the  purpose  of  rendering 
prompt  assistance  to  friends  in  Kansas.  The  territurial  headquarters  of 
the  Kansas  pro-siaveryites  were  at  Lecompton,  and  a  lino  of  communica- 
tion was  kept  up  by  what  was  known  as  the  "Grapcninc  Telegraiili."  It 
was  someliiing  like  the  underground  railway  of  the  aliolitionists.     If  the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  "/TJ 

people  al  Lcconipton  needed  the  aid  or  cooperation  of  then-  Missouri 
friends,  a  messenger  was  mounted  on  a  good  horse  and  sent  across  the 
country  at  night,  avoiding  the  roads  most  likely  to  be  frequented  by  free- 
state  men.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  Weston  contingent  had  anything  to 
propose,  the  messenger  came  from  that  end  of  the  line.  Along  the  route 
were  certain  pro-slavery  settlers,  whose  cabins  could  be  used  as  resting 
places,  or  where  a  fresh  horse  could  be  secured  by  the  messenger. 

Grasshopper  Falls. — (See  Valley  Falls.) 

Grasshopper  Falls  Convention. — The  third  session  of  the  territorial 
legislature  was  the  first  session  of  the  free-state  legislature.  The  first 
legislature  was  composed  of  pro-slavery  men  who  met  at  Pawnee,  and 
adjourned  to  Shawnee  Mission,  in  1855.  The  second  legislature,  which 
met  in  Jan.,  1857,  was  also  composed  of  pro-slavery  men.  The  third 
territorial  legislature,  which  met  in  special  session  at  Lecompton, 
Dec.  7-19,  1857,  was  the  offspring  of  the  "Mass  and  Delegate  Con- 
vention which  assembled  at  Grasshopper  Falls  in  Jefferson  county  on 
the  26th  of  August  of  the  same  year.  The  situation  in  Kansas  wa.s  the 
topic  of  the  times  when  Robert  J.  Walker  was  appointed  governor  of 
the  territory.  At  the  time  of  his  appointment  it  was  thought  by  the 
administration,  and  the  real  friends  of  the  Democratic  party,  that  civil 
war  was  on  the  eve  of  breaking  out  in  Kansas  which  threatened  to 
involve  the  whole  Union.  The  Topeka  legislature  had  determined 
to  put  its  government  into  practical  operation,  which  would  evidently 
bring  on  a  collision  between  it  and  the  territorial  authorities ;  each 
party  would  be  supported  by  different  states,  and  thus  war  was  inevitably 
the  consequence.  The  policy  therefore  determined  upon  by  Mr.  Buch- 
anan and  Mr.  Walker,  in  order  to  avert  this  calamity,  was  to  sustain 
the  dignity  of  the  territorial  legislature  by  compelling  obedience  to  its 
enactments,  and  suspend  action  on  the  part  of  the  state  legislatures, 
by  giving  every  assurance  and  guarantee  that  the  election  of  delegates 
to  the  constitutional  convention  should  be  fairly  conducted,  and  the 
constitution  framed  by  them  be  submitted  "to  a  fair  and  full  vote  for 
ratification  or  rejection  by  the  people."     (See  Walker's  Administration.) 

At  a  delegate  convention  held  at  Topeka  on  June  9,  the  free-state 
men  resolved  not  to  participate  in  the  constitutional  convention,  but 
determined  to  meet  on  July  15.  Also  it  made  Topeka  its  capital,  passed 
an  act  for  taking  the  census  and  for  election  of  state  officers.  The 
delegate  convention  assembled  in  Topeka  on  July  15,  1857,  declared 
its  fealty  to  the  state  government,  nominated  candidates  for  state 
officers,  to  be  voted  for  on  Aug.  9,  and  asked  for  the  resubmission  of 
the  constitution.  The  prominent  members  of  the  organization  in  an 
informal  conference,  agreed  that  the  existence  of  the  free-state  party 
demanded  the  control  of  the  territorial  legislature  and  that  it  could 
be  secured  if  the  promises  made  by  Gov.  Walker  for  a  fair  vote  and 
honest  count  were  fulfilled.  To  insure  honest  voting  at  the  fall  elec- 
tion it  was  resolved  "That  Gen.  James  H.  Lane  be  appointed  at  this 
convention   and   authorized   to  organize  the   people   in   the  several   dis- 


7/8  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 


tricts,  to  protect  the  ballot  boxes  at  the  approaching  election  in  Kan- 
sas." The  complement  of  this  resolution  was  one  calling  for  a  mass 
meeting  of  the  citizens  of  Kansas  to  be  held  at  Grasshopper  Falls  on 
Aug.  26  to  take  such  action  as  might  be  necessary  in  regard  to  the 
October  election.  Another  resolution  called  for  a  delegate  convention 
to  be  held  at  the  same  time  and  place,  to  carry  out  the  decisions  of  the 
mass  convention;  there  were  to  be  twice  as  many  delegates  as  there 
were  free-state  senators  and  representatives.  The  question  of  partici- 
pating in  the  October  election,  for  members  of  the  legislature  and  dele- 
gate to  Congress,  engaged  the  attention  "of  the  free-state  men  dtuing 
the  summer.  The  notion  of  abandoning  the  state  organization,  and  so 
far  recognizing  the  validity  of  the  territorial  legislature  as  to  vote 
under  the  provisions  was  tmpopular  at  first,  but  the  far-sighted  ones 
reasoned  that  it  was  impractical  to  contest  the  election,  and  wiser 
to  take  part  in  said  election.  The  Federal  gmernment  had  recognized 
the  territorial  legislature  as  legitimate,  which  tended  greatly  to  pre- 
clude the  success  of  the  Topeka  constitution.  Should  the  free-state  men 
be  victorious  at  the  coming  election  Ihey  would  have  obtained  all  they 
sought  by  the  state  organization.  Should  they  be  defeated  they  would 
stand  the  same  chance  of  triumph  under  the  Topeka  government.  The\' 
had,  therefore,  little  to  lose  and  much  to  gain  by  going  into  an  election. 

The  mass  and  delegate  conventions  met  at  Grasshopper  Falls  as 
planned.  It  was  an  important  assemblage,  and  was  a  crisis  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  territory.  G.  W.  Smith  was  chairman  of  the  mass  con- 
venticni  and  W.  Y.  Roberts  of  the  delegate  con\ention.  After  much 
spirited  discussion  the  following  resolutions  were  passed  by  the  mass 
convention : 

"Whereas,  It  is  of  the  most  vital  importance  to  the  people  of  Kansas 
that  the  territorial  government  should  he  controlled  by  the  bona-fide 
citizens  thereof;  and, 

"Wiiereas,  Gov.  Walker  has  repeatedly  pledged  himself  that  the  peo- 
ple I  if  Kansas  should  have  a  fair  and  full  vote,  before  impartial  judges, 
at  the  election  to  be  held  the  first  Monday  in  October,  for  delegate  to 
Congress,  members  of  the  legislature,  and  other  officers ;  therefore,  be  it 

"Resolved,  That  we,  the  people  of  Kansas,  in  mass  convention  assem- 
bled, agree  to  participate  in  said  election. 

"Resolved,  That  in  thus  voting,  we  rely  upon  the  faithful  fiilliliuK'nt 
of  the  pledge  of  Gov.  Walker,  and  that  we,  as  heretofore.  ])roicst  against 
the  enactments  forced  upon  us  by  the  voters  of  Missouri. 

"Resolved,  That  this  mass  meeting  recommend  tlie  appoinlmenl  of  a 
committee  to  wail  upon  the  terriloiial  authorities,  and  urgentlv  insist 
upon  a  review  and  correction  of  the  wicked  apportionment  en<loa\-ored 
to  be  forced  ui)on  the  jieopie  of  Kansas,  for  the  selection  of  members  of 
the  territorial   legislature. 

"Resolved,  That  (len.  J.  11.  i.ane  be  autluirized  and  empowered  to 
tender    Gov.    Walker    the    force    organized    by    him    under    resolutions 


KANSAS    IIJSTOKY  779 

passed  l)y  the  convention  held  at  Topeka  on  the  I5tli  (jf  July  hist,  to 
be  used  for  the  protection  of  the  ballot-box." 

The  delegate  convention  nominated  M.  J.  Parrott  as  a  candidate  for 
delegate  to  Congress,  ap])ointed  "a  territorial  executive  committee  of 
twenty  members  to  have  their  office  at  Lawrence,  five  of  whom  should 
constitute  a  quorum,  for  the  transaction  of  business,  and  recommended 
to  the  citizens  of  the  voting  precinct  to  choose  a  committee  of  three 
persons,  who  should  keep  a  record  of  all  tiie  votes  cast,  those  refused 
and  the  reasons  of  refusal,  and  that  citizens  should  be  jjresent  in  suffi- 
cient  number  to  sustain  such   a   committee." 

The  free-state  men  were  fearful  of  success,  and  in  their  speeches  to 
the  people  they  reviewed  the  situation  thus :  With  the  administration 
against  us;  with  one-half  of  the  six  months'  voters  virtually  disfran- 
chised ;  with  an  election  law  framed  expressly  to  keep  the  newly  arrived 
inmiigrants  from  the  polls ;  with  a  hellish  system  of  districting  staring 
us  in  the  face ;  with  most  of  the  officers  of  the  election  Border  Ruffians 
of  deepest  dye ;  with  the  slave  party  in  Missouri  boldly  avowing  through 
Gen.  Atchison,  their  determination  to  invade  us;  with  only  the  al- 
ready half  violated  pledge  of  (iov.  Walker  to  rely  on;  we  do  not  feel 
at  liberty  to  cherish  a  ^'ery  lively  expectation  of  a  fair  election." 

The  election  day  was  Oct.  5,  and  notwithstanding  the  obstacles  the 
free-state  men  won.  Nine  free-state  men  and  4  pro-slavery  men  were 
elected  to  the  council,  and  25  free-state  men  and  14  pro-slavery  men 
were  elected  to  the  house  of  representatives. 

Grasshopper  River. — (See  Delaware  River.) 

Grasshoppers. — The  grasshopper  is  classified  l)y  entomologists  as 
a  "leaping,  orthopterous  insect  belonging  to  the  families  Acridid.t  or 
Locustidre."  The  ordinary  grasshopper  is  a  member  of  the  former. 
The  Rocky  mountain  grasshopper  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  the 
Rocky  mountain  locust,  is  about  one  inch  long  and  is  migratory  in 
its  habits.  Its  eggs  are  deposited  in  the  ground  in  the  late  summer 
or  autumn,  and  when  the  young  insects  are  hatched  out  the  following 
spring  they  are  ready  to  migrate.  On  several  occasions  they  have 
swept  in  vast  swarms  over  the  country  west  of  the  Mississippi  ri\-er. 
practically  destroying  every  green  thing  on  their  line  of  March.  NeilTs 
History  of  Minnesota  mentions  invasions  of  grasshoppers  in  the  years 
1818  and  1819,  and  the  early  white  settlers  of  Kansas  learned  of  an 
Indian  tradition  regarding  a  grasshopper  visntation  in  1820.  John  Schoe- 
makers  of  the  old  Osage  mission  wrote  of  some  damage  done  by  grass- 
hoppers in  the  fall  of  1854,  and  sa3's  the  crops  were  destroyed  by  them 
in  1855,  when  some  of  the  horses  at  the  mission  were  sent  to  Henry 
county.  Mo.,  where  they  could  be  cared  for  until  another  crop  could 
be  raised.  John  G.  Pratt,  who  came  to  the  Delaware  mission  in  Kansas 
in  1835,  says  the  first  visitation  in  that  section  was  in  1867. 

But  the  greatest  invasion  of  the  insects  was  that  of  1874.  The 
report  of  the  Kansas  State  Board  of  Agriculture  for  that  year  says : 
"About  the  25th  of  July,  one  of  those  periodical  calamitotis  visitations 


780  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

to  which  the  trans-Mississippi  states  are  liable  once  in  from  eight  to 
ten  years,  made  its  appearance  in  northern  and  northwestern  Kansas — 
the  grasshopper  or  locust.  The  air  was  filled  and  the  fields  and 
trees  were  completely  covered  with  these  voracious  trespassers.  At 
one  time,  the  total  destruction  of  every  green  thing  seemed  imminent. 
Their  course  was  in  a  southerly  and  southeasterly  direction,  and  be- 
fore the  close  of  August  the  swarming  hosts  were  enveloping  the 
whole  state.  The  visitation  was  so  sudden  that  the  people  of  the 
state  became  panic-stricken.  In  the  western  counties — where  immi- 
gration for  the  last  two  years  had  been  very  heavy,  and  where  the 
chief  dependence  of  the  new  settlers  was  corn,  potatoes  and  garden 
vegetables — the   calamity   fell  with   terrible   force." 

Starvation  or  emigration  appeared  to  be  the  only  alternatives  for 
the  people  of  the  ravaged  districts.  In  this  emergency  Gov.  Osborn 
called  a  special  session  of  the  legislature  to  devise  some  means  of  re- 
lief. In  his  message  the  governor  gave  a  list  of  the  counties  that  had 
been  devastated  by  the  grasshoppers.  Those  most  seriously  affected 
were  Norton,  Rooks,  Ellis,  Russell,  Osborne,  Phillips,  Smith,  McPher- 
son.  Rice,  Barton,  Reno,  Edwards  and  Pawnee,  but  in  a  number  of 
other  counties  more  or  less  damage  had  been  wrought.  Said  the  gov- 
ernor :  "The  number  of  persons  who  will  require  more  or  less  aid. 
as  estimated  on  the  reports  received,  will  not,  it  is  thought,  exceed 
15,000,  and  many  of  these  will  require  but  little  assistance.  The  great- 
est want  seems  to  be  for  small  grain,  whereby  these  destitute  people 
can  be  subsisted  until  another  crop  can  be  raised.  .  .  .  The 
wishes  of  the  people,  so  far  as  I  have  been  informed,  are  entirely  in 
favor  of  providing  for  the  present  emergency,  and  for  doing  it  at  home. 
The  day  has  gone  by  when  we  need  to  look  to  others  for  assistance." 

The  special  session  authorized  an  issue  of  state  bonds  to  the  amount 
of  $73,000  to  provide  relief  for  the  stricken  people,  and  authorized  the 
county  commissioners  in  certain  counties  to  issue  bonds — on  vote  of 
the  people  of  the  county — the  proceeds  to  be  used  "as  a  relief  fund 
for  the  destitute  people,"  and  to  be  used  "for  the  purpose  of  furnish- 
ing them  with  the  necessary  food,  clothing  and  fuel  only."  No  levy  was 
to  be  made  for  a  sinking  fund  for  the  payment  of  these  county  bonds 
for  ten  years.  The  maximum  amount  of  bonds  the  counties  could  thus 
issue  was  limited  as  follows:  Barton,  Norton,  McPherson,  Russell, 
Osborne,  Phillips,  Reno  and  Smith,  $5,000  each;  Rice  and  Jewell, 
$4,000  each;  Republic,  Rooks,  Mitchell  and  Lincoln,  $3,000  each;  Ot- 
tawa, Harvey  and  Pawnee,  $2,000  eacli ;  Barber  and  Ford,  $1,000  each. 
Three  days  later  another  act  was  passed  authorizing  the  commissioners 
of  "any  county  in  the  state"  to  issue  bonds,  not  exceeding  one-half  of 
one  per  cent,  of  the  assessed  valuation  of  property,  to  be  known  as 
"special  relief  bonds."  Approjirialions  of  $1,000  were  made  out  of 
the  surplus  in  the  state  treasury  for  the  benefit  of  Rush  and  Decatur 
counties,  and  $500  for   Ness   county.      (See   Osborn's   Administration.) 

Tlirough  the  county  assessors,  returns  were  received  as  to  the  num- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  /Si 

ber  needing  assistance.  The  greatest  demand  was  for  food,  the  num- 
ber of  people  needing  rations  being  reported  at  32,614.  Of  those  need- 
ing clothing,  8,077  were  men,  9,758  were  women,  and  16,452  were 
children.  In  addition  to  the  work  done  by  the  state,  the  United  States 
government  furnished  through  the  war  department  a  supply  of  army 
clothing.  Giles,  in  his  "Thirty  Years  in  Topeka,"  says  this  aid  con- 
sisted of  4,541  woolen  blankets,  1,834  overcoats,  131  sack  coats,  131 
pairs  of  trousers,  and  4,468  pairs  of  boots. 

On  the  evening  of  Nov.  19,  1874,  a  meeting  was  held  in  Topeka,  at 
which  the  "Kansas  Central  Relief  Committee"  was  organized  with 
Lieut.-Gov.  E.  S.  Stover  as  chairman,  and  Henry  King,  editor  or  the 
Topeka  Commonwealth,  as  secretary.  The  next  day  the  committee 
issued  an  address  warning  the  people  of  the  Eastern  states  against 
unprincipled  persons  who  were  soliciting  aid  for  the  Kansas  grasshopper 
sufferers.  Railroad  companies  transported  free  of  charge  the  dona- 
tions made  to  this  committee,  and  in  this  way  a  large  amount  of  rations 
and  clothing  was  distributed.  The  committee  received  and  disbursed 
cash  to  the  amount  of  $73,863.47;  besides  265  carloads  and  11,049  pack- 
ages of  supplies,  the  total  value  of  the  assistance  rendered  being 
$235,108.47.  This  included  32.614  rations,  and  clothing  for  8,077  men, 
9i758  women  and  16,452  children. 

Wilder's  Annals  of  Kansas  (p.  643),  says:  "this  visitation  of  grass- 
hoppers, or  locusts,  was  the  most  serious  of  any  in  the  history  of  the 
State.  They  reached  from  the  Platte  river,  on  the  north,  to  northern 
Texas,  and  penetrated  as  far  east  as  Sedalia,  Mo.  Their  eggs  were 
deposited  in  favorable  localities  over  this  vast  territory.  The  young 
hatched  the  next  spring,  did  great  damage  to  early  crops,  but  in  June, 
having  passed  into  the  winged  state,  they  rose  into  the  air  and  flew 
back  to  the  northwest,  whence  their  progenitors  had  come  the  year 
before." 

In  March,  1877,  the  state  legislature  passed  an  act  authorizing  the 
township  trustees  of  the  dififerent  townships,  and  the  ma3'ors  of  cities 
not  included  in  any  township,  when  requested  in  writing  by  fifteen 
legal  voters  in  such  township  or  city,  to  direct  the  road  overseers  of 
the  several  road  districts  to  warn  out  all  able-bodied  male  persons 
between  the  ages  of  twelve  and  sixty-five  years,  for  the  purpose  of 
destroying  grasshoppers.  Persons  over  the  age  of  eighteen  years  might 
pay  a  dollar  a  day  and  be  exempt  from  such  work,  but  failure  to  answer 
the  call  or  to  pay  the  stipulated  amount  subjected  such  person  to  a 
fine  of  three  dollars  a  day.  The  next  day  a  supplementary  act  was 
passed,  providing  that  the  counties  in  any  senatorial  district  might 
cooperate  in  the  enforcement  of  the  law.  When  the  grasshoppers 
appeared  in  the  western  counties  in  191 1,  there  was  some  talk  of  reviv- 
ing this  law,  but  the  scourge  was  not  of  sufficient  magnitude  to  render 
it  necessary. 

Graves,  a  hamlet  in  the  central  part  of  Cloud  county,  is  about  10 
miles  south  of  Concordia,  the  county  seat  and  most  convenient  railroad 
station,  whence  mail  is  delivered  bv  rural  route. 


782  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Gray,  Alfred,  one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of  Kansas,  was  born  at 
E^•ans,  Erie  countv,  X.  Y.,  Dec.  5,  1830.  He  was  educated  in  his  nartive 
state,  and  in  the  spring  of  1857  located  at  Ouindaro,  Kan.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  first  state  legislature ;  was  secretary  of  the  Kansas  State 
Board  of  Agriculture  from  1872  to  1880,  and  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners to  the  Centennial  exposition  at  Philadelphia  in  1876.  He  was 
alv\ays  active  in  promoting  the  agricultural  and  industrial  interests  of 
the  state.  His  death  occurred  at  Topeka  on  Jan.  23.  1880.  The  legis- 
lature of  1881  appropriated  $1,000  for  a  monument  to  Mr.  Gray,  as  a 
token  of  appreciation  for  the  work  he  had  done  during  his  life.  Two 
years  later  the  appropriation  was  raised  to  $1,500,  and  in  1885  the 
amoimt  was  made  $i.8o3.  1"he  monument  stands  in  the  cemetery  at 
Topeka. 

Gray  County,  located  in  the  si  luthwestern  i>art  of  the  slate,  is  IJie 
second  county  n<irth  from  the  Oklahoma  line,  and  the  fourth  east  from 
Colorado.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  l)y  Finney  county,  on  the  east 
by  Hodgeman  and  Ford  counties,  on  the  snutli  by  Meade,  and  on  the 
west  by  Haskell  and  Finney.  Practical!}'  the  same  territory  that  now 
constitutes  it  was  described  by  the  legislature  of  1879  as  Foote  county. 
In  1881  an  act  was  passed  creating  and  bounding  Ciray  county  as  fol- 
lows: "Commencing  at  a  point  where  the  east  line  of  range  2"/  west 
crosses  the  south  line  of  townshi]^  2t  sinitli;  thence  west  on  said  south 
line  of  said  townshij)  to  w'here  said  line  crosses  the  west  line  of  range 
30  west ;  thence  south  on  said  west  line  of  range  30  west  to  the  south 
line  of  township  28  south  ;  thence  east  on  said  south  line  of  township 
28  south  to  tlie  east  line  of  range  27  west;  thence  nortlt  on  said  east 
line  of  range  27  west  to  the  i)lacc  nt  l)eginning." 

In  1887  it  was  bounded  as  follows:  "Commencing  at  the  intersection 
of  the  east  line  of  range  27  west  with  tlie  nortli  line  of  township  24 
south;  thence  south  along  range  line  to  its  intersection  with  the  north 
line  of  township  30  south;  thence  west  along  lownsliip  line  In  where 
it  intersects  the  east  line  i)f  range  31  west;  thence  mnih  along  range 
line  to  its  intersection  willi  the  UdrlJi  line  of  townsJii])  24  south;  thence 
east  to  the  place  of  beginning." 

In  .\prij  of  that  year  .\.  J.  I'A'ans  was  a]ipoinlc(l  census  taker. 
.According  to  his  returns  there  were  4,896  bonaiide  inlial)it;ints,  of  whom 
912  were  householders.  Tlie  taxal)le  ])ropcrty  amounted  to  $1,295,852, 
exclusive  of  raih'oad  ])ro])erty.  The  governor  issued  a  i)roclamation  in 
July  organizing  the  county.  Cimarron  was  named  as  the  county  seat 
and  the  following  ofificers  were  ajipointed  :  SherilT.  \V.  T5.  Marsh  ;  clerk, 
•i.  C.  I'ratt;  commissioners,  J.  G.  Shoup.  K.  S.  McClellan  and  I'rauk 
ilnll.  Prior  to  tiiis  Gray  had  Iieen  attached  to  Ford  aiid  i'"inney  coun- 
ties for  judicial  ])ur])oses.  It  li.id  1ieen  settled  for  aliont  ti-u  \ears, 
thnugli  most  of  the  inli.'iliil.nits  had  come  in  1SX5.  ('ini.nrou  and 
Ingalls,  the  only  towns  on  tlir  rriilroad,  were  riv.il  c.-mdid.ites  for  the 
county  seat.  The  former  had  experienced  a  boom  ami  li.id  1,000  inhabi- 
tants,  a   twfi-story    school    house,    a    two-slory    depoi,    j    ni'wspapeis.    2 


KANSAS    HISTORY  783 

banks,  a  driin'  store  and  about  jo  nuTcaiitilc  cstablislimcnts.  Monte- 
zuma, about  15  miles  to  the  south,  had  a  newspaper  and'  entered  the 
county  seat  contest,  Init  later  withdrew  in  favor  of  Ingalls,  which  gave 
the  latter  a  much  better  chance  at  the  election.  The  voting  took  i)!ace 
on  Oct.  31  and  Ixith  towns  claimed  the  victory,  Ingalls  by  236  majority, 
and  Cimarron  by  43.  The  papers  representing  the  two  factions  were 
tilled  with  strong  language,  in  some  instances  talking  about  shooting, 
hanging  and  tarring  certain  parties.  It  seems  that  a  wealthy  New 
Yorker  by  the  name  of  A.  T.  Soule  was  interested  in  Ingalls  and  was 
accused  of  corrupting  the  election,  while  on  the  other  hand  T.  H. 
Reeves,  manager  for  Cimarron,  was  accused  of  buying  the  "equaliza- 
tion society"  for  $10,000.  This  was  an  organization  of  men  who  had 
banded  themselves  together  for  the  purpose  of  selling  out  to  the  highest 
liidder.  Both  sides  were  "armed  to  the  teeth'  and  it  became  necessary 
for  the  governor  to  send  out  a  detachment  of  militia  to  preserve  the 
peace.  The  county  offices  were  moved  to  Ingalls  in  Nov.,  1887.  The 
matter  was  taken  into  the  courts  and  in  1889  ''■  decision  was  rendered 
by  the  supreme  court  in  favor  of  Ingalls.  The  fight  did  not  end  there, 
however,  and  after  more  litigation  and  trouble  Cimarron  finally  won. 

The  first  newspaper  in  the  county  was  the  New  West,  established  at 
Cimarron  (Foote  county)  in  March,  1879.  Jt  was  "Devoted  to  the 
Development  of  the  Great  American  Desert."  Since  that  time  Gray 
county  has  learned  to  irrigate  and  the  so-called  American  desert  is 
being  developed  in  a  jM-ofitable  way. 

The  surface  of  the  county  is  rolling  prairie.  The  Arkansas  river 
crosses  it  in  a  southeasterly  direction,  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fe  R.  R.  follows  the  north  bank  of  the  river  passing  through 
Wettick,  Cimarron,  Ingalls  and  Charleston.  There  are  6  townships — 
Cimarron,  Foote,  Hess,  Ingalls,  Logan  and  Montezuma.  The  post- 
offices  are  Cimarron,  Cave,  Charleston,  Colusa,  Ensign.  Ingalls,  Hess, 
Jumbo,  Montezuma  and  Post. 

The  farm  products  amount  to  nearly  $1,000,000  per  annum.  In  1910 
the  wheat  crop  was  worth  $225,000;  corn,  $146,000;  other  field  crops 
brought  the  total  to  $765,641 ;  the  value  of  animals  sold  for  slaughter 
was  $65,471,  and  eggs  and  dairy  products  to  the  amount  of  $35,000 
were  marketed. 

The  assessed  valuation  of  property  in  1910  was  $7,446,341.  The 
population  was  3,121,  a  gain  of  1,857.  or  nearlv  150  per  cent,  during  the 
preceding  decade. 

Gray,  Mary  T.,  who  came  to  Kansas  as  a  bride  on  July  5,  1859,  was 
for  many  years  closely  identified  with  the  educational  and  club  work 
of  the  state.  She  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Social  Science  club 
which  was  organized  at  Leavenworth  in  May,  1881.  and  of  the  Feder- 
ation of  Women's  clubs.  (See  \A^omen's  Clubs.)  Mrs.  Gray  was  a 
woman  of  fine  education  and  pleasing  personality,  and  was  a  writer 
of  more  than  ordinary  abilit-\-.  She  died  at  Kansas  City,  Kan.,  Oct. 
10,  1904. 


784  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Great  American  Desert. — This  was  the  term  used  by  the  people  east 
of  the  Mississippi  river  to  express  their  idea  of  the  country  west  of 
that  river  when  it  was  an  unknown  land.  Carey  and  Lee's  Atlas  of  1827 
located  the  Great  American  Desert  as  an  indefinite  territory  in  what  is 
now  Colorado,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Indian  Territory  and  Texas.  Brad- 
ford's Atlas  of  1838  indicates  the  great  desert  as  extending  from  the 
Arkansas  through  into  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  including  South 
Dakota,  part  of  Nebraska  and  Kansas.  Others  thought  the  desert 
included  an  area  500  miles  wide  lying  directly  east  of  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains and  extending  from  the  northern  boundary  of  the  United  States 
to  the  Rio  Grande  river.  Its  boundaries  changed  from  period  to  period 
for  Mitchell's  Atlas  of  1840,  placed  the  Great  American  Desert  west  of 
the  Rocky  mountains.  The  section  shown  by  the  various  geographies 
grew  smaller  every  year  until  only  sandy  plains  in  Utah  and  Nevada 
bore  the  name  desert. 

The  history  of  the  development  of  this  portion  of  the  continent  be- 
gins with  the  earliest  explorations  in  the  New  World.  The  expeditions 
following  Columbus  were  made  by  Spaniards  from  the  South.  Mexico 
and  Florida  having  been  discovered,  one  Alvar  Nunez  was  sent  from 
Spain  to  explore  Florida.  His  journey  took  him  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Alississippi — here  he  suffered  a  wreck  and  only  fifteen  of  his  men  sur- 
vived— eleven  of  these  were  killed  by  the  Indians.  The  four  remaining 
were  made  prisoners  and  separated.  Nunez,  who  was  also  known  as 
Cabeca  de  Vaca,  was  carried  by  the  Indians  north  into  the  great  plains 
in  sight  of  the  Rocky  mountains.  He  and  his  companions  became 
reunited,  escaped  the  Indians  and  working  their  way  slowly,  found  the 
Spanish  settlement  in  Mexico  in  1836.  In  1838  Hernando  de  Soto  left 
Spain  to  explore  Florida,  .-\bout  the  same  time  Coronado,  inspired 
by  the  tales  of  Cabeca  de  Vaca,  started  north  to  find  seven  golden 
cities.    His  search  for  Quivira  took  him  to  what  is  now  central  Kansas. 

Early  in  the  19th  century  the  United  States  government  sent  out 
exploring  expeditions.  One  of  these  was  under  the  command  of  Lieut. 
Zebulon  Pike,  who  in  1806  went  west  from  St.  Louis  to  hunt  the  source 
of  the  Arkansas  river.  In  description  of  the  country  he  wrote,  "From 
these  immense  prairies  may  arise  one  great  advantage  to  the  United 
States,  viz:  The  restriction  of  our  population  to  some  certain  limits, 
and  thereby  a  continuation  of  the  Union.  Our  citizens  being  so  prone 
to  rambling  and  extending  themselves  on  the  frontier  will  through 
necessity  be  constrained  to  limit  their  extent  to  the  west  to  the  borders 
of  tiie  Missouri  and  Mississippi,  while  they  leave  the  prairies  incapable 
of  cultivation  to  liic  wandering  .•uid  uncivilized  aborigines  of  tin- 
country." 

The  report  of  Long's  expcditinn  in  iSkj  ;ind  1S20  verifu'd  llie  words 
of  Pike.  He  considered  a  great  i)arl  of  the  country  unfit  for  cultivatinn, 
and  luiinhabilablc  by  people  depending  ujion  agriculture  for  their  sub- 
sistence. In  speaking  of  the  whole  section  from  liie  Mississippi  \o  the 
Rocky  mountains  he  says,  "From  the  minute  account  given  in  llic  nar- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  785 

ration  of  the  particnlai'  features  of  this  expedition,  it  will  be  perceived 
to  he  a  manifest  resemblance  to  the  deserts  of  Siberia." 

Washington  Irving,  in  his  Astoria,  published  in  1836  and  founded  on 
a  brief  tour  he  made  on  the  prairies  and  into  Missouri  and  Arkansas, 
said :  "This  region  which  resembles  one  of  the  ancient  steppes  of  Asia 
has  not  inaptly  been  termed  'The  Great  American  Desert.'  It  spreads 
forth  into  undulating  and  treeless  plains  and  desolate  sandy  wastes, 
wearisome  to  the  eye  from  their  extent  and  monotony.  It  is  a  land 
where  no  man  permanently  abides,  for  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year 
there  is  no  food  for  the  hunter  or  his  steed." 

The  reports  of  Pike,  Long  and  Irving  did  much  to  form  public 
opinion  in  regard  to  this  unknown  land.  The  expeditions  of  Pike  and 
Long  were  practically  the  last  exploration  work  done  by  the  govern- 
ment for  several  years.  While  the  government  was  idle,  private  enter- 
prise was  working  its  way  westward.  (See  F"ur  Traders.)  The  move- 
ment of  westward  travel  was  accelerated  in  1849  when  gold  was  dis- 
covered in  California.  Previously  the  overland  travel  had  been  very 
light,  but  in  1849  it  is  roughly  estimated  that  42,000  persons  crossed 
the  plains.  The  trip  was  full  of  every  kind  of  danger.  Caravans  were 
attacked  by  Indians,  storms  and  disease,  but  many  returned  to  settle  in 
some  favored  spot.  The  lands  along  the  streams  were  the  first  to  be 
taken  by  the  settlers.  Gradually  the  country  has  yielded  to  the  influence 
of  law  and  order.  The  most  dismal  spots  are  being  developed  into 
gardens  of  usefulness  and  beauty,  by  the  work  of  irrigation ;  the  gov- 
ernment is  doing  much  for  the  protection  of  forest  and  range;  by  feats 
of  engineering  a  variety  of  rich  mines  have  been  opened ;  railroads  have 
crossed  seemingly  impassable  plains ;  manufactories  of  all  kinds  have 
sprung  up ;  gases  from  underground  have  been  controlled  for  light  and 
fuel;  educational  institutions  have  opened  their  doors  to  millions  of 
children,  and  chiirches  of  all  denominations  have  erected  imposing 
houses  of  worship.  The  free  library,  the  telegraph,  telephone,  rural  mail 
delivery,  and  all  the  complexities  of  modern  times  have  in  reality 
crowded  the  Great  American  Desert  off  the  map  into  the  land  of  fancy 
from  v\-hich  it  came. 

Great  Bend,  the  county  seat  of  Barton  county,  is  one  of  the  thriving 
little  cities  of  central  Kansas.  It  is  located  at  the  historic  big  bend 
of  the  Arkansas  river,  and  is  on  the  main  line  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  a  branch  of  which  diverges  at  this  point  and  runs 
northwest  into  Rush  county.  A  branch  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  extends 
from  Hoisington  to  Great  Bend.  The  town  has  electricity  for  light  and 
power,  waterworks,  fire  department,  sewer  sj'stem,  a  college,  public 
library,  8  churches,  an  opera  house,  3  banks,  grain  elevators,  flour  mills, 
a  creamery,  an  ice  plant,  a  mattress  factory,  a  broom  factory,  3  news- 
papers (the  Tribune  and  Democrat,  both  daily,  and  weekly,  and  the 
Press,  a  weekly).  A  religious  monthly  is  also  published.  There  is  a 
daily  stage  to  Hoisington.  There  are  a  number  of  stores  well  stocked 
with  merchandise,  a  good  court-house  and  school  house.  The  town  is 
(I-So) 


786  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

supplied  with  express  and  telegraph  offices  and  has  an  international 
money  order  postoffice  with  six  rural  routes.  The  population  accord- 
ing to  the  census  of  1910  was  4,622. 

Great  Bend  was  located  in  1871  by  the  Great  Bend  Town  company. 
of  which  C.  R.  S.  Curtis,  M.  F.  Bassett,  J.  L.  Curtis,  J.  T.  Morton, 
James  Israel  and  A.  R.  Mclntyre  were  members.  They  erected  the 
first  building  for  hotel  purposes.  Three  or  four  other  houses  were 
erected  that  year.  In  1872  the  population  grew  very  rapidly.  The  rail- 
road came  through  in  July,  which  encouraged  business  men  to  erect 
bttildings  and  open  stores,  hotels,  and  shops  of  all  kinds.  Great  Bend 
was  made  the  county  seat  about  the  same  time.  Early  in  1873  the 
town  was  incorporated  and  A.  A.  Hurd  was  elected  mayor.  The  court- 
house was  built  in  that  year.  About  this  time  the  cattle  trade  centered 
at  this  point  and  the  tow'n  was  the  headquarters  for  cattle  men  until 
1876  when  through  an  act  of  the  legislature  the  cattle  trade  was  moved 
farther  west.  In  1878  a  disastrous  fire  occurred  which  destroyed  a 
number  of  the  best  business  houses,  the  loss  aggregating  $20,000.  A 
small-pox  epidemic  visited  Great  Bend  in  1882  and  the  city  was  under 
absolute  quarantine  for  a  number  of  weeks.  Fifteen  people  died  of 
the  plague. 

Great  Spirit  Spring. — This  noted  spring  is  situated  about  two  and 
a  half  miles  southwest  of  the  town  of  Cawker  Cit}',  at  Waconda  Sta- 
tion, Mitchell  county.  Its  existence  was  known  to  all  the  plains 
Indians,  and  it  was  held  in  veneration  by  them.  Probably  the  first 
mention  of  it  is  to  be  found  in  the  "History  of  Baptist  Indian  Missions," 
published  by  Rev.  Isaac  McCoy  in  1840.  His  description  is  as  follows: 
"About  100  yards  from  the  bank  of  the  (Solomon)  river,  in  an  extensive 
level  prairie,  is  a  mound  of  stone,  formed  by  a  deep  ravine  which  sur- 
rounds it;  it  is  170  yards  in  circumference  at  its  base,  and  it  rises 
above  the  bottom  of  the  ravine  30  feet,  and  is  level  on  the  top.  with  a 
diameter  of  120  feet.  The  ravine  on  one  side  is  40  yards  wide,  and 
on  the  other  10.  The  summit  of  the  mound  is  about  a  foot  higiier  than 
the  adjacent  plain.  No  stone  of  any  kind  is  seen  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
place,  except  that  which  composes  the  mound,  which  appears  to  be  a 
secondary,  shelly  and  porous  limestone.  The  sides  of  the  moimd  being 
stone,  form  a  striking  contrast  with  the  outer  bank  of  tiie  raxinc,  which 
is  only  earth.  The  salt  water  forms  a  stagnant  pool  in  the  center  of 
the  mound,  55  feet  in  diameter,  and  rising  to  a  perfect  lc\ol  with  the 
summit,  so  that  a  wind  from  any  quarter  causes  the  water  to  run  over 
the  opposite  side  of  the  basin.  .Miout  half  way  up  one  side  issues  salt 
water,  which  runs  off  in  a  small  ri\uKt  into  Solomon  river.  Along 
this  rivulet,  and  generally  on  the  sides  of  the  mound,  salt  is  crystallized 
in  such  quantities  tliat  it  might  be  colleclcd  for  use.  The  pool  on  the 
top.  is  deep.  Solomon  river  is.  liy  the  Kauzaus.  called  Nepaholl.i — 
meaning,  water  on  the  hill — and  derives  its  name  from  this  fountain  ; 
but  the  fountain  itself  is  bj'  Ihcm  called  Ne  Woh'  kon'  daga — that  is. 
'Si)irit    water.'     The   Kauzaus,    l^awnees,   and    1  it  her    tiilies.   in    p.issing 


KANSAS    HISTORY  '/'^J 

l)y  this  spring,  usually  throw  into  it,  as  a  kind  of  conjuring  charm, 
some  small  article  of  value.  The  structure  of  the  mound  may  be 
accounted  for  by  supposing  that  the  source  of  the  water  at  a  distance 
is  higher  than  the  plain  which  immediately  surrounds  the  mound.  The 
quality  of  the  water  has  produced  the  rock  formation,  and  the  resort 
of  buffalo  and  other  animals,  and  the  descent  of  rains,  have  formed  the 
ravine  about  it." 

Many  Indian  legends  attach  to  the  sjjring,  one  being  that  Waconda, 
daughter  of  a  chief,  became  infatuated  with  the  son  of  the  chief  of  an 
opposing  tribe.  These  hostile  tribes  met  at  the  spring  and  the  intimacy 
was  opposed  by  a  conflict  of  arms.  Waconda's  lover,  wounded  and 
weak  from  loss  of  blood,  fell  or  was  thrown  into  the  spring,  whereupon 
his  faithful  sweetheart  plunged  in  after  him,  both  being  drowned.  Ever 
since  the  Indians  have  called  this  the  "Waconda"  or  "Great  Spirit" 
spring.  The  Pottawatomies  never  passed  the  spring  without  stopping 
for  a  "pow  wow,"  dipping  their  arrows  in  the  waters.  The  property 
has  been  the  cause  of  much  litigation  in  recent  years  and  comparatively 
little  has  been  done  in  the  way  of  improvement.  Some  of  the  water 
has  been  bottle  and  shipped,  and  much  taken  away  in  kegs  and  jugs. 

Greek  Church. — The  eastern  Orthodox  church,  known  historically  as 
the  Eastern  church,  the  full  title  of  which  is  Holy  Orthodox,  Catholic, 
Apostolic,  Oriental  church,  and  in  modern  times  called  the  Greek 
Orthodox  church,  but  which  is  popularily  known  as  the  Greek  church, 
are  the  modern  representatives  of  the  Byzantine  Empire.  When  the 
Roman  Empire  became  separated,  a  distinction  grew  up  between  the 
Eastern  and  Western  churches,  which  appeared  both  in  the  ritual  and 
the  doctrine.  This  grew  more  and  more  apparent  until  a  complete 
separation  was  effected  in  1054,  between  the  patriarch  or  bishop  of 
Rome  and  the  four  Eastern  patriarchs.  The  Eastern  church  at  that 
time  included  four  ecclesiastical  divisions — the  patriarchs  of  Constanti- 
nople, Jerusalem,  Antioch  and  Alexandria,  coordinate  in  authority 
although  the  precedence  was  always  given  to  the  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople. 

When  Constantinople  was  captured  by  the  Turks  in  1453  and  the 
Turkish  government  assumed  the  right  to  approve  the  election  of  the 
patriarchs,  a  diversity  of  ecclesiastical  organization  developed.  The 
patriarchs  of  Alexandria,  Jerusalem  and  Antioch  preserved  their 
ecclesiastical  independence,  although  nominally  they  still  accorded  pre- 
cedence to  the  patriarch  of  Constantinople,  ^\'hen  the  Russian  Empire 
developed,  the  Russian  church,  which  had  hitherto  been  subordinate 
to  the  Constantinople  patriarch,  organized  as  a  separate  ecclesiastical 
government.  In  1589  the  Ritssian  Patriarchate  was  established,  and 
in  1721  it  took  form  under  the  authority  of  the  Holy  Governing  Synod, 
with  headquarters  at  St.  Petersburg.  After  Greece  became  independent, 
the  Greek  church  was  established  as  an  independent  organization,  and 
in  1883  the  Holy  synod  of  Greece  was  perfected. 

The  doctrine  of  the  Eastern   Orthodox  churches   is  based  upon   the 


788  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Holy  Scriptures,  the  Holy  traditions  and  the  Xiceo-Constantiuopolitan 
creed  in  its  original  wording,  without  the  work  Filioque,  and  holds  that 
the  Scriptures  should  be  interpreted  strictly  in  accordance  with  the 
teachings  of  the  seven  Ecumenical  Councils  and  the  Hol_y  Fathers. 
These  churches  recognize  Christ  as  the  only  head  of  the  earthly  as  well 
as  the  heavenly  church,  and  do  not  accept  the  dogma  of  the  Pope  as  the 
representative  of  Christ  on  earth.  Their  sacraments  are  baptism, 
anointing,  communion,  penance,  holy  orders,  marriage  and  hol}^  unction. 
The  doctrine  of  transubstantiation  is  accepted.  The  chtuxh  rejects 
the  doctrine  of  purgatory,  but  believes  prayer  beneficial  both  for  the 
living  and  dead.  The  doctrine  of  predestination  is  rejected  and  the 
church  believes  that  for  justification  both  faith  and  works  are  neces- 
sary. The  ministry  consists  of  three  orders :  deacons,  priests  and 
bishops.  Deacons  assist  in  the  work  of  the  parish  and  in  the  service 
of  the  sacraments.  Priests  and  deacons  are  of  two  orders — secidar  and 
monastic.  Marriage  is  allowed  for  candidates  for  the  deaconale  and 
priesthood,  but  is  forbidden  after  ordination.  As  a  rule  the  episcopate 
is  confined  to  members  of  the  monastic  order.  The  parishes  are  usually 
in  care  of  the  secular  priests. 

In  the  United  States  the  Eastern  Orthodox  churches  have  411  organi- 
zations. In  Kansas  these  churches  are  represented  by  the  Greek 
Orthodox  and  the  Servian  Orthodox  churches,  which  were  not  estab- 
lished tintil  in  the  'gos.  In  1910  these  churches  have  two  organizations, 
one  each  with  a  total  membership  of  750.  This  late  establishment  of 
the  Eastern  Orthodox  churches  in  Kansas  is  largely  due  to  the  fact 
that  the  state  has  never  had  a  large  population  of  people  from  the 
countries  where  this  religion  is  established. 

Greeley,  an  incorporated  city  of  Anderson  county,  is  located  on  the 
Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  and  the  Pottawatomie  river  10  miles  northeast 
of  Garnclt,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  2  hotels,  4  churches,  natural 
gas  for  lighting  and  heating,  a  flour  mill,  a  number  of  well-stocked 
retail  stores,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  and  a  money  order  post- 
office  with  two  rural  routes.  The  population  in  1910  was  492.  Greeley 
is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  of  Anderson  county,  having  been  settled  in 
1854.  The  site  was  surveyed  in  1857,  a  town  company  was  formed 
in  November  of  that  year  and  a  number  of  buildings  were  erected.  The 
first  store  was  opened  in  the  spring  of  1858,  by  B.  F.  Smith,  and  about 
the  same  time  a  postoffice  was  established,  which  was  named  after 
Horace  Greeley.  The  postofiice  and  whole  town  was  moved  to  Mount 
Gilead  in  1858,  but  was  later  moved  back  to  its  original  site.  There 
was  not  much  growth  until  after  the  war.  The  town  was  incorporated 
as  a  city  of  the  third  class  in  1881,  and  the  first  officers  were:  Mayor, 
Clark  Decker;  police  judge,  W.  D.  Smith;  councilman,  J.  E.  Calvert, 
J.  K.  Gardner,  A.  D.  McFadden,  A.  Kincaid  and  A.  J.  Frank. 

Greeley  County,  one  of  the  western  tier,  is  located  midw;iy  belwecn 
Oklahoma  and  Nebraska.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Wallace 
coimty.  (Ill  the  cast  by  Wichita,  on  the  snulh  by  nainilt<in,  and  on  ihe 


KANSAS    HISTORY  789 

west  by  the  State  of  Colorado.  It  is  crossed  by  the  5th  guide  meridian 
west.  Greeley  was  the  last  county  in  the  state  to  be  organized.  In 
1879  it  was  created  and  the  boundaries  fixed  as  follows:  "Commencing 
at  the  intersection  of  the  east  line  of  range  39  west,  with  the  3d  standard 
parallel ;  thence  south  along  said  range  line  to  where  it  intersects  the 
4th  standard  parallel ;  thence  west  along  said  4th  standard  parallel  to 
the  west  boundary  line  of  the  State  of  Kansas ;  thence  north  along  said 
\vest  boundary  line  of  the  state  to  where  it  is  intersected  by  the  3d 
standard  parallel ;  thence  east  to  the  place  of  beginning." 

In  1887  C.  O.  McDowell  was  appointed  census  taker,  and  his  report 
in  June  of  that  year  showed  that  there  were  2,638  inhabitants,  of  whom 
.(.75  were  householders,  and  $251,169  worth  of  taxable  property.  An 
injunction  suit  was  filed  to  prevent  the  organization  of  the  county  on 
the  charges  of  bribery  and  fraud  in  the  census.  The  injunction  was 
not  granted  and  the  proclamation  of  organization  was  made  by  Gov. 
Martin  in  July,  1888.  Tribune  was  named  as  the  temporary  county  seat. 
The  other  candidate  was  Horace,  about  2  miles  west.  The  following 
ofificers  were  appointed :  County  clerk,  James  W.  Brown ;  sherifif,  Allen 
E.  Webb ;  commissioners,  A.  J.  Rymph,  A.  K.  Webb  and  R.  O.  Thomp- 
son. The  election  to  decide  the  location  of  the  county  seat  was  held 
in  November  and  resulted  in  favor  of  Tribune. 

The  settlers  were  very  few  up  to  about  1885.  Almost  every  one  who 
came  in  at  this  time  started  a  town,  and  at  one  time  there  were  as  many 
alleged  towns  as  there  were  claim  houses.  Horace  was  established  in 
June,  1886,  and  at  the  time  of  the  county  seat  fight  it  had  300  inhabi- 
tants, a  bank  and  a  newspaper.  Tribune  had  200  inhabitants  and  a 
newspaper,  which  was  established  in  1886.  Colo  was  a  little  town  large 
enough  to  have  a  newspaper.  Reid  was  established  in  Sept.,  1887,  and 
inside  of  three  months  had  2  stores,  one  hotel,  2  restaurants  and  a 
newspaper.  The  Missouri  Pacific  railroad  was  built  in  the  early  days 
of  the  settlement  of  the  county  and  a  depot  was  erected  at  Tribune  in 
1887.     It  crosses  almost  directly  east  and  west  through  the  center. 

Greeley  county  is  divided  into  three  townships — Colony,  Harrison 
and  Tribune.  The  surface  is  prairie  and  the  elevation  is  from  3,000  to 
4,000  feet.  The  principal  stream  is  White  Woman  creek.  The  streams 
have  no  water  in  them  the  greater  part  of  the  year,  but  that  there  are 
under  currents  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  water  is  found  at  the  depth 
of  a  few  feet.  The  postoffices  are :  Tribune,  Horace,  Hurt,  Sidney, 
Thelma  and  Youngville. 

The  farm  products  in  1910  Avere  worth  $137,346,  of  which  the  field 
crops  amounted  to  over  $97,000.  The  most  valuable  crop  is  sorghum, 
which  is  raised  for  forage  and  grain.  Broom-corn,  Kafir  corn,  barley 
and  corn  are  other  important  crops.     Live  stock  raising  is  profitable. 

The  population  in  1910  was  1,335,  which  was  an  increase  of  842  over 
that  of  1900,  or  nearly  200  per  cent.  The  school  population  is  about 
332,  and  there  are  13  organized  school  districts.  The  value  of  the 
taxable   property   in    1910  was   $3,531,197.     The    average    wealth     pei 


793  •  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

capita  is  $2,720,  which  is  several  hundred  dollars  over  the  average  for 
the  state. 

Green,  one  of  the  prosperous  towns  of  Clay  county,  is  located  in 
Highland  township  and  is  a  station  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  10  miles 
northeast  of  Clay  Center,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money 
order  postoffice  with  three  rural  routes,  express  and  telegraph  offices, 
telephone  connections,  a  graded  public  school,  several  churches,  hotels, 
some  good  mercantile  establishments,  etc.  Green  was  incorporated  in 
1908  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  289. 

Green,  James  W.,  lawyer,  dean  of  the  law  school  in  the  University 
of  Kansas,  was  born  at  Cambridge,  Washington  county,   N.  Y.,  April 

4,  1842,  a  son  of  Robert  and  Margaret  (Woods)  Green.  He  received 
an  academic  education,  studied  law,  and  in  1869  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  The  next  year  he  began  practice  at  Olathe,  Kan. ;  was  county 
attorney  of  Johnson  county  from  1875  to  1877;  of  Douglas  county  from 
1878  to  1880,  and  on  Nov.  i,  1878,  he  was  made  dean  of  the  law  school, 
which  position  he  still  holds.     On  Dec.  7,  1875,  he  married  Miss  May 

5.  Banks  of  Lawrence,  Kan.  He  was  nominated  by  the  Democratic 
state  convention  in  18S4  for  justice  of  the  state  supreme  court,  but  was 
defeated  with  the  rest  of  the  ticket.  In  1886  the  degree  of  A.  B.  was 
conferred  upon  him  by  Williams  College.  In  1896-97  he  was  a  member 
of  the  general  council  of  the  American  Bar  Association,  and  in  1904 
was  a  delegate  to  the  congress  of  lawyers  and  jurists  held  in  St.  Louis 
while  the   Louisiana  Purchase  exposition  was  in  progress. 

Green,  Nehemiah,  fourth  governor  of  the  State  of  Kansas,  was  born 
at  Grassy  Point,  Hardin  county,  Ohio,  March  8,  1837.  In  March,  1855, 
when  only  eighteen  years  of  age,  he  came  to  Kansas  with  his  two 
brothers,  Lewis  F.  and  George  S.,  both  of  whom  afterward  served  in 
the  Kansas  legislature.  They  located  in  the  town  of  Palmyra  (now 
Baldwin),  Douglas  county,  but  the  following  year  Nehemiah  rctinned 
to  Ohio  and  entered  the  Ohio  Wesleyan  Universitj'  at  Delaware,  where 
he  completed  his  education.  In  i860  he  was  made  pastor  of  a  Methodist 
church  and  served  in  that  capacity  until  in  1862,  when  he  enli.sted  as  a 
lieutenant  in  Company  B,  Eighty-ninth  Ohio  infantry,  but  before  the 
expiration  of  his  term  of  enlistment  failing  health  forced  him  to  resign 
his  commission.  On  May  2,  1864.  he  reentered  the  service  as  a  private 
in  Company  G,  One  Hundred  and  Fifty-third  Ohio  infantry,  but  a  few 
days  later  he  was  appointed  sergeant-major  and  was  mustered  out  wiiii 
that  rank  with  his  regiment  on  .Sept.  9,  1864..  lie  then  returned  to 
Kansas  and  became  pastor  of  a  chiuxh  at  Manhattan.  lie  also  pur- 
chased a  fine  farm  of  320  acres  on  Mill  creek  and  devoted  much  of  his 
time  to  raising  fine  cattle  for  the  mavket,  in  which  he  was  quite  suc- 
cessful. In  Nov.,  1866,  he  was  nominated  by  the  Re])ul)lican  state  con- 
vention for  the  office  of  lieutenant-governor,  and  .it  the  election  the 
following  November  was  elected.  Upon  the  resignation  of  Gov.  Samuel 
J.  Crawford  on  Nov.  4,  1868,  Mr.  Green  succeeded  to  the  office  of  gov- 
ernor and  served  for  the  remainder  of  the  term. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  791 

Gov.  Green  was  twice  married.  Tn  i860  he  married  Miss  Ida  I.ef- 
fingwell  of  Williamsburg,  Ohio,  who  died  in  1870,  and  in  1873  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Mary  Sturdevant  of  Rushville,  N.  Y.  Upon  the  expiration 
of  his  term  as  governor  in  1869  he  returned  to  the  ministry,  and  in 
1870-71  he  was  presiding  elder  of  the  Manhattan  district.  The  illness 
and  death  of  his  first  wife  then  caused  him  to  give  up  the  pulpit  for  a 
time.  Consequently  he  retired  to  his  farm  until  1873,  when  lie  again 
took  up  the  work  and  for  about  two  years  was  stationed  at  Holton. 
In  1875  he  had  charge  of  a  church  at  Waterville.  In  1880  he  yielded 
to  the  solicitations  of  his  friends  and  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature. 
This  was  his  last  public  service.  Gov.  Green  died  at  Manhattan  on 
Jan.  12,  1890. 

Green's  Administration. — The  history  of  Gov.  Green's  administration 
must  necessarily  be  short,  as  his  service  as  governor  lasted  only  from 
Nov.  4,  1868,  to  Jan.  12,  1865,  a  period  of  two  months  and  one  week. 
In  that  time  nothing  occurred  to  call  for  the  exercise  of  any  unusual 
executive  ability  on  the  part  of  the  chief  magistrate.  On  Nov.  30  the 
state  officials  filed  reports  shovi'ing  the  expenditures  for  the  year  ending 
on  that  date  to  be  $457,169.09,  including  $182,769.04  as  the  proceeds 
resulting  from  the  sale  of  $200,000  capitol  and  penitentiary  bonds. 

On  the  same  date  the  trustees  of  the  blind  and  deaf  and  dumb 
asylums  made  their  annual  reports,  showing  the  institutions  to  be  in 
good  condition.  This  was  the  first  annual  report  from  the  trustees  of 
the  blind  asylum.  The  trustees  of  the  insane  asylum  at  Osawatomie 
made  their  report  on  Dec.  15,  and  announced  that  the  asylum  was 
occupying  the  new  building. 

Probably  the  most  important  e\"ent  during  the  incumbency  of  Gov. 
Green,  was  the  surrender  of  the  hostile  Indians  to  Gen.  Phil.  H.  Sher- 
idan on  Dec.  24.  This  virtually  ended  the  depredations  of  the  savages 
on  the  frontier  settlements.  Hazelrigg  says :  "From  that  time,  their 
removal  from  the  state  to  the  Indian  Territory  was  rapid."  (See  In- 
dians.) 

Josiah  B.  McAfee,  adjustant-general,  reported  on  Dec.  30  that  from 
80  to  100  persons  had  been  killed  by  Indians  within  the  limits  of  the 
state  during  the  preceding  year.  His  report  also  showed  the  claims  of 
Kansas  against  the  LInited  States  amounted  to  $814,990.22. 

With  the  inauguration  of  Gov.  James  M.  Harvey  on  Jan.  12,  1869. 
the  administration  of  Gov.  Green  came  to  an  end. 

Greenbush,  a  hamlet  of  Crawford  county,  is  located  in  the  vallej-  of 
Lightning  creek,  about  5  miles  west  of  Girard,  the  county  seat,  from 
which  place  mail  is  received  by  rural  delivery. 

Greene,  Roy  Farrell,  poet  and  humorist,  was  born  at  Three  Rivers, 
Mich.,  in  1873.  He  came  to  Kansas  as  a  child,  his  parents  locating 
near  Hackney,  a  little  village  about  6  miles  north  of  Arkansas  City. 
After  graduating  in  the  Arkansas  Cit}^  high  school,  he  took  up  news- 
paper work,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  "on  Jan.  30,  1909,  he  was  city 
editor  of  a  daily  paper  at  Arkansas  City.     In  1909  he  published  a  book 


792  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

of  poems,  entitled  "Cupid  is  King,"  and  he  wrote  many  interesting 
stories  for  newspapers  and  magazines.  His  friends  called  him  the 
"Poet  Lariat"  and  the  "'Prairie  Poet." 

Greenleaf,  an  incorporated  city  of  Washington  cotmty,  is  a  station 
on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  7  miles  southeast  of  Washington,  the 
county  seat.  It  is  also  the  terminus  of  a  branch  of  the  same  system 
that  runs  to  \\'ashington.  Greenleaf  was  incorporated  in  1880  and  in 
1910  had  a  population  of  781.  It  has  an  international  money  order  post- 
office  with  four  rural  routes,  2  banks,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Sen- 
tinel), hotels,  a  cigar  factory,  Catholic,  Lutheran  and  Methodist  churches, 
telegraph  and  express  offices,  telephone  connections,  a  number  of  well 
stocked  stores,  and  is  a  shipping  point  of  considerable  importance. 

Greensburg,  the  county  seat  and  principal  city  of  Kiowa  county,  is 
located  about  4  miles  north  of  the  center  of  the  county  on  the  Chicago, 
Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  It  was  settled  in  1885,  the  year  before 
the  county  was  organized.  The  first  number  of  the  Greensburg  Repub- 
lican was  issued  on  March  22,  1887,  b}'  Hollis  &  Welles,  and  in  an 
editorial  the  publishers  said :  "A  little  more  than  two  years  old,  yet  we 
are  a  substantial,  thriving  and  bustling  city,  with  a  population  of  2,000 
earnest,  energetic,  educated  people,"  etc.  Greensburg  was  then  28  miles 
from  the  nearest  railroad.  The  day  before  that  issue  of  the  Republican 
was  published  the  people  of  Center  township  voted  bonds  to  the  amount 
of  $20,000  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  the  Kansas  Southwestern,  and 
the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  line  was  then  under  construction. 
By  Jtily  I,  1886,  the  city  had  two  banks  in  operation,  but  for  various 
reasons  the  city  did  not  meet  the  expectations  of  some  of  the  pioneer 
settlers,  and  many  of  them  moved  elsewhere.  By  1900  the  population 
had  dwindled  to  343. 

Then  began  an  era  of  steady,  substantial  improvement,  and  in  1910 
the  population  had  reached  1,199,  ^^  increase  of  more  than  250  per 
cent,  in  ten  years.  Greensburg  has  2  banks,  2  weekly  newspapers  (the 
Republican  and  the  Signal),  an  opera  house,  good  hotels.  Baptist,  Chris- 
tian and  Methodist  churches,  graded  public  schools,  e.xpress  and  tele- 
graph offices,  a  number  of  well  stocked  mercantile  establishments,  and 
an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  2  rural  routes.  Large 
quantities  of  grain  and  live  stock  are  annually  shipped  from  Greens- 
burg, which  is  one  of  the  progressive  little  cities  of  southwestern 
Kansas. 

Greenwich,  a  village  of  Payne  township,  Sedgwick  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  10  miles  northeast  of  Wichita,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  monjy  order' postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  an  express 
office,  general  stores,  a  feed  mill,  etc.,  and  is  a  shipping  point  of  some 
importance.     The  population  in  1910  was  72. 

Greenwood  County,  one  of  the  original  33  counties  erected  by  the 
first  territorial  legislature,  is  located  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the 
slate,  the  fourtii  county  west  from  the  Missouri  line,  and  in  the  third 
tier  iioitl)   frnm  niclnh'iiiin.     It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Chase  and 


KANSAS    HISTORY  793 

Lyon  counties,  on  the  east  by  Coffey,  Woodson  and  Wilson,  on  the 
south  by  Elk,  and  on  the  west  by  Butler  and  Chase. 

As  first  laid  out  Greenwood  county  comprised  a  square  area  about 
equal  to  the  adjoining  counties,  but  later  Madison  county  was  disposed 
of,  half  of  it  being  given  to  Lyon  county  and  the  other  half  to  Green- 
wood, which   made  it  irregular  in  shape. 

The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1856,  by  people  from  the  south  who 
entertained  pro-slavery  views.  All  but  one  of  them  left  at  the  breaking- 
out  of  the  war.  The  next  spring  a  number  of  settlers  came  to  Madison 
and  Lane  townships.  Among  them  were  D.  Vinning,  Austin  and  Fred 
Norton,  Anderson  Hill,  Wesley  Pearson,  Mark  Patty,  Myrock  Huntley, 
E.  R.  Holderman,  William  Martindale,  E.  G.  Duke,  James  and  W.  F. 
Osborn,  Issac  Sharp  and  David  Smith.  In  July  of  the  same  year  the 
following  persons  settled  in  the  same  neighborhood :  Josiah  Kinnaman, 
Archibald  Johnson,  Peter  Ricker,  Adam-  Glaze,  John  Baker,  Wayne 
Summer  and  William  Kinnaman.  In  the  next  two  or  three  years  the 
growth  of  the  county  in  population  was  rapid,  but  most  of  the  settlers 
being  poor  people,  who  had  come  to  the  new  country  to  better  their 
condition,  money  was  an  unknown  quantity,  and  just  as  they  began 
to  realize  a  little  income  from  their  holdings  the  drouth  of  i860  reduced 
them  to  the  condition  of  starvation.  Supplies  could  only  be  obtained 
in  Atchison  and  had  to  be  brought  160  miles  by  teams.  Storms  and 
exceedingly  cold  weather,  together  with  the  enfeebled  condition  of  the 
teams  from  scanty  rations,  made  it  well  nigh  impossible  to  get  food 
on  which  to  subsist.  Most  of  the  stock  died  and  the  next  spring  found 
the  settlers  without  animals  with  which  to  put  in  their  crops.  How- 
ever, those  who  were  able  to  overcome  this  difficulty  raised  a  good 
crop  in  1861. 

The  various  accounts  of  the  organization  of  the  county  as  well  as 
the  addition  of  a  half  of  Madison  county  do  not  agree  as  to  dates. 
However,  there  is  an  act  on  the  statute  books  of  i860,  whereby  the 
county  of  Greenwood  was  organized.  Eureka  made'  the  temporary 
county  seat,  and  the  following  men  were  appointed  commissioners : 
James  Ashmore,  A.  Clark  and  H.  B.  Slough.  The  act  further  provided 
that  the  commissioners  should  divide  the  county  into  townships,  not 
to  exceed  three,  and  establish  election  precincts,  and  that  an  election 
for  county  officers  should  take  place  on  April  4,  i86d.  For  some  reason 
these  instructions  of  the  legislature  were  not  carried  out  for  the  next 
legislature  (1862)  passed  an  act  organizing  Greenwood  county,  stating 
in  the  preamble  that,  as  Madison  county  had  been  divided  and  half  of 
it  given  to  Greenwood  county,  and  as  the  citizens  of  that  territory  given 
to  Greenwood  county  had  now  no  government  it  was  thought  expedient 
to  organize  Greenwood  county.  The  division  of  Madison  county  then 
must  have  taken  place  prior  to  1862  instead  of  in  1867,  as  given  by  some 
historians.  The  act  of  1862  appointed  as  commissioners,  R.  H.  Gas- 
soway.  Franklin  Osborn  and  M.  E.  Stratton,  and  directed  them  to  meet 
at  Janesville  which  was  to  be  the  temporary  county  seat.     The  com- 


794  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

missioners  were  instructed  to  divide  the  county  into  townships  and  to 
establish  election  precincts  ten  days  before  March  4,  1862,  at  which 
time  an  election  should  be  held  to  choose  county  officers.  The  act 
further  provided  that  the  first  regular  election  of  a  full  corps  of  county 
officers  should  take  place  at  the  regular  election  in  Nov.,  1862,  before 
which  time  the  cotmt}'  was  to  be  districted  and  a  commissioner  elected 
from  each  district. 

The  commissioners  met  on  March  14  and  divided  the  county  into  the 
following  townships :  Lane,  Pleasant  Grove.  Janesville  and  Eureka. 
The  election  was  held  on  March  24,  but  it  does  not  appear  for  what 
purpose,  the  commissioners  having  already  appointed  the  count}' 
officers  as  they  had  been  instructed  to  do  by  the  act.  These  officers  as 
appointed  were:  Probate  judge,  I.  M.  Todd;  countj^  clerk,  W.  M.  Hill; 
register  of  deeds,  E.  Tucker ;  sherifi",  James  Steel ;  county  treasurer. 
William  Martindale.  C.  Cameron  became  register  of  deeds  in  place  of 
Tucker,  who  declined,  and  D.  Nichols  was  made  sheriff  instead  of  Steel. 

The  county  was  bonded  in  1871  for  $30,000  to  build  a  court-house,  and 
$20,000  more  was  added  before  the  edifice  was  finished. 

Greenwood  county  suftered  considerably  during  the  war  period.  It 
was  the  scene  of  violence  from  all  quarters.  It  suffered  especially 
because  its  people  were  divided  on  the  slavery  question  and  wrought 
personal  and  property  damage  against  each  other.  It  was  exposed  to 
the  attacks  of  hostile  Indians  and  both  the  Southern  and  Union  guer- 
rillas. Its  villages  were  sacked  and  burned  on  a  number  of  occasions. 
In  1861  a  rough  fort  was  built  at  Eureka  and  named  in  honor  of  Col. 
James  Montgomery  of  the  Tenth  Infantry.  It  was  erected  by  the 
home-guard  under  Capt.  Benis  and  was  occupied  by  them  during  the 
entire  term  of  the  war. 

There  was  a  strip  of  territory  about  10  miles  in  width  along  the 
southern  part  of  the  county  that  had  belonged  to  the  Osage  Indians 
and  was  not  opened  to  settlement  imlil  1870.  This  interfered  with  the 
earl}'  development  of  the  southern  portion  of  the  county. 

The  end  of  the  war  did  not  altogether  end  outlawry  as  is  evidenced 
by  the  assassination  of  William  and  Jacob  Bledsoe,  who  had  been 
arrested  on  charge  of  horse  stealing  in  1865.  They  were  arrested 
merely  on  pretext  and  it  is  thought  they  were  murdered  by  their  guard. 
A  man  by  the  name  of  Robert  Clark  was  also  brutally  murdered  in  his 
cabin  on  the  Verdigris  in  the  presence  of  his  wife  and  children  in  1866, 
by  an  outlaw  named  ^Vash  Petty.  In  1874  O.  C.  Crookham  was  shot 
while  gathering  corn  in  his  field,  by  .Alexander  Ilarman,  who  was 
rendered  insane  by  the  settlement  of  a  business  matter  between  liie 
two  relating  to  a  nmrtgagc  held  by  Crnokham  on  the  properl}-  of 
Harman. 

Railroad  negolialinns  began  as  earl}-  as  1870.  and  a  number  of  liond 
elections  were  held  during  the  '70s  on  propositions  submitted  by  various 
roads.  The  bonds  carried  in  almost  every  instance  bnl  the  roads  were 
not  l)uilt.     The  first  road  to  comply  willt  its  contract   was  llu-  line  of 


KANSAS    HISTORY  795 

the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  I'"e  (at  that  time  the  Kansas  City,  Em- 
]X)ria  and  Southern),  which  enters  the  county  about  midway  on  the 
north  line  and  runs  directly  south  through  Eureka  and  Severy  into  Elk 
county.  This  was  in  1879.  The  next  was  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Fran- 
cisco, which  was  built  in  1880.  The  third  was  what  is  now  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific,  running  directly  across  the  central  part  of  the  county 
from  east  to  west.  This  road  reached  Eureka  in  June,  1882.  There  are 
two  other  lines  in  the  county,  a  line  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe  running  along  the  east  side  of  the  county  from  Madison  Junction 
to  Toronto  in  Woodson  county,  and  a  line  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  run- 
ning from  Madison  east  into  Coffey  county. 

At  present  there  are  15  townships  in  the  county,  11  having  been 
added  since  the  organization  of  the  county.  They  are  Bachelor,  Eureka, 
Fall  River,  Janesville,  Lane,  Madison,  Otter  Creek,  Pleasant  Grove, 
Quincy,  Salem,  Salt  Springs,  Shell  Rock,  South  Salem,  Spring  Creek 
and  Twin  Groves.  The  towns  and  mail  stations  are.  Eureka,  Barry, 
Carrol,  Fall  River,  Climax,  Fame,  Flint  Ridge,  Hamilton,  Hilltop, 
Ivanpah,  Lamont,  Lapland,  Madison,  Neal,  Provo,  Piedmont,  Quincy, 
Reece,  Ruweda,  Severy,  Star,  Thrall,  Tonovay,  Utopia  and  Virgil. 

The  surface  of  the  county,  except  for  the  bluffs  along  the  streams, 
is  undulating  prairie.  The  bottom  lands  average  one-half  to  one  mile 
in  width  and  comprise  10  per  cent,  of  the  total  area.  The  timber  belts 
which  follow  the  streams  are  from  40  to  80  rods  in  width  and  contain 
hickory,  burr-oak,  Spanish  oak,  walnut,  maple,  elm,  box-elder,  mul- 
berrjr,  black  ash  and  locust.  Of  the  geologic  deposits,  blue  limestone 
is  abundant  in  the  north,  sandstone  in  the  south,  magnesian  limestone 
in  the  west,  and  potter's  clay  in  the  southwest.  Mineral  paint  has  been 
found  in  the  central  and  southwestern  portions  of  the  county  and  there 
is  a  vein  of  cement  several  feet  in  thickness  in  the  central  west.  There 
is  a  salt  spring  in  the  southeast. 

Fall  river,  flowing  through  the  county  in  a  southeasterly  direction, 
is  the  principal  stream.  The  Verdigris,  Willow  and  Homer,  all  in  the 
northeast,  join  just  beyond  the  county  line.  Spring  and  Otter  creeks 
are  the  two  largest  tributai"ies  of  Fall  river. 

Of  the  739,000  acres  of  land  in  Greenwood  county,  525,000  have  been 
brought  under  cultivation.  The  total  yearly  income  from  farm  crops 
exceeds  five  million  dollars.  The  value  of  the  corn  crop  in  1910  was 
nearly  three-foin-ths  of  a  million,  grass  and  hay  crops  over  half  a  mil- 
lion, and  live  stock  nearly  three  millions.  Kafir  corn,  wheat,  oats,  Irish 
potatoes  and  poultry  are  other  important  products.  The  assessed  valu- 
ation of  property  for  1910  was  nearly  $34,000,000.  The  population  was 
16,060,  making  an  average  wealth  of  more  than  $2,000  per  capita. 

Grenola,  an  incorporated  city  'of  Elk  county,  is  located  on  the  Caney 
river  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  in  Greenfield  town- 
ship, about  14  miles  southwest  of  Howard,  the  county  seat.  It  has 
banking  facilities,  a  weekly  newspaper,  hotels,  an  opera  house,  good 
public  schools  and  churches ;  is  a  shipping  point  for  stock  and  agricul- 


796  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

tural  products;  is  supplied  with  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  an 
international  money  order  postoffice  with  three  rural  routes.  The 
population  in  1910  was  532. 

Grenola  was  the  result  of  the  consolidation  of  two  rival  ■  towns, 
Canola  and  Greenfield,  which  lay  about  3  miles  apart.  When  the  rail- 
road came  through  in  1879  ^""^  passed  half  way  between  them,  a  new 
town  w-as  laid  out  to  which  both  towns  were  moved.  The  Grenola 
postoffice  was  established  in  that  year.  Business  houses  and  residences 
were  put  up  in  rapid  succession,  and  the  town  soon  had  a  population 
of  7C0.  Due  to  the  construction  work  on  the  railroad,  things  were 
prosperous  but  the  town  was  not  as  orderly  as  it  might  have  been. 
There  were  several  well  patronized  saloons,  and  quarrels  and  shooting 
scrapes  w'ere  frequent.  This  condition  subsided  with  the  removal  of 
the  construction  hands  to  another  division  of  the  road.     1 

The  first  school  was  taught  in  1879  by  John  D.  Simpson.  The  first 
newspaper,  the  Grenola  Argus,  was  launched  on  its  career  in  December 
of  that  year  by  John  D.  Stinson.  The  first  religious  services  were  held 
in  the  residences  of  the  people,  and  in  the  school  houses  in  the  vicinity, 
by  Rev.  Mr.  Vickers.  He  founded  the  first  church  in  Grenola,  which 
was  of  the  Methodist  faith.  The  first  child  born  on  the  townsite  was 
named  Grenola  Lee.     She  was  given  one  of  the  best  town  lots. 

Grenola  became  a  city  of  the  third  class  in  the  fall  of  iSSo,  such 
action  being  hastened  by  the  difYerences  arising  between  the  temperance 
and  saloon  elements.  The  first  officers  were :  Mayor,  J.  C.  W.  Crider ; 
treasurer,  J.  L.  Barnes;  clerk,  M.  \\'.  Williams;  police  judge,  C.  A. 
Kelso;  marshal,  W.  Hatchett;  councilmen,  William  Dory,  J.  X.  Aubu- 
shon,  J.  A.  \\^eston,  L.  H.  Smith  and  A.  S.  Browden. 

Gretna,  a  village  of  Arcade  township,  Phillips  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Cliitago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  6  miles  east  of  Phillips- 
burg,  the  county  seat.  It  is  a  thriving  little  place  with  a  grain  elevator, 
general  stores,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  a  mone)'  order  jiost- 
office  with  one  rural  route.    The  population  in  1910  was  75. 

Gridley,  one  of  the  important  little  towns  of  Coffey  county,  is  located 
at  the  junction  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  & 
.Santa  Fe  railroads  in  Liberty  township,  about  11  miles  southwest  of 
Burlington,  the  county  seat.  It  has  banking  facilities,  telegraph  and 
express  offices,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  three  rural  routes,  and 
a  good  retail  trade.  The  population  according  to  the  1910  census 
report   was  230. 

Griffin,  an  inland  hamlet  on  Owl  creek,  on  the  eastern  lini'  df  ^\'ood- 
son  county,  is  about  12  miles  east  of  Yates  Center,  the  county  seal.  It 
receives  its  mail  from  Humboldt,  Allen  county,  which  is  the  nearest 
railroad  station  and  shipping  point. 

Grigsby,  a  village  of  Scott  county,  is  located  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  county,  in  Keystone  township,  and  is  a  station  on  the  Great  Bend 
&  Scott  City  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  10 
miles  east  of  Scott,  the  county  seat.     The  railroad   name  is   Grigston. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  797 

J I  has  a  grain  elevator,  general  stores,  a  hotel,  an  express  office,  tele- 
phone connections,  and  a  money  order  postoffice.  The  population  in 
1910  was  75. 

Grinnell,  a  little  town  in  Gove  county,  is  located  in  the  township  of 
the  same  name,  and  is  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.,  13  miles  northwest 
of  Gove,  the  county  seat.  It  has  2  elevators,  a  newspaper  (the  Gove 
County  Record),  a  number  of  mercantile  establishments,  a  bank,  tele- 
graph and  express  offices  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural 
route.  The  population  in  1910  was  350.  The  first  newspaper  in  Grinnell 
was  the  Golden  Belt,  established  in  1885. 

Gross,  a  post-village  of  Crawford  county,  is  a  station  on  the  St.  Louis 
&  San  Francisco  R.  R.  20  miles  south  of  Fort  Scott  and  16  miles  north- 
east of  Girard,  the  county  seat.  It  has  telephone  connections  with  the 
surrounding  towns,  an  express  office,  and  is  a  trading  center  for  the 
neighborhood. 

Groveland,  a  hamlet  of  McPherson  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Chicago, 
Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.,  6  miles  southwest  of  McPherson,  the 
county  seat.  It  has  telegraphic  communications,  express  office  and  post- 
office.     The  population  according  to  the  census  of  1910  was  20. 

Grover,  a  hamlet  in  the  extreme  northwestern  part  of  Douglas  county, 
is  located  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  15  miles  north- 
west of  Lawrence.     It  has  rural  free  delivery  from  Lecompton. 

Guelph,  a  discontinued  postoffice  in  Sumner  county,  is  located  in  the 
southeastern  corner,  18  miles  southeast  of  Wellington,  the  county  seat, 
and  3  miles  from  Ashton,  on  the  Kansas  Southwestern,  which  is  the 
nearest  railroad  station  and  shipping  point.  It  gets  its  mail  by  rural 
delivery  from  Ashton. 

Guerrillas. — The  word  guerrilla  comes  from  the  Spanish  "guerra," 
which  means  war,  and  a  guerrilla  is  one  who  indulges  in  a  little  war  or 
an  irregular  warfare.  During  the  early  years  of  the  Civil  war  the 
border  line  between  the  Northern  and  the  Confederate  states  was 
infested  by  guerrillas.  In  a  few  instances  these  irregular  soldiers 
favored  the  L'nion  cause,  but  in  a  large  majority  of  cases  they  were 
secessionists,  and  sometimes  they  cared  more  for  plunder  than  they  did 
for  principle.  William  C.  Quantrill  (q.  v.)  was  the  great  guerrilla 
leader  in  western  Missouri  and  Kansas,  all  the  others  in  that  section 
of  the  country  acting  under  him  or  in  conjunction  with  him.  Among 
the  most  notorious  guerrillas  of  the  western  border  were  Upton  Hays, 
John  Thrailkill,  Coon  Thornton,  Bill  Anderson,  Archibald  Clements, 
Jesse  and  Frank  James,  Cole  Younger  and  his  brother.  Bill  Todd,  Si 
Porter,  William  C.  Haller,  George  Todd,  William  H.  Gregg,  Cy  Gor- 
don, John  Jarrette,  Dave  Poole,  Lee  McMurtry,  George  Shepherd, 
George  and  Dick  Mattox,  Dick  Yeager  (or  Yager),  Peyton  Long  and 
Fletcher  Taylor. 

Several  of  these  men  were  only  privates,  but  by  their  daring  and 
blood-thirsty  deed  they  won  a  notoriety  that  has  carried  their  names 
into  history,  even  though   in  a  way  that  is    unworthy    of    emulation. 


798  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Frank  James  was  never  a  leader  among  the  guerrillas.  He  and  the 
Youngers  were  at  Lawrence  in  Aug.,  1863.  Jesse  James  had  not  yet 
joined  Ouantrill.  After  the  war  the  James  boys  and  the  Youngers 
became  noted  outlaws. 

Upton  Hays  went  with  Ouantrill  to  Utah  in  1858.  He  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  "Partisan  Rangers"  in  western  Missouri  until  succeeded 
by  Ouantrill  in  1862.  He  then  left  that  part  of  the  country  for  a  time, 
but  later  in  the  year  returned  to  Jackson  county,  Mo.,  to  raise  a  regi- 
ment for  the  Confederate  service.  Quantrill  made  a  raid  to  attract 
attention  while  Hays  was  recruiting.  Haj'S  joined  Col.  John  T.  Hughes 
for  an  attack  on  Independence  in  August,  and  in  the  action  was  wounded 
in  the  foot.  He  succeeded,  however,  in  capturing  enough  arms  and 
ammunition  to  equip  his  300  men. 

A  number  of  raids  were  made  by  guerrilla  gangs  into  Kansas.  In 
Oct.,  1861,  the  town  of  Humboldt  was  raided  by  "Cols."  Williams  and 
Matthews,  who  sacked  nearly  every  house  and  store  in  the  place. 
About  the  same  time  the  little  town  of  Gardner,  Johnson  county,  was 
plundered.  On  March  7,  1862,  Quantrill  raided  Aubrey,  a  little  town 
in  the  southeast  corner  of  Johnson  county,  where  he  killed  3  men  and 
destroyed  considerable  property.  In  June  Bill  Anderson  made  a  foray 
as  far  west  as  Council  Grove,  killing  2  men  and  burning  at  least  one 
house.  On  Sept.  6  and  7  Ouantrill  visited  Olathe,  where  he  destroyed 
or  carried  off  a  lot  of  property,  and  in  October  he  made  a  descent  upon 
Shawnee,  Johnson  county,  and  killed  7  citizens.  Just  before  visiting 
the  town  he  attacked  the  camp  of  a  Santa  Fe  wagon  train  and  killed  15 
members  of  the  escort.  Humboldt  was  again  visited  in  1862— this  time 
by  "Col."  Talbot,  who  burned  several  buildings,  plundered  right  and 
left,  and  killed  4  or  5  citizens  who  tried  to  defend  their  homes. 

On  Aug.  15,  1862,  Quantrill  was  commissioned  captain  in  the  Con- 
federate service  and  placed  in  command  of  a  company  of  150  men. 
William  C.  Haller  was  made  first  lieutenant ;  George  Todd,  second 
lieutenant,  and  William  H.  Gregg,  third  lieutenant.  Whatever  the  acts 
of  these  men  had  been  prior  to  that  tilnc,  after  that  date  they  were  sup- 
posed to  be  acting  under  the  authority  of  a  power  that  was  engaged 
in  warfare  according  to  the  rules  adopted  b}'  civilized  nations.  In  May, 
1863,  Jarrette,  Younger,  Clifton,  and  some  other  minor  guerrilla  leaders 
united  tlieir  gangs  with  Quantrill's  command  for  the  big  raid  on  Law- 
rence in  August.    (See  Quantrill's  Raid.) 

In  May,  1863,  Dick  Yeager  left  Missouri  on  the  Santa  Fe  trail, 
crossed  over  into  Kansas,  and  on  the  4th  encamped  near  Council  Grove. 
That  night  he  raided  the  little  village  of  Diamond  Springs,  where  he 
killcfl  one  man  and  wounded  a  woman.  On  the  return  trip  he  stopped 
at  Rock  Springs,  a  stage  station  near  the  line  of  Osage  and  Douglas 
counties,  where  he  met  and  killed  George  N.  Sabin,  a  soldier  of  Com- 
pany K,  Eleventh  Kansas,  who  had  been  at  his  home  in  Pottawatomie 
county  on  furlough  and  was  on  his  way  to  rejoin  his  regiment,  .'^cven 
miles  farther  on  Ycager's  men  shot  and  seriously  woiuulod  I  ),\vi(l   llul)- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  799 

bard,  then  passed  through  Baldwin  and  Black  Jack,  wliere  they  roljhcd 
the  stage,  and  then  returned  to  Missouri,  via  Gardner. 

Just  after  the  raid  on  Lawrence,  (Juantrill  passed  through  the  old 
town  of  Brookhn,  where  he  did  some  damage,  and  on  Oct.  6,  1863,  his 
men  ruthlessly  massacred  some  Federal  troops  at  Baxter  Springs 
(q.  v.).  Other  depredations  by  guerrillas  were  in  the  vicinity  of  Mine 
creek,  where  a  number  of  settlers  were  driven  from  their  homes,  and 
at  the  towns  of  Potosi  and  Spring  Hill.  By  the  fall  of  1863  the  Union 
troops  were  so  well  organized  along  the  eastern  border  of  the  state 
that  guerrilla  raids  practically  ceased. 

Guilford,  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  in  Wilson  county, 
is  located  in  Guilford  township  8  miles  northeast  of  Fredonia,  the 
county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postofifice.  The  population  in  1910 
was  32. 

Guittard  Station,  a  hamlet  of  Marshall  county,  is  located  8  miles 
northeast  of  Marysville,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  population  of  28 
according  to  the  1910  census,  and  receives  mail  from  Beattie. 

Guy,  a  small  post-hamlet  of  Valley  township,  Sheridan  county,  is 
a  station  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  8  miles  east  of  Hoxie,  the  county 
seat.     The  railroad  name  is  Tasco  Station. 

Gypsum,  an  incorporated  city  of  Saline  county,  is  located  on  the 
Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  in  Eureka  township,  18  miles  southeast  of  Salina. 
It  has  banking  facilities,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  an  inter- 
national mone}-  order  postolifice  with  three  rural  routes.  The  popula- 
tion in  1910  was  623. 

Gypsum. — Technically,  gypsum  is  a  "native  hydrated  sulphite  of 
calciiun."  In  mineralogy  it  is  classed  as  a  "monoclinic  mineral,  rang- 
ing from  transparent  to  opaque."  It  is  usually  colorless  or  white, 
though  it  is  sometimes  found  gray,  flesh-colored,  yellow  or  blue.  When 
found  in  transparent  crystals  it  is  called  selenite ;  in  the  fibrous  form, 
it  is  known  as  satin  spar;  in  fine-grained,  translucent  masses  it  is  called 
alabaster;  and  in  large  beds  of  massive  rock,  mixed  with  clay,  calcium 
carbonate,  or  other  impurities,  it  constitutes  the  rock  gypsum  of  com- 
merce, which  is  sold  as  land  plaster,  or  wdien  calcined  as  plaster-of- 
paris.  Its  origin  is  due  to  the  evaporation  of  sea  water  in  enclosed' 
lakes  or  bays  cut  off  from  the  ocean,  to  deposits  of  thermal  springs,  or 
to  volcanic  action.  G_vpsum  is  abundant  in  Kansas,  both  in  the  form 
of  rock  gypsum  and  as  a  fine  powder  of  sand  or  dirt  in  the  beds  of  the 
streams  and  marshes,  and  is  believed  to  have  been  deposited  by  the 
first  method  when  Kansas  was  an  inland  sea.  Volume  XI  of  the  reports 
of  the  geological  survey  of  Kansas  made  by  the  University  of  Kansas, 
gives  an  exhaustive  accotmt  of  the  origin,  nature  and  distribution  of 
gypsum  within  the  state.    (See  Geology.) 

Gypsum  was  first  discovered  in  Kansas  by  Thomas  C.  Palmer,  who 
settled  in  Marshall  county  in  1857.  Noticing  that  some  rocks  he  had 
used  about  his  camp  fire  had  burned  to  lime,  he  used  the  product  to 
"chink"    his    cabin.      Stibsequent   investigation    disclosed   the    fact   that- 


SOO  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

the  rocks  were  gj-psum.  The  following  year  Gen.  F.  J.  Marshall  burned 
some  of  the  same  kind  of  lime  and  plastered  a  house  at  IMarysville. 
In  1872  Judge  Coon  and  his  brother  began  the  manufacture  of  plaster- 
of-paris  with  a  five  barrel  kettle  at  Blue  Rapids,  and  three  years  later 
a  stone  mill  was  erected,  which  was  conducted  for  about  twelve  years. 
In  1887  two  companies  were  organized  at  Blue  Rapids  for  the  manu- 
facture of  cement  plaster,  and  one  was  organized  at  Hope,  Dickinson 
county.  A  mill  established  at  Salina  in  18S9  furnished  the  plaster  for 
the  buildings  of  the  Columbian  exposition  at  Chicago  in  1893.  This 
brought  Kansas  gypsum  to  the  notice  of  builders,  and  in  18.98  the 
American  Cement  Plaster  company  was  organized  at  Lawrence.  Fac- 
tories have  since  been  established  at  Burns,  Marion  county;  Kansas 
City,  Mo. ;  and  Wymore,  Neb.,  all  of  which  use  large  quantities  of 
gypsum  from  the  Kansas  deposits.  The  United  States  Gypsum  com- 
pany, with  offices  in  Boston,  Cleveland,  Chicago.  Minneapolis,  Minn., 
and  San  Francisco,  manufacture  a  gypsum  hollow  tile  for  fireproofing, 
which  has  found  favor  with  the  architects  of  the  country,  and  it  is  cer- 
tain that  the  next  few  years  will  witness  a  great  development  of  the 
Kansas  gypsum  fields. 


H 


Hackberry,  a  country  postoffice  in  Gove  count}-,  is  located  on  llack- 
berry  creek  about  14  miles  southeast  of  Gove,  the  county  seat,  and  11 
miles  south  of  Ouinter,  the  nearest  shipping  point.  The  population  in 
1910  was  15. 

Hackett,  a  village  in  the  northern  part  of  Franklin  county,  is  situated 
in  the  valley  of  Eight  Mile  creek,  about  6  miles  northwest  of  Ottawa, 
the  county  seat,  from  which  it  has  rural  free  deliver}-. 

Hackney,  a  village  of  Pleasant  Valley  township,  Cowley  county,  is 
a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  6  miles  south  of 
Winfield,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  grain  elevator,  some  general  stores, 
telegraph  and  express  offices,  telephone  connections  and  an  international 
money  order  postoffice.  It  is  a  shipping  point  for  a  rich  farming  sec- 
tion and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  40. 

Haddam,  an  incorporated  town  of  Washington  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Ouincy  R.  R.  in  the  township  of  the  same 
name,  14  miles  west  of  W'asliington,  the  county  seat.  It  was  founded 
in  1869,  when  J.  W.  Taylor  opened  a  store  there  and  a  postoffice  was 
established.  West  Haddam  was  started  about  the  same  time  by  a 
man  named  Whitney  and  for  several  years  there  was  a  spirited  rivalry, 
the  postoffice  sometimes  being  located  in  one  town  and  sometimes  in 
another.  In  1874  Whitney  gave  up  the  fight  and  removed  his  store  to 
the  present  town.  Haddam  has  2  banks,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the 
Clipper),  a  telephone  company,  a  township  graded  school,  a  good  retail 
trade,  and  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  four  riii-Ml 
routes.  It  is  a  shipi)ing  ])oint  for  a  large  agricultural  district  in  the 
western  part  of  the  county.     The  population   in    mio  was  408. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  80I 

Hageman  County. —  J  he  Kansas  legislature  by  the  act  of  Feb.  26, 
1867,  created  a  county  to  be  known  as  Hageman,  with  the  following 
■boundaries :  "Commencing  where  the  east  line  of  range  21  west  inter- 
sects the  fourth  standard  parallel ;  thence  south  to  the  fifth  standard 
parallel ;  thence  west  to  the  east  line  of  range  26  west ;  thence  north 
to  the  fourth  parallel ;  thence  east  to  the  place  of  beginning."  These 
boundaries  now  include  all  the  present  county  of  Hodgeman  except  ten 
Congressional  townships  in  the  northern  part  of  Ford  county,  being 
all  of  the  two  northern  tier  of  Ford. 

Halderman,  John  A.,  soldier,  statesman  and  diplomat,  was  born  and 
reared  in  Kentucky.  He  was  educated  at  McKendree  College,  Leba- 
non, 111.,  and  subsequently  studied  law  in  the  University  of  Louisville. 
In  the  spring  of  1854,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  he  came  to  Kan- 
sas and  began  the  practice  of  law  at  Leavenworth.  He  served  as  private 
secretary  to  Andrew  H.  Reeder,  the  first  territorial  governor,  and  in 
1855  was  secretary  of  the  first  territorial  council.  He  was  appointed 
the  first  probate  judge  of  Leavenworth  county;  was  major  of  the  First 
Kansas  regiment  in  the  Civil  w-ar,  and  major-general  of  the  state 
militia.  Fie  served  two  terms  as  mayor  of  Leavenworth  ;  was  a  regent 
of  the  university;  a  member  of  the  state  house  of  representatives; 
and  in  1870  was  elected  a  member  of  the  state  senate.  In  1872-73  he 
traveled  abroad.  In  1880  he  was  appointed  consul  at  Bangkok  and  was 
soon  promoted  to  consul-general  by  President  Garfield.  In  1883  he 
was  the  first  United  States  minister  to  Siam,  where  the  king  honored 
him  with  the  decoration  of  Knight  Commander  of  the  Order  of  the 
White  Elephant,  and  later  the  French  government  gazetted  him  Com- 
mander of  the  Royal  Order  of  Cambodia.  He  resigned  his  position 
in  1885  and  returned  to  Leavenworth.  For  some  years  he  resided  in 
Washington,  D.  C,  and  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Spanish-American  war 
promptly  tendered  his  ser.vices  to  the  secretary  of  war.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Kansas  Flistorical  Society  and  a  frequent  contributor  to  its 
publications.  He  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  in  Oct.,  1908,  and  was 
buried  in  the  government  cemetery  at  Arlington. 

Hale,  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  in  Chautauqua  county, 
is  located  12  miles  northeast  of  Sedan,  the  county  seat,  and  9  miles 
from  Elk  city,  Montgomery  county,  whence  it  is  supplied  with  mail.  The 
population,  according  to  the  census  of  1910,  was  45. 

Halfmound,  a  post-hamlet  of  Jefiferson  county,  is  located  in  Delaware 
township  on  the  L^nion  Pacific  R.  R.,  25  miles  northwest  of  Oskaloosa, 
the  county  seat,  and  5  miles  from  Valley  Falls. 

Halford,  a  money  order  postoffice  of  Thomas  county,  is  situated  on 
the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  10  miles  east  of  Colby,  the  county  seat.  It  has 
a  general  store,  a  lumber  yard,  etc.,  and  does  some  shipping. 

Halifax,  a  village  of  Mill   Creek  township,  Wabaunsee   county,  is   a 
station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  8  miles  southeast  of 
Alma,  the  county  seat.     It  has  an  express  office,  some  general  stores, 
and  a  monev  order  postoffice.    The  population  was  40  in  1910. 
(I-51)    ■ 


802  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Hallet,  a  post-hamlet  of  Hodgeman  count}',  is  situated  in  the  town- 
ship of  the  same  name,  in  the  Buckner  creek  valley  about  lo  miles 
southwest  of  Jetmore,  the  county  seat  and  nearest  railroad  station. 

Hallowell,  a  town  in  lola  township,  Cherokee  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.  9  miles  west  of  Columbus,  the 
county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postofifice  with  three  rural  routes, 
3  churches,  telephone  connections,  some  well  stocked  stores,  a  hotel, 
an  express  office,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  210. 

Hall's  Summit,  a  village  of  Coftey  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  14  miles  north  of  Burlington,  the  county  seat. 
It  has  a  bank,  various  lines  of  mercantile  interests,  telegraph  and  express 
offices,  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route.  The  popula- 
tion in  1910  was  125. 

Halstead,  one  of  the  thriving  little  cities  of  Harvey  county,  is  located 
on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  and  Little  Arkansas  ri\er 
10  miles  west  of  Newton,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  telegraph 
and  express  offices,  and  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Independent).  It 
is  an  important  grain  and  live  stock  market  and  has  all  lines  of  mer- 
•  cantile  establishments.  All  the  leading  denominations  of  churches  and 
secret  orders  are  represented.  According  to  the  census  of  1910  the 
population  is   1,004. 

The  countr}'  about  Llalstead  was  settled  by  Germans  in  1872,  and  in 
the  summer  of  that  year  an  attempt  was.  made  to  establish  a  town. 
A  site  was  laid  olT  by  John  Sebastian,  a  representative  of  the  railroad 
company.  In  the  autumn  a  town  company  was  formed,  with  H.  D, 
Albright  as  president,  and  in  the  spring  of  the  next  year  the  town  was 
laid  out.  A  postoffice  was  established  about  the  same  time,  with  George 
W.  Sweesy  as  postmaster.  It  was  made  a  money  order  postoffice  in 
1877.  The  first  religious  services  were  held  in  the  Sweesy  house  in 
the  spring  of  1873.  The  first  marriage  was  between  O.  Y.  Hart  and 
Mary  J.  Collier,  in  1873,  the  first  birth  was  a  child  of  David  Eckert 
in  1874,  and  the  first  death,  which  occurred  the  same  year,  was  that 
of  John  Ashford,  who  "died  with  his  boots  on."  A  school  house 
was  built  in  the  winter  of  1873-74,  and  the  first  school  teacher  was 
Laura  Belle  Walker.  The  first  newspaper  was  the  Zurheimath,  pub- 
lished in  the  German  language,  the  initial  number  of  which  was  issued 
on  June  6,  1876,  by  the  Western  Publishing  company,  with  David 
Goerz  as  editor.  The  first  number  of  the  Independent  was  issued  in 
1881. 

Halstead  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third  class  in  1877  and 
the  election  for  officers  was  held  in  March  of  that  year.  The  officers 
chosen  were:  Mayor,  IT.  H.  Mc.Adams;  police  judge,  James  Ryan: 
councilnicn.  C.  S.  Brown,  O.  Y.  Hart,  John  Lehman,  J.  E.  Ktithand 
and  M.  S.  Ingalis.  Those  appointed  were:  Clerk,  G.  E.  Terry:  treas- 
urer, W,  M.  Tibbot ;  marshal,  W.  C,  Ilinklc.  In  the  latter  '70s  and  in 
the  early  '80s  Halstead  enjoyed  a  substantial  growth.  Large  mills  and 
elevators  were  built,  and  business  enterprises,  including  the  Hauls  nf 
Halstead,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000,  were  organized  on  a  large  scale 


KANSAS    JllSTOKY  803 

Hamelton,  Charles  A.,  a  pro-slavery' leader  during  the  burdcr  trtniblcs, 
was  a  native  of  Cass  county,  Ga.,  where  his  father,  Dr.  Thomas  A. 
Hamelton,  was  a  wealthy  and  influential  citizen.  The  name  is  spelled 
"Ilamilton"  by  some  writers.  When  the  Territory  of  Kansas  was 
organized  Milton  McGee  went  to  Georgia  to  recruit  men  to  aid  in 
making  Kansas  a  slave  state.  At  Cassville  he  made  a  fiery  speech  and 
Charles  Hamelton  and  his  brother  were  among  the  first  to  rally  to 
McGee's  standard.  Dr.  Hamelton  contributed  $i,ooo  to  the  cause. 
Charles  A.  Hamelton  is  best  known  as  the  perpetrator  of  the  Marais 
des  Cygnes  massacre  (q.  v.)  on  May  19,  1858,  concerning  which  the 
legislature  adopted  a  resolution  asking  the  governor  to  oiTer  a  reward 
of  $500  for  Hamelton's  apprehension,  and  to  make  a  requisition  upon 
the  governor  of  any  state  in  which  he  might  be  found.  When  Hamel- 
ton came  to  Kansas  he  was  the  owner  of  a  plantation  in  Georgia,  but 
was  heavily  in  debt.  At  the  close  of  the  border  troubles  he  returned 
to  his  native  state,  was  stripped  of  everything  by  his  creditors,  took 
the  benefit  of  the  bankrupt  act  and  went  to  Texas,  where  he  engaged 
in  horse  raisin.g.  In  1861  he  raised  a  regiment,  of  which  he  was  com- 
missioned colonel,  and  served  with  Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee  in  the  Con- 
federate army  in  Virginia.  After  the  war  he  went  back  to  Georgia, 
where  he  died  some  years  later. 

Hamilton,  a  village  of  Greenwood  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  in  Janesville  township  15  miles  northeast 
of  Eureka,  the  county  seat.  All  lines  of  mercantile  enterprises  are 
represented.  There  are  banking  facilities,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the 
Times),  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  a  money  order  postofifice 
v\'ith  one  rural  route.  Hamilton  is  an  important  shipping  point  for  the 
products  of  a  large  and  productive  agricultural  country.  The  popula- 
tion, according  to  the  government  report  for  1910,  was  325. 

Hamilton  County,  one  of  the  western  border  tier,  was  erected  by 
the  act  of  March  6,  1873,  which  defined  the  boundaries  as  follows: 
"Commencing  at  the  intersection  of  the  east  line  of  range  39  west  with 
the  4th  standard  parallel ;  thence  south  along  said  range  line  to  its 
intersection  with  the  north  line  of  township  27  south ;  thence  along 
said  township  line  to  the  west  boundary  of  the  State  of  Kansas :  thence 
north  along  said  west  boundary  line  of  the  State  of  Kansas  to  where 
it  is  intersected  by  the  4th  standard  parallel ;  thence  east  to  the  place 
of  beginning." 

In  1883,  when  several  of  the  western  counties  were  discontinued  by 
act  of  the  le.gislature,  the  boundaries  of  Hamilton  were  extended  to 
include  the  western  half  of  the  present  counties  of  Grant  and  Kearny 
and  all  of  the  present  count}'  of  Stanton,  but  by  the  act  of  March  5, 
T887,  the  original  boundaries  were  restored.  At  present  the  county  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Greeley  county;  on  the  east  by  Kearny;  on 
the  south  by  Stanton,  and  on  the  wes't  b_y  the  State  of  Colorado.  It  was 
named  for  Alexander  Hamilton,  one  of  the  founders  of  the  American 
republic,  who  was  killed  in  a  duel  with  Aaron  Burr. 


804  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Pike's  expedition  of  1806  crossed  the  western  boiindary  of  Kansas 
in  what  is  now  Hamilton  county ;  Long's  expedition  of  1820  passed 
through  the  county,  and  Fowler's  journal  of  Glenn's  expedition  for 
Nov.  4,  1821,  says:  "We  steered  No  75  west  4  miles  to  [a  point]  of 
Sand  Hills  washed  by  the  River  and  at  Six  miles  farther  to  an  Island 
clothed  AX'ith  Willow  and  Cotton  Wood — the  main  Chanel  on  the 
North  Side  of  the  Island  the  last  6  miles  of  our  Corse  Was  West,"  etc. 
Coues  thinks  the  16  miles  of  this  day's  march  took  the  expedition  past 
the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Syracuse,  and  that  the  camp  of  the  4th 
was  not  far  from  the  present  town  of  Coolidge.  Fort  Aubrey  (q.  v.) 
was  established  not  far  from  Alayline  in  the  late  summer  of  1865  and 
was  occupied  as  a  military  post  until  the  following  spring. 

The  first  permanent  settlement  in  the  count}'  was  made  by  a  colony 
from  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  The  colony  \vas  organized  there  on  Oct.  23, 
1872.  and  a  committee,  consisting  of  Evelin  P.  Barber,  S.  R.  Jones  and 
D.  G.  Ackland,  was  sent  forward  to  Kansas  to  select  a  location.  (3n 
Christmas  day  the  committee  decided  on  a  tract  of  land  in  Hamilton 
county,  though  that  was  before  the  county  had  been  created  by  legis- 
lative enactment.  The  main  body  of  the  colony  arrived  on  the  site  on 
March  23,  1873.  These  colonists  tried  to  have  the  name  of  the  county 
changed  to  Onondaga,  after  their  old  county  in  New  York,  but  the 
legislature  declined  to  comply  with  their  request.  Following  the  New 
Yorkers  came  some  Mennonites  and  other  settlers,  and  by  the  begin- 
ning of  1886  an  agitation  was  commenced  for  the  organization  of  the 
county. 

Early  in  that  year  a  memorial  signed  by  250  citizens  of  tlic  county 
was  presented  to  Gov.  John  A.  Martin,  who  appointed  .Alfred  Pratt 
to  take  a  census  of  the  count\^  The  census  showed  a  population  of 
1.893  people,  of  whom  614  were  actual  householders,  and  on  Jan.  29, 
1886,  the  governor  issued  his  proclamation  declaring  the  count_y  organ- 
ized. .'Vt  that  time  the  county  embraced  Stanton  and  the  portions  of 
Kearny  :!nd  Grant  above  mentioned.  The  governor  appointed  as  com- 
missioners J.  H.  Leeman  of  Ilartland,  Lawrence  W.  Hardy  of  Mcd- 
way,  and  Dennis  Foley  of  Syracuse.  Thomas  Ford  was  appointed 
county  clerk,  and  Kendall  was  designated  as  tlic  temporary  county 
seat. 

A  bitter  contest  soon  arose  between  Kendall  and  .'-iyracusc  for  the 
permanent  seat  of  justice,  and  an  element  in  the  fight  was  the  ques- 
tion of  restoring  the  old  county  lines  by  the  recstablishment  of  the 
counties  of  Grant,  Kearny  and  Stanton.  .\i  an  election  on  .Xpril  i, 
18R6,  .Syracuse  was  declared  the  county  seat,  but  Kendall  charged  gross 
frauds  on  the  part  of  the  advocates  of  Syracuse  and  appealed  to  the 
supreme  court.  That  tribunal  threw  out  the  vote  of  Syracuse  township 
and  ordered  the  county  officers  to  take  tiieir  offices  back  to  Kendall  uniil 
another  vote  could  be  taken  at  the  general  election  the  following  Novem- 
ber. At  tlie  November  election  the  vote  for  couiit\-  seat  stood:  .Syra- 
cuse,  785;   Kendall,  390;   Coolidge,  224;  Johnson   City,  03:   .Scattering, 


KANSAS    IJISTORY  805 

4,  giving  Syracuse  a  majority  of  74  over  all  competitors.  At  the  same 
election  the  following  county  officers  were  chosen:  Representative,  J. 
T.  Kirtlanrl ;  probate  judge,  VV.  C.  Higgins;  clerk  of  the  district  court, 
W.  P.  Humphrey;  county  clerk,  J.  M.  flicks;  sheriff,  C.  C.  Mills;  treas- 
urer, J.  H.  Bentley;  register  of  deeds,  J.  P.  Gardner;  county  attorney, 
G.  N.  Smith  ;  county  superintendent  of  schools,  C.  N.  Gartin  ;  surveyor, 
J.  W.  Beatty;  coroner,  J.  N.  Slown ;  commissioners,  ]..  C.  Swink,  A. 
A.  G.  Stayton  and  S.  S.  Taggert. 

Plazelrigg's  History  of  Kansas  (p.  224)  says  the  fight  for  the  county 
seat  was  kept  up  for  some  years,  two  sets  of  county  officers  being 
elected  and  the  county  records  divided,  until  the  question  was  finally 
decided  by   the   supreme   court   in   favor  of   Syracuse. 

The  surface  of  the  county  is  level  in  the  northern  part  and  rolling 
prairie  in  the  southern.  The  Arkansas  river  enters  the  county  from  the 
west,  near  the  center,  and  flows  in  a  southeasterly  direction  until  it 
enters  Kearny  county.  Along  this  river  the  bottom  lands  are  from 
2  to  4  m'les  wide.  There  is  little  native  timber,  but  a  number  of 
artificial  groves  have  been  planted.  White'  magnesian  limestone  is 
abundant  in  the  bluffs  along  the  river  and  some  gypsum  deposits  have 
been  found.  The  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  railroad  runs  along 
the  north  bank  of  the  Arkansas  river,  giving  the  county  a  little  over 
28  miles  of  railroad.  The  county  is  divided  into  eight  townships,  viz. : 
Bear  Creek,  Coolidge,  Kendall,  Lamont,  Liberty,  Medway,  Richland 
and  Syracuse.  In  1910  there  were  27  organized  school  districts  in  the 
county,  with  county  high  schools  at  Coolidge  and  Syracuse.  The 
population  of  the  county  in  that  year  was  3,360,  a  gain  of  1.934  during 
the  preceding  decade — over  100  per  cent.  The  value  of  taxable  prop- 
erty was  $5,257,355,  and  the  value  of  farm  products,  including  live 
stock,  was  nearh'  $372,500.  The  principal  crops  are  broom-corn,  milo 
maize,  hay  (including  alfalfa),  sorghum  and  wheat. 

Hamlin,  an  incorporated  city  of  the  third  class  in  Brown  county,  is 
located  in  the  township  of  the  same  name,  and  is  a  station  on  the  St. 
Joseph  &  Grand  Island  R.  R.  7  miles  northwest  of  Hiawatha,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  graded  school,  3  churches,  a  number  of  retail 
stores,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with 
one  rural  route.  The  population  in  1910  was  208.  The  town  was  laid 
out  in  1870  and  the  postoffice  moved  from  the  old  location  2  miles 
south.  J.  Rodgers  was  the  first  postmaster.  The  first  school  was  taught 
by  Miss  Emma  Fisher  in  1871.  The  first  building  in  the  town  was 
erected  by  a  Mrs.  Leonard,  who  engaged  in  the  millinerv  business. 

Hammond,  a  post-village  of  Bourbon  county,  is  on  the  St.  Louis  & 
San  Francisco  R.  R.  7  miles  north  of  Fort  Scott,  the  countv  seat.  In 
1910  it  had  a  population  of  about  30. 

Hampson,  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  in 
Marion  county,  is  located  14  miles  southeast  of  Marion,  the  county 
seat,  and  5  miles  south  of  Florence,  whence  it  receives  mail  by  rural 
route. 


8o6  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Hampton,  a  post-hamlet  of  Fairview  township,  Rush  county,  is 
located  about  lo  miles  northwest  of  La  Crosse,  the  county  seat,  and  4 
miles  from  Hargrave,  \vhich  is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Hanback,  Lewis,  jurist,  soldier  and  member  of  Congress,  was  born 
on  JNIarch  27,  1839,  at  Winchester,  Scott  county.  111.  His  father,  Wil- 
liam Hanback,  who  was  by  profession  a  portrait  painter,  moved  to 
^ladison,  Ind.,  in  1844,  and  resided  there  until  the  spring  of  1848.  He 
then  moved  to  Switzerland  county.  Ind..  but  returned  to  Illinois  in  the 
spring  of  1850  and  settled  near  Quincy,  where  he  died  in  1855.  A 
year  later  his  wife  died,  leaving  a  family  of  six  children,  of  whom 
Lewis  was  the  eldest.  During  the  winter  he  attended  the  district 
schools,  and  was  for  a  part  of  three  years  at  Cherry  Grove  Seminary 
in  Knox  county.  111.  The  winter  of  1860-61  he  taught  school  in  Mor- 
gan county,  111.  In  April.  1861,  at  the  first  call  for  volunteers  by  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  for  three  months'  men,  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the 
Tenth  Illinois  infantry  and  was  mustered  out  the  following  July.  He 
immediately  reenlisted  as  a  private  in  the  Twenty-seventh  Illinois 
infantry.  Mr.  Hanback  rose  rapidly  in  rank,  being  appointed  brigade 
inspector  on  the  staff  of  Col.  G.  W.  Roberts  and  remained  on  staff"  duty 
imtil  mustered  out  of  the  service  in  1864.  He  took  an  active  part  in 
many  battles,  among  them  being  Corinth,  Stone's  River,  Chickamauga 
and  Missionary  Ridge,  and  was  with  the  Fourth  army  corps,  .Vrmy  of 
the  Cumberland,  in  its  many  battles.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  entered 
the  law  school  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  but  soon  returned  to  Illinois,  and  on 
Aug.  9,  1865.  married  Hettie  A.  Cooper  at  Chapin.  Immediately  after 
the  wedding  they  came  to  Topeka,  Kan.,  where  three  children  were 
born  to  them.  In  1868  Mr.  Hanback  was  elected  probate  judge  of 
Shawnee  county  and  held  that  position  for  four  years.  He  was  assistant 
clerk  of  the  state  house  of  representatives  in  1876,  and  assistant  sec- 
retary of  the  senate  in  1877.  In  March,  1877,  he  was  appointed 
assistant  United  States  attorney  for  the  district  of  Kansas  and  held 
the  position  for  two  years,  when  he  was  ap]>ointed  receiver  of  public 
moneys  at  Salina,  Kan.  This  position  he  held  until  he  was  elected  to 
Congress  as  representative  at  large  as  a  Republican  in  1882.  He  was 
reelected    in    1884.      Mr.   Hanback    died   at    Armourdalc,   Kan..   .Sept.   9, 

1897- 

Hannum,  a  small  hamlet  of  Cloud  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Strong 
City  &:  Superior  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R. 
3  miles  northwest  of  Concordia,  the  county  seat,  whence  mail  is  received 
by  rural  rnuto. 

Hanover,  an  incorporated  city  of  Washington  county,  is  situated  12 
miles  northeast  of  Washington,  the  county  scat,  at  the  junction  of 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  Si  Quincy  and  the  St.  Joseph  &  Grand  Island 
railroads,  whicii  makes  it  an  important  shipping  point  for  .1  rich  agri- 
cultural district.  The  town  was  laid  out  in  the  spring  of  1860  by  G. 
H.  Hnlk-nbcrg.  It  was  incorjiorated  as  a  city  of  the  third  cl;iss  in 
July,  1872.  Mr.  Ilnilcnberg  died  on  July  i.  1874.  and  Kft  $600  fur  the 
purpose  f)f  building  ;i  city  hall,  provided  the  citizens  wonld  i;iisc  $i,ono. 


KANSAS    niSTORY  f>OJ 

The  money  was  secured  without  difficulty  and  tlie  hall  was  built  in 
1875.  Hanover  has  electric  lights,  waterworks,  public  and  Catholic 
schools,  2  banks,  2  weekly  newspapers  (the  Democrat-Enterprise  and 
the  Herald),  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  four  rural 
routes,  express,  telegraph  and  telephone  facilities,  a  bottling  works,  a 
number  of  good  mercantile  establishments,  hotels,  etc.  The  popula- 
tion was  1,039  in  1910. 

Hanston,  one  of  the  principal  towns  of  Hodgeman  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  11  miles  northeast  of 
Jetmore,  the  county  seat.  The  railroad  name  is  Olney.  It  has  a  bank, 
several  general  stores,  an  international  money  order  postofiSce,  tele- 
graph and  express  offices.  Catholic  and  Methodist  churches,  good  pub- 
lic schools,  and  ships  large  quantities  of  grain  and  live  stock.  The 
population  in  iqio  was  350. 

Happy,  a  country  hamlet  in  Graham  county,  is  located  12  miles  south 
of  Hill  City,  the  county  seat  and  the  postoffice  from  which  it  receives 
its  mail. 

Harahey. — North  of  the  ancient  province  of  Ouivira  (q.  v.).  in  a 
district  known  as  Harahey,  lay  the  home  of  another  Indian  tribe,  sup- 
posed to  be  the  Pawnees  of  more  modern  times.  This  province  is 
called  "Arche"  in  Castaneda's  relation  of  the  Coronado  expedition,  and 
the  Relacion  del  Suceso  spells  the  name  "Harale."  It  is  also  given  as 
"Arahei"  by  some  writers.  The  Wichita  Indian  name  for  the  Pawnees 
was  "Awahi,"  a  word  which  in  sound  resembles  Harahey.  A  map 
accompanying  Hodge's  "Spanish  Explorations  in  the  Southern  United 
States"  shows  the  province  of  Harahey  in  southern  Nebraska,  along 
the  Platte  river,  with  the  southern  portion  extending  into  Kansas  east 
of  the  Republican  river  and  including  the  greater  part  of  Republic, 
Washington,  Marshall  and  Nemaha  counties.  Jaramillo  says  the  peo- 
ple of  Harahey  were  related  to  those  of  Ouivira. 

On  Oct.  27,  1934,  a  monument  was  unveiled  in  the  city  park  at  Man- 
hattan, Kan.,  to  Tatarrax,  the  great  ruler  or  chief  of  the  ancient  nation 
of  Plarahey,  who  with  a  delegation  of  his  braves  visited  Coronado  in 
Ouivira  in  1541.  The  members  of  the  Ouivira  Historical  Society 
believed  that  Manhattan  was  somewhere  near  the  geographical  center 
of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Harahey,  but  the  probabilities  are  that  Hodge 
is  more  likely  to  be  correct,  and  that  the  greater  portion  of  the  province 
lay  north  of  the  40th  parallel  of  north  latitude,  in  what  is  now  the 
State  of  Nebraska. 

Hardilee,  an  inland  hamlet  of  Smith  county,  is  located  13  miles  north- 
west of  Smith  Center,  the  county  seat,  and  8  miles  north  of  Kensing- 
ton, on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.,  the  nearest  railroad 
station  and  shipping  point,  and  the  postoffice  from  which  its  mail  is  dis- 
tributed by  rural  route. 

Harding,  a  hamlet  in  the  northern  part  of  Bourbon  county,  is  situated 
on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  15  miles  northwest  of  Fort  Scott,  the 
county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph  and  express 
facilities,  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  25. 


8o8  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Hardtner,  a  village  in  Barber  county,  is  20  miles  south  of  Medicine 
Lodge,  the  county  seat.  It  is  the  terminus  of  a  branch  of  the  Missouri 
Pacific  R.  R.  extended  from  Kiowa,  9  miles  east.  There  are  about 
twenty  retail  establishments,  an  express  office  and  a  postoffice.  The 
population,  according"  to  the  census  of  1910,  was  100. 

Harger,  Charles  Moreau,  journalist  and  author,  was  born  at  Phelps, 
N.  Y.,  Jan.  23,  1863,  a  son  of  Henry  and  Martha  (Densmore)  Harger. 
He  graduated  in  the  Phelps  Classical  School  with  the  class  of  1881, 
and  subsequent!}'  received  the  degree  of  L.  H.  D.  and  Litt.  D.  from 
Bethany  College  and  Baker  University.  Upon  coming  to  Kansas  he 
engaged  in  teaching,  and  for  some  time  he  was  principal  of  the  public 
schools  at  Hope,  Dickinson  county,  where  on  Oct.  3,  1889,  he  married 
Miss  Blanche  Bradshaw.  In  1888  he  became  editor  of  the  Abilene  Re- 
flector, and  in  1905  he  was  made  a  director  and  lecturer  in  the  depart- 
ment of  journalism  in  the  University  of  Kansas.  Mr.  Harger  is  a 
Republican  and  a  prominent  Mason,  being  a  member  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine.  He  is  a  contributor  to  magazines  and  periodicals  and  a  writer 
of  peculiar  force  and  charm. 

Hargrave,  a  post-village  of  Rush  county,  is  located  in  Brookdale 
township  and  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  "  miles  west 
of  La  Crosse,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  general  store,  a  lumber  yard 
and  some  minor  business  establishments,  does  some  shipping,  and  in 
1910  reported  a  population  of  50. 

Harlan,  a  village  of  Smith  county,  is  located  on  the  north  fork  of 
the  Solomon  river  and  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  12  miles  southeast 
of  Smith  Center,  the  county  seat.  It  has  telegraph  and  express  offices, 
a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  and  a  number  of  retail 
stores.  The  population  in  1910  was  175.  The  town  was  laid  off  in 
1877  ^^^  named  in  honor  of  Judge  Harlan,  a  citizen  of  the  county. 
The  first  store  was  opened  by  F.  R.  Gruger  in  1878.  The  postoffice  was 
established  in  1877,  with  A.  L.  Bailey  as  postmaster.  A  weekly  news- 
paper (the  Independent)  was  eslablished  about  1878  by  Garretson  & 
Topliff.  The  L'nited  Brethren  founded  Gould  College  here  early  in 
the  history  of  the  town. 

Harmony,  a  discontinued  postoffice  of  Pawnee  county,  is  sitnalod 
near  the  northwest  corner  of  the  county,  about  18  miles  from  Larned. 
the  county  seat.  Mail  is  received  through  the  office  at  Nekoma,  and 
Rozel  is  the  nearest  shipping  point. 

Harper,  the  second  largest  town  in  Harper  county,  is  located  on 
Spring  Creek  10  miles  north  of  Anthony,  the  county  seat,  and  on  the 
Atchison,  Topcka  &  Santa  Fe  and  Kansas  City,  Mexico  &  Orient  rail- 
roads. It  has  waterworks,  an  opera  house,  3  banks,  a  foundry,  machine 
shops,  a  flour  mill,  creamery,  2  weekly  newspapers  (the  Advocate  and" 
the  Sentinel),  7  churches  and  excellent  public  schools.  The  principal 
shipments  arc  of  live  stock,  flour,  wool,  creamery  products,  hides  and 
produce.  It  has  an  international  postoffice  with  four  rur.il  routes,  tel- 
graph  and  express  offices.     The  population,  according  Id  the  census  of 


KANSAS    HISTORY  809 

1910,  was  1,638.  The  town  was  founded  by  a  parly  from  Iowa  in 
April,  1877.  The  first  building  was  built  by  J.  B.  Glenn,  president  of 
the  town  company,  with  lumber  hauled  from  Wichita.  In  July,  1877, 
a  postoffice  was  established  and  Mrs.  Josie  B.  Glenn  was  appointed 
postmistress.  Mail  came  weekly  to  Hutchinson,  from  which  town  it 
was  brought  to  Harper,  at  private  expense.  The  money  order  depart- 
ment was  added  in  1879.  Harper  was  organized  as  a  city  of  the  third 
class  in  Sept.,  1880,  and  the  first  election,  which  was  held  in  that  month, 
resulted  as  follows  :  Mayor,  Sam  S.  Sisson  ;  police  judge,  J.-  W.  Appley  ; 
councilmen,  R.  B.  Elliott,  H.  Martin,  R.  J.  Jones,  S.  D.  Noble,  L.  G. 
Hake.  G.  W.  Appley  was  appointed  clerk.  The  population  of  the 
city  at  that  time  was  about  700. 

Harper  County,  located  in  the  central  part  of  the  southern  tier  of 
counties,  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Kingman  county,  on  the  east  by 
Sumner,  on  the  south  by  the  State  of  Oklahoma  and  on  the  west  by 
Barber  county.  It  was  first  organized  in  1873  ^"d  named  in  honor  of 
Marion  Harper,  of  the  Second  Kansas  cavalry.  As  first  described  the 
boundaries  of  Harper  included  the  southern  tier  of  townships  in  what 
is  now  Kingman  county.  The  bill  fixing  the  final  boundaries  passed 
the  legislature  in  1879.  The  organization  of  1873  proved  to  be  one 
of  the  most  gigantic  frauds  ever  perpetrated  in  connection  with  county 
organizations.  There  was  not  at  that  time  a  single  resident  in  the 
count3^  and  it  was  heavily  bonded  immediately.  In  1873  three  men 
from  Cherokee  county  named  Boyd,  Wiggins  and  Horner,  having  laid 
a  scheme  to  organize  some  of  the  uninhabited  lands  of  southwestern 
Kansas  for  the  purpose  of  exploitation,  came  into  the  territory  which 
is  now  Harper  county,  where  they  met  a  trapper  by  the  name  of  George 
Lutz,  who  took  them  to  his  camp.  Taking  Lutz  into  their  scheme,  a 
petition  was  drawn  up  asking  that  John  Davis  be  appointed  special 
census  taker,  and  that  H.  H.  Weaver.  H.  P.  Fields  and  Samuel  Smith 
be  appointed  special  county  commissioners.  These  names  were  copied 
from  a  Cincinnati  directory.  The  petition  further  asked  that  Bluflf 
City,  "centrally  located  in  the  county,  and  being  the  largest  and  most 
important  business  point  in  the  county,"  be  made  the  temporary  county 
seat.  To  this  petition  was  attached  40  names.  The  governor  granted 
the  petition  and  a  census  report  was  sent  in  which  showed  641  names 
of  persons  declared  to  be  "bona  fide"  residents.  The  countv  was  then 
declared  organized. 

The  next  winter  an  investigating  committee  appointed  bv  the  legis- 
lature visited  Harper  county  and  found  that  it  had  not  a  single 
resident,  that  it  had  been  bonded  for  $25,000  and  had  a  funded  indebted- 
ness of  $15,000.  A.  W.  Williams,  then  attorney-general  of  Kansas, 
recommended  that  the  organization  be  invalidated  on  account  of  fraud 
and  that  the  county  be  attached  to  some  other  one  for  judicial  pur- 
poses. Naturally  these  events  gave  Harper  an  unsavory  reputation  for 
some  time,  but  which  it  has  fortunately  outlived. 

The   earliest  settlements  were  made   in   1876,   when   M.   Devore   and 


8lO  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

family,  II.  E.  Jesseph  and  family,  John  Lamar  and  family  and  \\'illiam 
Thomas  and  famih'  located  near  the  east  line  of  the  county.  The 
next  year  a  colony  from  Iowa  located  on  the  site  of  Harper  City.  The 
party  included  J.  B.  and  M.  H.  Glenn,  R.  Barton  and  A.  T.  Barton, 
who  brought  their  families,  Joseph  Haney,  C.  H.  Snider.  M.  K.  Kittle- 
man,  G.  jNI.  Goss,  C.  C.  Goss,  Thomas  Elder,  B.  L.  Fletcher  and  H.  C. 
Moore.  They  came  to  Hutchinson  on  the  railroad  and  drove  from  that 
point.  The  first  wedding  was  solemnized  at  Harper  on  Sept.  22,  1878, 
between  Dr.' J.  W.  Madra  and  Miss  Mary  Glenn.  The  first  child  was 
born  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  E.  Jesseph. 

The  county  was  organized  in  1878.  In  August  Gov.  Anthony 
appointed  the  following  officers :  Sheriff,  E.  McEnany ;  surveyor,  B. 
F.  Lee;  treasurer,  J-  L.  Rinehart ;  clerk,  H.  E.  Jesseph:  probate  judge, 
R.  B.  Dawson ;  attorney,  W.  R.  Kirkpatrick ;  register  of  deeds,  H.  C. 
Fisler ;  county  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  R.  H.  Lockwood ; 
county  commissioners,  T.  H.  Stevens,  F.  B.  Singer  and  J.  B.  Glenn. 
At  the  first  meeting  of  the  commissioners  Anthony  was  named  as  the 
county  seat,  the  former  county  seat,  Bluff  City,  never  having  had  any 
existence  except  on  paper.  The  first  county  seat  election  was  held 
at  the  time  of  the  general  election  in  Nov.,  1879.  Although  the  county 
did  not  have  at  that  time  above  8oo  legal  voters,  there  were  2.960  votes 
cast.  The  county  commissioners  refused  to  count  the  ballots  and  left 
them  in  the  boxes.  When  they  finall}'  decided  to  count  them  they  had 
all  disappeared.  The  citizens  of  Anthony  and  Harper,  the  two  con- 
testing towns  engaged  in  a  legal  battle  over  the  matter,  and  although 
Justice  Brewer  of  the  supreme  court  held  that  2,960  votes  were  too 
many  for  800  voters  to  cast,  the  vote  was  finally  counted  and  found  to 
be  in  favor  of  Anthony,  and  that  town  became  the  permanent  county 
seat.     All  the  officers  of  1878  held  over  till  1880. 

In  July,  1880,  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $28,000  were  \<ilod  for  the 
Southern  Kansas  &  Western  railroad.  Harper  township  voting  $16,000 
and  Cliikaskia  $12,000.  The  road  was  built  that  year.  The  next  year 
both  townships  disposed  of  their  stock  at  65  cents  on  the  dollar.  At 
present  the  county  is  a  network  of  railroads.  .A  line  of  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  enters  in  the  north  central  part  and  crosses  south 
through  Harper  and  .Anthony  into  Oklahoma.  Another  line  of  the  same 
road  enters  the  east,  somewhat  north  of  the  center,  passes  through 
Harper  and  crosses  Barber  county  into  Oklahoma,  and  a  branch 
diverges  nortJiwest  from  Attica.  The  Kansas  City,  Mexico  (.*l-  Orient 
enters  in  the  northeast,  crosses  southwest  to  Harper,  thence  to  Anthony, 
and  tJience  southwest  into  Oklahoma.  Tiie  Chicago,  Rock  Island  i*s: 
Pacific  enters  from  Oklahoma  in  the  southwest  and  terminates  at 
Anthony.  Antliony  is  also  the  western  terminus  of  the  Kansas  South- 
western, which  enters  in  the  southeast.  The  Missouri  Pacific,  from  the 
east,  crosses  southwest  to  Anthnny  and  terminates  rit  Kiowa  in  Barber 
county  just  over  the  line,  'i'here  are  167  nn'les  of  ni;\in  track  in  the 
county. 


KANSAS    IIISTOKY  8l  I 

'J'liere  are  twenty  townships,  viz.:  Anthony,  JJanncr,  ISerliii,  lUaine, 
Chicaskia,  Eagle,  Empire,  Garden,  Grant,  Green,  Harper,  Lake,  Lawn, 
Liberty,  Odell,  Pilot  Knob,  Ruella,  Silver  Creek,  Spring  and  Stohr- 
ville.  The  postoffices  are:  Anthony,  Attica,  Bluff  City,  Corwin,  Cris- 
field.  Crystal  Springs,  Danville,  iXiquoin,  Ferguson,  Frecport,  Harper, 
Runnymede,  Shook  and  Waldron. 

The  general  surface  of  the  county  is  rolling,  with  long  gentle  slopes. 
Bottom  lands,  which  comprise  about  15  per  cent,  of  the  total  area, 
average  a  mile  in  width.  The  timber  is  very  sparse,  most  of  it  being 
Cottonwood.  There  are  several  artificial  plantings.  Red  sandstone, 
mineral  paint  and  salt  are  found  in  large  quantities  and  are  of  superior 
quality.  The  largest  stream  is  the  Chikaskia  river,  which  flows  across 
the  northeast  corner.  Bluff  creek  and  its  numerous  tributaries  prac- 
tically form  the  water  system  of  the  county.  This  stream  crosses  the 
county  in  a  southeasterly  direction. 

The  total  area  is  810  square  miles  or  518,400  acres,  of  which  nearly 
400,000  acres  have  been  brought  under  cultivation.  The  value  of  farm 
products  averages  from  $3,000,000  to  $3,500,000  annually.  In  1910  the 
yield  was  not  as  large  as  in  1909,  but  the  wheat  sold  for  nearly  $1,000,000, 
the  corn  for  $356,000,  and  the  oats  for  $349,000,  the  total  product,  includ- 
ing live  stock,   being  worth  $2,980,000. 

The  population  in  1910  was  14,748,  which  was  a  gain  of  about  35 
per  cent,  over  the  population  in  1900.  The  assessed  valuation  of  prop- 
erty in  1910  was  $29,272,300,  which  shows  the  average  wealth  per  capita 
to  be  almost  $2,000. 

Harris,  a  little  town  in  Reeder  township.  Anderson  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  13  miles  northwest  of  Garnett,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  bank,  all  the  general  lines  of  business,  schools  and 
churches,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  and  a  money  order  postoffice 
with  one  rural  route.     The  population  in  1910  was  250. 

Harris,  William  Alexander,  civil  engineer  and  United  States  senator, 
was  burn  in  Loudoun  county,  Va.,  Oct.  29,  1841.  He  attended  school 
at  Luray,  Va.,  until  his  eighth  year,  when  his  father,  William  H.  Harris, 
was  appointed  minister  to  the  Argentine  Republic,  and  for  four  years 
the  family  lived  at  Buenos  Ayres.  When  they  returned  to  the  L^nited 
States  the  son  began  his  technical  education  and  graduated  at  Colum- 
bia College,  Washington,  D.  C,  in  June,  1859.  Immediately  afterward 
he  went  to  Central  America  and  spent  six  months  on  a  ship  canal  sur- 
vey, but  returned  home  and  entered  the  Virginia  Military  Institute  in 
Jan.,  i860.  He  was  in  the  graduating  class  of  1861,  but  the  outbreak 
of  the  Civil  war  stopped  all  study,  and  in  April  of  that  year  he  and 
his  classmates  entered  the  Confederate  service.  He  served  three  years 
as  assistant  adjutant-general  of  Wilcox's  brigade  and  as  ordnance 
officer  of  Gens.  D.  H.  Hill's  and  Rodes'  divisions  of  the  Army  of  North- 
ern Virginia.  In  1865  he  came  to  Kansas  and  entered  the  employ  of 
the  Union  Pacific  railroad  as  a  civil  engineer.  The  road  Avas  then 
completed  to  Lawrence,   and  his  first  work  was  to  build  the  Leaven- 


Si 2  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

worth  branch,  which  he  completed  in  1866.  Mr.  Harris  was  resident 
engineer  of  the  road  until  it  was  completed  to  Carson  in  the  fall  of 
1868,  when  he  accepted  the  agency  for  the  sale  of  the  Delaware  reserva- 
tion and  other  lands,  in  connection  with  farming  and  stock  raisiiig. 
In  1876  he  became  interested  in  short-horn  cattle  and  in  a  short  time  his 
herds  were  known  throughout  the  country  for  high  quality.  \\'hen 
he  was  nominated  for  Congressman-at-large  by  the  Populists  in  1892, 
he  was  in  Scotland,  comparing  notes  with  breeders  of  Great  Britain 
and  Scotland  and  planning  for  the  improvement  of  his  stock.  His 
nomination  was  indorsed  by  the  Farmers'  Alliance  and  the  Democratic 
party  and  he  was  elected.  In  1894  he  was  renominated  but  defeated. 
In  the  fall  of  1896  he  was  elected  to  the  state  senate  from  the  Third 
district,  and  the  following  January  he  was  elected  to  the  United  States 
senate  to  succeed  William  A.  Peft'er.  Mr.  Harris  took  an  active  part 
in  railroad  legislation  in  his  state  and  in  Congress,  but  was  unable 
to  have  his  ideas  carried  out.  He  was  deeply  interested  in  the 
Nicaraguan  canal  project  when  it  came  before  the  United  States 
senate,  and  was  a  member  of  the  committee  having  the  question  of 
the  proposed  canal  in  charge.  He  saved  millions  to  the  government 
in  the  Pacific  Railroad  claims  when  that  question  came  before  Con- 
gress for  settlement.  Although  an  ex-Confederate  he  was  loyal  to  his 
state  and  country,  voting  for  what  he  deemed  best,  and  measured  up 
to  the  standard  of  true  statesmanship.  After  retiring  from  the  United 
States  senate  he  made  one  political  campaign  as  the  Democratic  candi- 
date for  governor  of  Kansas.  From  1906  he  resided  in  Lawrence,  Kan., 
although  connected  with  the  National  Live  Stock  Association  witli 
headquarters  in  Chicago.  He  was  appointed  regent  of  the  State  -Agri- 
cultural College  at  Manhattan  and  took  an  active  interest  in  the  develop- 
ment of  that  institution  and  the  United  States  experimental  stations. 
He  died  at  the  home  of  his  sister  in  Chicago,  111.,  Dec.  21,  1909. 

Harrison,  n  hamlet  of  Jewell  county,  is  located  in  Harrison  township 
12  miles  north  of  Mankato,  the  county  seat.  It  had  20  inhabitants  in 
1910,  and  gets  daily  mail  from  Mankato. 

Hart,  Charles. — (See  Quantrill,  William  C.) 

Hartford,  an  incorporated  town,  the  second  largest  in  Lyon  county, 
is  located  in  Elmendaro  township  on  the  Missouri,  Kansas  t't  Texas  R. 
R.  and  the  Neosho  river  13  miles  southeast  of  Emporia,  the  county 
seat.  .Ml  the  leading  mercantile  pursuits  are  represented ;  there  are 
good  schools  and  churches,  banking  facilities,  and  a  weekly  newspaper 
(the  Neosho  Valley  Times).  The  town  is  supplied  with  telegraph  and 
express  offices,  and  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  five 
rural  routes.    The  population,  according  to  the  1910  census,  was  589. 

The  neighborhood  about  Hartford  was  settled  in  1857  and  the  town 
was  founded  in  1858.  The  association  which  promoted  it  was  com- 
posed of  IT.  D.  Rice  and  A.  K.  Ilawkes  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  W.  1 1. 
Martin,  F,.  Quiett  and  others.  The  first  building  was  a  log  structure 
14  bv  16  feet  in  size,  in  which  C.  P.  P.nssctt  kept  n  store.     The  second 


KANSAS    HISTORY  '^13 

was  a  dwelling'  and  lodging  house,  a  two-story  frame  Ijuilding  erected 
by  a  Mr.  Longley.  Tlie  postoffice  was  established  in  1859,  with  A. 
K.  Hawkes  as  postmaster.  His  wife  taught  the  first  school  the  next 
year  in  her  home.  The  first  newspaper  was  the  Hartford  Call,  the  first 
issue  of  which  appeared  in  1879.  The  first  bank  was  incorporated 
with  a  capital  of  $50,000  in  Nov.,  i88i.  The  Hartford  water  mills,"  an 
important  institution  in  those  days,  were  built  in  1873. 

Hartford  Collegiate  Institute. — About  the  year  i860  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  conference  decided  that  it  would  be  advisable  to  locate  a 
branch  of  Baker  University  at  Hartford  in  Lyon  county.  The  citizens 
of  the  town  agreed  to  donate  aid  in  the  shape  of  funds  and  land,  and 
work  was  commenced  on  the  building,  which  was  a  two-story  structure 
32  by  46  feet.  After  an  expenditure  of  several  thousand  dollars  the 
building  was  partially  completed  in  1862.  Several  terms  were  taught, 
in  connection  with  the  district  school,  after  which  the  collegiate  insti- 
tute was  abandoned  and  the  building  was  used  by  the  district  school. 

Hartland,  a  village  of  Kearny  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  7  miles  west  of  Lakin,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  a  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  telephone 
connections,  a  hotel,  and  is  the  principal  shipping  point  for  the  western 
portion  of  the  county.     The  population  was  80  in  1910. 

Harvey  County,  named  for  James  M.  Harvey,  who  was  governor  of 
Kansas  at  the  time  it  was  organized,  is  located  in  the  western  part 
of  the  eastern  half  of  the  state,  the  third  county  from  the  Oklahoma 
line  and  the  sixth  from  the  State  of  Missouri.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  McPherson  and  Marion  counties;  on  the  east  by  Marion  and 
Butler ;  on  the  south  by  Sedgwick,  and  on  the  west  by  Reno,  and  is 
crossed  a  little  east  of  the  center  by  the  6th  principal  meridian. 

The  first  bona  fide  settler  in  the  county  was  H.  Nieman,  who  came 
in  1869.  He  was  followed  in  the  same  year  by  Walter  M.  Munch. 
William  Lawrence,  Hubbard  Wilcox,  William  McOwen,  Charles 
Schaefer,  John  N.  Corgan,  W.  T.  Wetherel,  John  AVright  and  S.  Decker. 
About  60  new  settlers  came  the  next  year,  and  the  list  of  members  of 
the  Old  Settler's  association  gives  the  names  of  51  persons  who  located 
within  the  bounds  of  the  county  in  1871.  In  the  fall  of  that  year 
agitation  for  organization  of  a  new  county  brought  about  a  division 
in  the  Republican  party  in  Sedgwick  county.  The  delegates  from 
Newton,  which  was  at  that  time  in  Sedgwick  county,  were  cut  down 
in  the  convention  from  7  to  3.  This  caused  the  whole  delegation, 
together  with  those  from  Black  Kettle  and  Grant  townships,  to  with- 
draw.    They  nominated  a  separate  ticket,  which  was  partially  elected. 

In  December  of  that  year  a  convention  was  held  at  Newton  to  arrange 
plans  for  a  separate  organization.  The  plan  of  taking  three  townships 
from  McPherson,  three  from  Marion  and  ten  from  Sedgwick  county, 
with  Newton  as  the  county  seat,  was  adopted  by  those  present  and 
was  carried  into  effect  by  act  of  the  legislature  a  few  weeks  later. 
Gov.    Harvey    appointed    the    following    officers    to    serve    temporarih: 


8l4  CVCLOPEDIA    OF 

Clerk,  W.  H.  Baily ;  treasurer,  C.  D.  Munger;  probate  judge,  A.  Alark- 
well;  register  of  deeds,  R.  H.  Brown;  sheriff,  W.  B.  Chamberlain; 
coroner,  C.  C.  Furley ;  county  attorney,  C.  S.  Bowman ;  clerk  of  the 
district  court,  J.  B.  Cunningham ;  count)'  surveyor,  W.  Brown ;  super- 
intendent of  public  instruction,  Ellen  Webster ;  county  commissioners, 
A.  G.  Richardson,  Amos  Proutj'  and  J.  R.  Skinner. 

The  first  election  was  held  in  May,  1872.  Xewton  was  made  the 
county  seat  and  all  the  officers  appointed  by  the  governor  were  elected 
with  the  exception  of  J.  R.  Skinner,  count}'  commissioner,  whose  place 
was  filled  by  B.  Thompson.  The  first  act  of  the  commissioners  was 
to  divide  the  county  into  civil  townships  and  give  them  names.  Each 
one  was  made  the  size  of  a  Congressional  township,  and  they  were 
named  as  follows:  Alta,  Burrington,  Darlington,  Emma,  Garden,  Hal- 
stead,  f.ake,  Lakin,  Macon,  Newton,  Pleasant.  Richland  and  Sedg'wick. 
On  a  petition,  signed  by  three-fourths  of  the  citizens  in  the  townships 
of  Highland  and  Walton,  they  were  added  to  Harvey  cDunly  l)y  act 
of  the  legislature  in  March,  1873. 

From  the  time  of  organization  until  the  fall  of  1875,  ^l'"-"  county 
affairs  are  said  to  have  been  very  badly,  if  not  criminally,  managed. 
N^o  records  were  kept  of  the  transactions  of  the  officers,  even  the 
minutes  of  the  meetings  of  the  commissioners  being  omitted,  and  most 
of  the  important  papers  which  should  lia\'e  been  on  file  were  missing. 
It  was  charged  that  large  amounts  of  money  had  been  wrongly  vised, 
and  warrants  paid  without  the  sanction  of  law.  Indignation  meetings 
were  held  all  over  the  county  and  attempts  were  made  to  investigate 
the  matter,  but  it  was  found  imjiossihlc  \n  do  so  on  account  of  the 
way  the  books  had  been  kept. 

In  1872  the  immigration  of  tlie  Mennonites  began.  The  large  influx 
of  these  people  followed  an  investigation  on  the  part  of  advance  com- 
mittees, which  determined  upon  Harvey  county  as  a  suitable  locality 
in  which  to  settle.  This  was  a  very  important  circumstance  in  the 
growth  of  the  county,  as  they  are  a  thrifty  and  industrious  class  of 
citizens,  and  they  have  contributed  toward  the  general  prosperity  of 
all  lines  of  business. 

The  first  church  building  was- erected  in  Halstead  township  in  1877 
by  the  Mennonites.  The  first  school  house  was  built  in  Sedgwick  in 
1870,  the  first  flour  mill  erected  by  the  Sedgwick  Steam  Power  com- 
pany in  1871,  and  the  first  death  was  that  of  of  an  unknown  man  who 
was  shot  in  1870.  The  first  births  occurred  in  the  summer  of  1870.  one 
being  in  the  French  colony  on  Turkey  creek,  and  the  other  being  Rosa 
A.,  daughter  of  Charles  Schaefer.  The  first  marriages  were  in  1871. 
one  in  Lake  townsliip  between  H.  Baumann  and  a  ]\Iiss  Wheeler,  and 
the  other  in  Richland  township  between  Horace  Gardner  and  Hcttie 
Thero.  .Among  the  first  business  concerns  was  the  grocery  store  of 
James  McMurray.  established  in  1871,  in  Lake  township.  The  first 
postoflfice  was  established  in  1870  in  Sedgwick  with  T.  S.  Floyd  as  post- 
master. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  815 

There  were  numerous  destructive  prairie  fires  in  the  ejirly  '70s.  One 
in  Richland  township  in  1871  did  a  great  deal  of  damage,  and  another 
in  Emma  township  two  years  later  destroyed  cohsiderable  property. 
A  terrific  storm  visited  the  whole  county  in  June,  1871,  destroying 
the  growing  crops,  and  another  on  Oct.  30  of  the  same  year  killed  hun- 
dreds of  cattle  which  were  grazing  in  the  open.  In  common  with  other 
parts  of  the  state  the  settlers  were  made  practically  destitute  by  the 
grasshoppers  in  1874. 

As  early  as  1872  the  Harvey  County  Agricultural  and  Mechanical 
society  was  organized.  Its  first  fair  was  held  at  Newton  in  1873.  The 
Old  Settler's  association  was  organized  in  1888,  with  Walter  M.  Munch, 
who  came  in  1869,  as  its  first  president.  Lodges,  fraternal  organiza- 
tions and  churches  were  formed  early  throughout  the  county.  School 
buildings  were  erected  so  rapidly  that  in  1877,  seven  years  from  the  time 
the  first  one  was  built,  there  were  66  school  houses. 

The  first  railroad  built  through  the  county  was  the  main  line  of  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe,  completed  in  1871.  This  road  enters  in 
the  northeast  from  Marion  county,  runs  in  a  southwesterly  direction 
to  Newton,  and  thence  west  into  Reno  county.  At  Newton  a  branch 
diverges  southward  into  Sedgwick  county.  Bonds  to  the  amount  of 
$200,000  were  issued  by  the  county  for  the  building  of  the  branch  to 
Wichita,  which  was  constructed  in  1871,  by  the  Wichita  &  South- 
western Railroad  company,  made  up  of  local  capitalists.  A  branch  of 
the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  from  Eldorado  enters  in  the  southeast, 
crosses  due  northwest  through  Newton  and  into  McPherson  county. 
A  line  of  the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  system  crosses  the  southwest 
corner,  passing  through  Burrton  and  Patterson,  and  the  Chicago,  Rock 
Island  &  Pacific  crosses  the  extreme  southeast  corner. 

The  postofifices  in  Harve}'  count_v  are  as  follows :  Newton,  the  county 
seat,  where  there  is  a  fine  government  building,  Annelly,  Burrton,  Hal- 
stead,  Hesston,  Patterson,  Sedgwick  and  Walton. 

The  general  surface  of  the  county  is  prairie,  with  sand  hills  in  the 
extreme  northwest,  and  somewhat  rolling  in  the  southeast.  It  has  an 
unusual  abundance  of  streams,  its  water  system  consisting  of  the  Little 
Arkansas  river  and  its  numerous  branches.  The  Little  Arkansas  enters 
in  the  northwest  corner  and  flows  east  a  few  miles  where  it  is  joined 
by  Crooked  creek  and  other  streams.  From  this  point  it  flows  south- 
east, being  joined  at  dif?erent  points  by  Black  Kettle,  Emma  and  Sand 
creeks.  In  the  eastern  part  of  the  county  are  Jester  and  West  creeks. 
The  bottom  lands  along  the  streams  average  from  one-fourth  to  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile  in  width  and  comprise  30  per  cent,  of  the  area,  which 
is  above  the  average  in  Kansas  and  makes  this  a  fine  farming  district. 
The  timber  belts  are  from  a  few  rods  to  one-fourth  of  a  mile  in  width 
and  contain  a  number  of  varieties  of  wood — walnut,  cottonwood,  elm, 
hackberry,  ash,  elm,  box-elder,  mulberry  and  sycamore. 

Magnesian  limestone  is  found  in  limited  quantities  in  the  northeast 
and  clay  of  a  good  quality  for  brick  near  Newton.     Gypsum  abounds  in 


Sl6  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

the  eastern  portion,  and  salt  in  large  quantities  underlies  the  southeastern 
section. 

As  an  agricultural  county  Harvey  ranks  high,  although  its  area  is 
much  less  than  those  surrounding  it.  It  covers  but  540  miles  or  345,000 
acres,  three-fourths  of  which  have  been  brought  under  cultivation.  The 
annual  output  from  the  farms  averages  above  $3,000,000,  which  would 
do  credit  to  a  much  larger  county.  The  oats  crop  in  1910  was  worth 
$500,000 ;  wheat,  $200,000 ;  corn,  $500,000 ;  tame  grass,  $200,000 ;  wild 
grass,  $150,000;  animals  sold  for  slaughter,  $800,000.  Other  important 
agricultural  items  are  poultry  and  eggs,  dairy  produce  and  potatoes. 
The  assessed  valuation  of  property  in  1910  was  $34,248,225,  and  the 
population  was  19,200. 

The  financial  matters  of  the  county  government  are  in  a  remarkably 
fine  condition,  it  being  one  of  the  few  counties  in  this  or  any  other 
state  to  have  absolutely  no  indebtedness.  This  condition  of  affairs  has 
not  been  brought  about  by  failure  to  make  public  improvements,  as 
a  new  $60,000  court-house  was  built  a  short  time  ago  without  bonding 
the  county. 

Harvey,  James  Madison,  the  fifth  governor  of  Kansas  after  her  admis- 
sion as  a  state,  was  a  native  of  the  Old  Dominion,  having  been  born 
in  Monroe  county,  Va.,  Sept.  21,  1833.  While  still  in  his  childhood 
his  parents,  Thomas  and  Margaret  (Walker)  Harvey,  removed  to  Rush 
county,  Ind.,  thence  to  Iowa,  and  later  to  Adams  county.  111.  The 
future  governor  of  Kansas  received  his  education  in  the  common  schools 
of  these  three  states,  and  after  completing  his  schooling  began  life  as 
a  surveyor.  In  1854  he  married  Miss  Charlotte  R.  Cutler  of  Adams 
county.  111.,  and  in  1859  came  to  Kansas,  locating  in  Riley  county,  where 
he  took  up  a  claim  upon  which  he  made  his  permanent  home,  \^^len 
the  Civil  war  broke  out  in  1861  he  organized  a  company  at  Ogden, 
Kan.,  which  was  mustered  into  the  I'nited  -States  service  at  Fort 
Leavenworth  as  Company  G,  Tenth  Kansas  infantry.  He  was  com- 
missioned captain  of  his  company,  and  when  the  Fourth  and  TenUi 
regiments  were  consolidated  he  retained  his  rank  in  the  new  organiza- 
tion. In  1864  he  was  mustered  out  and  returned  to  his  farm.  The 
following  year  he  was  elected  to  re])resent  Riley  county  in  the  lower 
house  of  the  state  legislature,  and  was  reelected  in  1866,  when  there 
was  but  one  vote  cast  against  him  in  llie  county.  During  the  years 
1867-68  he  was  a  member  of  the  state  senate  from  what  was  then  the 
Seventh  district,  composed  of  Marshall,  Riley  and  Shirlex'  (now  Cloud) 
counties.  In  1868,  when  some  of  his  friends  urged  him  to  run  for 
governor,  he  looked  over  the  field  and  concluded  Ihat  he  was  not  finan- 
cially able  to  make  the  race.  .\t  this  juncture  a  friend  came  to  him 
and  voluntarily  ofl'ered  to  furnish  him  with  sufficient  money  to  pay 
the  expenses  of  his  campaign.  Mr.  Harvey  borrowed  $200,  which  paid 
all  his  expenses,  received  the  nomination  and  was  elected.  Some  years 
later  he  said  to  the  man  who  had  furnishe(i  him  with  the  money  f<ir 
his  campaign:     "That  olTer  of  yours  was  the  Inrning  jininl   nf  ni\-  life. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  817 

1  had  decided  not  to  go  before  the  state  convention  as  a  candidate,  and 
had  given  it  all  up.  I  would  not  ask  any  one  to  loan  me  money,  but 
the  tender  >>i  it  unasked  was  the  occasion  of  my  going  into  the  con- 
vention, and  the  result  made  mc  governor  and,  later,  United  States 
senator." 

Mr.  Harvey  was  reelected  governor  in  1870  by  an  increased  majority, 
and  upon  retiring  from  the  office  in  Jan.,  1873,  he  resumed  his  old 
occupation  of  surveyor.  He  was  thus  employed  in  western  Kansas 
when  he  was  elected  to  the  United  States  senate  to  fill  the  vacancy 
caused  by  the  resignation  of  Alexander  Caldwell,  the  term  expiring  on 
March  4,  1877.  While  in  the  senate  he  served  on  several  important 
committees,  and  at  the  expiration  of  his  service  he  again  took  up  the 
life  of  a  private  citizen  on  his  farm  near  Vinton,  Riley  county.  Between 
the  years  1881  and  1884  he  was  engaged  in  making  surveys  in  New 
Mexico,  Arizona,  Utah  and  Nevada.  Ill  health  in  1884  led  him  to  return 
to  Virginia,  where  he  spent  six  years — three  in  Norfolk  and  three  in 
Richmond — but  in  1890  he  came  back  to  Kansas.  In  1891  he  surveyed 
No  Man's  Land,  and  the  winter  of  1893  ^^'^s  passed  in  southern  Texas. 
Gov.  Harvey  died  on  April  15,  1894,  and  w^as  survived  by  his  widow, 
four  sons  and  two  daughters,  ^^^lile  a  member  of  the  Kansas  legisla- 
ture he  received  the  sobriquet  of  "Old  Honesty,"  which  clung  to  him 
throughout  his  public  career,  and  was  a  splendid,  if  somewhat  homely, 
description  of  his  character. 

Harvey's  Administration. — Gov.  Harvey  was  inducted  into  office  at 
the  opening  of  the  legislative  session  which  met  on  Jan.  12,  1869.  Being 
a  farmer  and  surveyor,  he  made  no  pretense  of  great  erudition  in  his 
inaugural  message,  but  dealt  in  a  plain,  straightforward  way  with  those 
subjects  which  he  considered  of  great  interest  and  highest  importance  to 
the  people  of  the  state.  In  discussing  the  financial  situation,  he  showed 
the  state's  liabilities  to  be  $1,398,192.37,  and  the  resources  to  be  $423,- 
309.95.  Military  matters,  Indian  affairs,  education,  railroads,  immigra- 
tion, agriculture,  suffrage  and  the  general  statutes  of  the  state — just 
revised  by  a  commission — all  received  attention  and  intelligent  treat- 
ment. 

.\fter  enumerating  several  lines  of  railroad,  among  them  the  Union 
Pacific  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Sante  Fe,  and  reporting  the  pro- 
gress made  in  their  construction,  he  said:  "I  would  recommend  a 
liberal  and  just  policy  towards  all  the  railroad  enterprises  in  the  state, 
and  that,  while  by  judicious  legislation  you  secure  the  people  from  wrong 
and  extortion,  and  impose  a  fair  share  of  the  public  burden  of  taxtation 
upon  the  property  of  these  corporations,  you  should  encourage  in  everv 
judicious  and  proper  manner  the  rapid  construction  of  all  these  roads." 

He  referred  to  the  work  of  his  predecessors  regarding  immigration, 
and  added:  "I  recommend  that  you  at  least  make  provision  for  the  com- 
pilation, publication  and  dissemination  of  a  large  number  of  pamphlets 
in  the  English,  German  and  Scandinavian  languages,  showing  the 
advantages  and  resources  of  the  state  and  giving  the  immigrants  direc- 
(I-52) 


Sl8  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

tions  how  to  avail  themselves  of  the  reductions  in  the  cost  of  transpor- 
tation made  for  their  benefit ;  there  are  many  calls  for  such  information 
and  it  is  important  that  it  be  furnished." 

The  population  of  the  state  at  that  time  was  a  little  over  300,000.  1  he 
entire  western  portion  of  the  state  was  inhabited  only  by  wandering^ 
bands  of  Indians  and  the  herds  of  buflfalo  which  supplied  the  savages 
with  their  principal  article  of  food.  All  felt  the  necessity  of  increasing 
the  civilized  population  of  the  state  and  bringing  this  vast  domain  under 
cultivation.  Hence,,  the  question  of  immigration  was  one  of  great 
interest  in  determining  the  future  of  Kansas.     (See  Immigration.) 

In  this  legislature  of  1869,  the  first  to  hold  its  session  in  the  new 
State-house  at  Topeka,  Lieut.-Gov.  Charles  V.  Eskridge  presided  over 
the  senate  and  Moses  S.  Adams  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  house.  The 
session  lasted  until  March  4.  During  the  session  the  state  debt  was 
increased  $259,000  by  bond  issues,  as  follows :  $75,000  "for  the  purpose 
of  liquidating  the  expenses  incurred  for  military  purposes  for  the  year 
1869;  $100,000  for  a  military  contingent  fund  "to  be  used  in  protecting 
the  frontier  of  the  state ;"  $70,000  "to  the  exclusive  use  of  erecting  the 
east  wing  of  the  state  capitol  building  at  Topeka,  as  provided  by  law ;" 
and  $14,000  "'for  the  purpose  of  paA'ing  the  expense  of  organizing  the 
Nineteenth  regiment  of  Kansas  volunteer  cavalry." 

The  sum  of  $15,000,  "or  so  much  thereof  as  shall  be  necessary,"  was 
appropriated  "to  piu^chase  6,500  bushels  of  good,  spring  wheat,  to  be 
distributed  by  an  agent  appointed  by  the  governor  among  the  destitute 
citizens  on  the  western  frontier."  What  was  then  the  western  frontier 
is  now  the  central  part  of  Kansas,  as  ma}-  be  seen  by  the  provisions  of  the 
act,  which  directed  that  1,000  bushels  of  this  wheat  were  to  be  dis- 
tributed at  Ellsworth  for  Lincoln,  Mitchell  and  Ellsworth  counties; 
2,000  bushels  at  Salina  for  Saline,  McPherson  and  Ottawa  counties ; 
2,000  bushels  at  Junction  City  for  Marion,  Clay  and  Cloud  counties ;  and 
1,500  at  Waterville  for  the  counties  of  Jewell,  Washington  and  Republic. 

A  commission  was  created  by  the  act  of  Feb.  17  for  the  purpose  of 
"auditing,  settlement  and  assumption  of  the  Price  Raid  claims"  (q.  v.), 
and  by  the  act  of  March  3  the  governor  was  authorized  to  appoint  a  com- 
mission of  three  disinterested  citizens  to  examine  into  claims  for  stock 
stolen  and  property  destroyed  by  Indians  during  the  years  1867  and 
1868.  The  claims  thus  audited  and  the  allowance  therefor  were  to  be 
transmitted  by  the  governor  to  the  Kansas  representative  and  senators 
in  Congress,  with  a  request  to  secure  the  passage  of  a  law  williholding 
annuities  and  goods  due  such  Indians  to  indemnify  the  claimants. 
Immediately  after  the  passage  of  llie  act,  Gov.  Harvey  appointed  as 
commissioners  Z.  Jackson,  of  Ellsworth;  Edson  Haxter,  of  Saline;  and 
James  F.  Tallman,  of  Washington.  The  commissioners  met  and  organ- 
ized soon  after  their  appoinlmenl.  and  on  May  7  reported  that  they  had 
audited  and  allowed  claims  amounting  to  $43,441.64. 

'l"he  report  was  forvvardi'd  to  tiie  Kansas  Congressional  delegation,  as 
the  law  provided,  but  nothing  was  done  in  the  matter  by  Congress  until 


KANSAS    IJISTOUY  819 

the  following  session.  On  Jan.  12,  J871,  Mr.  Ross  introduced  a  bill  in 
the  United  States  senate  making  it  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  the 
interior  "to  cause  to  be  investigated,  under  such  rules  and  regulations 
as  he  may  establish,  all  alleged  claims  for  property  unlawfully  taken  in 
Kansas,  or  for  damages  sustained  in  said  state,  by  reason  of  depredations 
committed  without  the  bounds  of  any  Indian  reservations  since  the  ist 
day  of  Jan.  i860,  by  any  of  the  Indian  tribes  or  members  thereof  located 
in  the  State  of  Kansas  with  whom  treaties  of  peace  have  been  or  may 
hereafter  be  made.  .  .  .  And  whatever  sum  or  sums  may  be  found 
to  be  justly  due,  when  approved  by  Congress,  shall  be  paid  by  the  secre- 
tary of  the  interior,  if  against  the  Indians,  out  of  any  moneys  due  or  to 
become  due  from  the  United  States  as  annuity  or  otherwise,  to  such 
tribe  or  tribes  against  which  said  sums  shall  be  found  due,"  etc. 

The  bill  passed  the  senate  on  March  i,  and  the  same  day  was  sent  to 
the  house,  where  it  was  passed  over  on  account  of  the  objection  of  Mr. 
Buck  of  Alabama,  and  thus  the  settlers  failed  to  receive  justice  for  the 
many  wrongs  and  outrages  committed  against  them. 

Some  trouble  resulted  in  the  spring  of  1869  between  the  settlers  on 
the  "Neutral  Lands"  and  the  Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  &  Gulf  Railroad 
company.  During  the  war  a  number  of  people  settled  on  the  Neutral 
Lands,  and  after  the  treaty  of  1866  others  came  in  with  the  expectation 
of  being  permitted  to  buy  their  lands  from  the  government.  The  rail- 
road company  acquired  title  to  639,000  acres  of  the  lands,  and  on  Nov. 
10,  1868,  issued  a  statement  to  the  effect  that  any  settler,  showing  he 
had  located  prior  to  June  10,  1868,  would  be  allowed  to  purchase  160 
acres  at  from  two  to  five  dollars  an  acre  upon  long  credit.  Ten  days 
later  the  company  opened  a  real  estate  office  at  Fort  Scott,  but  the 
settlers  organized  a  "land  league"  to  resist  the  company's  taking  posses- 
sion. The  company's  land  office  was  mobbed  and  construction  of  the 
railroad  was  brought  to  a  standstill  by  the  threatening  attitude  of  the 
people. 

On  May  25,  1869,  Gov.  Harvey  asked  Gen.  Schofield  to  send  a  detach- 
ment of  troops  to  the  scene  of  the  disturbance.  On  the  31st  he  issued 
a  proclamation  calling  upon  the  people  of  Crawford  and  Cherokee  coun- 
ties to  obey  the  civil  authorities,  and  again  asked  for  troops  to  assist  in 
protecting  property  and  preserving  the  peace.  This  time  Gen.  Schofield 
responded  by  ordering  a  detachment  into  the  Neutral  Lands  and  thus 
order  was  restored  by  the  presence  of  an  armed  force,  but  at  the  next 
session  of  the  legislature  a  resolution  censuring  the  governor  for  request- 
ing troops  was  introduced  in  the  house  and  was  defeated  by  only  a  small 
majority.  In  his  message  to  the  legislature  of  1870  Gov.  Harvey  ex- 
plained the  difficulties  and  announced  that  the  troops  were  still  there. 
"I  have  refused,"  said  he,  "to  request  their  withdrawal,  for  the  reason 
that  the  controversy  is  still  unsettled,  and  I  believe  their  presence  con- 
ducive to  the  peace  and  consequent  prosperity  of  the  locality  in  which 
they  are  stationed."     (See  Neutral  Lands.) 

Nov.  2,  1869,  was  the  date  of  the  election  for  members  of  the  tenth 


820  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

legislature,  which  met  in  regular  session  on  Jan.  ii,  1870.  Lieut. -Gov. 
Eskridge  again  presided  over  the  senate  and  Jacob  Stotler  was  elected 
speaker  of  the  house.  In  his  message,  Gov.  Harvey  gave  the  state's 
resources  as  $809,550.43,  and  the  liabilities  as  $1,771,407.94.  Said  he :  "I 
desire  to  call  your  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  constitutional  require- 
ment relative  to  the  levy  and  collection  of  taxes  each  year,  for  the  crea- 
tion of  a  sinking  fund  adequate  for  the  liquidation  of  the  state  debt,  has 
not  been  complied  with  in  former  years,  and  that  the  levy  for  that  pur- 
pose the  past  year  is  inadequate.  .  .  .  Each  law  creating  any  part 
of  the  state  debt  contains  the  provision  required  by  the  5th  section  of 
Article  XI  of  the  constitution;  but  in  making  the  yearly  levies,  legisla- 
tures have  failed  to  include  in  the  revenue  bill  amounts  set  apart  for  this 
purpose  sufficient  to  comply  with  the  constitution  and  the  laws  made  in 
pursuance  thereof.  I  hope,  and  believe,  that  no  argument  is  necessary  to 
ctinvince  you  that  this  fund  must  be  raised  and  sacredly  applied  to  its 
legitimate  purpose.  Honor  and  interest  alike  demand  it."  (See  Finan- 
ces, State.) 

The  legislature  of  1869  authorized  the  appoinlment  of  an  agent  to 
collect  the  military  claims  due  the  state  from  the  general  government, 
allowing  him  three  per  cent,  of  the  amount  collected.  Gov.  Harvey 
visited  Washington  soon  after  the  adjournment  of  the  legislature,  and 
discovered  that  nothing  could  be  accomplished  in  the  way  of  collecting 
the  claims,  which  at  that  time  aggregated  $846,000,  until  further  legisla- 
tion by  Congress.  In  his  message  to  the  session  of  1870  he  thus  explains 
the  situation :  "It  was  also  suggested  to  me  that  to  have  a  claim  prose- 
cuted by  an  agent  haviug  a  large  contingent  interest  in  its  liquidation, 
might  prevent  or  delay  the  legislation  necessary  to  secure  an  equitable 
settlement.    I  therefore  refrained  from  making  the  appointment." 

Early  in  the  session  charges  were  made  that  George  Graham,  treas- 
urer of  state,  had  been  in  the  habit  of  depositing  the  state's  funds  in 
banks  and  appropriating  the  interest  thereon  to  his  private  use.  An 
investigating  committee,  consisting  of  Byron  Sherry,  Levi  W'ilhelm, 
George  P.  Eves,  John  Parsons  and  Levi  Billings,  all  members  of  the 
house,  was  appointed,  with  instructions  to  report  as  soon  as  possible. 
The  committee  reported  on  Jan.  27,  that  Graham  had  a  contract  witJi  the 
Toijcka  I'ank  by  which  he  was  _to  receive  interest  of  four  ])cr  ci.'iii.  on 
current  balances;  that  there  had  been  placed  to  his  credit,  as  interest,  the 
sum  of  $1,056.88;  that  the  governor,  secretary  of  state  and  auditor  were 
guilty  of  non-compliance  with  section  52  of  the  general  statutes  in  ncit 
making  monthly  examinations  as  the  law  required.  It  developed,  liow- 
ever,  that  the  interest  on  state  funds  had  been  placed  to  Mr.  Graham's 
private  credit  without  his  knowledge  or  connivance,  and  ili.il  he  li:id 
not  accepted  it  for  his  private  use. 

The  legislature  adjourned  on  M:iri,li  ^  Tlic  principal  ;u-ts  of  the 
session  were  those  providing  for  a  normal  school  in  nortliern  Kansas; 
creating  the  office  of  state  librarian  and  a  bo;ird  of  directors  of  tlic  state 
library;   ratifying  the   fifteenth   amendnienl    to   the   conslitntioti   cif   ilic 


KANSAS    HISTORY  82I 

I'nilcd  States;  ceding;'  to  the  L'nitcd  States  a  site  for  a  national  cemetery 
at  Fort  Scott;  granting-  authority  to  the  city  of  Lawrence  to  issue  bonds 
to  the  amount  of  $100,000  for  the  erection  of  a  building  for  the  state 
university,  and  authorizing  the  state  school  commissioners  to  buy  said 
bonds. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  for  1870,  the  population  of 
Kansas  was  364,399,  an  increase  of  257,193,  or  nearly  240  per  cent,  during 
the  preceding  decade.  This  entitled  Kansas  to  three  representatives  in 
Congress.  In  June,  1871,  an  assessment  of  all  the  property  in  the  state 
was  made  by  order  of  the  census  bureau,  and  the  value  was  reported  as 
being  $89,905,470.  An  assesment  made  about  the  same  time  by  the 
officers  of  the  several  counties  showed  the  value -of  all  property  to  be 
$183,998,774,  or  more  than  twice  as  much  as  the  value  reported  by  the 
census  bureau. 

The  political  campaign  of  1870  was  opened  by  the  Republican  party, 
which  held  a  state  convention  at  Topeka  on  Sept.  8.  Gov.  Harvey  was 
renominated,  and  the  rest  of  the  ticket  was  as  follows :  Peter  P.  Elder, 
lieutenant-governor;  William  H.  Smallwood,  secretarv  of  state;  Alois 
Thoman,  auditor;  josiah  E.  Hayes,  treasurer;  Archibald  L.  Williams, 
attorney-general ;  Hugh  D.  McCarty,  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion;  David  J.  Brewer,  associate  justice;  David  P.  Lowe,  representa- 
tive in  Congress.  The  platform  adopted  indorsed  the  administration 
of  President  Grant;  rejoiced  in  the  rapid  reduction  of  the  national  debt; 
expressed  sympathy  with  the  German  people  in  their  war  with  the 
French;  demanded  full  protection  of  the  rights  of  the  settlers  in  the 
distribution  of  lands  acquired  by  treaty  with  the  Indians,  and  the  reser- 
vation of  sections  16  and  36  in  each  township  for  educational  purposes. 

On  Sept.  15  the  Democratic  state  convention  assembled  in  Topeka. 
Isaac  Sharp  was  nominated  for  governor;  A.  J.  Allen,  for  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor; Charles  C.  Duncan,  for  secretary  of  state;  Hardin  McAIahon,  for 
auditor;  S.  C.  Gephart,  for  treasurer;  A.  W.  Rucker,  for  attorney-gen- 
eral ;  Thomas  S.  Murray,  for  superintendent  of  public  instruction ;  Rob- 
ert M.  Ruggles,  for  associate  justice;  R.  Cole  Foster,  for  representa- 
tive in  Congress.  The  platform  demanded  the  reduction,  if  not  abolition, 
of  the  "hateful  and  oppressive  internal  revenue  tax;"  a  national  currency, 
secure  against  the  effect  of  speculation,  and  distributed  in  a  just  ratio 
among  the  states;  and  condemned  the  state  administration  for  "the 
quartering  of  United  States  troops  upon  the  people  of  Cherokee  and 
Crawford  counties." 

A  "Working-men's  ticket"  was  nominated  by  a  convention  held  at 
Topeka  on  Sept.  22,  and  was  made  up  as  follows :  W.  R.  Laughlin,  gov- 
ernor ;  T.  Moore,  lieutenant-governor ;  G.  T.  Pierce,  secretary  of  state ; 
W.  C.  Fowler,  auditor;  T.  S.  Slaughter,  treasurer;  Hugh  D.  McCarty, 
superintendent  of  public  instruction ;  George  H.  Hoyt,  attorney-general ; 
G.  M.  Harrison,  associate  justice ;  John  C.  Vaughan,  representative  in 
Congress. 

At  the  election  on  Nov.  8  the  vote  for  governor  was:     Harvey,  40,666; 


822  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Sharp,  20,469;  Laughlin,  108.  The  vote  for  Laughlin  was  confined  to 
two  counties — Montgomery  and  Neosho — the  former  casting  97  votes 
and  the  latter  11.  The  remainder  of  the  Workingmen's  ticket  did  better, 
the  Heutenant-governor  and  secretary  of  state  receiving  over  1,000  votes 
each. 

Some  excitement  occurred  in  Butler  county  toward  tne  close  of  the 
year.  On  election  day  a  vigilance  committee  arrested  several  horse 
thieves  and  desperate  characters ;  hanged  Lewis  Booth  and  Jack  Corbin, 
while  James  Smith  was  shot  to  death.  On  Dec.  2,  Mike  Drea,  William 
Quimby,  Dr.  Morris  and  his  son  Ale.xander  were  hanged  at  Douglass,  a 
little  town  about  twenty  miles  south  of  Eldorado.  Adjt.-Gen.  Whitaker 
hurried  to  Eldorado  with  a  supph'  of  arms  and  issued  an  order  calling 
out  the  militia,  but  quiet  being  restored,  the  order  was  countermanded. 

The  eleventh  regular  session  of  the  state  legislature  met  on  Jan.  10, 
1871,  and  orgrinized  with  Lieut.-Gov.  Elder  as  the  presiding  officer  of  the 
senate  and  B.  F.  Simpson  as  the  speaker  of  the  house.  Much  of  Gov. 
Harvey's  message,  delivered  on  the  opening  day  of  the  session,  was 
devoted  to  a  review  of  the  state's  financial  condition,  the  public  institu- 
tions, and  the  educational  progress  of  the  preceding  year.  Immigration 
also  received  considerable  attention,  the  governor  urging  that  provision 
"be  made  for  "the  publication  and  distribution  of  a  large  number  of 
pamphlets,  printed  in  the  principal  languages  of  Europe,"  and  also  for 
"the  publication  of  the  history  of  the  Kansas  State  Agricultural  Society 
from  its  inception." 

On  the  question  of  suffrage,  the  governor  said:  "In  my  last  annual 
message  I  recommended  that  steps  be  taken  for  the  removal  of  disabil- 
ities imposed  by  our  state  constitution  for  participating  in  the  late 
rebellion  or  dishonorable  dismissal  from  the  armv.  Legislation  was 
attempted  with  that  view,  but,  through  inadvertence,  failed  to  become 
effective.  I  now  renew  the  recommendation.  .  .  .  Now,  when  vic- 
tory has  brought  assured  unity,  and  passions  and  feelings  of  hostility  to 
rightful  authority  have  passed  away,  magnanimity  and  clemency  are  as 
much  in  keeping  with  the  character  of  a  great  people  as  valor  in  time 
of  war." 

The  amendment  to  section  2,  article  5,  imposing  the  disabilities 
referred  to  by  Gov.  Harvey,  was  recommended  by  Gov.  Crawford  in  his 
message  of  1S67,  and  was  ratified  by  the  people  at  the  general  election  in 
November  of  that  year.  It  provided  that  the  disabilities  could  bo 
removed  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  of  each  house.  (lOV. 
Harve}'  himself  was  a  soldier,  and  when  he  showed  ihc  disposition  to 
pardon  those  who  had  thus  been  placed  under  the  ban.  the  legislature 
caught  the  spirit  and  by  the  act  of  March  3,  1871,  the  political  restrictions 
were  removed  from  some  150  persons,  most  of  whom  resided  in  the  east- 
ern counties. 

The  message  of  1871  congratulated  the  people  of  the  western  frontier 
upon  their  freedom  from  Indian  attacks,  a  condition  which  the  governor 
attril>nted  to  "the  exertions  of  Gen.  John  Pope,  CfimniandinL;  the  Depart- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  823 

ment  of  llie  Missouri,''  and  to  the  activity  of  Adjt.-Gen.  Whitaker,  who 
was  "indefatic^able  in  organizing  the  frontier  settlers  and  providing  them 
with  arms  and  ammunition  for  their  protection." 

Gov.  Harvey  also  urged  the  passage  of  a  stringent  law  for  the  sup- 
pression of  prize  fighting,  and  that  provisions  be  made  for  the  prevention 
of  prairie  fires  by  designating  "some  local  officer  whose  duty  it  shall  be 
to  investigate  the  origm  of  the  fires  and  prosecute  the  parties  responsi- 
ble therefor."  The  absence  of  legislation  prohibiting  prize  fighting  had 
led  promoters  of  such  enterprises,  residing  in  other  states,  to  make  Kan- 
sas the  scene  of  several  disgraceful  afl:'airs  of  this  character.  But  by  the 
act  of  Feb.  i6,  1871,  a  penalty  of  from  one  to  ten  years  in  the  peniten- 
tiary for  promoting  or  procuring  a  prize  fight  within  the  limits  of  the 
state  was  imposed. 

The  assembly  adjourned  on  March  3.  Among  the  acts  passed  were 
those  making  a  new  apportionment  for  members  of  the  legislature ; 
authorizing  the  school  commissioners  to  purchase  $50,000  worth  of  the 
Lawrence  bonds,  issued  for  the  benefit  of  the  state  university;  creating 
the  I2th  judicial  district;  appropriating  $6,000  for  the  purchase  of  seed 
wheat  and  corn  for  the  settlers  in  the  western  counties ;  directing  the 
election  of  a  board  or  railroad  assessors,  and  several  acts  authorizing 
municipalities  to  issue  bonds  for  certain  specific  purposes.  On  Jan.  25, 
1871,  the  fifteenth  day  of  the  session,  Alexander  Caldwell  was  elected 
United  States  senator  to  succeed  Edmund  G.  Ross. 

At  the  succeeding  session  of  the  legislature,  which  met  on  Jan.  9,  1872, 
Lieut.-Gov.  Elder  again  presided  over  the  senate,  and  Stephen  A.  Cobb 
was  speaker  of  the  house.  Gov.  Harvey's  message  dealt  with  the  usual 
topics,  such  as  financial  matters,  education,  the  public  institutions,  mil- 
itary affairs,  industries,  etc.  He  reported  the  state's  liabilities  as  $1,403,- 
069,  offset  by  resources  of  $782,669.88,  composed  of  current  and  delin- 
quent taxes,  cash  in  hand,  and  the  sinking  fund  in  cash  and  bonds.  He 
recommended  a  constitutional  amendment  giving  members  of  the  legis- 
lature an  annual  salary,  instead  of  the  present  per  diem  allowance,  and 
announced  that,  in  response  to  an  invitation  from  Hon.  Hamilton  Fish, 
he  had  named  as  commissioners  for  the  State  of  Kansas  to  the  Centen- 
nial exposition  at  Philadelphia  Hon.  John  A.  Martin,  of  Atchison  county, 
and  Hon.  George  A.  Crawford,  of  Bourbon  county,  who  had  been 
appointed  and  commissioned.     (See  Expositions.) 

Considerable  time  was  taken  up  at  this  session  in  investigating  the 
elections  of  United  States  senators  by  the  legislatures  of  1867  and  1871. 
On  Jan.  24  a  special  committee  of  five  representatives  and  three  senators 
was  ordered  by  resolution  to  investigate  the  charges  of  bribery  and 
report.  James  D.  Snoddy,  Elias  S.  Stover  and  H.  C.  Whitney  were 
appointed  on  the  part  of  the  senate,  and  William  H.  Clark,  G.  W.  Clark, 
J.  Boynton,  D.  H.  Johnson  and  J.  J.  Wood  on  the  part  of  the  house.  On 
Feb.  24  the  committee  reported  that,  "At  the  senatorial  election  of  1867, 
a  large  sum  of  money  was  used  and  attempted  to  be  used  in  bribing  and 
in  attempting  to  bribe  and  influence  the  members  of  the  legislature  to 


824  rvCLOrEDIA    OF 

secure  the  election  of  S.  C.  Pomeroy,  E.  G.  Ross  and  Thomas  Carney, 
by  S.  C.  Pomero}^  Thomas  Carney,  Perry  Fuller  and  others  in  their 
employ."  (See  sketch  of  Samuel  C.  Pomeroy,  who  was  elected  senator 
on  Jan.  23,  1867.) 

Regarding  the  election  of  1871,  the  committee  reported  that  Sidney 
Clarke's  friends  engaged  for  him — an  act  which  he  afterward  approved 
— some  eighty  rooms  at  the  Tefft  House ;  that  Clarke  offered  to  members 
of  the  legislature  appointments  to  office  and  other  inducements,  and  that 
"From  all  the  testimony,  your  committee  find  that  Alexander  Caldwell 
used  bribery  and  other  corrupt  and  criminal  means,  by  himself  and  his 
friends,  with  his  full  knowledge  and  consent,  to  secure  his  election  in 
1871  to  the  United  States  senate  from  the  State  of  Kansas."  (The  full 
report  of  the  committee  mav  be  found  in  the  House  Journal  of  1872.  p. 

9850 

On  March  2  the  legislature  adjourned.  The  most  important  laws 
enacted  during  the  session  were  those  creating  the  state  board  of  agri- 
culture ;  providing  for  the  settlement  of  claims  for  losses  by  Indian 
depredations  from  i860  to  1871 ;  authorizing  cities  and  counties  to  issue 
bonds;  increasing  the  salaries  of  the  state  officers,  the  justices  of  the 
supreme  court  and  the  district  judges;  and  providing  for  the  sale  of 
lands  belonging  to  the  state  normal  school. 

The  political  campaign  of  1872  was  probably  the  most  exciting  in  tlie 
history  of  the  state,  up  to  that  time.  A  Republican  state  convention  met 
at  Lawrence  on  Feb.  21  and  selected  as  delegates  to  the  national  con- 
vention Henry  Buckingham,  Benjamin  F.  Simpson,  John  A.  Martin,  Wil- 
liam Baldwin,  H.  C.  Cross,  Charles  A.  Morris,  George  Noble,  John  C. 
Carpenter,  Josiah  Kellogg  and  John  M.  Haeberlein.  The  national  con- 
vention met  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  and  on  July  6  nominated  President 
Grant  for  a  second  term,  Henry  Wilson  being  the  nominee  for  vice-pres- 
ident. 

In  the  Republican  party  was  a  strong  sentiment  against  the  renom- 
ination  of  President  Grant.  A  caucus  of  Republicans  holding  this  view 
was  held  at  Topeka  on  Feb.  23,  two  days  after  the  Republican  state  con- 
vention at  Lawrence.  On  the  28th  there  appeared  an  address  to  tlie 
people  of  Kansas,  signed  by  ]\Iarcus  J.  Parrott,  Edmund  G.  Ross,  N.  A. 
Adams,  Samuel  N.  Wood,  Alois  Thoman  and  others.  This  address  fa- 
vored civil  service  and  revenue  reform,  and  was  opposed  to  "absolutism 
and  imperialism."  On  April  10  this  element  of  the  party  held  a  con- 
vention at  Topeka,  when  tlie  name  "Liberal  Republican"  was  adojiled 
and  delegates  elected  to  the  Cincinnati  convention  of  May  3,  where 
Horace  Greeley  and  B.  Gratz  Brown  were  nominated  for  the  presidency 
and  vice-presidency,  respectively. 

A  Democratic  convention  met  at  Topeka  on  June  11,  and  was  ])rcsided 
over  by  ex-Gov.  \\'ilson  Shannon,  who  advised  the  party  to  nnilc  with 
the  Lilieral  Republicans.  Marcus  J.  Parrott  addressed  llic  conxi-nlinn 
along  the  same  line,  after  which  a  resolution  indorsing  the  candidacy  of 
Greeley   and    IJrown    was   ado|)tcd   and    the    following   delegates    to    the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  825 

lialtinioi-c  convention  of  July  9  were  elected:  Wilson  Shannon,  Thomas 
P.  Fenlon,  E.  M.  Hulett,  R.  B.  Morris,  George  15.  Wood,  VV.  R.  Wagstaff, 
John  Martin,  Isaac  Sharp,  B.  F.  Devore  and  T.  W.  Waterson. 

On  Sept.  4,  the  Republican  party  held  a  state  convention  at  Topeka 
for  the  nomination  of  candidates  for  the  various  state  offices.  Six  can- 
didates for  governor  were  presented  to  the  convention,  and  on  the  tenth 
ballot  Thomas  A.  Osborn  was  nominated,  receiving  103  votes  to  71  for 
John  M.  Price  and  20  for  John  C.  Carpenter,  the  other  three  candidates 
having  dropped  out  of  the  race.  The  ticket  was  then  completed  by  the 
nomination  of  Elias  S.  Stover  for  lieutenant-governor;  William  H. 
.Sniallwood,  renominated  for  secretary  of  state  ;  Daniel  W.  Wilder,  for 
auditor;  Josiah  E.  Hayes,  for  treasurer;  Archibald  L.  W'ilHams,  for 
attorney-general;  Samuel  A.  Kingman,  for  associate  justice;  Hugh  D. 
McCarty,  for  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  the  last  three  being 
renominated. 

Although  Ivansas  was  entitled  to  three  Congressmen  by  the  census  of 
1870,  the  state  had  not  yet  been  divided  into  districts,  and  on  Sept.  4  a 
Republican  state  convention  met  at  Lawrence  for  the  purpose  of  nom- 
inating three  Congressmen  at  large  and  presidential  electors.  The  Con- 
gressional nominees  were  David  P.  Lowe,  William  A.  Phillips  and  Ste- 
phen A.  Cobb ;  the  presidential  electors  were  Charles  H.  Langston,  John 
Guthrie,  James  S.  Merritt,  William  W.  Smith  and  Louis  Weil. 

Just  a  w-eek  after  the-  Republican  conventions  were  held  the  Liberal 
Republicans  and  Democrats  met  in  convention  at  Topeka.  A  conference 
committee  of  the  two  parties  was  appointed  and  reported  in  favor  of  a 
fusion  ticket,  the  Liberals  to  have  the  candidates  for  governor,  three 
presidential  electors,  attorney-general,  auditor,  superintendent  of  public 
instruction  and  two  Congressmen,  the  other  places  on  the  ticket  to  be 
filled  by  Democrats.  The  conference  committee  also  presented  a  list  of 
names  from  which  to  select  candidates,  and  the  ticket  as  finally  made  up 
was  as  follows:  Thaddeus  H.  Walker,  governor;  John  Walrufif,  lieuten- 
ant-governor; J.  F.  Wasken,  secretary  of  state;  Vincent  B.  Osborne, 
auditor;  C.  H.  Pratt,  treasurer;  B.  P.  Waggener,  attorney-general;  L. 
J.  Sawyer,  superintendent  of  public  instruction;  H.  C.  McComas,  su- 
preme court  justice;  W.  R.  Laughlin.  Samuel  A.  Riggs  and  Robert  B. 
Mitchell,  representatives  in  Congress;  Pardee  Butler,  William  Larimer, 
Alois  Thoman,  F.  W.  Giles,  N.  A.  English  and  A.  W.  Rusker,  presiden- 
tial electors.     Ex-Gov.  Robinson  presided  at  the  convention. 

Some  Democrats  refused  to  indorse  the.  nomination  of  Greeley  and 
Brown  and  on  Oct.  3  selected  the  following  presidential  electors  to  vote 
for  Charles  O'Conor  and  John  O.  Adams  :  William  Palmer,  J.  C.  Canaan, 
G.  E.  Williams,  W.  H.  Peckham  and  R.  E.  Lawrence.  The  highest  vote 
received  by  any  one  on  this  ticket  was  440  for  William  Palmer.  James 
S.  Merritt  received  the  highest  vote  (66,942)  of  any  of  the  Republican 
electors,  and  Pardee  Butler's  vote  of  32,970  was  the  highest  received  by 
any  one  on  the  fusion  ticket.  Mr.  Osborn's  majority  for  governor  was 
over  30,000.     He  was  inaugurated  at  the  opening  of  the  legislative  ses- 


826  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

sion  the  following  January,  and  Gov.  Harvey  retired  from  the  office 
after  an  administration  of  four  years,  during  which  time  the  State  of 
Kansas  made  great  progress  along  all  lines. 

Harveyville,  an  incorporated  town  of  Wabaunsee  county,  is  located 
in  Plumb  township,  25  miles  southeast  of  Alma,  the  county  seat.  It  is  a 
station  on  the  Burlington  &  Alma  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  has  a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural 
route,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  telephone  connections,  a  weekly 
newspaper  (the  Monitor),  several  good  mercantile  establishments, 
Christian  and  Methodist  churches,  graded  public  school,  etc.  A  branch 
of  the  Osage  City  Grain  and  Elevator  company  is  located  here.  Harve}'- 
ville  was  incorporated  in  1905  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  331. 

Harwood,  a  rural  money  order  postoffice  of  Haskell  county,  is  located 
near  the  southern  boundary  of  the  county,  12  miles  from  Santa  Fe,  the 
count}'^  seat,  and  about  18  miles  from  Liberal,  the  most  convenient  rail- 
road station.  It  is  a  trading  center  for  the  neighborhood  in  which  it  is 
situated. 

Haskell,  a  hamlet  in  Anderson  county,  is  located  in  Lincoln  township 
and  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  10  miles  southeast  of  Gar- 
nett,  the  county  seat.  It  has  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  a  money 
order  postoffice.  The  population  according  to  the  census  of  1910  was  75. 
The  railroad  name  is  Bush  City. 

Haskell  County,  located  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state,  lies 
about  30  miles  north  of  Oklahoma  and  53  miles  east  of  Colorado.  It  was 
created  b}'  the  act  of  March  5,  1887,  which  defined  the  boundaries  as  fol- 
lows: "Commencing  at  the  intersection  of  the  east  line  of  range  31 
west  with  the  north  line  of  township  27  south ;  thence  south  along  range 
line  to  where  it  intersects  the  6th  standard  parallel ;  thence  west  along 
the  6th  standard  parallel  to  its  intersection  with  the  east  line  of  range  35 
west;  thence  north  along  range  line  to  where  it  intersects  the  north  line 
of  township  27  south ;  thence  east  to  the  place  of  beginning." 

The  boundaries  as  thus  established  are  the  same  as  those  given  to 
Arapahoe  county  in  1873.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Finney  county; 
on  the  east  by  Gra}'  and  Meade ;  on  the  south  by  Seward,  and  on  the  west 
by  Grant.  It  is  exactly  24  miles  square  and  has  an  area  of  576  square 
miles,  or  368.640  acres,  and  was  named  for  Dudley  C.  Haskell,  formcrl}- 
a  Congressman  from  Kansas. 

The  history  of  the  early  settlement  of  Haskell  cotuit}-  is  abnul  ilie 
same  as  that  of  the  other  western  counties  of  the  slate.  A  few  cattle 
men  established  ranches,  and  emigrants  from  the  older  slates  added  to 
the  population.  On  March  31,  1887,  "in  response  to  a  memorial,"  Gov. 
Martin  appointed  Charles  A.  Slauber  to  lake  a  census  and  make  an 
appraisement  of  the  property  in  the  county.  Mr.  Stauber  filed  his  report 
with  the  governor  on  June  27,  showing  that  there  were  2,841  inhabitants, 
of  whom  556  were  householders,  and  that  the  value  of  I  he  taxable  prop- 
erty was  $850,119.  Upon  receipt  of  this  inforniatiiui.  the  governor 
issued  his  proclamation  on  Tu1\    i,  18S7,  declaring  the  cminiy  organized. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  827 

He  appointed  as  commissioners  James  E.  Marlow,  Joseph  Comes  and 
C.  H.  Huntington;  county  clerk,  Lowry  C.  Gilmore ;  sheriff,  J.  B.  Shu- 
maker,  and  designated  Santa  Fe  as  the  temporary  county  seat.  The 
question  of  the  location  of  the  county  seat  had  been  decided  by  popular 
vote  before  the  governor  issued  his  proclamation,  Santa  Fe  receiving 
562  votes,  Ivanhoe  396,  and  Lockport,  i. 

At  the  general  election  on  Nov.  8,  1887,  a  full  quota  of  county  officers 
were  chosen  as  follows:  Representative,  M.  C.  Huston;  probate  judge, 
A.  P.  Heminger ;  clerk  of  the  district  court,  W.  F.  Felton ;  county  clerk, 
W.  E.  Banker;  county  attorney,  C.  R.  Dollarhide;  register  of  deeds,  L. 
A.  Crull ;  treasurer,  J.  M.  Beckett ;  sheriff,  J.  P.  Hughes ;  county  super- 
intendent of  schools,  L.  McKinley;  surveyor.  W.  M.  Haley;  coroner,  J. 
C.  Newman ;  commissioners,  James  E.  Marlow,  C.  H.  Huntington  and  A. 
T.  Collins.  Of  these  first  officials,  Fluston  Banker,  Beckett,  Hughes, 
■  Haley  and  Collins  belonged  to  the  People's  party  and  the  others  were 
Republicans. 

The  surface  of  Haskell  county  is  generally  level  or  gently  rolling 
prairie.  The  only  water-course  in  the  county  is  the  Cimarron  river, 
which  flows  across  the  extreme  southwest  corner,  and  the  absence  of 
streams  means. a  corresponding  scarcity  of  timber,  though  a  few  arti- 
ficial groves  have  been  planted.  There  are  a  few  natural  springs  in  the 
county,  and  good  well  water  is  obtained  at  a  depth  of  from  50  to  100 
feet. 

The  opening  of  new  lands  in  Oklahoma  and  a  lack  of  railroad  facilities 
caused  many  of  the  early  settlers  to  leave  the  county.  In  1890  the  pop- 
ulation was  but  1,077,  less  than  one-half  what  it  was  when  the  county 
was  organized,  and  by  1900  it  had  dwindled  to  457.  Then  came  a  react- 
ion and  in  1910  the  population  was  993,  a  gain  of  536  in  ten  years,  or 
more  than  120  per  cent.  The  completion  of  the  Garden  City,  Gulf  & 
Northern  railroad  through  the  center  of  the  county  north  and  south  gives 
the  county  better  shipping  and  transportation  facilities.  The  county  is 
divided  info  three  civil  townships — Dudle}',  Haskell  and  Lockport.  In 
1910  the  county  reported  19  organized  school  districts,  with  a  school 
population  of  340.  Agriculture  is  the  principle  occupation.  The  lead- 
ing crops  are  wheat,  milo  maize,  Kafir  corn,  sorghum  and  broom-corn. 
The  value  of  farm  products  in  1810  was  $214,337,  ''"d  the  assessed  val- 
uation of  property  was  $2,321,605. 

Haskell,  Dudley  Chase,  member  of  Congress,  was  born  at  Spring- 
field, Vt.,  March  23,  1842.  He  was  seventh  in  line  of  descent  from 
Roger  Haskell,  a  native  of  England,  who  settled  in  Beverly,  Mass., 
about  1632.  Four  of  this  illustrious  family  fought  in  the  Revolutionary 
war.  Franklin  Haskell,  Dudley's  father,  was  a  member  of  the  first 
New  England  company  to  settle  at  Lawrence,  Kan.,  in  Sept.,  1855. 
He  was  one  of  the  seven  men  who  organized  Plymouth  Congregational 
church,  and  is  credited  with  having  made  the  first  public  prayer  ever 
oft'ered  on  the  town  site  of  Lawrence.  Mr.  Haskell's  mother,  Almira 
Chase,   belonged   to  an  old   New  England   family.     She   endured   with 


828  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

cheerfulness  and  courage  the  privations  of  frontier  life  in  Kansas  and 
her  son  inherited  from  her  many  valuable  qualities.  When  thirteen 
years  of  age  Dudley  and  his  mother  came  to  Kansas,  following  the 
father  who  had  come  before  to  make  a  home.  The  trying  scenes  of 
those  early  days  soon  made  a  man  of  the  lad,  and  he  acted  as  master  of 
transportation  with  the  quartermaster's  department  in  the  Missouri  and 
Arkansas  campaigns  of  the  Kansas  troops.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
went  to  Williston  Academy,  Southampton,  Mass..  to  prepare  for  Yale 
University,  where  he  completed  the  scientific  course.  On  his  return 
to  Lawrence  Mr.  Haskell  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits,  but  met  with 
indifferent  success.  In  1871  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Kansas 
house  of  representatives  and  succeeded  himself  for  two  terms  follow- 
ing. During  the  last  term  he  was  speaker  of  the  house.  He  was 
nominated  for  governor  by  the  Temperance  party  in  1874.  but  declined 
to  accept  the  nomination.  Two  years  later  he  was  nominated  for 
Congress  in  the  Second  district  and  elected  by  a  large  majority.  He 
was  reelected  in  1878,  i88o  and  1882.  While  a  member  of  the  house 
he  served  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  Indian  affairs  and  was 
vigilant  and  untiring  in  looking  after  the  interests  of  the  Indians  of 
Kansas.  The  Haskell  Institute,  at  Lawrence,  Kan.,  where.  Indian  youths 
receive  a  fine  technical  education,  stands  as  a  monument  to  his  memory 
.Although  elected  to  the  48th  Congress  he  was  unable  to  take  his  seal 
on  account  of  broken  health.  He  died  on  Dec  16,  1883.  In  Dec, 
1865,  Mr.  Haskell  married  Hattie  M.  Kelsey,  a  descendant  of  the  cele- 
brated New  England  divine.  Cotton  Mather.  Mrs.  Haskell  was  a 
woman  of  great  intellect  and  many  attainments  and  by  her  sym])athy 
helped  her  husband  over  many  of  the  difificnilies  cnnnnitered  in  busi- 
ness and  political  life. 

Haskell  Institute,  located  at  Lawrence,  is  one  of  the  industrial  or 
trade  schools  maintained  by  the  I'nited  States  government  for  the  edu- 
cation of  Indian  girls  and  boys.  The  institute  was  founded  in  T882 
through  the  efforts  of  Dudley  C.  Haskell,  then  a  member  of  Congress. 
The  citizens  of  Lawrence  donated  280  acres  of  land  lying  south  of 
the  city  for  a  site  and  Congress  appropriated  $50,000  for  the  erection 
of  buildings.  Work  on  the  buildings  was  at  once  started  and  the  school 
was  formally  opened  in  1884  under  the  supervision  of  Dr.  James  Mar- 
vin with  17  pupils  enrolled.  The  growth  of  the  institute  has  Iiecn 
steady,  and  the  original  farm  has  been  added  to  until  it  miw  contains 
nearly  1,000  acres  under  careful  cultivation.  New  buildings  liave  also 
been  added  to  the  place  until  now  there  are  nearly  fifty.  Most  of  the 
buildings  are  of  stone,  only  three  being  constructed  of  brick.  They 
are  lighted  by  electricity,  heated  by  steam  and  furnished  with  sanitary 
conveniences.  Among  them  are  three  dormitories,  one  for  girls  and 
two  for  boys,  a  domestic  science  and  art  building,  fine  modern  hospital, 
employees'  quarters,  several  shop  buildings,  warehouse,  cottages,  dairy 
barn,  horse  barn,  etc. 

No  pupil  is  received  at  Haskell  who  is  under  fonrloen  years  of  age 


KANSAS    HISTORY  829 

The  law  provides  that  "A  child  showing  one-sixteenth  or  less  Indian 
blood,  whose  parents  live  on  an  Indian  reservation,  Indian  fashion,  who, 
if  debarred  from  the  government  schools,  could  not  obtain  an  educa- 
tion, may  be  permitted  in  the  reservation  day  and  boarding  schools, 
but  it  is  preferable  that  it  be  not  transferred  to  a  non-reservation  day 
and  boarding  school,  vi^ithout  special  permission  from  the  office.  Chil- 
dren showing  one-eighth  or  less  Indian  blood,  whose  parents  do  not  live 
on  a  reservation,  whose  home  is  among  white  people  where  there  are 
churches  and  schools,  who  are  to  all  intents  and  purposes  white  peo- 
ple, are  debarred  from  enrollment  in  the  government  non-reservation 
schools." 

When  a  pupil  has  been  enrolled  in  a  non-reservation  school  "it  can 
not  be  taken  to  another  non-reservation  school  without  the  consent 
of  both  superintendents  and  the  commissioner  of  Indian  affairs,"  and 
the  superintendent  of  every  Indian  school  is  accountable  for  every  pupil 
enrolled  under  his  charge.  Another  law  provides  ''that  no  Indian  child 
shall  be  sent  from  an  Indian  reservation  to  a  school  beyond  the  state 
or  territory  in  which  the  said  reservation  is  situated  without  the  volun- 
tary consent  of  the  father  and  mother  of  such  child,  if  either  of  them 
be  living,  and  if  neither  of  them  are  living,  without  the  voluntary  con- 
sent of  the  next  kin." 

When  an  Indian  boy  'or  girl  is  over  eighteen  years  of  age,  he  or  she 
may  personally  sign  an  application  to  be  enrolled  in  one  of  the  Indian 
schools,  but  even  in  this  case  the  parents  are  consulted.  In  191 1  there 
were  836  pupils  enrolled  at  Haskell  Institute,  but  the  average  enroll- 
ment is  about  700.  Of  the  836  Indians  enrolled  524  were  boys  and 
312  girls.  Nearly  700  were  half  Indian  blood,  or  more,  and  426' of  the 
numljer  were  full  blooded  Indians. 

A  library  with  all  books  required  for  reference  is  maintained  in  the 
school  building.  In  connection  with  it  is  a  reading-room,  with  a  good 
supply  of  periodicals  and  newspapers  where  the  students  may  pass 
the  time.  Nearly  60  dififerent  tribes  of  all  sections  of  the  country  are 
represented  at  Haskell,  and  this  naturally  gives  rise  to  a  diversity  of 
religious  services.  People  are  encouraged  to  maintain  their  own  church 
relations  under  the  guidance  of  that  particular  denomination.  Proselyt- 
ing is  prohibited  and  change  of  religion  by  minors  is  not  allowed  with- 
out the  consent  of  parents  or  guardian.  The  onlv  religious  service  at 
the  school  is  an  undenominational  Sunday  school,  a  service  held  in 
the  chapel,  the  Catholics  and  Protestants  meeting  separately.  Early 
Sunday  morning  service  is  held  by  the  Catholic  priest  from  the  Law- 
rence parish  and  on  Sunday  evenings  the  different  religious  societies 
hold  their  meetings. 

In  igii  there  were  8  literary  societies  and  a  debating  club,  which 
included  in  their  membership  practically  every  pupil  in  the  school. 
These  societies  meet  on  the  first  and  third  Friday  evenings  of  each 
month  from  October  to  April.  Each  society  is  governed  by  officers  of 
its   own   choice  and  election   from  among  its   members.  .  In   the   more 


S30  .  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

advanced  societies,  the  rules  governing  public  assemblies  are  taught 
and  followed,  a  teacher  being  present,  as  critic,  at  each  meeting. 

The  literary  department  of  Haskell  carries  the  pupil  through  the 
work  covered  in  the  eight  grades  of  the  public  schools  of  the  country 
and  no  higher  course  is  given  or  required  except  in  the  business  depart- 
ment. Any  pupil  desiring  to  go  farther  is  encouraged  to  attend  the 
high  school  in  Lawrence  and  there  have  been  cases  where  the  student 
lived  at  the  institute  and  did  so,  or  even  attended  the  state  university. 
The  academic  course  includes  arithmetic,  geography,  language,  read- 
ing, histor}%  w-riting,  spelling  and  physiology.  Industrial  education  is 
given  special  attention. 

The  school  also  has  a  commercial  course  of  three  years,  planned  to 
fit  the  pupils  to  become  accountants,  clerks,  stenographers  and  all 
round  practical  business  men.  The  course  is  thoroughly  practical  and 
business  transactions  are  actually  carried  on  by  the  pupils.  When  a 
student  leaves  Haskell  it  is  the  aim  of  the  institution  to  have  him  well 
equipped  for  the  everyday  life  of  an  average  American  citizen — self- 
supporting  and  self-respecting. 

Hatton,  a  small  hamlet  of  Bear  Creek  township,  Hamillon  county, 
is  situated  18  miles  southwest  of  Syracuse,  the  county  seat  and  most 
convenient  railroad  station.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice  and  is  a 
trading  point  for  that  section  of  the  county. 

Havana,  one  of  the  smaller  towns  of  Montgomery  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  16  miles  southwest  of  Inde- 
pendence, the  county  seat.  It  is  the  trading  center  for  a  large  territory 
devoted  to  agriculture  and  stock  raising.  It  has  a  bank,  telegraph  and 
express  offices  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes.  The 
town  was  founded  in  1869  when  Callow  &  Myers  opened  the  first  gen- 
eral store.  It  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third  class  in  igio,  and 
the  population  according  to  the  census  of  that  year  was  227. 

Haven,  one  of  the  thriving  and  prosperous  towns  of  the  wheat  belt, 
is  in  Haven  township,  Reno  county,  and  is  located  on  the  Missouri 
Pacific  R.  R.  15  miles  southeast  of  Hutchinson,  the  count}'  seat.  It 
has  2  banks,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Journal),  a  flour  mill,  an  elevator. 
a  creamery,  and  a  number  of  well  stocked  retail  stores.  The  town  was 
laid  out  in  1886,  and  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third  class  in 
1901.  It  is  supplied  with  lelegrajih  and  express  offices  and  has  an  inter- 
national money  order  postoffice  with  three  rural  routes.  The  popula- 
tion according  to  the  census  of  1910  was  528. 

Havensville,  one  of  the  incorporated  cities  of  Pottawatumic  cminly, 
is  located  in  Grant  township  on  Straight  creek  and  on  the  Leavenworth 
&  Miltonvale  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  28  miles  northeast  of 
Westmoreland,  the  county  seat.  It  has  2  banks,  a  weekly  newspaper 
(the  Review),  express  and  telegraph  offices,  and  a  money  order  post- 
office  with  two  rural  mail  routes.  The  population  in  19T0  was  439. 
The  plat  of  the  town  was  filed  in  1878  by  the  railroad  company.  The 
station  was  at  that  time  called  Havens  and  the  postoffice  Havensville 


KANSAS    HISTORY  831 

Haverhill,  a  villaLjc  nf  I'.ulItT  counly,  is  a  station  on  the  St.  Louis 
&  San  Francisco  R.  R.  lo  miles  south  of  Eldorado,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  a  money  order  postoffice,  a  cooperative  telcplunic  company,  an 
express  office,  and  is  a  trading-  and  shipping  point  for  the  neighborhood. 
The  population  was  50  in  1910. 

Haviland,  an  incorporated  town  of  Kiowa  county,  is  situated  in 
Wellsford  township  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  10 
miles  east  of  Greensburg,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  an  inter- 
national money  order  postoffice  with  five  rural  routes,  telegraph  and 
express  offices,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Qnlooker),  a  feed  mill,  hotels, 
good  mercantile  houses,  etc.  Haviland  was  incorporated  in  1906  and 
in  1910  reported  a  population  of  568. 

Hawley,  a  small  hamlet  of  Fairfield  township,  Russell  county,  is 
located  on  the  Smoky  Flill  river  about  10  miles  southeast  of  Russell, 
the  county  seat.  It  was  formerly  a  postoffice,  but  the  people  now 
receive  mail  by  rural  delivery  from  Bunkerhill,  which  is  the  most  con- 
venient railroad  station.     The  population  in  1910  was  33. 

Haworth,  a  money  order  postoffice  in  the  eastern  part  _of  Republic 
county,  is  a  station  on  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  R.  R.,  about 
15  miles  east  of  Belleville,  the  county  seat,  and  is  a  trading  center  for 
the  neighborhood  in  which  it  is  located. 

Haworth,  Erasmus,  professor  of  geology  and  mineralogy,  state 
geologist,  and  director  of  the  department  of  mines  at  the  University  of 
Kansas,  was  born  on  a  farm  near  Indianola,  Warren  county,  Iowa. 
In  1883  he  received  the  B.  S.  degree  and  the  following  year  the  degree 
of  A.  M.  from  the  University  of  Kansas.  In  1888  the  degree  of  Ph"  D. 
was  conferred  on  him  by  the  Johns  Hopkins  University.  In  1892  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  geology  and  mineralogy  at  the  University  of 
Kansas,  a  position  which  he  still  holds.  In  1894  he  organized  the 
Kansas  state  geological  survey.  The  reports  of  the  survey  are  valu- 
able contributions  to  science.  He  wrote  volumes  one,  two,  three  and 
eight,  and  part  of  volume  five  from  1896  to  1904.  He  has  also  written 
bulletins  in  connection  with  the  United  States  geological  survey  and 
the  Missouri  geological  survey  as  well  as  annual  bulletins  of  statistics 
of  the  mineralogy  and  geology  of  Kansas.  Prof.  Haworth  has  given 
much  attention  to  economic  geology  of  Kansas  and  adjoining  states 
in  respect  to  gas,  oil,  water,  coal  and  cement.  An  example  of  his  ser- 
vice to  the  state  was  in  directing  the  town  of  Newton  how  to  obtain 
an  ample  supply  of  superior  water  for  domestic  use.  He  has  been  con- 
nected for  years  with  the  United  States  geological  survey  and  has  done 
much  professional  work  for  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  company  in 
Wyoming  and  Kansas  and  for  private  parties  in  Kansas  and  adjacent 
states.  He  is  a  fellow  of  the  Geological  Society  of  America  and  other 
scientific  societies.  In  1889  he  married  Miss  Ida  E.  Hunstman  of 
Oskaloosa,  Iowa. 

Hay,  Robert,  writer  and  scientist,  was  born  at  Ashton-under-Lynn, 
Lancashire,  England,  May  19,  1835,  of  Scotch  ancestry.     He  was  edu- 


832  CVCLOI'EDIA    OF 

cated  in  the  local  schools  and  the  College  of  London,  and  took  a  special 
course  under  Prof.  Huxley.  Soon  after  completing  his  education,  his 
brother  in  Gear)-  cotinty,  Kan.,  sent  him  copies  of  the  Junction  City 
Union,  which  aroused  his  interest  in  American  affairs.  In  1871  he  came 
to  the  United  States  and  located  at  Junction  City.  For  several  years 
he  was  engaged  in  teaching  and  normal  institute  work,  at  the  same 
time  writing  on  historical  and  econoinic  topics  and  making  geological 
research,  in  which  he  visited  all  parts  of  Kansas.  In  1895  he  made  -a 
special  report  of  the  undergroimd  waters  of  Kansas  for  the  United 
States  geological  survey.  One  of  his  articles,  published  in  the  Kansas 
Historical  Collections,  is  a  history  of  the  great  seal  of  the  state.  Mr. 
Hay  died  at  Junction  Cit}-  on  Dec.  14,  1895,  soon  after  he  had  com- 
pleted the  geological  report  above  mentioned. 

Hayne,  a  post-village  of  Seward  count}-,  is  a  station  on  the  Chicago, 
Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  9  miles  northeast  of  Liberal,  the  county 
seat.     It  has  a  retail  trade  and  does  some  shipping. 

Hays,  the  county  seat  of  Ellis  county,  is  located  a  little  south  of  the 
center  of  the  county  at  the  point  where  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  crosses 
Big  creek.  In  early  days  it  was  known  as  Hays  City,  and  that  name 
is  still  sometimes  used.  The  site  was  selected  late  in  1866  by  \\'.  E. 
Webb,  W.  J.  Wells  and  Judge  Knight,  and  the  town  was  platted  in 
1867.  Its  location  was  decided  in  a  great  measure  by  its  proximity 
to  Fort  Hays,  from  which  it  took  its  name.  Hays  was  the  point  from 
which  the  west  and  southwest  obtained  supplies  before  the  railroad 
was  completed  to  Dodge  City.  During  its  early  period  it  had  the  repu- 
tation of  being  a  "tough"  town,  and  it  was  the  scene  of  numerous 
escapades  of  J.  B.  Hickcik  (Wild  Bill)  in  the  late  '60s.  The  growth  of 
Hays  was  rapid  from  the  start.  In  1867  a  newspaper  called  the  Rail- 
way Advance  began  its  existence  there,  the  Hays  City  Times  was 
started  in  1873,  and  the  Sentinel  followed  the  next  year.  In  Aug., 
1874,  a  L'nited  States  land  office  was  opened  there,  the  Catholics  buib 
the  first  church  in  the  city  in  1877,  and  in  1880  the  first  grain  elevator 
was  erected.     (See  also  Ellis  County.) 

The  Hays  (or  Hays  City)  of  191 1  is  one  of  the  (irogressivc  cities  of 
western  Kansas.  It  has  an  electric  lighting  |il;ml.  waterworks,  a  fire 
department,  a  telephone  exchange,  and  in  the  spring  of  191  t  comjiletcd 
a  sewer  system  at  a  cost  of  $62,000.  Educational  opportunities  are 
afforded  by  an  excellent  system  of  public  schools  and  St  Joseph's  Col- 
lege, a  Catholic  institution.  The  western  State  Normal  School  is  also 
located  here,  and  a  branch  of  the  experiment  station  is  maintained  on 
the  old  military  reservation,  .\niong  the  industries  and  financial  insti- 
tutions are  2  banks,  3  weekly  newspapers  (the  News,  the  b'ree  Press 
and  the  Review-Headlight),  flour  mills,  grain  elevators,  machine  shops, 
marble  works,  a  creamery,  good  hotels,  and  a  number  of  well  stocked 
mercantile  establishments  which  carry  all  lines  of  goods.  Hays  is  pro- 
vided with  an  international  money  order  postoffice.  telcgr.-iph  and 
express  ofifices,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  1,931. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  833 

Haysville,  a  village  of  Sedgwick  county,  is  located  in  Salem  township 
and  is  a  station  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  9  miles 
south  of  Wichita,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postofifice,  tele- 
grapfi  and  express  offices,  telephone  connections,  general  stores,  a  hotel, 
etc.,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  50. 

Hazelrigg,  Clara  H.,  teacher,  author  and  e\angelist,  was  horn  at 
Council  Grove,  Kan.,  Nov.  23,  1859.  Her  father,  Col.  H.  J.  Espy,  was  an 
officer  in  the  United  States  army,  and  her  mother,  whose  maiden  name 
was  Melora  E.  Cook,  was  principal  of  a  girl's  school  in  Toledo,  Ohio,  at 
the  time  of  her  marriage  to  Col.  Espy.  Soon  after  their  marriage  they 
came  to  Kansas,  where  the  father's  regiment  was  on  duty.  The  mother 
died  in  1861,  and  the  little  daughter  was  taken  to  Indiana.  In  1866  she 
returned  to  Kansas,  but  upon  the  death  of  her  father  in  i868  she  again 
went  to  Indiana,  where  she  attended  school,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen 
years  commenced  teaching  in  a  private  school.  She  also  taught  in  the 
public  schools  of  Ripley  county,  Ind.,  and  on  Dec.  27,  1877,  she  was 
married  to  W.  A.  Hazelrigg  of  Greensburg,  Ind.  In  1883  she  and  her 
husband  removed  to  Kansas  and  located  in  Butler  county,  where  Mrs. 
Hazelrigg  resumed  her  work  as  teacher.  She  attended  business  college 
at  Emporia  and  was  elected  superintendent  of  the  Butler  count}'  schools. 
In  1895  ^'le  published  a  History  of  Kansas,  which  shows  evidence  of  con- 
siderable research  and  literary  ability.  This  is  her  best  known  literary 
work.  Later  the  family  removed  to  Topeka,  but  their  vacations  are 
spent  upon  Mr.  Hazelrigg's  ranch  in  New  Mexico.  Mrs.  Hazelrigg  has 
devoted  much  time  to  active  church  work,  and  has  won  a  wide  reputa- 
tion as  an  evangelist. 

Hazelton,  one  of  the  incorporated  towns  of  Barber  county,  is  located 
on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  and  the  Missouri  Pacific  railroads, 
18  miles  southeast  of  Medicine  Lodge,  the  county  seat.  It  has  2  banks, 
a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Herald),  3  churclies  and  a  number  of  mercan- 
tile establishments.  The  town  is  supplied  with  telegraph  and  express 
offices  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes.  The  pop- 
ulation in  1910  according  to  the  government  census  was  350. 

Health,  State  Board  of,  was  created  by  an  act  of  the  legislature  on 
March  7,  1885,  which  provided  for  the  appointment  of  a  board  of  health 
to  consist  of  nine  physicians  from  difl^erent  parts  of  the  state — three  to  be 
appointed  for  one  year,  three  for  tw-o  years,  and  three  for  three  years ; 
thereafter  three  were  to  be  appointed  each  year,  to  hold  office  for  three 
years.  The  majority  of  the  members  of  the  board  was  not  to  be 
appointed  from  any  one  school  of  medicine,  as  the  board  was  intended 
to  be  representative  of  all  schools.  Section  2,  of  the  bill  gave  the  board 
power  to  make  rules  for  its  own  government  and  business,  but  provided 
that  it  must  meet  quarterly,  or  oftener  if  necessary,  the  first  meeting  to 
be  held  in  Topeka,  and  annually  after  that  a  meeting  was  to  be  held  in 
Topeka  in  June,  when  a  majority  of  the  members  should  constitute  a 
quorum.  Members  of  the  board  were  not  to  receive  a  salary  for  their 
services,  but  all  traveling  and  other  expenses  incurred  when  on  business 

(1-53) 


834  CYCLOrEDIA    OF 

of  the  board  were  to  be  paid.  The  board  was  to  elect  a  secretarj',  who 
would  act  as  an  executive  officer,  but  would  not  be  a  member,  his  salary 
to  be  such  as  the  board  mio;ht  fix,  when  approved  by  the  governor,  and 
to  be  paid  in  the  same  manner  as  the  salaries  of  other  state  officers.  In 
section  3  of  the  act,  provision  was  made  for  the  secretary  to  hold  office 
as  long  as  he  satisfactorily  discharged  his  duties,  which  were  stated  as 
follows:  "He  shall  keep  record  of  all  the  transactions  of  the  board; 
shall  have  the  custody  of  all  books,  papers,  documents  and  other  prop- 
erty belonging  to  the  office ;  shall  communicate  with  other  boards  of 
health,  and  with  the  local  boards  within  the  state." 

By  the  act  of  creation  it  was  intended  to  have  the  state  board  super- 
vise the  general  health  interests  of  the  state,  make  inquiry  into  the  cause 
of  disease,  especially  epidemics,  and  the  local  boards  of  health  were  to 
assist  in  this  work  by  sending  the  state  board  copies  of  all  reports  and 
publications  '^hat  might  be  useful.  The  act  also  gave  to  the  state  board 
the  supervision  of  the  registration  of  marriages,  births,  deaths  and  of 
forms  of  disease  prevalent  in  the  state,  and  the  secretarj'  of  the  state 
board  is  required  to  supervise  the  collection  and  registration  of  vital 
statistics. 

The  state  board  was  given  the  power,  when  occasion  requires,  to 
engage  special  persons  for  sanitary  service,  and  to  make  rules  for  the 
transportation  of  dead  bodies  beyond  the  boundaries  of  the  county  where 
death  occurs.  As  a  result  of  this  power,  in  1900.  after  clue  consideration, 
the  state  board  of  health,  upon  petition  by  the  undertakers,  passed  a  rule 
requiring  every  undertaker  who  desired  to  offer  for  transportation  the 
body  of  any  person  who  had  died  of  an  infectious  or  contagious  disease, 
to  pass  a  special  examination  and  prove  his  fitness  for  the  work,  when  a 
license  would  be  issued  to  him  by  the  state  board  of  health. 

The  act  of  1885  provided  that  "The  county  commissioners  of  the 
several  counties  of  this  state  shall  act  as  local  boards  of  health  for  their 
respective  counties.  Each  board  thus  created  shall  elect  a  physician 
who  shall  be  ex  officio  a  member  of  the  board  and  the  health  officer  of 
the  same."  "The  county  boards  are  not  allowed  to  interfere  with  munic- 
ipal boards  of.  health  or  their  regulations,  but  the  municipal  boards  are 
governed  by  the  act  as  well  as  the  county  boards.  This  act  provided  that 
all  practicing  physicians  in  the  state  must  keep  a  record  of  all  deaths 
occurring  in  their  practices  and  send  this  information  to  the  stale  board. 
The  local  and  municipal  boards  were  enjiowered  to  make  all  necessary 
rules  and  regulations  for  general  health  and  quarantiiu'  aiul  to  enforce 
the  same. 

Gov.  Martin  appointed  the  following  physicians  mcnihirs  nf  the  first 
board  of  health :  G.  H.  T.  Johnson,  Atchison ;  G.  H.  Guibor,  Beloit ;  D. 
Surber,  Perry;  D.  W.  Stormont;  Topeka ;  J-  Milton  Welch,  La  Cygne ; 
TT.  S.  Roberts,  Manhattan  :  J.  W.  Jenny.  Salina ;  W.  T..  Schenck,  Osage 
City;  and  T.  A.  Wright.  Americus.  They  met  and  ]icrfccted  an  organiza- 
tion on  April  10,  1885,  by  electing  Dr.  Johnson  president  and  l^r.  J.  W. 
Redden,  of  Topeka,  secretary.    After  its  organization  the  board  adnpicd 


KANSAS    HISTORY  835 

rules,  regulations  and  furmulas  for  the  prevention  of  disease  in  the  state, 
copies  of  which  were  sent  to  every  county  and  municipal  board  of  health 
in  Kansas. 

In  1889  the  legislature  passed  a  supplementary  law  which  gave  full 
power  and  authority  to  the  state  and  county  boards  of  health  in  control- 
ling, regulating  and  suppressing  all  contagious,  infectious  and  pestilen- 
tial diseases,  and  to  call  in  aid  when  necessary  to  enforce  the  provisions 
of  the  act.  The  organization  of  the  county  boards  went  on  rapidly  after 
the  act  authorizing  them,  and  by  1889  there  were  86  counties  with  active 
and  efficient  health  officers.  Of  the  remaining  counties  11  had  health 
officers  who  had  resigned.  In  a  few  years  it  was  seen  that  the  state 
board  of  health  did  not  have  sufficient  power  in  regard  to  quarantine, 
and  in  1893  an  act  was  passed  which  gave  the  state  board  power  to  estab- 
lish and  maintain  quarantine  stations  at  the  limits  of  the  state  when- 
ever Asiatic  cholera  or  other  infectious  disease  is  threatened  from  any 
adjoining  state  or  territory.  The  next  year  a  chemist  and  microscopist 
were  added  to  assist  in  the  work  carried  on  by  the  state  board. 

In  his  annual  report  to  the  governor  in  1897,  the  secretary  recom- 
mended that  more  power  be  given  the  state  board  of  health,  and  its 
membership  mcreased  by  the  addition  of  a  civil  engineer,  a  professional 
chemist,  and  an  expert  bacteriologist,  whose  entire  time  would  be  devoted 
to  the  work.  This  recommendation  was  approved  and  the  advisory 
board  increased  to  consist  of  a  sanitary  adviser,  chemist,  bacteriologist 
and  civil  and  sanitary  engineer.  In  1906  this  advisory  board  was 
increased  and  changed  so  as  to  consist  of  a  sanitary  adviser,  two  food 
analysts,  a  drug  anal)'St,  bacteriologist  and  statistician.  Owing  to  the 
great  amount  of  work  to  be  done  b}'  the  state  board  of  health  the  work 
has  been  divided  among  the  following  standing  committees :  oh  state 
house,  public  buildings  and  charitable  institutions ;  on  water  supplies  and 
sewage;  on  embalmers,  barbers  and  epidemic  diseases;  on  adulterated 
foods,  drugs  and  drinks ;  and  on  finance.  From  time  to  time  laws  have 
been  passed  v/ith  regard  to  dangerous  and  epidemic  diseases,  quarantine, 
etc.,  and  power  given  the  board  to  enforce  them. 

The  first  medical  practice  act  of  Kansas  was  passed  in  1870,  and  pro- 
vided that  only  persons  who  had  attended  "two  full  courses  of  instruc- 
tion in  some  reputable  school  of  medicine,  either  in  the  United  States  or 
some  foreign  country,"  or  who  could  produce  a  certificate  of  qualifica- 
tion from  some  state  or  county  medical  society,  could  legally  practice 
medicine  in  the  state.  In  1S85  the  state  board  of  health  was  given  the 
power  to  regulate  the  practice  of  medicine  and  in  1889  another  act  was 
passed,  by  which  the  board  was  given  authority  to  issue  certificates  to 
physicians  of  the  proper  qualifications  to  practice  medicine  in  Kansas, 
and  also  provided  for  medical  examination  by  the  board  of  physicians 
who  desired  to  practice  in  the  state.  A  penalt}^  was  provided  for  persons 
infringing  the  law,  but  many  persons  totally  unfit  to  practice  medicine 
were  doing  so,  and  it  was  not  until  1901  that  an  efficient  law-  was  passed 
which  created  a  state  board  of  medical    registration  and  examination.     It 


836  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

consists  of  seven  physicians  appointed  by  the  governor,  who  hold  office 
for  four  years.  All  physicians  practicing  in  the  state  at  the  time  the  act 
was  passed  w-ere  required  to  satisfy  this  board  of  their  qualifications 
either  by  diploma,  affidavit  or  examination  before  they  could  secure  a 
certificate  legally  to  practice.  Since  that  time  all  persons  have  had  to 
pass  an  examination,  except  those  who  are  graduates  of  reputable  medi- 
cal institutions  in  the  United  States  and  foreign  countries,  "When 
licenses  may  be  granted  at  the  discretion  of  the  board  without  examin- 
ation." 

As  early  as  1887,  a  pure  food  and  drug  law  was  enacted  in  Kansas, 
making  this  state  one  of  the  pioneers  in  this  important  work.  It  read : 
"If  any  person  shall  knowingly  sell  any  kind  of  diseased,  corrupt  or 
unwholesome  provisions,  whether  for  meat  or  drink,  without  making 
the  same  fully  known  to  the  buyer,  he  shall  be  punished  or  imprisoned." 
The  law  was  limited  but  it  prohibited  adulteration,  and  was  the  starting 
point  of  the  later  pure  food  laws.  In  1889  a  second  food  law  was  passed 
and  under  the  provisions  of  these  laws  the  secretary  of  the  state  board 
of  health  beg'in  the  great  crusade  for  pure  food  for  the  people  of  Kansas. 
He  collected  samples  of  food  in  1905  and  submitted  them  to  the  state 
university  chemist  for  analysis,  and  finding  them  adulterated  began  a 
systematic  fight  against  adulteration.  The  work  of  anah"sis  cc^ntinued 
and  it  is  to  the  credit  of  the  state  board  of  health  that  before  the  national 
pure  food  law  had  been  passed  by  Congress  or  the  Reveridge  meat- 
inspection  bill  was  framed,  the  Kansas  packers  had  been  compelled  to 
furnish  the  Kansas  market  ])roducts  that  were  free  from  coloring  matter 
and  dangerous  preservatives,  and  all  this  resulted  without  a  single  law 
suit.  Drugs  were  also  analyzed  and  the  result  was  nearly  as  successful. 
The  passage  of  the  national  pure  food  law  called  for  a  revision  of  the 
food  laws  of  Kansas,  and  in  1907  one  of  the  most  stringent  pure  food 
laws  now  in  existence  in  the  country  was  passed  with  regard  to  the 
manufacture,  sale  or  transportation  of  misbranded  or  poisonous  or  dele- 
terious foods,  drugs,  medicine  and  liquors.  The  law  regulates  the 
traffic  in  these  articles:  provides  for  ins|)ectors  and  penalties  for  its 
violation,  so  that  today  the  people  of  Kansas  are  getting  abmit  the 
least  adulterated  food  of  any  state  in  the  Union. 

Tuberculosis,  or  "the  great  white  plague,"  began  to  rccei\c  special 
attention  in  this  state  about  1880,  and  Kansas  is  one  of  the  pioneer  states 
in  the  crusade  against  this  dread  disease.  It  has  ])ut  into  o])cralion  some 
of  the  most  stringent  laws  in  an  effort  to  prevent  its  si)rea(l.  The  ])cr- 
centage  of  deaths  from  tuberculosis  had  grown  to  be  alarming,  consider- 
ing the  number  of  days  of  sunshine,  altitude  and  the  few  large  cities  in 
the  state  with  slum  districts.  In  1903  there  were  628  deaths  from  this 
disease  in  the  85  counties  reported,  and  in  1904,  there  were  (11)7  <Uallis  in 
the  90  counties  reported.  Kansas  lies  in  such  a  geograi)liic;il  locaiion 
that  an  army  of  tubercular  cases  pass  through  to  the  higher  allitmlcs  in 
the  west.  Many  residents  of  Kansas  arc  thus  exposed  to  infection.  It 
is  due  to  the  advice  of  the  state  bo.-ird  of  lualtli  lli.it  |ia\ilioiis  for  lnl)cr- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  i<Ji/ 

cular  patients  liavc  Ijcen  built  at  sonif  nf  the  state  inslituliLiiis  fur  treat- 
ment of  cases,  'i'he  board  .^'athered  a  tuljcrcular  census  of  the  state  and 
issued  a  report  upon  its  prevention,  with  instructions  concerning  the  care 
of  patients.  County  health  officers  were  instructed  thoroughly  to  disin- 
fect and  fumigate  homes  in  which  tubercular  cases  occurred.  In  1904 
the  state  board  of  health  urged  the  passage  of  a  law  reciuiring  the  trans- 
portation companies  to  improve  the  sanitary  condition  of  cars  and  the 
discontinuance  of  certain  practices  injurious  to  health,  but  as  no  law  was 
passed  the  board  adopted  rules  for  cleaning  and  fumigating  cars  and  by 
correspondence  endeavored  to  accomplish  the  same  purpose  by  appeals 
to  the  companies.  The  result  has  been  that  the  rules  came  to  be  adopted 
by  most  of  the  railroads  in  the  state.  Kansas  is  the  first  state  in  the 
Union  to  have  a  law  requiring  tuberculosis  sick  rooms  and  houses  to  be 
disinfected,  which  is  compulsory  and  is  done  at  state  expense.  Kansas  is 
also  the  pioneer  state  in  the  abolishment  of  the  public  drinking  cup, 
which  is  an  undotibted  source  of  communication  of  infectious  diseases. 
The  rule  issued  by  the  board  was  as  follows :  "That  the  use  of  the  com- 
mon drinking  cup  on  railroad  trains,  in  railroad  stations,  in  the  public 
and  private  schools  and  the  state  educational  institutions  in  the  .State  of 
Kansas  is  hereby  prohibited,  from  and  after  Sept.  i,  1909."  Since  that 
time  it  lias  also  been  prohibited  in  hotels. 

In  1911  the  state  legislature  passed  a  bill  "Providing  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  sanatorium  for  tuberculosis  patients  in  the  state  of  Kansas." 
By  this  act  the  governor  was  to  appoint  four  physicians,  not  more  than 
two  of  whom  shall  be  of  the  same  school  to  constitute  the  "Advisory 
Commission  of  the  Kansas  Sanitorium  for  Tuberculosis  Patients."  They 
serve  without  compensation,  except  for  the  necessary  expenses  incurred 
in  the  actual  performance  of  their  duties.  The  members  of  the  first  board 
held  office  for  one,  two,  three  and  four  years  respectively,  beginning  with 
July  I,  191 1,  and  thereafter  their  successors  serve  for  four  years.  The 
secretary  of  the  state  board  of  health  by  virtue  of  his  office  is  at  all  times 
a  member  of  this  commission.  The  advisory  commission  is  vested  with 
power  to  make  and  prescribe  all  rules  and  regulations  for  the  sanitorium 
and  is  required  to  visit  the  institution  at  least  twice  each  year  or  oftener 
if  necessary.  Patients  who  are  able  to  pay  are  charged  a  nominal  sum 
fixed  by  the  hoard  of  control  but  any  persons  unable  to  pay  such  charges 
for  support  and  treatment  "shall  be  admitted  to  said  sanitorKim  under 
the  same  conditions  as  patients  are  now  admitted  into  other  state  hos- 
pitals." An  appropriation  of  $50,000  "or  as  much  thereof  as  may  be 
necessary,"  was  made  for  the  purchase  of  the  necessary  land,  the  erec- 
tion of  buildings,  providing  for  a  sufficient  water  supply  and  sewerage 
system  and  for  salaries  and  other  expenses  for  the  years  191 1  and  1912. 
When  completed  this  sanitorium  will  give  Kansas  one  of  the  best 
equipped  institutions  of  the  kind  in  the  country,  which  will  be  one  of 
great  benefit  to  the  people  who  are  suiTering  from  tuberculosis. 

In  1903,  the  annual  appropriation  for  the  state  board  of  health  was 
$2,720,  of  which  $1,200  was  for  the  salary  of  the  secretary;  $720  for  a 


838  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Stenographer  and  $800  for  the  expenses  of  the  board.  In  eight  j-ears  the 
work  of  the  board  has  grown  immensely  for  in  191 1  there  were  37  per- 
sons employed,  of  whom  17  gave  their  entire  time  to  the  work — the  sec- 
retar)-,  6  clerks,  6  traveling  food  and  drug  inspectors,  i  bacteriologist 
and  3  attendants  at  the  tuberculosis  exhibit.  In  connection  with  the 
state  university  and  the  state  agricultural  college  a  state  engineer  and 
assistant,  3  drug  analysts  and  3  assistants,  with  10  extra  student  assist- 
ants and  2  v/ater  analysts,  while  the  hospital  doctors  willingly  gave 
help.  Only  the  people  who  devote  their  entire  time  to  the  work  are  paid 
from  the  state  board  of  health  appropriation,  the  others  doing  the  extra 
work  for  the  salaries  they  receive  from  the  institutions  with  which  they 
are  connected.  The  board  is  trying  to  provide  the  best  possible  health 
regulations  for  the  people  of  Kansas,  and  among  the  important  results 
of  its  work  is  the  weight  and  measures  law,  with  its  economic  value  to 
the  public;  the  sewage  and  water  laws;  the  work  in  hotel  inspection,  and 
quarantine  provisions  in  time  of  epidemics. 

Healy,  a  village  of  Cheyenne  township.  Lane  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  about  12  miles  northwest  of  Dighton,  the 
cotmty  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph  and 
express  offices,  telephone  connections.  Christian  and  Methodist  churches, 
a  grain  elevator,  a  hotel,  and  a  number  of  general  stores.  It  is  the  ship- 
ping point  of  a  large  agricultural  district  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
the  county  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  175. 

Heber,  a  hamlet  of  Cloud  county,  is  situated  near  the  head  of  East 
Pipe  creek,  about  15  miles  southeast  of  Concordia,  liio  county  seat. 
Mail  is  received  through  the  postoffice  at  Miltonvale.  Sulphur  Springs 
is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Heizer,  one  of  the  villages  of  Barton  county,  is  located  in  BuiTalo 
township  on  the  Atchison  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  8  miles  northwest  of 
Great  Bend,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  mill,  an  elevator,  several  retail 
stores,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  a  money  order  postoffice.  The 
population  according  to  the  census  of  1910  was  75. 

Helmick,  a  hamlet  of  Morris  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri  Pacific 
R.  R.,  7  miles  west  of  Council  Grove,  the  county  seat,  whence  mail  is 
delivered  by  rural  carrier. 

Henry,  a  hamlet  of  Sheridan  county,  is  located  about  10  miles  south- 
east of  lioxie,  the  county  seat  and  most  convenient  railroad  station, 
whence  mail  is  received  by  rural  route. 

Hepler,  an  incorporated  city  of  Crawford  cotmty,  is  situated  in  Walnut 
townslii])  and  is  a  station  on  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  R.  R.,  about 
15  miles  northwest  of  Girard,  the  county  seat.  The  town  was  established 
in  Jan.,  1871,  bv  a  company  of  which  B.  F.  Ilci^Ier  of  Fori  Scott  was 
president  and  T.  H.  Annable  was  secretary.  Ihc  first  settler  was  John 
Vietz,  who  erected  the  first  business  building.  ( )n  j.in.  .4,  1883.  ;i])pc;irc(l 
the  first  issue  of  the  Hepler  Leader,  which  was  published  1)\  W.  1). 
Wriglit.  Hepler  has  a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  witJi  twn  lural 
routes,  a   weekly  newspaper    (the   Enterprise),   tclegraiih    and    express 


KANSAS    inSTOi«Y  839 

facilities,  telephone  connections,  hotels,  churches,  good  public  schools, 
and  a  number  of  good  mercantile  houses.  It  is  a  shipping  point  for  a 
rich  agricultural  section  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Crawford  and  the 
southwestern  part  of  Botn-bon  coiintv,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population 
of  275. 

Herington,  a  comparatively  new  city  of  Dickinson  county,  was  founded 
in  Jan.,  1884,  by  M.  D.  Herington,  after  whom  it  was  named.  The  first 
building  was  erected  by  I^isley  &  I^incoln  for  a  hardware  store  in  March, 
1884.  Among  the  early  business  men  and  firms  were  M.  D.  Herington, 
F.  S.  Mitchell,  C.  C.  Thompson,  Tusten  &  Caldwell,  Calkins  Bros.,  J.  W. 
Chandler,  B.  F.  Hartman  and  Risley  &  Lincoln.  The  site  was  selected 
chiefly  because  of  a  beautiful  natural  grove  there.  One  year  after  the 
town  was  founded  the  value  of  the  buildings  was  estimated  at  $75,000, 
and  the  Herington  Tribune  of  Jan.  22,  1885,  gives  the  volume  of  business 
done  during  the  first  year  as  $485,300. 

Herington  is  located  in  the  southeastei'n  part  of  the  county  at  the 
junction  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  and  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific 
railroads,  27  miles  from  Abilene,  the  county  seat.  It  has  2  banks,  an 
international  money  order  postoffice  with  four  rural  routes,  telegraph 
and  express  service,  a  telephone  exchange,  2  weekly  newspapers  (the  Sun 
and  the  Times),  electric  lights,  waterworks,  graded  and  high  schools 
and  churches  of  various  denominations.  Among  the  industries  and  com- 
mercial enterprises  are  flour  mills,  an  ice  and  cold  storage  plant,  a  cream- 
ery, the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  railroad  shops,  good  hotels,  and  a 
number  of  well  stocked  and  substantial  mercantile  concerns.  Herington 
is  an  incorpo'-ated  city  of  the  second  class  and  in  1910  reported  a  pop- 
ulation of  3,273,  a  gain  of  1,666,  or  more  than  100  per  cent,  during  the 
preceding  ten  years.  The  city  is  divided  into  four  wards,  and  much  of 
its  progress  is  due  to  the  intelligent  and  well  directed  efforts  of  its  com- 
mercial club. 

Herkimer,  a  village  of  Marshall  county,  is  located  on  the  St.  Joseph  & 
Grand  Island  R.  R.  and  on  Reamer  creek,  6  miles  northeast  of  Marysville 
the  county  seat.  It  is  the  business  center  for  Logan  township,  in  which 
it  is  situated,  has  telegraph,  express  and  postoffice,  and  the  population  in 
1910  was  225.  Herkimer  was  settled  in  1858,  the  postoffice  was  estab- 
lished permanently  in  1876  and  the  town  was  platted  two  years  later  by 
O.  Keller,  who  owned  the  site.  It  was  named  after  a  postoffice  in  New 
York. 

Herndon,  an  incorporated  town  of  Rawlins  county,  is  situated  15 
miles  northwest  of  Atwood,  the  county  seat,  in  the  Beaver  creek  valley, 
one  of  the  richest  farming  sections  in  the  county.  It  is  a  station  on  the 
Orleans  &  St.  Francis  division  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Ouincy  R.  R. 
and  is  a  shipping  point  of  considerable  importance.  Herndon  has  a  bank, 
a  money  order  postoffice  with  three  rural  routes,  a  weekly  newspaper 
(the  Nonpareil),  telegraph,  telephone  and  express  facilities,  Catholic  and 
Protestant  churches,  a  floiu-  mill,  a  hotel,  a  number  of  general  stores  and 
implement  houses,  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  273.  It  was 
first  settled  in  1878  and  was  incorporated  in  1906. 


840  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Hertha,  a  hamlet  on  the  Alissouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  R.  R.  in  Xeosho 
county,  6  miles  south  of  Erie,  the  county  seat.  It  has  an  express  office 
and  postoffice.    The  population  in  1910  was  40. 

Hesper,  a  hamlet  of  Douglas  county,  is  located  in  the  eastern  portion, 
5  miles  southeast  of  Eudora,  from  which  it  has  rural  free  delivery.  In 
1910  it  had  a  population  of  36.  The  Friends  have  an  academy  at  this 
place. 

Hesston,  a  village  of  Harvc}-  county,  is  located  on  the  Missouri  Pacific 
R.  R.  in  Emma  township,  8  miles  northwest  of  Newton,  the  county  seat. 
It  is  the  shipping  and  receiving  point  for  a  large  and  wealthy  agricultural 
district.  All  lines  of  business  enterprises  are  represented,  including  a 
bank.  There  are  several  churches  and  a  graded  school.  The  town  is 
supplied  with  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  has  a  money  order  post- 
office  with  one  rural  route.  The  population  according  to  the  census  of 
1910  was  250. 

Hewins,  one  of  the  larger  villages  of  Chautauqua  county,  is  located 
on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  and  the  Big  Cheney  river  in 
Harrison  township,  15  miles  southwest  of  Sedan,  the  count}-  seat.  It 
has  a  bank,  all  the  main  lines  of  business  enterprise,  telegraph  and 
express  offices  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route.  The 
population  in  1910  was  225. 

Hiattville,  one  of  the  early  settlements  of  Bourbon  county,  is  located 
on  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  R.  R.  13  miles  southwest  of  Fort 
Scott,  the  county  seat.  The  postoffice  was  established  in  1870  and  called 
Pawnee,  but  the  name  was  subsequently  changed  to  Hiattville,  in  honor 
of  James  M.  Hiatt,  who  owned  the  land  upon  which  the  town  was  sit- 
uated. Stores  were  opened  within  a  short  time  and  the  town  began  to 
flourish.  At  the  present  time  there  are  several  general  stores,  a  black- 
smith shop,  school  and  church.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice,  tele- 
grajih  and  express  facilities,  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  225. 

Hiawatha,  the  county  seat  and  second  largest  town  of  Brown  count)'-, 
is  centrally  located  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  and  the  St.  Joseph  &  Grand 
Island  railroads.  It  is  an  incorporated  city  of  the  second  class  and  has 
over  100  business  establishments,  among  which  are  3  banks,  a  mill,  a 
bottling  works,  a  feed  mill,  a  washing  machine  factory,  greenhouses,  an 
opera  house,  six  publications,  viz:  tlic  Brown  County  World,  daily  and 
weekly;  the  Kansas  Democrat;  the  Key,  a  monthly;  the  School  News, 
monthly;  Herbert's  Magazine,  and  tiie  Hiawatha  News.  The  city  has 
waterworks,  fire  department,  sewer  system,  electricity  for  lighting  and 
power  purposes,  and  a  handsome  park  with  a  bathing  pond.  A  ]nil)lic' 
library  is  maintained  in  the  building  of  the  Ladies  Art  League.  The 
Hiawatha  Academy  is  located  here.  The  town  is  sujiplied  with  telegra])!) 
and  ex|)ress  offices  and  has  an  inlernatiimal  money  order  pfistoffice  with 
six  rural  routes.     The  pojjulation  according  to  the  census  of   1910  was 

2,974- 

Hiawatha  was  founfled  in  1857  and  is  therefore  mic  cif  ilic  nldcr  towns 
of  the  state.  The  first  building  was  erected  for  lintel  i)urpii.ses  and  nccu- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  84I 

pied  by  I'artch  &  Barnnni.  The  postoffice  was  cstal^lished  in  1858  with 
H.  R.  Diitton  the  first  postmaster.  The  fire  department  was  organized 
in  1874.  A  fire  occurred  in  J871  which  destroyed  $12,000  worth  of  prop- 
erty, and  another  in  1879  which  destroyed  the  first  Hiawatha  house. 
From  1875  the  city  council  refused  to  issue  liquor  licenses  to  any  one. 
The  first  newspaper  was  the  Brown  County  Union,  established  in  1861. 
In  1871  a  full  complement  of  city  officers  were  elected  as  follows :  Mayor, 
J.  Shilling-;  clerk,  H.  J.  Aten  ;  treasurer,  James  A.  Pope;  marshal,  J.  B. 
Butterfield;  assessor,  F.  J.  Heller;  police  judge,  J.  \V.  Oberholtzer ;. 
attorney,  C.  W.  Johnson;  councilmen,  J.  W.  Pottenger,  B.  F.  Killcy,  G. 
Amann,  H.  M.  Robinson  and  H.  C.  Wey. 

Hickory  Point,  lying  about  10  miles  south  of  Lawrence,  on  the  south 
side  of  the  W'akarusa  and  on  the  old  Santa  Fe  road,  was  a  valuable  piece 
of  timber  and  prairie  land,  where  some  of  the  earliest  settlers  located. 
The  first  settlers  were  chiefly  free-state  men  from  Indiana,  but  subse- 
quently others  from  the  western  states  and  from  Missouri  settled  there. 
In  the  lower  end  of  the  grove  a  town  called  Palmyra  was  laid  out  early 
in  the  summer  of  1855.  In  some  cases  the  original  settlers  left  their 
claims  and  returned  east,  several  Missourians  took  the  claims  thus  for- 
feited according  to  squatter  laws,  and  in  some  cases  fraudulently  seized 
others.  During  the  summer  and  fall  this  led  frequently  to  disputes  and 
sometimes  led  to  personal  violence  and  bloodshed.  This  was  almost 
always  the  case  where  the  contestants  to  the  claim  belonged  to  the  con- 
flicting political  elements  of  the  territory.  Each  faction  would  try  to 
gather  around  them  immigrants  of  their  own  political  faith,  and  as  the 
grounds  were  unsurveyed,  with  no  courts  of  justice  near,  many  angry 
contests  arose  over  the  ownership  of  land  and  collisions  were  not  infre- 
quent. An  instance  of  this  character  took  place  at  Hickory  Point,  Hol- 
loway,  in  his  History  of  Kansas  says,  "led  to  what  is  termed  the  ^^'aka- 
rusa  war."    (q.  v.) 

Hickory  Point,  Battle  of. — The  settlement  of  Hickory  Point  in  Jeft'er- 
son  county  was  laid  out  in  March,  1855,  on  the  northwest  quarter  of 
section  5,  township  9,  range  19  east,  on  the  north  side  of  the  military  and 
freight  road.  One  of  the  first  settlers,  Charles  Hardt,  was  appointed 
postmaster.  From  the  first  settlement  there  had  been  a  contest  between 
the  free-state  and  pro-slavery  residents  of  the  vicinity.  Party  feeling 
ran  high  and  each  faction  regarded  the  other  as  having  no  rights.  At 
the  first  election  the  pro-slavery  men  took  possession  of  the  polls,  and 
there  was  little  respect  for  law  and  order  on  either  side.  After  the  out- 
rages perpetrated  at  the  first  election,  each  party  held  an  election  and 
refused  to  acknowledge  the  other  as  legal.  By  the  summer  of  1856,  the 
free-state  settlers  had  become  the  stronger  faction  and  determined  to 
drive  the  other  party  out.  On  June  8  two  pro-slavery  men,  Jones  and 
Fielding,  were  driven  away.  At  that  time  the  settlement  consisted  of 
three  log  buildings,  a  store,  hotel  and  blacksmith  shop.  Both  parties  in 
the  neighborhood  went  armed  and  several  skirmishes  occurred. 

When  Gov.  Geary  arrived  in  the  territory  he  issued  a  proclamation, 


84.2  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

ordering  all  armed  bodies  to  disperse.  Gen.  J.  H.  Lane  was  near  Topeka, 
at  the  time  and  did  not  know  of  the  proclamation.  With  his  part}-,  he 
was  starting  for  Holton,  when  a  messenger  arrived  from  Osawkie,  with 
the  news  that  the  border  ruffians  had  burned  Grasshopper  Falls  and 
intended  burning  the  other  free-state  towns  in  the  vicinity,  to  drive  the 
settlers  out  of  the  country.  The  assistance  of  Lane  and  his  command 
was  asked  and  they  marched  to  Osawkie,  where  his  force  was  increased 
by  the  local  free-state  men.  Having  restored  order  there.  Lane  learned 
that  an  armed  force  of  pro-slavery  men  was  at  Hickory  Point  and 
marched  there  determined  to  capture  them.  On  arriving,  he  found  about 
100  men  assembled,  under  command  of  Capt.  H.  A.  Lowe,  the  owner 
of  Hickory  Point,  assisted  by  about  50  Carolinians,  who  had  been  com- 
mitting outrages  throughout  the  country.  An  attack  was  made,  but 
the  pro-slavery  men  were  too  well  fortified  to  be  driven  out.  Lane  then 
sent  word  to  Lawrence  for  Capt.  Bickerton,  to  bring  reinforcements  and 
the  now  historic  cannon  "Sacramento."  The  news  reached  Lawrence  on 
Saturday,  Sept.  13.  Col.  Harvey  gathered  a  company  of  recruits,  started 
at  once,  marched  all  night,  stopping  at  Nevvell's  mills  just  long  enough 
for  breakfast,  and  arrived  at  Hickory  Point  about  10  a.  m.  Sunday.  In 
the  meantime  Lane  had  heard  of  the  governor's  proclamation  and  had 
started  for  Topeka,  expecting  to  meet  the  forces  from  Lawrence  on  the 
road.  But  Col.  Harvey,  having  taken  the  direct  route,  missed  Lane. 
When  Harvey  and  his  forces  came  up  the  pro-slavery  men  tried  to 
retreat,  but  were  soon  surrounded  and  took  refuge  in  the  log  houses.  No 
messages  were  exchanged.  The  cannon  was  placed  in  ppsition  about 
200  yards  south  of  the  blacksmith  shop  and  commenced  firing.  It  was 
supported  b}'  about  20  men  armed  with  United  Slates  muskets.  The 
Stubbs  company  was  stationed  about  200  yards  to  the  southeast  in  a 
timbered  ravine.  The  first  cannon  shot  passed  through  the  blacksmith 
shop  and  killed  Charles  G.  Newhall.  Finding  it  impossible  to  dislodge 
the  pro-slavery  men.  Col.  Harvey  ordered  a  wagon  load  of  hay  backed 
up  to  the  shop  and  set  on  fire.  Some  of  the  men  were  fired  upon  but  got 
away  under  cover  of  the  smoke.  Soon  after  a  white  flag  was  sent  out 
from  the  shop  asking  permission  for  some  of  the  non-combatants  to  leave 
the  buildings.  Messages  were  sent  back  and  forth  and  a  compromise  was 
reached  by  which  each  party  agreed  to  give  up  its  plunder  and  all  non- 
residents of  each  party  were  to  leave  the  country.  One  pro-slavery  man 
was  killed  and  4  were  wounded.  Three  free-state  men  were  shot  in  the 
legs,  I  through  the  lungs,  and  i  had  a  bruised  head.  This  ended  the 
battle  of  Hickory  Point. 

Highbridge,  a  hamlet  in  the  southeastern  jiarl  of  .Mchisou  county, 
ahfjul  10  miles  south  of  Atchison.  Cinnmings  is  the  nearest  lailvoad 
station.     .Mail  is  delivered  by  rural  route  from  Atchison. 

Highland,  one  of  the  important  towns  of  Doniphan  county,  is  located 
in  Jowa  township  14  miles  north  of  Troy,  the  cotinly  seal,  and  is  the 
terminus  of  a  branch  of  the  St.  Joseph  &  Grand  Island  K.  R.  It  is  the 
seat  of  Highland   I'niversity   (q.  v.),  founded  in  the  early  days  by  the 


KANSAS    HISTORY  843 

Presbyterian  church.  It  is  an  incorporated  city  with  2  banks,  a  weekly 
newspaper  (the  Vidette),  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  a  money 
order  postoffice.    The  population  in  1910  was  825. 

The  site  of  Highland  was  first  occupied  by  missionaries  in  1837.  In 
1855  J-  P-  Johnson  took  a  claim  at  this  point  and  drove  stakes  to  locate  a 
town.  A  year  later  he  was  joined  in  the  enterprise  by  Gen.  John  Bayless. 
In  1857  the  town  company  was  organized  and  the  site  laid  out  in  blocks. 
The  first  buildings  were  erected  by  the  town  company.  In  the  spring  of 
1858  Campbell  &  Bonesteel  erected  two  buildings.  The  postoffice  was 
established  that  year  with  E.  M.  Hubbard  as  postmaster.  The  first 
store  was  opened  by  Devine  &  Stevenson,  the  first  drug  store  by  Dr.  J. 
Leigh,  and  Dr.  Palmer  was  the  first  physician.  The  city  records  begin 
with  the  year  1871,  when  Fred  J.  Close  was  elected  mayor  and  J.  .S.  Mar- 
tin city  clerk.  A  destructive  fire  occurred  in  Feb.,  1887.  Six  buildings 
were  destroyed  and  the  town  was  only  saved  by  a  sudden  change  of  the 
wind. 

In  May,  1863,  two  Missourians— Melvin  and  Shannon  by  name— stole 
a  span  of  mules  from  Thomas  Martin  near  Iowa  Point  and  a  set  of  har- 
ness from  John  Beeler  near  Highland.  They  were  persued  by  a  party 
of  Highland  men,  overtaken  and  wotmded  near  Kennekuk  in  Brown 
county.  The  property  was  taken  from  them  and  they  were  later  caught 
and  brought  to  Highland.  After  a  speedy  trial  they  were  hung  in  a 
brutal  manner  in  the  presence  of  a  large  crowd. 

Highland  University.— Of  all  the  educational  institutions  in  Kansas, 
this  is  the  oldest.  Its  origin  may  be  said  to  date  back  to  1837,  when  the 
Presbyterian  board  of  foreign  missions  started  a  mission  among  the 
Iowa  and  Sac  Indians  in  what  is  now  Doniphan  county.  Rev.  S.  M. 
Irvin  was  the  first  missionary  sent  out.  He  was  soon  joined  by  Rev. 
William  Hamilton  and  they  worked  together  in  establishing  an  Indian 
school.  The  country  was  opened  to  white  settlement  in  1854,  and  in 
1855  the  town  of  Highland  was  laid  out,  2  miles  west  of  the  old  mission. 
As  early  as  1856  a  school  for  white  children  was  commenced  in  a  log 
cabin,  the  first  house  on  the  premises.  This  cabin  was  replaced  by  a 
frame  building,  the  management  of  the  school  was  transferred  to  the 
"Highland  Presbytery,"  and  it  became  known  as  the  "Highland  Presby- 
terian Academy."  At  this  time  it  was  a  classical  academy,  not  large 
but  quite  well  organized.  In  Nov.,  1857,  the  Highland  Presbytery 
appointed  a  board  of  nine  trustees  to  take  charge  of  the  institution,  with 
a  request  that  they  apply  to  the  legislature  for  a  charter.  In  response 
to  their  petition  the  legislature  of  1857,  granted  a  charter  under  the 
name  of  the  "Highland  University." 

By  this  charter  the  control  of  the  institution  was  given  to  the  presby- 
tery, but  an  act  passed  in  1866  transferred  the  control  to  the  synod  of 
Kansas,  thus  securing  it  to  the  Presbyterian  church.  The  synod'  was  to 
appoint  nine  trustees,  who  were  to  assume  the  active  management  of  the 
school.  The  first  college  building,  a  substantial  brick  structure,  was 
located  on  a  tract  of  8  acres,  and  in  addition  to  this  the  universitv  owned 


844  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

some  200  lots  in  the  to-wii.  In  1868  the  property  was  valued  at  $15,000' 
and  the  school  had  over  100  students.  Since  then  the  institution  has 
grown  until  it  now  has  a  preparatory  and  an  academic  department.  The 
endowment  has  been  increased  and  it  is  one  of  the  leading  denomina- 
tional schools  in  the  state. 

High  Schools. —  (See  Public  School  System.) 

Highways. —  (See  Roads.) 

Hill  City,  the  county  seat  and  largest  town  of  Graham  county,  is 
located  in  the  central  part,  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  and  on  the  Solo- 
mon river.  It  is  in  the  midst  of  a  prosperous  farming  country,  has  2 
banks,  2  opera  houses,  3  newspapers  (the  New  Era,  the  Reveille  and  the 
Republican),  2  hotels,  a  mill  and  elevator,  which  is  one  of  the  best  plants 
of  its  kind  in  the  state,  a  county  high  school,  a  number  of  churches  and 
retail  stores  dealing  in  all  lines  of  merchandise.  The  town  is  supplied 
with  express  and  telegraph  offices  and  has  an  international  money  order 
postoffice  with  three  rural  routes.  The  population  according  to  the 
census  of  1910  was  983.  Hill  City  was  founded  in  1876  and  was  the  first 
town  in  Graham  county.  The  postoffice  was  established  in  1878.  In 
1880  it  was  made  the  county  seat.  Business  and  professional  men  came 
in  and  soon  made  a  town,  which  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third 
class  before  the  close  of  the  year. 

Hill,  Joseph  Henry,  educator,  son  of  Joseph  and  Betsey  (Moffatt) 
Hill,  was  born  at  Stockton,  Pa.,  May  21,  1858.  He  came  to  Kansas  in 
his  boyhood  and  at  the  age  of"  18  years  graduated  at  the  Kansas  State 
Normal  School  at  Emporia  and  began  teaching.  In  1886  he  received  A. 
B.  from  the  Northwestern  University  and  the  A.  M.  degree  from  the 
same  institution  in  1889;  was  professor  of  Latin  from  1887  to  1906;  mar- 
ried Frances  Meldrum  of  Austin,  Kan.,  in  1892;  received  the  degree  of 
D.  D.  from  Baker  University  at  Baldwin,  Kan.,  in  1906,  and  the  degree 
of  LL.  D.  from  the  Kansas  -State  Agricultural  College  in  1909;  was  vice- 
president  of  the  Kansas  State  Normal  College  at  Emporia  from  1901  to 
1906;  and  has  been  president  of  the  state  normal  schools  of  Emporia, 
Hays  and  Pittsburg  since  1906.  Dr.  Hill  was  president  of  the  Kansas 
Teachers  Association  in  1901  ;  vice  president  of  the  National  Educational 
.Association  in  1907,  and  in  1909  was  chairman  of  the  normal  school 
department  of  that  organization.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Phi  Kappa  Psi 
and  Phi  Beta  Kappa  fraternities. 

Hillsboro,  (me  of  the  tiiriving  litttlc  cities  of  Marion  county,  is  located 
in  Risley  township  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  and  on 
French  creek,  10  miles  west  of  Marion,  the  county  seat.  The  surrounding 
country  is  devoted  to  agriculture  and  stock  raising.  Tliere  are  2  banks, 
and  all  lines  of  business  pursuits.  Most  of  the  people  are  German  and 
the  Hillsboro  Journal,  wiiich  is  the  weekly  newspaper,  is  printed  in  that 
language.  The  town  is  supplied  with  express  and  telegraph  offices  and 
has  an  international  money  order  pfistofficc  with  five  rural  routes.  The 
population  in  1910  was  1,134. 

Hillsboro  was  laid  out  in  1879.     In  1882  one  nf  tiic  hcsl  sicnn  mills  ii» 


KANSAS    HISTORY  84S 

Lhe  west  was  established  Iiere.     The  Phonograph,  the  first  jjaper,  was 
started  l)y  J-  T.  Groat. 

Hillsdale,  one  of  the  largest  villages  of  Miami  county,  is  located  on 
the  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.  7  miles  north  of  Paola,  the  county 
seat.  It  was  surveyed  and  laid  out  as  Columbia  in  1869.  Late  in  the 
year,  when  the  railroad  was  completed  to  this  point,  the  name  Columbia 
was  changed  to  Hillsdale.  In  1871  a  postofifice  was  located  in  the  town, 
and  the  same  year  the  first  public  school  was  opened.  It  grew  rapidly 
until  the  middle  of  the  '70s,  since  which  time  the  population  has  been 
about  the  same;  there  was  an  estimated  population  of  300  late  in  1879 
and  the  population  for  1910  was  270.  There  are'  several  general  stores, 
a  drug  store,  harness  shop,  blacksmith  and  wagon  shop,  hotel,  grain  ele- 
vator, two  churches,  and  a  good  school  building.  It  is  the  supply  town 
for  a  rich  agricultural  district,  has  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one 
rural  route,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  telephone  connections,  etc. 

Hilltop,  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  in  Green- 
wood county,  is  located  in  Shell  Rock  township  29  miles  northeast  of 
Eureka,  the  county  seat.  It  is  merely  a  country  trading  point,  having  a 
popu-lation  of  50  according  to  the  1910  census,  express  and  telegraph 
■offices  and  a  money  order  postofifice. 

Hilton,  a  hamlet  in  McPherson  county,  is  a  station  on  the  Union 
Pacific  R.  R.  5  miles  north  of  McPherson,  the  county  seat,  from  which 
place  its  mail  is  distributed  by  rural  delivery. 

Hinton,  Richard  J.,  journalist,  who  was  for  many  years  intimately 
connected  with  Kansas  affairs,  was  born  in  London,  England,  Nov.  26, 
1830.  His  early  life  was  a  struggle  with  poverty.  He  learned  the  stone- 
cutter's trade,  and  notwithstanding  the  hardships  to  which  he  was  sub- 
jected, managed  to  secure  through  his  own  eiforts  a  good,  practical 
education.  He  became  interested  in  social  and  political  problems,  with 
the  result  that  he  wanted  to  be  a  citizen  of  a  republic,  and  in  1851  he 
came  to  the  United  States.  In  New  York  he  learned  the  printer's  trade 
and  studied  medicine  and  topographical  engineering.  On  Aug  31,  1856, 
he  arrived  in  Lawrence,  Kan.,  and  for  some  time  after  that  was  engaged 
as  a  correspondent  for  various  newspapers  in  New  England,  New  York 
and  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Early  in  1862,  he  was  commissioned  first  lieu- 
tenant to  recruit  and  drill  colored  troops,  being  the  first  man  in  the 
United  States  to  receive  such  a  commission.  Mr.  Hinton  held  several 
positions  of  trust  and  responsibility.  He  was  the  reporter  of  the  Leaven- 
worth constitutional  convention  and  of  the  impeachment  court  of  1862. 
In  1867  he  was  appointed  commissioner  of  immigration ;  was  later  made 
inspector  of  United  States  consulates  in  Europe,  and  in  1873  he  was 
President  Grant's  special  agent  at  Vienna.  He  wrote  a  great  deal  dn 
subjects  relating  to  Kansas,  and  was  the  author  of  a  historical  work 
entitled  "The  War  on  the  Border."  About  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century  Mr.  Hinton  returned  to  his  native  land  and  died  in  London  on 
Dec.  20,  1901. 


846  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Historical  Society. — This  was  the  first  incorporated  society  in  Kansas. 
At  the  first  session  of  the  territorial  legislature  an  act  was  passed  incor- 
porating the  "Historical  and  Philosophical  society  of  Kansas,"  which 
had  for  its  subject  "the  collection  and  preservation  of  a  library,  mineral- 
ogical  and  geological  specimens,  historical  matter  relating  to  the  his- 
tory of  the  territory,  Indian  curiosities  and  antiquities,  and  other  mat- 
ters connected  with  and  calculated  to  illustrate  and  perpetuate  the  his- 
tory and  settlement  of  Kansas."  By  the  provisions  of  the  act  the  incor- 
porators were  to  organize  within-  a  year,  but  the  time  was  afterwards 
extended  three  years.  The  incorporators  were  William  Walker,  chair- 
man, D.  A.  N.  Grover,  David  Lykins,  John  Donaldson,  James  Knyden- 
hall,  Thomas  Johnson,  William  Vaughn,  L.  J.  Eaton  and  A.  J.  Isacks. 

The  turbulent  condition  of  Kansas  interfered  with  the  development 
of  the  society.  In  Feb.,  i860,  after  the  close  of  the  pro-slavery  regime,  a 
"Scientific  and  Historical  Society  of  Kansas"  was  organized  at  Law- 
rence, with  Judge  S.  A.  Kingman  as  president.  William  Hutchison,  a 
member  of  the  executive  committee  was  a  moving  spirit.  This  organiza- 
tion was  prosperous  for  a  time,  but  its  library  and  collections  were 
destroyed  in  Ouantrill's  raid,  Aug.  21,  1863.  Still  another  attempt  that 
did  not  prove  permanent  was  made"  in  the  formation  of  the  Kansas  His- 
torical Society  at  Topeka,  in  March,  1867.  Chief  Justice  Kingman  was 
also  president  of  this  society.  Editors  were  made  exempt  from  the  ^5 
membership  fee,  but  even  with  these  provisions  the  society  did  not  pros- 
per, and  with  its  last  meeting  in  Feb.,  1868,  it  ceased  to  exist. 

On  -April  7  and  8,  1875,  the  Kansas  state  editorial  convention  nicl  at 
Manhattan.  At  this  meeting,  D.  W.  Wilder  offered  a  resolution  pro- 
viding for  the  organization  of  a  State  Historical  Society,  and  F.  P.  Baker, 
D.  R.  Anthony,  John  A.  Martin,  Sol  Miller,  and  George  A.  Crawford 
were  appointed  to  carry  it  out.  The  committee  met  and  organized  on 
Dec.  13,  1875.  "The  society  was  organized  on  non-partisan  lines, 
independent  of  changing  administrations,  subject  to  the  control  of  those 
who  had  a  taste  for  the  work,  with  a  single  purpose  of  gathering  the 
records  and  results  of  all  classes,  elements,  associations  and  sympathies." 
The  first  appropriation  was  $1,000  made  by  th  legislature  of  1877. 
This  polic}^  has  been  affirmed  by  each  succeeding  legislature,  until  the 
society  is  one  of  the  most  important'  departments  of  the  state.  In  1S79 
the  legislature  passed  a  law  governing  the  historical  society,  which  road 
in  part : 

"Section  i :  The  State  Historical  Society  heretofore  organized  under 
the  incorporation  laws  of  the  state,  shall  be  a  trustee  of  the  state,  and  as 
such  shall  fail!:fully  expend  and  apply  all  money  received  from  tiic  >l:ite 
to  the  uses  and  purposes  directed  by  law,  and  shall  hold  all  its  present 
and  future  collections  and  property  for  the  stale,  and  shall  not  sell,  mort- 
gage, transfer,  or  dispose  of  in  any  manner  or  remove  fmni  I  he  capital 
any  article  thereof,  or  part  of  the  same  thereof,  without  authority  of  the 
law  ;  provided  this  shall  not  prevent  the  sale  or  exchange  of  the  duplicates 
that  the  sociclj'  may  have  or  obtain. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  847 

"Section  2.  It  shall  be  the  duly  of  the  society  to  collect  books,  maps, 
and  other  papers  and  materials  illustrative  of  the  history  of  Kansas  in 
particular,  and  the  west  generally;  to  procure  from  the  early  pioneers 
narratives  of  events  relative  to  the  early  settlement  of  Kansas,  and  to  the 
early  explorations,  Indian  occupancy  and  overland  travel  in  the  terri- 
tory and  the  west ;  to  procure  facts  and  statements  relative  to  the  history 
and  conduct  of  our  Indian  tribes  and  to  gather  all  information  calcu- 
lated to  exhibit  faithfully  the  antiquities  and  the  past  and  present  con- 
dition, resources  and  progress  of  the  state;  to  purchase  books  to  supply 
deficiencies  in  the  various  departments  of  the' collection,  and  to  procure 
by  gift  and  exchange  such  scientific  and  historical  reports  of  the  legis- 
latures of  other  states,  of  railroads,  reports  of  geological  and  other 
scientific  surveys,  and  such  other  books,  maps,  charts,  and  materials  as 
will  facilitate  the  investigation  of  historical,  scientific,  social,  educational 
and  literary  subjects,  and  to  cause  the  same  to  be  properly  bound;  to 
catalogue  the  collections  of  said  society  for  the  convenient  reference  of 
all  persons  who  may  have  occasion  to  consult  the  same ;  to  prepare 
biennially  for  publication  a  report  of  its  collections,  and  such  other  mat- 
ters relating  to  its  transactions  as  may  be  useful  to  the  public;  and  to 
keep  its  collections  arranged  in  convenient  and  suitable  rooms,  to  be 
provided  and  furnished  by  the  secretary  of  state,  as  the  board  of  direc- 
tors shall  determine;  the  rooms  of  the  society  to  be  open  at  all  reason- 
able hours  on  business  days  for  the  reception  of  the  citizens  of  the  state 
who  may  wish  to  visit  the  same,  without  fee,  provided,  that  no  expendi- 
ture shall  be  made  under  this  act  or  expense  incurred  except  in  pursuance 
of  specific  appropriations  therefor,  and  no  ofificer  of  said  society  shall 
pledge  the  credit  of  the  state  in  excess  of  such  appropriations." 

Section  3  has  to  do  with  the  duties  of  the  directors  who  are.  appointed 
by  the  society,  and  provides  for  the  exchange  and  collection  of  the  pub- 
lications of  the  state;  and  of  its  societies  and  institutions.  The  society  is 
not  permitted  tc  duplicate  the  publications  in  the  state  library.  In  1901 
a  state  law  was  passed  prohibiting  the  secretary  "from  permitting  or 
allowing  any  of  the  files,  documents  or  records  of  said  society  to  be 
taken  away  from  the  building  where  its  ofifice  and  rooms  are  or  shall  be 
located :  Provided,  "that  the  secretary  in  person,  or  by  any  duly  author- 
ized deputy,  clerk  or  employee  of  his  office,  may  take  any  of  said  files, 
documents  or  1  ecords  away  from  said  building  for  use  as  evidence  or  for 
literary  or  historical  purposes ;  the  same  to  be  left  while  so  away  in  the 
personal  custody  of  said  secretary,  deputy,  clerk,  or  employee." 

The  constitution  of  the  societ}-  as  amended  in  1902  decrees  that  "this 
society  shall  consist  of  active,  life  and  honorary  and  corresponding  mem- 
bers, who  may  be  chosen  by  the  board  of  directors  of  the  society  at  any 
regular  or  special  meeting  of  the  society— the  active  members  to  consist 
of  citizens  of  the  state,  by  the  payment  of  $1  annually;  the  life  members 
by  the  payment  at  any  one  time  of  $10;  the  honorary  and  corresponding 
members,  who  shall  be  exempt  from  fee  or  taxation,  shall  be  chosen 
from  persons  in  any  part  of  the  world  distinguished  for  their  scientific 


848  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

and  literarj-  attainments,  and  known  especially  as  friends  and  promoters 
of  histof)-.  County  or  city  historical  societies  may  elect  one  delegate 
member,  who  shall  have  all  the  privileges  of  the  state  society,  and  who 
shall  be  exempt  from  the  payment  of  annua!  dues." 

There  is  a  board  of  99  directors  of  the  society,  elected  from  the  mem- 
bers. No  member  of  the  board  of  directors,  or  other  officer,  except  the 
secretary  receives  pay  for  his  services.  The  secretary  aside  from  pre- 
serving a  record  of  all  meetings  and  conducting"  the  correspondence  of 
the  societ}-,  collects  all  moneys  and  has  charge  of  all  books,  manuscripts 
and  collections  of  the  society.  George  W.  Martin  has  occupied  this 
position  since  1897.  The  society  has  published  11  volumes  of  Historical 
Collections,  biennial  reports,  and  i  volume  extra  in  1886,  as  well  as 
many  pamphlets  and  circulars.  Its  collections  in  1910  consisted  of 
36,868  books,  38,816  newspapers  and  magazines,  115,242  pamphlets, 
44,265  manuscripts,  7,555  pictures,  6,428  maps  and  9,230  relics. 

Hoch,  Edward  W.,  governor  of  Kansas  from  1905  to  1909,  was  born 
at  Danville,  Ky.,  March  17,  1849.  After  attending  the  common  schools 
he  entered  Central  University  at  Danville,  but  did  not  graduate,  leav- 
ing the  institution  to  enter  a  newspaper  office,  where  he  spent  three 
years  in  learning  the  printer's  trade.  He  then  came  to  Kansas  and 
preempted  160  acres  of  land  near  Florence,  Marion  county,  where  he 
engaged  in  farming.  The  fascinations  of  the  newspaper  office  were 
too  strong  to  be  resisted,  and  in  1874  he  gave  up  farming  and  bought 
the  Marion  Record.  Mr.  Hoch  now  had  a  taste  of  the  troubles  of  the 
country  editor.  That  was  the  great  grasshopper  year  and  for  some 
time  his  paper  had  a  struggle  for  existence.  With  the  i)assing  of  the 
grasshopper  plague  times  began  to  improve,  and  by  1876  he  had  paid 
his  debts.  On  May  23,  1876,  he  celebrated  his  success  by  marrying 
Miss  Sarah  L.  Dickerson  of  Marion.  Mr.  Hoch  soon  became  one  of  the 
active  editors  of  the  state  in  proclaiming  Republican  doctrines,  which 
brought  him  into  prominence  in  the  councils  of  that  ])arly.  In  18S8 
he  was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  state  legislature,  and  in  1892 
was  again  elected  a  member  of  that  body.  That  was  during  Gov. 
Lewelling's  administration,  when  there  were  two  houses  of  representa- 
tives, and  Mr.  Hoch  was  an  influential  factor  in  the  settlement  of  the 
vexed  question,  so  that  the  state  supreme  court  recognized  the  Re- 
publican house.  His  conduct  on  this  occasion  won  him  many  friends 
within  his  parly,  and  in  1894  he  received  considerable  su]>porl  in  the 
state  Convention  for  governor.  In  1904  he  was  elected  goxcrnnv,  and 
at  the  close  of  his  first  term  was  reelected.  He  retired  from  the  oflice 
in  Jan.,  1909,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Gov.  Stubbs.  Since  that  time 
Gov.  Hoch  has  devoted  the  greater  part  of  his  time  to  the  lecture  jdat- 
forni.  He  is  a  pleasing  and  forcible  speaker,  and  is  in  demand  by 
Cliautauc|Ha  assemblies,  etc.  The  active  management  nf  liis  paper  has 
devolved  njion  his  son.  Homer  Hoch. 

Hoch's  Administration. — Gov.  Hoch  was  inaugur.ileil  on  |,\n,  <),  1905, 
and  on   tiie    lotii   tlie  general   assembly   met   in    regnl.iv  liicnnial   sessinn. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  849 

The  senate  organized  with  Lieut. -Gov.  David  J.  Hanna  as  the  pre- 
siding officer,  and  Walter  R.  Stubbs  was  elected  speaker  of  the  house. 
As  soon  as  the  two  houses  were  organized  the  governor's  message 
was  submitted  through  his  private  secretary,  Thomas  A.  McNeal.  In 
the  introductory  paragraph  of  his  message  the  governor  referred  to  the 
prosperity  of  the  state  by  saying: 

"The  mortgage  debt,  which  fifteen  years  ago  aggregated  240  million 
dollars,  has  been  liquidated  with  remarkable  rapidity,  until  now  it  is 
no  longer  a  serious  burden  upon  our  people.  Our  banks  are  overflow- 
ing with  money,  largely  the  accumulation  of  our  prosperous  farmers. 
Our  laborers  command  remunerative  wages,  and  all  of  our  business 
interests  are  prosperoous.  That  your  legislative  labors  may  advance 
rather  than  retard  this  upward  movement,  I  am  sure  will  be  your 
highest  ambition,  as  it  is  my  most  earnest  desire." 

He  urged  the  passage  of  a  primary  election  law,  and  called  attention 
to  the  primary  law  recently  enacted  by  the  legislature  of  Wisconsin, 
particularly  that  feature  of  it  which  provided  that  candidates  for  the 
I'nited  States  senate  should  run  for  the  nomination  at  the  primary 
election  and  the  one  who  received  a  majority  of  the  votes  would  be 
recommended  to  the  legislature  as  the  party's  nominee.  "Of  course," 
said  he,  "this  recommendation  is  not  compulsory,  because  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States  provides  that  senators  shall  be  chosen  by  the 
legislature,  but  it  is  hardly  probable  that  a  legislature  would  be  found 
which  would  disobey  the  wishes  of  the  people  thus  expressed.  I  sin- 
cerely trust  that  this  subject  will  receive  your  careful  attention,  and 
that  a  wise  bill  will  be  finally  agreed  upon  and  promptly  enacted  into 
law." 

Another  matter  upon  which  he  dwelt  at  some  length  was  the  reap- 
portionment of  the  state  into  eight  Congressional  districts.  The  census 
of  1890  allotted  eight  members  of  Congress  to  Kansas,  but  the  state 
had  never  been  divided  into  eight  districts.  ".Successive  legislatures," 
said  the  governor,  "have  failed  to  perform  their  duty  in  the  reapportion- 
ment of  the  state  into  eight  Congressional  districts,  and  I  earnestly 
hope  that  this  legislature  will  not  neglect  this  duty.  The  people  expect 
it,  and  will  be  greatly  disappointed  if  it  is  not  done."  The  legislature 
disappointed  the  governor  in  the  enactment  of  a  primary  law,  but  on 
March  9,  one  day  before  the  final  adjournment.  Gov.  Hoch  approved 
a  bill  dividing  the  state  into  eight  Congressional  districts.  (See  Con- 
gressional Districts.) 

Gov.  Hoch  expressed  himself  in  favor  of  a  public  depository — or  a 
s^'stem  of  depositories — where  the  public  funds  might  be  placed  upon 
interest  for  the  benefit  of  the  state,  and  suggested  two  plans;  ist,  the 
establishment  of  a  state  depository,  where  interest  upon  funds  would 
accrue  to  the  state,  and  2nd,  that  the  semi-annual  remittances  from  the 
various  county  treasurers  be  held  in  a  county  depository  until  the  state 
treasurer  might  need  the  money,  the  counties  to  have  the  benefit  of 
the  interest.    "The  State  of  Missouri,"  said  he,  "received  in  interest  from 


850  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

its  State  depository  last  j-ear  the  handsome  sum  of  $42,768.61.  To  the 
wisdom  of  the  legislature  this  subject  is  confidently  submitted.'' 

The  act  of  March  4  provided  for  a  board  of  treasury  examiners,  con- 
sisting of  the  governor,  secretary  of  state  and  state  auditor,  which- 
should  meet  on  the  first  Monday  in  July,  1905,  and  each  two  years 
thereafter,  in  the  office  of  the  treasurer  of  state,  and  issue  a  notice  giv- 
ing the  date  when  the  board  would  receive  sealed  proposals  from  the 
incorporated  banks  of  the  state  for  the  use  and  care  of  the  state  funds,, 
and  the  bank  or  banks  selected  should  be  designated  as  state  deposi- 
tories.    (See  Finances,  State.) 

On  the  subject  of  civil  service  the  governor  said:  "The  platform 
upon  which  a  majority  of  the  members  of  this  legislature  were  elected 
favored  the  application  of  reasonable  civil  service  rules  to  the  em- 
ployees of  the  state  institution.  In  the  national  government,  civil 
service  rules  have  been  gradually  extended  to  all  departments,  until 
now  the  tenure  of  office  of  thousands  of  governmental  employees  nO' 
longer  depends  upon  the  caprice  of  petty  politicians.  This  movement 
for  the  betterment  of  the  public  service  was  at  first  bitterly  opposed, 
but  no  statesman  who  values  his  reputation  now  opposes  it.  It  is  a 
distinct  advance  in  intelligent  government.  With  the  principle  involved 
I  am  in  hearty  accord,  and  will  be  glad  to  cooperate  with  the  legislature 
in  any  reasonable  enactment  along  this  line." 

Two  acts  relating  to  the  civil  service  (q.  v.)  were  passed  during  the 
session.  One  of  them  was  approved  by  Gov.  Hoch  on  Feb.  25,  and  the- 
other  on  March  10,  which  was  the  last  day  of  the  session. 

The  governor  imparted  to  the  legislature  the  information  that  there 
were  yet  unsold  about  1,000,000  acres  of  the  school  lands,  most  of  whiclv 
lay  in  the  western  part  of  the  state.  Under  the  law  these  lands  were 
on  the  market  at  the  minimum  price  of  $1.25  per  acre,  notwithstanding 
the  value  of  such  lands  had  advanced  far  beyond  that  figure  in  the 
preceding  five  years.  "These  school  lands."  said  he  "should  either  be 
withdrawn  from  market  or  the  price  at  which  they  will  be  sold  increased 
commensurate  with  the  growth  and  development  of  that  country.  I 
believe  $1,000,000  can  be  saved  to  the  state  school  fund  by  prom])t 
action  on  the  part  of  the  legislature  in  this  matter." 

The  members  of  the  assembly  evidently  did  not  concur  in  the  views- 
of  the  executive  on  this  subject,  or  if  they  did  concur  they  were  not 
particularly  desirous  of  saving  the  $1,000,000  to  the  school  fund,  as  no 
legislation  of  that  character  was  enacted. 

Other  recommendations  of  the  governor  were  in  favor  of  juvenile 
courts,  the  establishment  of  a  state  printing  plant,  a  pure  food  law.  no- 
backward  step  on  the  subject  of  prohiliition.  and  a  thorough  revision 
rif  the  tax  laws.  With  regard  to  the  last  named,  he  called  attention 
to  the  fact  that  "the  entire  assessed  value  oi  all  personal  property  in 
the  state  aggregates  only  $66,000,000,  while  tlu'  bank  commissioner 
reports  over  $100,000,000  in  the  banks  alone,  and  the  secretary  of  the 
state  board  of  agriculture  reports  the  value  of  farm  products  and  live 


KANSAS    HISTORY 


Stock  for  the  year  at  $367,301,000;  and  there  are  many  other  forms  of 
personal  property  not  included  in  these  figures.  Not  only  does  this 
assessment  make  our  aggregate  statistics  look  insignificant  abroad,  but 
It  makes  our  rate  of  taxation  so  enormously  high  as  to  frighten  home- 
seekers,  and  to  deter  investments  by  those  unfamiliar  with  the  facts. 
In  addition  to  these  absurd  valuations,  purposely  made  by  the  various 
assessors,  which  belittle  the  state,  many  millions  of  dollars'  worth  of 
personal  property  escapes  taxation  altogether." 

Among  the  remedies  suggested  by  the  governor  for  this  condition 
of  affairs  were  a  county  assessor,  with  deputies  in  each  of  the  several 
townships,  some  provision  for  the  taxation  of  franchises  of  car-lines, 
telegraph  and  telephone  companies  at  their  full  value,  and  "some  simple 
amendment  to  the  present  law  fixing  a  severe  penalty  for  failure  to 
assess  at  the  full  value  all  property  in  the  state." 

About  the  time  that  Gov.  Hoch  came  into  office  there  was  a  war  going 
on  between  the  oil  producers  of  Kansas  and  the  Standard  Oil  company, 
and  a  movement  was  on  foot  to  pipe  the  natural  gas  outside  the  state. 
Consequently,  the  discussion  of  these  subjects  occupied  a  considerable 
portion  of  the  executive  message.     Said  he: 

"The  marvelous  development  of  the  gas  and  oil  resources  of  the  state, 
placing  this  commonwealth  in  the  front  rank  of  those  endowed  by  the 
Creator  with  this  kind  of  wealth,  imposes  a  dutv  upon  this  legislature 
which  no  former  legislature  has  had  to  meet.  Monopoly  threatens  to 
rob  our  people  of  the  chief  benefits  of  this  great  endowment  and  appro- 
priate the  profits  to  itself.  How  lo  save  this  wealth  to  the  state  and 
to  Its  people,  and  secure  to  them  its  greatest  benefits,  is  a  serious 
problem. 

"Whatever  may  be  the  limitations  of  power  of  the  state  in  reference 
to  piping  the  gas  beyond  its  borders,  one  duty  clearly  within  its  power 
demands  immediate  performance.  Vast  amounts  of  gas  are  constantly 
going  to  waste  in  all  the  gas-fields  of  the  state— a  condition  which 
Indiana  and  other  states  have  learned  to  their  sorrow,  should  not  be 
permitted  to  continue.  Stringent  laws  to  prevent  this  waste  should 
be  immediately  enacted. 

"Our  oil  interests  are  also  in  jeopardy.  I  am  a  firm  believer  in  the 
competitive  system,  and  entertain  with  caution  any  proposition  tend- 
ing to  the  centralization  of  governmental  power  over  commercial  enter- 
prises which  should,  as  far  as  possible,  be  left  to  individual  control. 
I  have  been  a  student  of  these  subjects  for  years,  and  am  grounded  in 
the_  philosophy  of  the  competitive  system  in  contradistinction  to  the 
socialistic  idea  of  government  absorption  of  business  enterprises. 
.  .  .  But  while  profoundly  imbued  with  this  conviction,  I  refuse 
to  be  blinded  by  a  theory,  however  sound,  if  confused  by  misleading 
terms.  If  an  arrogant  and  almost  omnipotent  monopoly  is  to  control 
in  any  business  circle,  the  competitive  system  is  slaughtered  in  the 
house  of  its  friends,  for  monopoly  is  but  one  form  of  socialism  mas- 
querading under  the  name  of  competition.     Monopoly  destrovs  compe- 


852  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

tition,  and  that  is  all  socialism  does,  considered  from  an  industrial  stand- 
point. Rather,  therefore,  than  permit  the  great  monopolies  to  rob  us 
of  the  benefits  of  the  vast  reservoirs  of  oil  which  have  been  stored  by 
the  Creator  beneath  our  soil,  I  am  inclined  to  waive  my  objection  to 
the  socialistic  phase  of  this  subject  and  recommend  the  establishment 
of  an  oil  refinery  of  our  own  in  our  state  for  the  preservation  of  our 
wealth  and  the  protection  of  our  people." 

In  harmony  with  this  attitude  of  the  governor,  and  pursuant  to  his 
recommendation,  the  act  of  Feb.  17,  1905,  directed  the  warden  of  the 
state  penitentiary  to  establish  at  Peru,  Chautauqua  county,  an  oil 
refinery  to  be  operated  as  a  branch  of  the  penitentiary  "for  the  refining 
of  crude  oil,  and  to  market  the  same  and  its  by-products,  and  to  keep 
such  refinery  in  repair,  and  ftirnish  therefor  requisite  machinery  and 
equipment,  and  necessary  facilities  and  instrumentalities  for  receiving, 
manufacturing,  storing  and  handling  crude  and  refined  oil  and  its  by- 
products." To  carry  out  the  provisions  of  the  act  the  sum  of  $410,000 
was  appropriated.  Of  this  appropriation  $200,000  was  for  the  con- 
struction and  equipment ;  $200,000  to  be  used  as  a  "revolving  fund" 
for  the  purchase  of  crude  oil  and  operating  expenses  until  returns  from 
sales  came  in,  and  $10,000  for  the  erection  of  suitable  quarters  for  the 
convicts  to  be  employed  in  the  refinery.  A  supplementary  act,  approved 
on  March  7,  appropriated  $58,800  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  refinery 
bonds  for  the  fiscal  years  1906  and  1907.  A  resolution  was  also  adopted 
urging  the  Kansas  representatives  and  senators  in  Congress  to  use  their 
influence  to  perfect  legislation  to  control  the  Standard  (lil  ccmiiany  and 
protect  the  oil  industry  in  Kansas. 

Although  the  state  supreme  court  subsequently  held  the  refinery  act 
to  be  unconstitutional,  this  exhibition  of  the  "Kansas  spirit"  had  the 
eflfect  of  curbing  the  monopolies  referred  to  by  the  governor  in  his 
message,  and  in  an  indirect  way  resulted  in  conferring  substantial  bene- 
fits upon  the  oil  industry  in  the  state. 

Of  the  541  acts  passed  at  this  session  of  the  legislature,  a  largo  major- 
ity of  them  were  of  local  significance  only,  such  as  defining  or  chang- 
ing county  boundaries;  legalizing  acts  of  county  and  town  authorities; 
conferring  power  on  municipalities  to  issue  bonds,  etc.  A  long  act  of 
59  sections  provided  for  the  organization  of  drainage  districts  for  the 
construction  and  repair  of  levees,  the  removal  of  obstructions  from  the 
channels  of  water  courses,  etc.  An  appropriation  of  $1,000  was  made 
for  marking  b}'  suitable  monuments  the  Santa  Fc  trail ;  county  com- 
missioners were  given  authority  to  appoint  inspectors  of  natural  gas 
wells  and  pipe  lines;  a  board  of  control  for  certain  state  institutions  was 
created:  a  child  labor  bill  was  passed  which  prohibited  the  employment 
in  factories,  mines  and  packing-houses  of  persons  under  the  age  of 
fourteen  years,  and  regulated  the  employment  of  persons  under  the 
age  of  sixteen;  provision  was  made  for  the  .ippciintnunt  of  state  fish  and 
game  wardens,  and  their  powers  .nul  duties  were  defined;  the  office 
of  countv  inspector  of  bees  was  established;  several  acts  were  passed 


KANSAS    HISTORY  853 

relating  to  railroads,  extending  the  power  of  the  railroad  commission ; 
the  governor  was  authorized  to  appoint  a  parole  officer  for  the  state 
penitentiary;  provision  was  made  for  the  establishment  of  juvenile 
courts  and  for  the  care  of  neglected,  dependent  or  delinquent  children; 
and  by  resolution  the  board  of  directors  and  warden  of  the  penitentiary 
were  authorized  to  enter  into  a  contract  with  the  Territory  of  Oklahoma 
for  the  care  of  her  convicts  for  a  period  not  exceeding  ten  years,  and 
at  a  rate  of  not  less  than  40  cents  a  day  for  each  convict. 

Three  constitutional  amendments  were  submitted  to  the  people  to 
be  voted  upon  at  the  general  election  in  Nov.,  1906.  The  first  made 
a  change  in  section  2,  article  12,  relating  to  corporations;  the  second 
amended  section  17,  article  2,  relating  to  laws  and  their  construction 
b\'  the  courts;  and  the  third  amended  section  8,  article  3,  relating  to  pro- 
bate courts.  All  three  were  ratified  by  the  people  by  substantial 
majorities. 

In  an  article  on  "Raijey's  Administration"  mention  is  made  of  a 
resolution  passed  by  the  Kansas  legislature  requesting  the  Kansas  dele- 
gation in  Congress  to  make  efi'orts  to  have  one  of  the  new  battleships 
named  for  the  state.  They  were  successful  in  carrying  out  the  wishes 
of  the  legislature,  and  on  Aug.  12,  1905,  the  battleship  Kansas  (q.  v.) 
was  launched  at  Camden,  N.  J..  Gov.  Hoch  and  several  other  dis- 
tinguished citizens  of  Kansas  being  present. 

\\'hen  Joseph  R.  Burton  resigned  his  seat  in  the  United  States  senate 
on  June  4,  1906,  Gov.  Hoch  tendered  an  appointment  to  F.  D.  Coburn, 
secretary  of  the  state  board  of  agriculture.  Mr.  Coburn  declined  and 
the  governor  then  appointed  Alfred  W.  Benson  to  serve  as  senator  until 
the  legislature  convened.  Judge  Benson  left  for  Washington  on 
June  II. 

In  the  summer  of  1906  the  Santa  Fe  trail  was  marked  by  the  Daugh- 
ters of  the  American  Revolution,  and  from  Sept.  26  to  29  was  held  the 
first  centennial  celebration  in  Kansas.  This  celebration  marked  the 
looth  anniversary  of  the  raising  of  the  American  flag  for  the  first  time 
on  Kansas  soil  by  Lieut.  Zebulon  M.  Pike.  It  was  held  on  the  site  of 
the  old  Pawnee  village  near  Republic  Cit}-,  Republic  county.  Sept.  26 
was  "Woman's  Day."  An  address  of  greeting  was  delivered  by  Mrs. 
Edward  W.  Hoch,  wife  of  the  governor.  Addresses  were  also  delivered 
by  Mrs.  Noble  L.  Prentis,  Mrs.  Charles  E.  Adams,  Mrs.  Lilla  D.  Mon- 
roe and  others.  The  27th  was  "Historical  Day,"  when  papers  by  Prof. 
John  B.  Dunbar,  James  R.  Mead  and  William  E.  Connelley  were  read, 
and  an  address  was  delivered  by  George  W.  Martin,  secretary  of  the 
State  Historical  Society.  On  the  28th  the  principal  orators  were  Capt. 
Patrick  H.  Coney,  commander  of  the  Kansas  department  of  the  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic,  Capt.  Charles  E.  Adams  and  Congressman  W. 
A.  Calderhead.  On  the  29th — the  real  anniversary  of  the  raising  of 
the  flag — the  speakers  were  Gov.  Hoch  and  United  States  Senator 
Chester  I.  Long.  The  ceremonies  were  accompanied  by  artillery 
salutes  and  enlivened  bv  music  of  bands,  etc. 


854  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

The  political  campaign  of  1906  was  opened  by  the  Democratic  party, 
which  held  a  state  convention  at  Topeka  on  April  25.  William  A. 
Harris  was  nominated  for  governor;  Hugh  P.  Farrelh',  for  lieutenant- 
governor;  Louis  C.  Ahlborn,  for  secretary  of  state;  W.  F.  Bowman,  for 
auditor;  Patrick  Gorman,  for  treasurer:  David  Overmeyer,  for  attorney- 
general  ;  A.  B.  Carney,  for  superintendent  of  public  instruction ;  J.  W. 
Murphy,  for  superintendent  of  insurance ;  A.  M.  Jackson,  D.  j\I.  Dale, 
W.  S.  Glass  and  Lorenz  Hawn,  for  associate  justices;  Harry  McMillan, 
C.  A.  Cooper  and  James  Humphrey,  for  railroad  commissioners,  and  W. 
F.  Feder,  for  state  printer.  This  was  the  first  time  the  state  printer 
was  ever  elected  by  the  people.  The  platform  indorsed  and  reaffirmed 
the  national  platforms  of  the  party  for  1896,  1900  and  1904;  demanded 
of  the  board  of  railroad  commissioners  "an  honest  and  earnest  enforce- 
ment of  all  provisions  of  existing  laws  against  rebates  and  all  manner 
of  discriminations;  and  of  the  legislature  intelligent,  fair  supplementary 
legislation  to  the  end  that  both  the  railroads  and  the  public  may  have 
justice;"  congratulated  the  countr}'  upon  the  triumphant  vindication  of 
the  quantative  theory  of  money ;  declared  in  favor  of  the  initiative  and 
referendum  and  the  enforcement  of  all  laws,  and  demanded  the  abolition 
of  the  free  pass  sj^stem  on  railroads. 

On  May  2  the  Republican  state  convention  met  at  Topeka.  Gov. 
Hoch  was  renominated  by  acclamation,  and  the  balance  of  the  ticket 
was  as  follows:  Lieutenant-governor.  W.  J.  Fitzgerald:  secretary  of 
state,  Charles  E.  Denton  :  auditor,  James  M.  Nation  ;  treasurer,  Mark 
TuUey ;  attorney-general,  Fred  S.  Jackson ;  superintendent  of  public 
instruction,  Edward  T.  Fairchild  :  superintendent  of  insurance,  Charles 
W.  Barnes;  associate  justices.  William  A.  Johnston,  R.  A.  Burch,  Silas 
Porter  and  C.  B.  Graves;  railroad  commissioners,  C.  A.  Ryker,  George 
W.  Kanavel  and  Frank  J.  Ryan  ;  state  printer,  Thomas  A.  McNeal.  The 
platform  approved  the  administrations  of  President  Roosevelt  and  Gov. 
Hoch  ;  commended  the  juvenile  court  and  state  depository  laws  passed 
by  the  last  legislature:  favored  a  pension  of  not  less  than  $12  per  month 
for  every  surviving  soldier  and  sailor  of  the  Civil  war;  approved  the 
action  of  the  legislature  regarding  oil  and  gas,  and  declared  that  "The 
Republican  party  enacted  the  first  railroad  law  in  Kansas.  It  has  uni- 
formly stood  for  consistent  and  efficient  regulation  of  these  great  public 
corporations.  The  last  legislature,  without  any  specific  jilatform 
promises  previously  made,  enacted  a  general  railroad  law  conceded  to 
be  the  1)est  in  the  United  .States." 

The  Populist  state  convention  assembled  ;it  Topeka  nn  July  4.  .\n 
effort  to  efl'ect  a  fusion  with  the  Democratic  party  failed,  after  which 
the  convention  proceeded  to  the  nomination  of  candidates  for  state 
officers  with  the  following  result:  Governor.  Horace  A.  Kecfor; 
lieutenant-governor,  Joseph  A.  Wright ;  secretary  of  state,  Robert 
Hauserman ;  auditor,  E.  C.  Fowler;  treasurer,  D.  C.  Kay;  attoiiiey- 
general,  George  H.  Bailey;  superintendent  of  public  instrnction,  D.  O. 
Kcmphill ;   superintendent   of   insurance,   C.   N.    Mungenh.Tch  :   associate 


KANSAS    IllSTOUt  «55 

justices,  W.  A.  Eyster  and  H.  C.  Root,  leaving  two  places  to  be  filled 
by  the  state  central  committee;  railroad  commissioner,  G.  K.  Sallyard, 
two  places  to  be  filled  by  the  committee;  state  printer,  Charles  A. 
Southwick.  For  some  reason  the  state  central  committee  never  sup- 
plied the  vacancies  on  the  ticket  for  justices  of  the  supreme  court  and 
railroad  commissioners.  The  platform  adopted  by  the  committee 
declared  in  favor  of  governmental  ownership  of  railroads  and  the 
initiative  and  referendum  ;  demanded  that  all  money  be  issued  by  the 
general  government,  a  rigid  enforcement  of  all  laws,  and  railroad  legis- 
lation in  the  interest  of  the  man  who  "pays  the  freight;"  and  urged 
the  adoption  of  an  amendment  to  the  state  constitution  which  would 
make  it  possible  for  the  state  to  establish  an  insurance  department  that 
would  supply  fire  and  life  insurance  at  cost. 

The  Prohibition  party  nominated  J-  B.  Cook  for  governor;  W.  B. 
Jones,  for  lieutenant-governor;  William  Martin,  for  secretary  of  state; 
T.  D.  Talmage,  for  auditor ;  C.  F.  Wolfe,  for  treasurer ;  W.  C.  Wolfe, 
for  attorney-general ;  O.  W.  Newby,  for  superintendent  of  public 
instruction;  P.  J.  Thwaites,  for  superintendent  of  insurance;  G.  W. 
Martin,  J.  D.  M.  Crockett,  W.  C.  Fogle  and  E.  B.  Greene,  for  associate 
justices :  Wallace  Gibbs,  G.  C.  McFadden  and  A.  L.  Evers,  for  rail- 
road commissioners,  and  F.  B.  Sweet,  for  state  printer. 

The  Socialist  party  also  nominated  a  full  state  ticket,  to  wit:  For 
governor,  Harry  Gilham ;  lieutenant-governor,  T.  A.  Curry ;  secretary 
of  state,  Arthur  E.  Welch  ;  auditor,  E.  N.  Firestone ;  treasurer,  John  J. 
Price;  attorney-general,  C.  R.  Mitchell;  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion, Grace  D.  Brewer;  superintendent  of  insurance,  Niels  P.  Larsen ; 
associate  justices.  A.  M.  Morrison,  F.  L.  McDermott,  Myron  F.  W^iltse 
and  William  E.  Pierce ;  railroad  commissioners,  Charles  A.  Brannon, 
P.  B.  Moore  and  James  O.  Smith  ;  state  printer,  Frank  W.  Cotton. 

At  the  Nevember  election  the  entire  Republican  ticket  was  elected, 
the  vote  for  governor  being  as  follows:  Hoch,  152,147;  Harris,  150,024; 
Gilham,  7,621;  Cook,  4,453;  Keefer,  1,131. 

On  Jan.  8,  1907.  the  legislature  began  its  15th  biennial  session.  The  . 
senate  was  called  to  order  by  Lieut. -Gov.  David  J.  Hanna,  who  pre- 
sided until  the  14th,  when  Gov.  Hoch  was  inaugurated  for  his  second 
term  and  Lieut. -Gov.  W.  J.  Fitzgerald  was  also  inducted  into  office, 
succeeding  Mr.  Hanna  as  president  of  the  senate.  John  S.  Simmons 
was  elected  speaker  of  the  house.  The  message  submitted  by  the  gov- 
ernor at  the  opening  of  the  session  was  a  long  one,  covering  almost 
ever\'  phase  of  state  affairs.  He  congratulated  the  people  of  the  state 
upon  their  prosperit}^ ;  announced  that  the  state's  wheat  crop  for  the 
year  1906  was  over  93,000,000  bushels,  and  the  value  of  farm  products 
and  live  stock  aggregated  $424,222,277,  an  increase  of  over  $15,000,000 
over  the  year  1905,  and  on  the  subject  of  bank  deposits  said: 

"The  total  deposits  in  Kansas  banks,  state  and  national,  ten  years 
ago  aggregated  only  $32,031,780.39,  of  which  the  national  banks  held 
$16,811,672.97  and  the  state  banks  $15,220,107.39.     For  eight  years  there- 


856  CM  i.ui'i:dia  of 

after  the  deposits  increased  at  the  enormous  rate  of  an  average  of 
$10,000,000  per  year,  and  on  Sept.  i,  1904,  reached  the  highest  point  in 
the  history  of  banking  in  the  state  up  to  that  time,  showing  total 
deposits  amounting  to  $110,325,895.90.  .  .  .  But  during  the  past 
two  years  the  increase  has  been  greater  than  during  any  biennial  period 
in  the  history  of  the  state.  During  this  biennial  period  the  increase 
exceeded  $30,000,000,  or  more  than  $15,000,000  each  year,  the  total 
deposits  at  this  time  being  $140,185,283.62.  This  is  an  average  of  over 
$90  per  capita — nearly  three  times  the  average  in  the  United  States. 
.  .  .  The  population  of  the  state  increased  66,000  during  the  past 
year,  the  greatest  annual  increase  in  twenty  years.  Surely  every  Kan- 
san  has  a  right  to  be  proud  of  the  wonderful  progress  and  prosperity 
which  characterize  the  state  of  his  birth  or  adoption." 

He  then  reviewed  with  more  or  less  detail  the  condition  of  the  state 
institutions ;  again  urged  the  passage  of  a  primary  election  law  and  a 
law  providing  for  a  better  and  more  uniform  system  of  assessment  of 
property  for  tax  purposes ;  discussed  the  oil  interests  of  the  state,  the 
good  roads  movement,  equal  suffrage,  the  sugar  beet  industry,  the 
subject  of  grain  inspection,  the  fish  and  game  laws,  the  bureau  of  labor 
statistics  and  the  work  it  had  accomplished,  the  state  depository  law, 
school  lands,  the  National  Guard  and  the  state  museum,  and  com- 
mended the  state  board  of  health  for  its  efforts  "to  impnive  the  sani- 
tary conditions  of  the  state  and  promote  the  health  of  the  people." 

He  also  urged  the  appropriation  of  a  larger  contingent  fund  for  the 
board  of  railroad  commissioners,  pointing  out  the  fact  that  the  states 
of  Texas  and  Minnesota  allowed  their  boards  of  railroad  commissioners 
$43,000  and  $40,000  respectively,  while  Kansas  allowed  her  board  but 
$5,000.  He  congratulated  the  state  upon  the  establishment  of  juvenile 
courts,  the  board  of  control  and  the  state  printing  plant,  all  <<i  wliich 
he  had  recommended  in  his  message  of  1905.  \\ith  regard  in  the  last 
named  institution  he  said : 

"Tlie  legislature  responded  to  the  suggestion  by  providing  for  the 
_  election  of  a  state  printer  by  the  people,  to  be  given  a  salary  of  $2,500, 
and  for  the  erection  of  a  printing  house  to  be  owned  by  the  state.  It 
also  provided  for  the  a|)]iointment  of  a  commission  by  (he  governor  to 
erect  the  proposed  building  and  equip  it  with  material.  In  harmony 
with  this  statute,  I  appointed  Mr.  C.  S.  Gleed,  Mr.  George  E.  Tucker 
and  Mr.  E.  P.  Harris  as  such  commission.  It  now  gives  me  pleasure 
to  report  the  completion  of  a  three-story  brick  printing  office.  50  by 
130  feet  in  dimensidu.  handsome  in  external  appearance  and  modern  in 
internal  arrangement,  eqtiii)])cd  with  modern  material  and  in  success- 
ful operation,  at  a  total  cost  of  about  $68,000,  all  nf  which  will  he  paid 
for  out  of  the  saving  of  less  than  three  years'  operation." 

On  Jan.  29,  1906,  a  convention  of  delegates  from  commercial  clubs, 
county  cr)mmissioners,  city  councils,  etc.,  met  at  Topeka  to  consider 
the.  f|Ucstion  of  having  .some  sort  of  a  semi-centennial  celebration  of 
the  admission  of  Kansas  into  the  l^nion  on  Jan.  29,   191 1.     The  pro- 


KANSAS    IIISTOUV  857 

posal  to  have  the  celebraticjn  take  the  nature  of  an  industrial  exposi- 
tion mat  with  favor,  both  by  the  press  and  the  people,  and  the  subject 
was  submitted  to  the  legislature  of  1907  by  the  governor.  No  action 
was  taken  by  the  assembly  in  the  way  of  an  appropriation  or  other 
encouragement,  and  the  exposition  project  was  abandoned. 

One  duty  that  devolved  upon  the  legislature  of  1907  was  the  election 
of  a  United  States  senator  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  Joseph  R. 
Burton,  and  also  for  the  full  term  of  six  years  beginning  on  March 
4,  1907.  On  Jan.  23  Charles  Curtis  was  elected  for  both  the  short  and 
the  long  terms. 

At  this  session  a  state  tax  commission  was  created,  to  take  the  j^lace 
of  the  board  of  railroad  assessors  and  the  state  board  of  equalization, 
and  was  authorized  to  assess  property  at  its  actual  value.  State  boards 
of  embalming  and  veterinary  registration,  and  a  state  entomological 
commission  were  also  created;  the  office  of  commissioners  of  forestry 
was  created ;  provisions  were  made  for  the  display  of  the  United  States 
flag  upon  the  public  school  buildings  of  the  state;  Lincoln's  birthday 
(Feb.  12)  was  made  a  legal  holiday;  free  kindergartens  were  authorized 
in  connection  with  the  public  school  system,  and  a  law  was  passed  for- 
bidding railroad  companies  to  issue  free  passes. 

Resolutions  were  adopted  asking  Congress  to  pass  a  bill  granting 
pensions  to  the  survivors  of  the  battle  of  Beecher's  island  and  to  the 
widows  of  those  killed  in  that  action,  and  to  call  a  convention  for  the 
purpose  of  proposing  amendments  to  the  Federal  constitution,  par- 
ticularly one  authorizing  the  election  of  United  States  senators  by  direct 
vote  of  the  people. 

Two  amendments  to  the  state  constitution  were  adopted  and  sub- 
mitted to  the  people,  to  be  voted  on  at  the  general  election  in  Nov., 
1908.  One  amendment  proposed  to  strike  out  section  3,  article  2, 
relating  to  the  compensation  of  members  of  the  legislature,  and  insert 
a  new  section  giving  each  member  a  salary  of  $500  for  regular  and 
$100  for  special  session.s,  with  three  cents  for  each  mile  traveled  in 
going  and  returning.  The  other  proposed  to  amend  section  13,  article 
3,  relating  to  the  salary  of  justices  of  the  supreme  court  and  prohibiting 
them  from  accepting  any  fees  or  perquisites,  or  from  holding  anv  other 
office  during  the  term  for  which  they  might  be  elected,  except  they 
were  to  be  eligible  to  appointment  as  judge  of  some  Federal  court. 
Both  were  defeated  at  the  election. 

On  July  18,  1906,  right  in  the  midst  of  the  political  campaign,  a  num- 
ber of  Republicans  met  at  Topeka,  adopted  a  declaration  of  principles, 
efl:'ected  a  permanent  organization,  and  raised  a  fund  to  circulate  a 
petition  to  the  legislature  praying  for  the  enactment  of  laws  fixing 
the  passenger  rate  on  railroads  at  two  cents  a  mile;  prohibiting  the 
issuance  of  free  passes  by  railroad  companies ;  compelling  political 
parties  to  nominate  candidates  by  a  primary  election  instead  of  a  con- 
vention ;  and  providing  for  the  assessment  of  railroad  property  on  the 
same  basis  as  other  property.     They  soon  became  known  as  "Square 


858  CYCLOPEDIA   OF 

Deal"  Republicans.  The  movement  spread  to  all  parts  of  the  state 
and  thousands  signed  the  petition.  However,  the  legislature  elected 
that  year  failed  to  pass  all  the  laws  asked  for  by  the  petitioners,  which 
may  have  had  some  influence  upon  Gov.  Hoch  in  issuing  his  proclamation 
of  Jan.  7,  1908,  calling  the  legislature  to  meet  in  special  session  on 
the  i6th. 

In  his  message  at  the  commencement  of  the  special  session  the  gov- 
ernor first  asked  for  a  short  session,  then  urged  the  passage  of  a 
primary  law  that  would  give  the  people  an  opportunity  to  express  their 
choice  for  I'nited  States  senator.  I\Iuch  of  his  message  was  devoted  to 
the  depositors'  guaranty  law.  (See  Banking.)  He  called  attention  to 
the  fact  that  while  the  new  tax  law  provided  for  the  assessment  of 
property  at  its  actual  value,  it  made  no  provision  for  a  reduction  in 
the  levy.  He  recommended  the  amendment  of  the  pure  food  law,  the 
National  Guard  law,  the  passage  of  an  act  establishing  railroad  fares 
at  two  cents  a  mile,  and  one  giving  women  the  right  to  vote  in  1908. 
With  regard  to  a  two-cent  fare  on  railroads,  he  announced  that  such 
a  rate  had  been  obtained  on  all  the  railroads  in  the  state  since  the 
adjournment  of  the  last  regular  session  of  the  legislature,  through  the 
work  of  the  railroad  commission.  "Counsel  for  the  corporations  con- 
tend that  the  board  of  railroad  commissioners  had  no  legal  right  to 
change  a  statutory  passenger  rate,  and  this  proposition  will  no  doubt 
be  seriously  argued  in  the  courts."  It  was  to  avoid  this  litigation  that 
he  suggested  a  law  on  the  subject.     (See  Railroads.) 

Most  of  the  governor's  recommendations  were  observed  by  the  legis- 
lature. The  banking  laws,  the  pure  food  law,  the  twine  plant  law 
and  the  new  tax  law  were  amended  along  the  lines  suggested  by  the 
governor,  and  a  comprehensive  primary  election  law  was  passed. 
Under  its  provisions  the  first  primary  election  was  held  on  Aug.  3, 
1908,  all  parties  nominating  their  tickets  on  the  same  day.  (See 
Primary  Election  Laws.) 

The  Republicans  nominated  Walter  R.  Stubbs.  for  governor;  \\'.  J. 
Fitzgerald,  for  lieutenant-governor;  Charles  E.  Denton,  for  secretary 
of  state;  James  M.  Nation,  for  auditor;  Mark  Tullcy,  for  treasurer; 
Fred  S.  Jackson,  for  attorney-general ;  Edward  T.  Fairchild,  for  super- 
intendent of  public  instruction  ;  Cliarles  W.  Barnes,  for  superintendent 
of  insurance;  y\lfred  W.  Benson.  Henry  F.  Mason  and  Clark  A.  Smith, 
for  associate  justices;  George  W.  Kanavel.  Frank  J.  Ryan  and  Charles 
A.  Ryker,  for  railroad  commissioners;  Thomas  A.  McNeal,  for  state 
printer.  Joseph  L.  Bristow  received  the  indorsement  of  the  people  for 
I'nited  Slates  senator. 

The  Democratic  ticket  was  as  follows:  Governor,  Jeremiah  D.  Bot- 
kin ;  lieutenant-governor,  Harry  McMillan ;  secretary  of  state,  Willis 
D.  Kemper;  auditor,  Louis  D.  Eppinger;  treasurer,  Conway  Marshall; 
attorney-general,  George  W.  Frecrks ;  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion, Mrs.  Ella  G.  Burton ;  superintendent  of  insurance.  Milton  F. 
Bclisle;  associate  justices,  A.  E.  Helm,  Isaac  O.  Pickering  and  Joseph 


KANSAS    HISTORY 


^59 


P.  Rossiter;  railroad  commissioners,  Oscar  O.  Ayers,  Frank  C.  Field 
and  J.  E.  Howard;  state  printer,  J.  S.  Cobb,  and  Hugh  P.  Farrelly  was 
indorsed  for  United  States  senator. 

Under  the  operation  of  the  primary  law  fusion  between  parties  was 
impossible.  The  Populists  therefore  nominated  a  ticket  of  their  own, 
to-wit:  Governor,  John  W.  Northrop;  lieutenant-governor,  John  s! 
Beecher ;  secretary  of  state,  J.  H.  Stevenson ;  auditor,  Edgar  C.  Fowler ; 
treasurer,  Thaddeus  Knox;  attorney-general,  I.  F.  Bradley;  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction,  Samuel  Talley;  superintendent  of  insur- 
ance, N.  J.  Waterbury;  railroad  commissioners,  C.  A.  Thompson  and 
T.  F.  Farrell ;  state  printer,  U'illiam  R.  Eyster.  No  nominations  were 
made  for  supreme  court  justices,  and  only  two  candidates  were  named 
for  railroad  commissioners. 

The  Prohibitionists  nominated  Alfred  L.  Hope  for  governor;  A.  L. 
Evers,  for  lieutenant-governor;  George  Avery,  for  secretary  of  state; 
E.  A.  Kennedy,  for  auditor;  William  Volkland,  for  treasurer;  W.  c' 
Wolfe,  for  attorney-general;  Elizabeth  K.  J.  Carpenter,  for  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction  ;  ^V.  E.  M.  Oursler,  for  superintendent  of 
insurance;  R.  W.  Shaw,  M.  C.  Werner  and  R.  A.  Williams,  for  asso- 
ciate justices;  L.  A.  Benson,  J.  M.  Laird  and  Henry  Roelfs.  for  rail- 
road commissioners;  A.  G.  Carruth,  for  state  printer, 'and  E.  G.  Shouse 
was  indorsed  for  United  States  senator. 

A  Socialist  ticket  was  also  placed  in  the  field.  It  was  made  up  of 
the  following  candidates:  For  governor,  George  F.  Hibner;  lieutenant- 
governor,  M.  G.  Porter;  secretary  of  state,  Frank  Curry;  auditor,  F. 
S.  Welsh;  treasurer,  L.  D.  Barrett;  attorney-general,  D.  E.  Crossley; 
superintendent  of  public  instruction,  Grace  D.  Brewer ;  superintendent 
of  insurance,  F.  M.  Lutschg;  associate  justices,  W.  J.  McMilHn.  C. 
R.  Mitchell  and  M.  F.  Wiltse;  railroad  commissioners,  D.  Beedv,'  D. 
C.  Moore  and  Moses  Whitcomb;  state  printer,  E.  N.  Firestone.  "  The 
Socialist  candidate  for  United  States  senator  was  S.  A.  Smith. 

At  the  election  in  November  the  Republican  presidential  electors 
carried  the  state  by  a  plurality  of  over  36,000  votes.  For 'governor, 
Stubbs  received  196,692  votes;  Botkin,  162,385;  Hibner,  ii,72l  ;  Hope! 
3,886;  Northrop,  68.  The  entire  Republican  state  ticket  was  elected 
by  similar  pluralities.  Gov.  Hoch's  administration  came  to  an  end  on 
the  second  Monday  in  Jan.,  1909,  when  Gov.  Stubbs  was  inaugurated. 
Hodgeman,  a  village  of  Marena  township,  Hodgeman  county,  is 
located  on  the  Pawnee  river,  near  the  northeast  corner  of  the  county, 
about  18  miles  from  Jetmore,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  money  order 
postoffice  and  is  a  trading  center  for  the  neighborhood.  The  popula- 
tion in  1910  was  52.     Burdett  is  the  nearest  railroad  station. 

Hodgeman  County.— The  territory  now  included  in  Hodgeman 
county  was  first  embraced  in  Hageman  county  (q.  v.),  which  was 
erected  by  the  act  of  Feb.  26,  1867.  By  the  act  of  March  6,  1873, 
Hodgeman  county  was  called  into  existence  with  the  following  bound- 
aries :     "Commencing  at  a  point  where  the  4th  standard  parallel  inter- 


86o  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

sects  the  east  line  of  range  21  west ;  thence  south  along  range  line  to 
its  intersection  with  the  north  line  of  township  25  south ;  thence  west 
along  township  line  to  where  it  intersects  the  east  line  of  range  27  west ; 
thence  north  along  range  line  to  its  intersection  with  the  4th  standard 
parallel ;  thence  east  along  the  line  of  the  4th  standard  parallel  to  the 
place  of  beginning." 

The  county  was  named  for  Amos  Hodgman,  captain  of  Company 
H,  Seventh  Kansas  cavalry,  who  was  wounded  at  Wyatt,  Miss.,  Oct. 
10,  1863,  and  died  on  the  i6th.  The  original  act  gave  the  name  as 
"Hodgman,"  but  a  subsequent  legislature  placed  the  letter  "c"  at  the 
end  of  the  first  syllable,  and  that  form  has  remained.  In  1883  the 
count}'  was  enlarged,  but  in  1887  the  original  boundaries  as  established 
in   1S73  were  restored. 

The  first  settlement  in  the  county  was  made  at  Duncan's  ranch  on 
the  Pawnee  river,  in  the  northeast  corner,  in  1871.  Soon  afterward 
a  party  came  from  Xew  York  on  a  buffalo  hunt  and  built  a  hunting 
house  and  stockade  not  for  from  Duncan's,  but  made  no  permanent 
settlement.  Bowman,  .\dair  and  other  cattle  men  established  ranches 
along  the  Pawnee  river  and  Buckner  creek  in  1S73,  and  the  following 
year  T.  ^,V.  Pelman  located  at  the  junction  of  Buckner  and  Saw  Log 
creeks,  being  at  that  time  the  most  western  settler  in  the  count}-.  From 
that  time  until  1878  there  was  a  steady  influx  of  settlers,  among  whom 
were  James  Gilland,  J-  W.  Harlan,  S.  J.  F.akin,  h.  E.  Carter.  J.  R. 
Wilson,  S.  A.  Sheldon,  Samuel  Townsend.  J.  R.  Baird  and  Clawson 
Parker.  Early  in  1879  a  census  was  taken  by  S.  .\.  Sheldon.  It 
showed  that  the  county  had  the  number  of  inhabitants  required  by  law 
for  an  independent  county  organization.  The  people  selected  John  \V. 
Hunter,  Samuel  Townsend  and  D.  McCarty  for  county  commissioners, 
E.  M.  Trimble  for  county  clerk,  and  petitioned  the  governor  to  issue 
a  proclamation  declaring  the  county  organized. 

Accordingly,  Gov.  St.  John  issued  a  proclamation  to  that  cttcct  on 
March  29,  1879,  l)ut.  with  the  exception  of  John  W.  Hunter,  he  did 
not  appoirit  any  of  the  officers  recommended  by  the  people.  The  com- 
missioners named  by  the  governor  were  Jonathan  R.  Wilson.  John  \V. 
Hunter  and  S.  A.  Sheldon,  and  the  clerk  was  W.  W.  Wheeland.  Hodge- 
man Center,  2jX  miles  east  of  the  present  town  of  Jetmore,  was  desig- 
nated as  the  temporary  seat  of  justice.  The  first  meeting  of  the  com- 
missioners was  called  for  April  14,  1879.  but  one  of  the  commissioners 
and  the  clerk  were  absent  and  nothing  was  done  at  that   meeting. 

In  the  meantime  two  newspapers  had  been  started  in  tlu'  county. 
The  Hodgeman  Center  .Xgitator  began  its  career  in  March,  and  the 
first  number  of  the  Fordham  Republican  was  issued  on  .\pril  9,  1879, 
l)y  Guy  F.  Carleton.  The  former  lived  until  Jan.,  1880,  and  the  latter 
suspended  in  Oct.,  1879.  The  governor's  appointments  evidently  failed 
to  give  satisfaction.  When  the  first  meeting  of  the  commissioners 
resulted  in  failure  the  Fordham  Republican  said:  "We  presume  that 
Mr.    Wheeland,   the   governor's   county   clerk,   will    be   on   hand   al    the 


KANSAS    JIISTOUY  86l 

next  meeting,  providing  by  that  time  he  establishes  a  residence  in  the 
county.  It  looks  as  though  the  governor  was  straining  a  point  some- 
what when  he  ignored  the  fact  that  we  had  competent  material  for 
county  officers  and  went  to  Edwards  county  for  a  clerk." 

On  July  7,  1879,  the  commissioners  appointed  the  other  county 
officers,  who  served  until  the  general  election  the  following  Novem- 
ber, when  the  following  were  elected :  Samuel  Townsend,  representa- 
tive;  George  Curtis,  sheriff;  E.  M.  Prindle,  county  clerk;  A.  O.  Dick- 
inson, clerk  of  the  district  court;  James  Whiteside,  Jr.,  register  of  deeds; 
W.  A.  Frush,  treasurer ;  E.  R.  Fuller,  county  attorney ;  G.  A.  Curtis, 
superintendent  of  schools;  C.  E.  Boughton,  Philip  L'est  and  Lewis 
Stroud,  commissioners.  At  the  same  time  the  people  voted  on  the  ques- 
tion of  a  permanent  location  for  the  county  seat.  Buckner  (now  Jet- 
more)  received  199  votes ;  Marena,  107 ;  I-fodgeman  Center,  40,  and 
Fordham,  5.  The  county  offices  were  established  at  Buckner  soon  after 
the  election. 

Hodgeman  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Ness  county ;  on  the 
east  by  Pawnee  and  Edwards ;  on  the  south  by  Ford,  and  on  the  west 
by  Gray  and  Finney.  It  has  an  area  of  864  square  miles  and  an  eleva- 
tion of  about  2,500  feet  above  the  sea  level.  The  general  surface  is 
undulating  prairie.  Along  the  streams  are  belts  of  timber,  the  prin- 
cipal varieties  being  ash,  oak,  cottonwood,  box-elder  and  hackberry,  the 
total  area  of  natural  timber  being  about  5.000  acres.  The  Pawnee 
river  flows  through  the  northern  part ;  Buckner  creek  rises  near  the 
southwest  corner  and  flows  in  a  northeasterly  direction  through  the 
county,  and  the  southeastern  part  is  watered  by  the  Saw  Log  creek. 
These  streams  with  their  tributaries  form  an  abundant  natural  water 
supply.  The  climate  is  healthful  and  invigorating,  there  being  neither 
swamps  nor  marshes  to  breed  malaria.  The  bottom  lands  average 
nearly  a  mile  in  width  and  constitute  about  one-tenth  of  the  entire 
area.  Limestone  and  a  soft  sandstone  are  found  in  the  blufts  along 
the  streams,  native  lime  is  plentiful,  and  there  is  some  gypsum  near 
the  center  of  the  county. 

The  county  is  divided  into  the  following  townships:  Benton,  Center, 
Hallet,  Marena,  North  Roscoe,  Saw  Log,  South  Roscoe,  Sterling  and 
valley.  It  has  only  about  20  miles  of  railroad,  the  western  part  of  the 
Earned  &  Jetmore  division  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  sys- 
tem. In  1910  the  U.  S.  census  reported  a  population  of  2,930.  The 
assessed  valuation  of  property  was  a  little  over  $6,500,000,  and  the 
value  of  agricultural  products  for  the  year  was  $1,158,560.  Wheat, 
corn,  snrghum,  Kafir  corn  and  hay  are  the  leading  crops. 

Hoecken,  Christian,  an  early  Catholic  missionary,  came  to  what  is 
now  the  State  of  Kansas  as  a  missionary  to  the  Kickapoo  Indians  some 
time  prior  to  the  year  1837.  In  the  fall  of  that  year  he  founded  the 
Pottawatomie  mission  on  Sugar  creek,  in  what  is  now  Miami  countv, 
near  the  eastern  line  of  the  state.  He  accompanied  one  of  the  first 
parties  to  the  new  mission  and  reservation  on  the  Kansas  river  in  1847. 


862  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Here  he  continued  his  labors  until  1851,  -when  he  joined  Father  De 
Smet  for  missionary  work  among  the  Indian  tribes  farther  up  the  Mis- 
souri river.  While  on  board  the  steamboat  St.  Ange,  bound  for  his 
new  field,  he  was  attacked  by  cholera  and  died  on  June  19,  1851.  His. 
body  was  encased  in  a  cottonwood  log,  which  had  been  hollowed  out 
for  the  purpose,  the  seams  being  hermetically  sealed  with  pitch,  and 
buried  on  the  bank  of  the  river.  On  the  return  trip  the  rude  coffin 
was  exhumed  and  taken  to  St.  Louis,  where  the  body  was  interred 
according  to  the  rites  of  the  Jesuit  fathers. 

Hoge,  a  hamlet  in  the  central  part  of  Leavenworth  county,  is  15 
miles  southwest  of  Leavenworth  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  It  has 
rural  free  delivery  from  Tonganoxie.  The  population  was  26  in  1910. 
Hoisington,  the  second  largest  town  of  Barton  county,  is  located  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  11  miles  north  of  Great  Bend,  the  county 
seat,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  branch  of  the  Missouri  Pacific. 
There  are  2  banks,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Dispatch),  mills  and  ele- 
vators, electric  lights,  good  hotels,  well  stocked  mercantile  establish- 
ments, an  automobile  liver}-,  which  makes  daily  trips  to  Great  Bend 
and  other  towns,  4  churches,  a  public  library  and  good  schools.  The 
town  is  supplied  with  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  has  an  inter- 
national money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes.  Hoisington  is 
a  growing  town,  the  population  in  1910  being  1,975,  ^s  against  789  ten 
years  before. 

Holcomb  is  a  little  village  of  Finney  county  on  the  Arkansas  river 
and  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  6  miles  west 
of  Garden  City,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  postoffice  and  in  1910  reported 
a  population  of  75.  It  is  a  trading  point  for  the  neighborhood,  and  does 
some  shipping. 

Holidays. — Section  5444  of  the  General  Statutes  of  1909  reads  as 
follows:  "The  following  days  of  each  year  shall  be  made  and  the 
same  are  hereby  declared  to  be  legal  holidays  for  the  purposes  of  this 
act:  (i)  The  ist  day  of  January,  known  as  New  Year's  day;  (2")  the 
22nd  day  of  February,  known  as  Washington's  birthday;  (3)  the  30th 
day  of  May,  known  as  Decoration  or  Memorial  day;  (4)  the  4lh  day 
of  July,  known  as  Independence  day;  (5)  the  first  Monday  in  Septem- 
ber, known  as  Labor  day;  (6)  the  25th  day  of  December,  known  as 
Christmas  day ;  (7)  any  day  appointed  and  recommended  by  the  gov- 
ernor of  this  state,  or  the  president  of  the  United  States,  as  a  day  of 
fast  or  thanksgiving;  (8)  any  other  day  which  may  hereafter  be  made 
a  legal  holiday  shall,  for  the  purposes  of  this  act,  be  a  holiday.  If  any 
of  said  days  be  the  first  day  of  the  week,  known  as  .Simdax ,  the  next 
succeeding  secular  or  business  day  shall  be  a  holiday." 

This  section  was  enacted  as  part  of  the  "negotiable  instruments  act," 
which  was  approved  by  the  governor  on  March  7,  1905,  and  look  efi"ect 
upon  the  71)1  day  of  the  following  June.     Prior  to  the  passage  of  this 
act  the  State  of  Kansas  recognized  b\it  three  days  in  the  year  as  legal' 
liolidays,  viz. :     May  30,  which   was  made  a  legal  holiday  by  the  act. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  863 

of  Feb.  19,  1865;  the  first  Monday  in  September,  vvliich  was  declared 
a  legal  holiday  by  the  act  of  May  20,  1891 ;  and  the  22nd  of  February, 
which  was  made  a  legal  holiday  by  the  act  of  Feb.  6,  1895. 

Under  the  provisions  of  Section  5444,  above  quoted,  that  "any  other 
day  which  may  hereafter  be  made  a  legal  holiday  shall,  for  the  pur- 
poses of  this  act,  be  a  holiday,"  must  be  added  the  12th  day  of  February, 
known  as  Lincoln's  birthday,  which  was  declared  to  be  a  legal  holiday 
in  Kansas  by  the  act  of  March  9,  1907,  two  years  after  the  "negotiable 
instrument  act"  became  a  law.  The  legislature  of  191 1  made  Oct.  12, 
"Columbus  day,"  a  legal  holiday,  that  being  the  date  on  which  Chris- 
topher Columbus  first  sighted  land  on  the  Western  Hemisphere  in  1492. 

Holland,  a  little  village  of  Dickinson  county,  is  situated  on  Holland 
creek,  about  14  miles  southwest  of  Abilene,  the  county  seat,  and  3 
miles  north  of  Carlton,  the  nearest  railroad  station.  It  is  a  trading  cen- 
ter for  the  neighborhood  and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  41. 

Hollenberg,  a  village  of  Franklin  township,  Washington  county,  is 
located  on  the  Little  Blue  river  12  miles  northeast  of  Washington,  the 
county  seat,  and  is  a  station  on  the  St.  Joseph  &  Grand  Island  R.  R. 
The  town  was  laid. out  in  the  spring  of  1872  by  G.  H.  Hollenberg,  whO' 
built  the  first  store.  The  postoffice  was  established  the  same  year 
with  R.  T.  Kerr  as  postmaster.  In  1896  Hollenberg  came  into  notice 
through  the  report  that  gold  had  been  found  in  the  immediate  vicinity, 
but  the  report  was  without  foundation.  (See  Gold.)  The  town  has 
a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two  rural  routes,  telegraph  and 
express  offices,  grain  elevators,  a  flour  mill,  graded  public  schools, 
churches  of  various  denominations,  a  number  of  mercantile  houses,  and 
in  1910  reported  a  population  of  250. 

Holliday,  a  village  in  the  extreme  northern  part  of  Johnson  county, 
is  located  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Kansas  river  at  the  junction  of  two 
lines  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  11  miles  southwest 
of  Kansas  City  and  about  13  miles  north  of  Olathe,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  a  money  order  postoffice,  telegraph  and  express  facilities,  general 
stores,  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  150. 

Holliday,  Cyrus  K.,  capitalist  and  railroad  builder,  was  born  at 
Carlisle,  Pa..  April  3,  1826.  He  was  educated  for  the  legal  profession 
at  Alleghany  College,  Meadville,  Pa.,  but  being  of  a  commercial  turn 
of  mind  turned  his  attention  in  another  direction.  His  first  venture  was 
the  building  of  a  short  line  of  railroad  in  his  native  state,  in  which  he 
accumulated  some  $20,000,  which  was  the  foundation  of  his  success  in 
later  life.  Deeming  the  West  a  better  field  for  the  exercise  of  his 
peculiar  talents,  he  left  Pennsylvania  and  in  Oct.,  1854,  located  at 
Lawrence,  Kan.  He  took  an  active  interest  in  the  free-state  cause ; 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  Topeka  and  the  first  president  of  the  town 
company  that  laid  out  that  city ;  and  was  for  many  years  the  largest 
landowner  and  heaviest  taxpayer  there.  Mr.  Holliday "s  greatest 
achievement  was  in  projecting  and  building  the  first  portion  of  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  railroad.  He  was  the  first  man  to  dream 
of  a  line  of  railway  along  the  old  Santa  Fe  trail  to  the  Pacific  coast. 


864  CYCLOPEDIA    Ol-' 

In  1864  he  prepared  a  map  showing  the  line  of  tiie  proposed  road  and 
tried  to  interest  capitalists  in  the  scheme.  Everywhere  he  was  met 
by  rebuffs  and  sneers,  but  nothing  daunted  him,  and  he  lived  to  see 
the  realization  of  his  dreams.  He  secured  a  charter  from  the  Kansas 
legislature,  and  through  the  purchase  and  sale  of  Pottawatomie  Indian 
lands  raised  money  enough  to  build  the  first  20  miles  of  the  road — 
from  Topeka  to  Carbondale — an  event  that  was  celebrated  with  appro- 
priate ceremonies.  Mr.  Holliday  always  took  an  active  interest  in  pub- 
lic affairs.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Republican  party  in 
Kansas;  was  elected  state  senator  in  1861  ;  served  as  adjutant-general 
during  the  Civil  war;  was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  legislature 
in  1866;  was  nominated  for  Congress  in  1874.  but  was  defeated;  was 
president  of  the  Excelsior  Coke  and  Gas  company  and  the  ^Merchants' 
National  bank  of  Topeka;  served  as  president  of  the  State  Historical 
Society,  and  was  a  director  of  the  Atchison,  To]ieka  &  Santa  Fe  Rail- 
road company  from  the  time  it  was  organized  until  his  death  on  March 
29,   1900. 

Helling,  a  hamlet  of  Douglas  county,  is  located  in  the  southern  por- 
tion 8  miles  from  Lawrence  and  3  miles  from  Vinland.  the  nearest 
railroad  town.     It  has  rural  free  deliver)'  of  mail  from  Baldwin. 

Hollis,  a  village  of  Cloud  county,  is  situated  in  Lawrence  township 
at  the  junction  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quinc\-  and  the  L^nion 
Pacific  railroads,  8  miles  northeast  of  Concordia,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  a  telegraph  office,  a 
good  local  trade,  does  some  shipping,  and  in  igio  reported  a  jKijiulation 
of  50. 

Holman,  a  little  hamlet  of  Bourbon  county,  is  located  near  the  north- 
west corner,  about  18  miles  from  Fort  Scott,  the  county  seat.  Bronson 
is  the  most  convenient  railroad  station,  from  which  mail  is  delivered 
by  rural  carrier. 

Holmes'  Raid. — Soon  after  Gov.  Geary  entered  upon  the  duties  of 
the  office  in  the  fall  of  1856,  the  free-state  citizens  appealed  to  him 
for  protecticin.  He  disbanded  the  territorial  militia  assembled  near 
Lawrence,  and  early  in  October  proclaimed  a  peace.  Richard  J.  Hin- 
ton,  writing  from  Lawrence  under  date  of  Nov.  6,  1856,  says  that  some 
of  the  free-state  settlers,  "finding  the  governor  did  not  give  them  justice, 
determined  to  administer  it  themselves."  .\lmost  immediately  after  the 
governor  had  proclaimed  peace  in  the  territory  and  left  the  house  of 
one  Capt.  E.  Brown,  a  strong  pro-slavery  partisan,  J.  H.  Holmes,  with 
7  others,  surrounded  the  house,  took  Brown  prisoner  and  looted  his 
dwelling.  A  detachment  of  dragoons  chased  Holmes  and  his  men 
across  the  border  into  Missouri.  Thus  forced  by  circumstances  into 
"the  enemy's  country,"  Holmes  decided  to  turn  the  alTair  to  his  advan- 
tage. He' penetrated  some  15  miles  into  the  state,  plundering  known 
pro-slavery  men.  In  the  course  of  his  march  he  met  a  man  who  had 
taken  part  in  the  burning  of  Osawalimiic  and  strip|u'il  liim  of  every- 
thing except  his  clothing- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  865 

Hinton  says:  "This  is  the  first  foray  into  Missouri,  and  having  led 
the  way  it  will  not  probably  be  the  last.  The  bands  are  not  generally 
beneficial  to  our  cause,  but  men  around  Osawatomie  who  had  suffered 
so  much  are  filled  with  a  determination  never  to  rest  till  their  foes  or 
themselves  are  crushed  out.  It  was  bad  for  Plomcs  (Holmes)  to  have 
plundered  in  Missouri  at  the  present  moment,  but  il  is  not  to  be  won- 
dered at  when  we  consider  what  provocation  they  have  endured." 

Raids  were  common  occurrences  during  the  territorial  period,  but  the 
raid  of  Holmes  into  Missouri  is  of  historic  interest  because,  as  Hinton 
says,  it  was  the  first  incursion  of  free-state  men  into  that  state.  Holmes 
died  at  Red  Bank,  N.  J.,  Nov.  21,  1907. 

Helton,  the  county  seat  of  Jackson  county,  is  located  on  a  slight  emi- 
nence to  the  northeast  of  the  central  part  of  the  county.  It  is  one  of  the 
substantial  tov/ns  of  northeastern  Kansas  having  local  manufacturing 
establishments  and  other  institutions  which  insure  a  good  income  to  the 
town.  There  is  a  large  brick  yard,  .soda  and  mineral  water  factories, 
cigar  factory,  planing  mill,  patent  medicine  factory,  4  banks,  3  grain 
elevators,  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  an  international  money  order 
postoffice  with  six  rural  routes.  The  educational  facilities  of  Holton  are 
exceptionally  good  for  a  town  of  its  size.  Besides  good  graded  and  high 
schools  there  is  a  higher  institution  of  learning  known  as  Campbell 
College,  which  has  4  good  buildings  and  8  departments.  The  population 
of  Holton  in  1910  was  2,842. 

Holton  was  founded  in  1856  by  a  colony  of  free-state  people  from 
Milwaukee,  Wis.  The  party  left  Milwaukee  in  May  of  that  year  with  6 
wagons  drawn  by  cattle.  The  expedition  was  financed  by  the  Hon.  E. 
D.  Holton,  for  whom  the  town  was  afterward  named.  The  members  of 
the  company  included  J.  B.  Coffin  and  family,  Edmund  G.  Ross  and 
family,  J.  B.  Hutts  and  family,  the  Lathrop  family,  six  unmarried  men 
and  eight  other  persons,  making  a  total  of  34  persons.  At  Janesville, 
Wis.,  they  were  joined  by  Andrew  Smith's  family  of  five,  Mr.  Lyme's 
family  of  five,  and  another  Ross  family  consisting  of  five  persons.  When 
the}^  reached  Missouri  they  were  robbed  and  warned  to  turn  back.  They 
altered  their  course  and  went  to  Nebraska  City,  the  rendezvous  of  free- 
state  men,  where  they  met  James  H.  Lane  with  200  men  who  joined 
them  taking  the  Lane  road  to  Kansas.  The  train  now  included  82 
wagons.  The  party  received  additions  by  Capt.  .Shombre  of  Indiana  with 
17  men.  Doc  Weed  of  Leavenworth  with  20  men.  Col.  Harvey  of  Illinois 
with  60  men,. and  Capt.  Stonewall  with  75  men.  The  second  day  out 
they  met  S.  C.  Pomeroy  with  a  small  party.  The  next  day  they  met 
John  Brown  with  a  few  men  who  had  come  to  inform  Lane  that  a  price 
had  been  set  upon  his  head,  and  to  urge  him  not  to  go  to  Topeka,  which 
advice  was  not  heeded  and  they  continued  on  their  way.  AVhen  they 
came  to  Elk  creek  they  cut  timber  and  built  a  bridge  upon  which  to 
cross,  and  located  where  the  Holton  central  high  school  now  stands. 
The  town  site  was  surveyed  and  a  log  cabin  20  feet  square  was  built  in 
such  a  manner  that  it  could  be  used  for  defense  and  was  called  "Tim 
(1-55) 


866  CYCLOrEDIA    OF 

Lane's  Fort."  The  depredations  of  the  Kickapoo  rangers  in  the  fall 
caused  the  fort  to  be  abandoned  for  a  short  time.  A  new  company  was 
organized  in  Dec,  1856,  and  a  survey  made. 

In  1857  sever:il  btiildings  were  erected,  one  being  the  Holton  House 
by  T.  G.  Walters,  and  another  the  Banner  Hotel  by  E.  M.  Parks.  A 
school  house  was  built  by  contrilautions.  Squires  &  Stafford  put  in  a  small 
stock  of  goods,  and  J  W.  Gordon  &  Bro.  started  a  general  store.  The 
next  year  Holton  was  made  the  county  seat.  The  first  child  was  born  to 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  G.  Walters  and  named  Holton  W^alters.  He  was 
presented  with  a  town  lot. 

Factional  differences  were  closely  dra\An  in  early  times,  the  free-state 
men  and  Republicans  doing  business  on  the  north  side  of  the  public 
square  and  the  pro-slavery  men  and  Democrats  on  the  south  side.  There 
were  two  flag  poles,  one  Republican  and  the  other  Democratic.  Their 
differences  often  came  to  blows  and  sometimes  to  shots,  Maj.  Thomas  J. 
Anderson  being  attacked  at  a  convention  at  one  time  and  injured  by  a 
blow  on  the  head.    He  was  also  fired  upon  several  times. 

The  town  was  incorporated  in  1859  by  Maj.  T.  J.  Anderson,  who  was 
then  probate  judge.  Dr.  James  Waters  was  the  first  mayor  and  George 
L.  Hamm,  city  clerk.  It  became  a  city  of  the  third  class  in  1871,  and 
some  years  later  was  made  a  cit)-  of  the  second  class. 

Holy  Cross,  a  hamlet  of  Pottawatomie  county,  is  located  in  Emmctt 
township,  21  miles  southeast  of  Westmoreland,  the  county  seat,  and 
about  2  miles  south  of  Emmett,  from  which  place  it  receives  daily  mail 
by  rural  route.    The  population  in  1910  was  43. 

Holyrood,  an  incorporated  city  of  the  third  class  in  Ellsworth  county, 
is  situated  in  Valley  township,  about  15  miles  southwest  of  Ellsworth, 
the  county  seat.    It  is  the  termintis  of  a  branch  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka 

6  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  which  connects  with  one  of  the  main  lines  of  that 
system  at  Little  River,  Rice  county.  Holyrood  is  one  of  the  active, 
thriving  towns  of  the  county.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice 
with  two  rural  routes,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  telephone  connec- 
tions with  the  surrounding  towns,  a  grain  elevator,  a  weekly  newspaper 
(the  Banner),  Catholic,  Lutheran  and  Methodist  churches,  graded  and 
high  schools,  a  hotel,  several  well  stocked  mercantile  houses,  etc.,  and  is 
a  shipping  point  for  a  large  agricultural  district.  It  was  incorporated  in 
1904  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  361. 

Home,  a  village  of  Marshall  county,  is  located  in   Franklin  township 

7  miles  cast  of  Marysvillc,  the  county  seat.  It  is  on  the  St.  Joseph  & 
Grand  Island  R.  R.  and  is  a  shipping  point  for  grain  and  live  stock.  All 
the  main  lines  of  trade  are  represented.  There  are  banking  facilities, 
schools  and  churches,  express  and  telegraph  offices  and  a  postoffice  with 
two  rural  routes.  The  population  in  1900  was  450.  Locally,  it  is  called 
"Home  City." 

Homeopthic  Medical  Society. —  (See  Medical  Societies.) 
Homestead,  a  country  postoffice  in  Chase  county,  is  located   15  miles 
southwest  of  Cottonwood  Falls,  the  county  scat,  and  12  miles  soullieast 


KANSAS    HISTORY  867 

of  Clements,  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  the  nearest 
shipping  point  and  railroad  station.  The  population  according  to  the 
census  of  1910  was  40. 

Homestead  Laws. — An  act  of  Congress  "to  appropriate  the  proceeds 
of  the  sales  of  the  public  lands,  and  to  grant  preemption  rights"  (ap- 
proved Sept.  4,  1841),  may  be  considered  as  the  basis  of  all  subsequent 
legislation  in  regard  to  the  matter  of  disposing  of  the  public  domain  to 
actual  settlers.  It  provided  that  anyone  settling  in  person  on  the  public 
lands  to  which  the  Indian  title  had  been  extinguished,  and  who  improved 
the  same  and  erected  a  dwelling  thereon,  should  be  authorized  to  enter 
any  number  of  acres  not  exceeding  160,  to  include  the  residence  of  such 
claimant,  upon  paying  to  the  United  States  the  minimum  price  of  such 
land.  But  this  act  contained  many  limitations  and  exceptions,  and  not- 
withstanding subsequent  amendments  seemed  to  be  wholly  unsatis- 
factory to  those  who  earnestly  desired  to  see  Kansas  developed  and  her 
population  increased.  At  the  Democratic  territorial  convention,  held  at 
Leavenworth,  Nov.  25,  1858,  the  following  resolution  was  passed  : 

"That  in  view  of  the  many  hardships  to  which  settlers  upon  public 
lands  are  subjected,  and  the  enhanced  value  which  they  confer  upon  the 
lands  held  by  the  government,  we  would  most  respectfully  but  urgently 
press  upon  Congress  the  justice  and  propriety  of  selling  a  quarter-sec- 
tion of  land  to  every  actual  settler  who  shall  remain  and  improve  the 
land  for  three  consecutive  years,  at  the  actual  cost  of  survey  and  issuing 
a  patent,  and  that  all  public  lands  in  this  territory  be  withdrawn  from  the 
market  for  three  years,  and  left  open  to  preemptors." 

On  May  11,  1859,  a  Democratic  convention  at  Tecumseh  adopted  a  res- 
olution declaring,  "That  the  objects  of  the  preemption  law  would  be 
better  effected  by  giving,  a  homestead  to  every  bona  fide  settler  and 
cultivator  of  the  public  land,  without  limit  as  to  time,  and  that  we 
respectively  urge  upon  the  president  of  the  United  States  the  propriety 
of  postponing  the  public  sales  of  the  government  lands  in  Kansas  for  at 
least  twelve  months." 

At  the  convention  at  Osawatomie,  May  18,  1859,  at  which  time  and 
place  the  Republican  party  in  Kansas  was  organized,  it  was  resolved, 
"That  the  passage  of  a  liberal  homestead  bill,  giving  160  acres  of  land  to 
every  citizen  who  will  settfe  upon  and  improve  it,  would  be  a  measure 
just  in  principle,  sound  in  policy,  and  productive  of  the  greatest  good  to 
the  people  of  the  nation ;  and  that  we  regard  the  defeat  of  Mr.  Grow's 
bill  in  the  senate,  by  the  Democratic  party,  as  a  direct  blow  at  the  labor- 
ing classes  of  the  countrj-,  and  as  unworthy  of  the  liberality  of  a  great 
government." 

Galusha  A.  Grow  of  Pennsylvania,  asa  member  of  the  lower  house  of 
Congress,  had  been  for  years  the  champion  of  a  homestead  law,  and  such 
a  bill  was  finally  passed  by  Congress  in  i860.  It  was  vetoed,  however, 
by  President  Buchanan.  The  bill  was  entitled  "An  act  to  secure  home- 
steads to  actual  settlers  on  the  public  domain,  and  for  other  purposes ;" 
and  it  gave  to  ever}-  citizen  of  the  United  States  "who  is  the  head  of  a 


868  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

family,''  and  to  every  person  of  foreign  birth  residing  in  the  country  who 
has  declared  his  intention  to  become  a  citizen,  though  he  may  not  be  the 
head  of  a  family,  that  privilege  of  appropriating  to  himself  i6o  acres  of 
government  land,  of  settling  and  residing  upon  it  for  five  years ;  and 
should  his  residence  continue  until  the  end  of  this  period,  he  should 
then  receive  a  patent  on  the  payments  of  25  cents  per  acre,  or  one-fifth  of 
the  established  government  price.  During  this  period  the  land  was  to  be 
protected  from  all  the  debts  of  the  settler.  The  bill  also  contained  a 
cession  to  the  states  of  all  the  public  lands  within  their  respective  limits 
"which  have  been  subject  to  sale  at  private  entry,  and  which  remain 
unsold  after  the  lapse  of  thirty  years." 

This  provision  embraced  a  donation  to  the  states  of  12,229,731  acres 
and  as  to  the  actual  settler,  while  the  bill  did  not  make  an  absolute 
donation,  the  price  was  so  small  that  it  could  scarcely  be  called  a  sale, 
being  nominally  25  cents  an  acre,  to  be  paid  at  the  end  of  five  years. 

President  Buchanan  expressed  a  decided  opinion  in  his  veto  message 
that  Congress  did  not  have  the  power,  under  the  constitution,  to  give 
away  the  public  lands,  either  to  states  or  to  individuals.  He  declared 
that  the  point  was  more  clear  in  regard  to  the  public  lands  in  the  states 
and  territories  within  the  Louisiana  and  Florida  purchases,  for  these 
lands  were  paid  for  out  of  the  public  treasury  with  money  raised  by 
taxation  ;  and  as  Congress  had  no  power  to  appropriate  the  money  with 
which  these  lands  were  purchased,  he  contended  that  it  was  clear  the 
power  over  the  lands  was  equally  limited.  He  further  objected  to  the 
bill  upon  the  ground  that  it  would  prove  unequal  and  imjust  in  its  oper- 
ation among  the  actual  settlers  themselves.  Those  who  had  already  set- 
tled in  the  new  coimtries  had  paid  for  their  lands  the  government  price 
of  $1.25  per  acrC;  and  if  the  new  settlers  were  given  their  land  for  a 
comparatively  nominal  price,  he  contended  upon  every  ])riuciple  of 
equality  and  justice,  that  the  government  would  be  obliged  to  refund 
out  of  the  common  treasury  the  difference  which  the  old  paid  above  the 
new  settlers  for  their  lands. 

Another  objection  was  that  the  bill  would  do  great  injustice  to  Ihe  old 
soldiers  who  had  received  land  warrants  for  their  services  in  lighting 
the  battles  of  their  country,  as  it  would  greatly  reduce  the  market  value 
of  these  warrants.  The  magnitude  of  this  interest  to  be  affected,  he 
said,  appeared  in  the  fact  that  there  were  outstanding  unsatisfied  land 
warrants  reaching  back  to  the  war  of  1812,  and  even  Revolutionary 
times,  amounting,  in  round  numbers,  to  7,500.000  acres.  It  was  further 
asserted  by  the  president  that  the  bill  would  prove  unequal  and  unjust 
in  its  operation,  because,  from  its  nature,  it  was  confined  to  one  class  of 
people,  being  exclusively  conferred  upon  the  cultivators  of  the  soil.  The 
numerous  body  of  mechanics  in  our  large  cities  could  not,  c\  i-n  liy  emi- 
grating to  tiic  west,  take  advantage  of  the  provisions  of  the  bill  without 
entering  upon  a  new  occupation,  for  which  Ihcir  habits  of  life  had  ren- 
dered them  unfit,  .\nother  objection  was  that  ihe  bill  was  unjust  to  (he 
old  states  of  llie  Union   in  many  respects.     An   indixidiKil   in   t!ic  ol.Ur 


KANSAS    HISTORY  869 

States  would  not  pay  its  fair  value  for  land  when,  by  crossinj^  the  Missis- 
sippi, he  could  go  upon  the  public  lands  and  obtain  a  farm  almost  with- 
out money  and  without  price.  It  was  further  asserted  that  the  bill  wcndd 
open  one  vast  field  for  sijcculation,  and  it  was  claimed  that  in  tlie  entry 
of  graduated  lands  the  experience  of  the  land  ofifice  justified  that  objec- 
tion. The  president  further  said  that  it  was  not,  in  his  opinion,  expe- 
dient to  proclaim  to  all  the  nations  of  the  earth  that  whoever  should 
arrive  in  this  country  from  a  foreign  shore  and  declare  his  intention  to 
become  a  citizen  should  receive  a  farm  of  i6o  acres,  if  he  would  only 
reside  on  it  and  cultivate  it.  Other  objections  cited  by  the  president 
were  that  it  would  reduce  the  increase  of  public  revenue  from  that 
source;  that  it  would  destroy  the  present  admirable  land  system;  and 
that  it  might  introduce  among  us  those  pernicious  social  theories  which 
have  proved  so  disastrous  in  other  countries. 

An  effort  was  made  to  pass  the  bill  over  the  president's  veto,  but  it 
failed  in  the  senate.  Renewed  efforts  were  then  made  to  enact  such  leg- 
islation, and  on  May  20,  1862,  the  "Homestead  Bill"  became  a  law  with 
the  signature  of  President  Lincoln,  and  with  the  amendments  since 
enacted  it  is  now  a  part  of  the  United  States  Revised  Statutes  (Sections 
2289-2317).  The  policy  of  these  laws  is  to  give  portions  of  the  public 
lands  to  those  who  will  settle,  cultivate,  and  make  permanent  homes 
upon  them.  Any  person  who  is  the  head  of  a  family,  or  who  is  twenty- 
one  years  of  age  and  is  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  or  who  has  filed 
his  declaration  of  intention  to  become  such,  may  acquire  a  tract  of  unap- 
propriated public  land,  not  exceeding  160  acres,  on  condition  of  settle- 
ment, cultivation,  and  continuous  occupancy  as  a  home  by  him  for  the 
period  of  five  years,  and  of  the  payment  of  certain  moderate  fees.  It  is 
expressly  declared  that  no  lands  acquired  under  this  statute  shall  in  any 
event  become  liable  to  the  satisfaction  of  any  debt  contracted  prior  to 
the  issuing  of  the  patent  therefor  by  the  government  to  the  settler.  This 
provision  was  inserted  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  debtors  and  of 
inducing  them  to  settle  upon  the  public  domain.  Its  constitutionality 
was  questioned,  bj.it  was  sustained  by  the  courts.  It  would  be  difficult 
to  point  to  any  enactment  of  Congress  more  wise  in  conception,  just  in 
policy  and  .beneficial  in  its  results  than  this  homestead  statute  and  its 
amendments. 

Under  their  provision  it  is  safe  to  say  that  100,000,000  acres  of  unoc- 
cupied public  lands  have  been  transferred  by  the  United  States  to  home- 
stead settlers.  During  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1901,  the  commis- 
sioner of  the  general  land  office  reported  tliat  "the  original  homestead 
entries  aggregated  111,390,  and  embarked  15,455,057.46  acres  for  actual 
bona  fide  homes  to  American  settlers." 

The  term  "original  entry"  refers  to  the  proceedings  by  which  a  person 
enters  a  tract  of  land  as  his  homestead.  Its  important  features  are  the 
filing  of  an  affidavit,  prescribed  by  statute,  with  the  register  of  the  land 
office  in  which  he  is  about  to  make  the  entr}-,  and  the  payment  of  a  fee  of 
$5  if  his  entry  is  for  not  more  than  83  acres,  or  of  $10  if  it  is  for  more  thar» 


870  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

that  amount.  The  "final  entry''  refers  to  the  proceedings  connected  with 
the  issue  of  a  certificate  of  title  or  patent  by  the  United  States  to  the 
person  making  the  original  entry,  or  to  his  widow,  heirs,  or  devisees. 
Ordinarily  the  patent  does  not  issue  until  the  expiration  of  five  years 
from  the  date  of  the  original  entry,  and  then  only  upon  furnishing  the 
evidence  required  by  statute  of  the  actual  occupancy  of  the  land  and  its 
cultivation  by  the  claimant  during  that  period.  Provision  is  made,  how- 
ever, for  shortening  this  term  by  "commuting,"  that  is,  paying  the 
minimum  government  price  for  the  land.  Upon  such  payment,  the 
homesteader  may  obtain  a  patent  at  an}-  time.  It  also  provided  that  the 
term  which  a  homestead  settler  served  in  the  United  States  army,  navy 
or  marine  corps,  "during  the  Rebellion,"  or  in  the  "Spanish  war,"  or  "in 
suppressing  the  insurrection  in  the  Philippines,"  may  be  deducted  from 
the  five  years  required  to  perfect  his  title  and  to  receive  a  patent  for  his 
original  entry. 

The  efifcct  of  the  passage  of  the  homestead  law  upon  the  settlement  of 
Kansas  was  marvelous.  During  the  first  year  following  its  enactment 
there  were  1,149  entries,  with  a  total  of  173,725.70  acres.  In  the  eight 
}'ears  ending  with  1870  there  were  13,168  entries  for  1,661,894.23  acres, 
and  at  the  next  decade,  in  1880,  there  had  been  made  79.961  entries,  call- 
ing for  10,762,353.69  acres  of  land.  The  mind  of  the  reader  will  more 
readily  grasp  the  immensity  of  these  transactions  when  it  is  stated  that 
in  these  eighteen  years  there  was  taken  up  in  Kansas,  by  actual  settlers 
under  the  homestead  law,  an  area  of  land  equal  to  more  than  three  times 
the  area  of  the  State  of  Massachusetts.  The  homestead  act  is  now  the 
approved  and  preferred  method  of  acquiring  title  to  the  public  lands.  It 
has  stood  the  test  of  fifty  years,  and  it  stands  as  the  concentrated  wisdom 
of  legislation  for  the  disposition  of  the  public  domain.  It  has  protected 
the  government,  it  has  filled  the  state  with  homes,  and  it  has  built  up 
communities  by  giving  ownership  of  the  soil,  in  small  tracts,  to  the 
occupants  thereof. 

Homesteaders'  Union  Association. — This  association  was  formed  in 
Sherman  county  (q.  v.),  shortly  after  settlement  began  there  in  1884. 
A  county  seat  contest  arose,  several  towns  claiming  to  be  the  scat  of 
justice,  and  the  settlers  did  not  know  where  to  pay  their  taxes.  The 
homesteaders  also  had  trouble  with  the  cattle  men,  who  resented  the 
breaking  up  of  their  ranges,  and  as  a  step  toward  the  adoption  of  some 
protective  measure,  an  informal  meeting  was  held  to  consider  what 
was  best  to  do.  The  first  actual  meeting,  for  the  purpose  of  organiza- 
tion, was  held  at  Eustis  on  June  18,  1887.  \vhcii  a  committee  was 
appointed  to  frame  a  constitution.  Prior  to  that  time  protective 
societies  had  been  formed  in  thirteen  different  neighborhoods,  and  the 
committee  was  made  to  consist  of  one  member  from  each  society  or 
lodge.  The  committee  met  on  June  25,  1887.  A.  M.  Curtis  was  chosen 
president;  E.  E.  lllacknian  and  W.  J.  Colby, .secretaries,  and  a  con- 
stitution was  draftcfl. 

Article    I   providc(l    th.it    the    associali<Mi    be    known    as    ihc    "IIcjiuc- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  8/ I 

steaders  Union  Association"  of  Sherman  county,  Kan.,  and  that  the 
association  "shall  be  to  protect  the  laboring  classes  in  our  county,  and 
for  the  advancement  of  their  interests  financially,  morally  and  socially." 
Article  IT  jirovided  for  the  usual  officers  and  defined  their  duties. 
Article  IV  provided  that  "every  male  citizen  over  the  age  of  twenty- 
one  years  shall  be  eligible  to  membership;"  and  every  member  was 
required  to  take  the  following  obligation:  "I  do  solemnly  pledge  my 
sacred  word  and  honor  that  I  will  not  divulge  any  of  the' signs,  grips, 
passwords,  or  any  of  the  secret  workings  of  this  order,  and  that'  f  will 
not  vote  against  any  case  at  issue  on  personal  grounds  and  that  I  will 
in  all  my  acts  do  that  which  I  believe  to  be  to  the  best  interests  of 
Sherman  county,  and  that  I  will  do  all  in  my  power  to  promote  justice, 
equity  and  morality." 

The  constitution  was  accepted  at  the  first  meeting  of  the  grand  lodge, 
composed  of  three  delegates  from  each  of  the  thirteen  lodges,  held  at 
Eustis  July  12,  1887.  At  the  first  election  of  officers  J.  N.  McDaniels 
was  chosen  president;  Alexander  Martin,  vice-president;  E.  E.  Black- 
man,  recording  secretary;  W.  J.  Cobby,  treasurer;  David  Robinson, 
chaplain,  and  S.  Poff,  captain.  The  second  meeting  of  the  grand  lodge 
was  held  on  Aug.  30.  It  was  devoted  chiefly  to  organization  and  edu- 
cation, and  it  developed  that  the  living  issue  of  the  association  was  not 
so  much  the  protection  of  the  settlers  as  the  settlement  of  the  county 
seat  contest,  and,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  it  did  wield  considerable  influence 
in  the  final  adjustment  of  that  question. 

^  The  secret  work  of  the  order  was  never  written,  and  after  the  elec- 
tion which  decided  the  location  of  the  county  seat  a  meeting  was  held 
to  celebrate  the  result.  Another  meeting  was  called  for  Dec.  10,  1887, 
but  few  responded,  and  the  Homesteaders'  Union  Association  evidently 
died  a  quiet  death,  as  no  further  record  of  it  can  be  found. 

Homewood,  a  village  in  the  southwest  part  of  Franklin  county,  is 
located  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  11  miles  southwest 
of  Ottawa,  the  county  seat.  It  has  general  stores,  a  public  school,  a 
money  order  postofifice  with  one  rural  route,  telegraph  and  express 
facilities,  and  in  1910  had  a  population  of  roo.  Situated  in  a  rich  agri- 
cultural district,  it  is  the  supply  and  shipping  point  for  the  vicinity. 

Hooker,  a  little  settlement  of  Decatur  county,  is  located  on  Sappa 
creek,  8  miles  southwest  of  Oberlin,  the  county  seat  and  nearest  rail- 
road station,  whence  mail  is  delivered  by  rural  route. 

Hooser,  a  village  of  Dexter  township,  Cowley  county,  is  a  station  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  27  miles  southeast  "of  Winfield,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route,  telegraph, 
express  and  telephone  facilities,  .some  general  stores,  and  in^  1910 
reported  a  population  of  23. 

Hope,  an  incorporated  city  of  Dickinson  county,  is  located  in  the 
township  of  the  same  name  and  is  an  important  railway  town,  being 
situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  and  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa   Fe   lines,  22   miles  south  of  Abilene,   the   county   seat.     It   is 


872  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

equiped  with  electric  lights,  has  well  kept  streets  and  sidewalks,  2 
banks,  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  four  rural  routes, 
a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Dispatch),  telegraph  and  express  offices,  two 
telephone  companies,  a  hospital,  flour  mills,  a  gypsum  plaster  works, 
and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  567.  The  business  buildings  are 
substantial  structures  and  the  residences  are  better  than  the  average 
usually  found  in  cities  of  similar  size.  Excellent  educational  facilities 
are  atturded  by  the  graded  public  schools  and  a  high  school. 

Hopewell,  a  discontinued  postoffice  of  Pratt  county,  is  located  in  the 
Rattlesnake  creek  valley,  about  18  miles  northwest  of  Pratt,  the  county 
seat,  and  10  miles  south  of  Macksville.  which  is  the  nearest  railroad 
station.     A  rural  route  from  Haviland  supplies  the  people  with  mail. 

Hopkins'  Battery. — When  Capt.  Crawford's  company  captured  a  Con- 
federate batter}-  at  old  Fort  Wayne  on  Oct.  22,  1862,  Company  B  of 
the  Twelfth  Kansas  cavalry  was  detached  to  man  the  captured  guns 
and  became  known  as  "Hopkins'  Battery."  It  took  part  in  the  engage- 
ments at  Cane  Hill,  Prairie  Grove,  and  some  minor  actions,  and  was 
then  stationed  at  Fort  Gibson  until  July  17,  1863,  when  it  participated 
in  the  fight  at  Honey  Springs.  On  Oct.  i,  1863,  by  order  of  the  war 
department,  it  was  made  the  Third  Kansas  batter)^  (See  W'ar  of 
1861.) 

Horace,  an  incorporated  town  in  Greek}'  county,  is  located  on  the 
Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  2  miles  west  of  Tribune,  the  county  seat.  It  has 
a  number  of  mercantile  establishments,  telegraph  and  express  offices, 
and  a  money  order  postoffice.  The  population  in  1910  was  189.  The 
town  was  founded  in  June,  1886,  and  soon  had  300  inhabitants.  In 
1888  it  had  a  newspaper  and  a  bank.  It  was  one  of  the  rival  towns 
for  the  county  seat. 

Horners,  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.,  in 
Marion  county,  is  located  between  Florence  and  Peabody,  10  miles 
south  of  Marion,  the  county  seat.  It  receives  its  mail  from  Peabody  by 
rural  route. 

Horse  Thieves. —  fScc  .\nti-Horsc  Thief  Association.) 

Horticultural  Society,  State. — In  the  early  part  of  1867  a  letter 
appeared  in  the  Kansas  Farmer,  written  by  a  man  who  signed  himself 
"Pomologist."  The  writer  suggested  that  the  fruit  growers  and  \ine 
dressers  of  the  state  form  a  society  to  be  known  as  the  "Kansas 
Pomological  Society."  John  S.  Brown,  the  editor  of  the  Farmer,  recom- 
mended the  organization  of  such  a  society  and  asked  all  who  favored 
it  to  respond  immediately.  Twenty-five  persons  sent  in  tiieir  postoffice 
addresses  and  25  cents  each  to  the  editor  to  assist  in  the  organization. 
Their  names  ap])carcd  in  the  April  issue  of  the  Farmer.  An  organiza- 
tion was  soon  after  effected  with  the  fnlUnving  officers:  William  Tan- 
ner, F-cavenworth,  presitU'ul  :  \\'il]iam  Alaxwcll,  I^anesfield.  \ice-presi- 
dent ;  William  E.  Barnes,  V'inland.  treasurer;  Jolin  .S.  Brown,  record- 
ing secretary;  and  S.  T.  Kelscy,  Ottawa,  corresponding  secretary.  In 
the  May  number  of  tlu'  I'armcr  was  published  the  president's  address,. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  875 

in  which  he  asked  cver_\'  member  to  collect  all  the  infurmaliun  upon 
fruit  culture  in  the  different  counties  of  his  district,  and  send  to  the 
corresponding  secretary,  to  be  submitted  at  the  first  meeting.  The 
society  was  organized  and  incorporated  under  a  charter  from  the  state 
on  Dec.  15,  1867. 

The  State  Horticultural  Society,  an  outgrowth  of  the  I'omological 
Society,  was  formed  at  Ottawa,  Franklin  county,  with  George  T. 
Anthony,  William  M.  Hansley,  J.  Stagman,  William  Tanner,  G.  C. 
Brackett,  S.  T.  Kelsey  and  Charles  B.  Lines  as  charter  members.  Its 
object  was  the  advancement  of  the  art  and  science  of  horticulture.  It 
consisted  of  annual  members,  who  paid  a  fee  of  $1 ;  of  life  members, 
who  paid  a  fee  of  $10;  and  honorary  members,  who  were  distinguished 
as  horticulturists. 

By  article  V,  of  the  constitution,  annual  meetings  were  to  be  held 
in  December  and  semi-annual  meetings  in  June  of  each  year,  "at  such 
time  and  place  as  the  society  may  direct."  An  appropriation  was  made 
in  1869,  for  the  society  to  use  in  making  a  complete  collection  of  the 
fruits  grown  in  Kansas  and  exhibiting  them  at  the  Pomological  Con- 
gress, held  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  Sept.,  1869.  At  that  Congress  Kan- 
sas was  awarded  the  gold  medal  for  the  best  display  of  fruit. 

The  society  has  been  active  in  improving  the  species  of  fruits  in  the 
state ;  in  introducing  improved  methods  of  horticulture ;  in  the  scientific 
care  of  orchards ;  and  the  cause  and  treatment  of  diseases  of  trees. 
The  officers  of  the  society  for  191 1  were:  E.  G.  Hoover  of  Wichita, 
president;  J.  T.  Tredway  of  La  Harpe,  vice-president;  O.  F.  Whitney 
of  Topeka.  treasurer ;  and  Walter  Wellhouse  of  Topeka,  secretary. 

Horticulture. — Literally,  the  word  horticulture  means  the  art  of 
cultivating  gardens.  In  its  broader  sense  it  includes  the  cultivation  of 
all  varieties  of  fruits,  fiowers,  vegetables  and  nursery  stock.  Conse- 
quently horticulture  embraces  the  divisions  of  pomology,  or  fruit  cul- 
ture ;  floriculture,  or  the  raising  of  flowers  and  decorative  plants ; 
gardening,  or  the  cultivation  of  vegetables ;  and  nursery  culture,  or  the 
cultivation  of  fruit-bearing  plants  and  trees  until  they  are  ready  for 
transplanting. 

Before  white  men  came  to  Kansas  the  Indians  made  use  of  the  wild 
native  fruits,  gathering  and  drying  for  domestic  purposes  cherries, 
plums _  and  grapes.  Of  these  native  fruits  there  are  several  varieties  of 
plums,  the  wild  plum  or  sloe  being  the  most  common.  In  the  western 
part  of  the  state,  the  sand-hill  plum,  a  shrub  rarely  over  six  feet  in 
height,  grows  in  abundance  upon  the  sand  hills  along  the  Arkansas  and 
Smoky  Hill  rivers.  The  wild  blackberry  is  found  in  the  skirts  of  timber 
which  border  the  streams  and  the  northern  dewberry  grows  in  some 
localities.  Grapes  are  common  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state  and  are 
found  in  many  places  on  the  sand  hills  in  the  central  and  western 
part  of  the  state.  The  wild  gooseberry  is  found  in  every  part  of  Kan- 
sas, and  in  the  western  part  of  the  state  may  be  found  the  wild  cur- 
rant, of  which  there  are  three  varieties.     The  wild  strawberry  is  found' 


8/4  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

in  moist  places  and  is  sweeter  than  some  of  the  cultivated  species.  A 
little  known  fruit,  called  the  Juneberry,  grows  in  rocky,  hilly  places. 
The  persimmon,  cherry  and  paw  paw  also  grow  wild. 

The  first  orchard  in  the  state  was  planted  by  Rev.  Thomas  Johnson 
at  the  Methodist  Episocpal  mission,  near  Shawneetown  in  1837,  when 
12  acres  were  planted  to  fruit  trees.  The  part  played  by  the  horticul- 
turists in  the  early  history  of  Kansas  was  unimportant,  because  of  the 
great  agitation  which  preceded  and  accompanied  the  birth  of  Kansas, 
and  practically  little  fruit  tree  planting  was  done  before  the  war  except 
along  the  eastern  border,  where  in  the  early  '60s  it  was  noticeable  that 
scarce!}-  a  settler  had  neglected  to  plant  and  cultivate  a  small  orchard, 
usually  of  peach  trees,  though  some  planted  grape  vines  and  berry 
bushes.  Farther  west  the  settlers  planted  orchards,  but  as  they  selected 
varieties  of  fruit  that  had  flourished  in  the  east,  the  result  was  that, 
owing  to  the  difference  in  the  soil,  climate  and  altitude,  most  of  these 
early  orchards  died.  About  this  time  the  I-Cansas  State  Horticultural 
Societ}'  came  forward  and  introduced  varieties  of  peaches,  pears,  apples 
and  small  fruits  which  could  successfully  be  propagated  in  Kansas. 
Following  the  influx  of  immigration  at  the  close  of  the  Civil  war, 
came  a  greater  interest  in  the  subject  of  fruit  growing,  and  it  is  safe 
to  say  that  within  five  j^ears  after  Kansas  took  the  gold  medal  for  the 
fruit  displayed  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  in  1869,  over  1,000,000  fruit  trees 
were  planted  in  the  state.  By  1875  it  was  estimated  that  there  were 
2.500  different  ■v'arieties  of  apples  alone  to  be  found  in  the  orchards  of 
Kansas. 

In  1910  the  vast  acreage  planted  to  apple  trees  in  eastern  and  central 
Kansas  was  almost  incredible  to  people  of  the  eastern  states,  and  a  Kan- 
sas apple  specialist  has  "grown  more  apples  on  trees  of  his  own  planting 
than  any  other  man  in  the  world." 

One  of  the  first  commercial  orchards  was  planted  in  the  spring  of 
1876,  in  the  southern  part  of  Leavenworth  count\-  by  Frederick  Well- 
house,  who  became  the  largest  apple  grower  in  the  world,  having  at  one 
time  1,600  acres  in  orchards  in  Leavenworth,  Miami  and  Osage  coun- 
ties, and  was  widely  known  as  the  "Apple  King."'  TTc  died  on  Jan 
10,  1911. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  state  horticultural  society  for  1909, 
there  were  in  the  State  of  Kansas  7.216,853  ajiple  trees;  287,929  pear 
trees;  4,929,688  peach  trees;  732,102  plum  trees;  909,806  cherry  trees; 
16,715  quince  trees;  and  194,903  apricot  trees.  The  estimated  number 
of  bushels  of  fruit  grown  in  1909  was  5.669.274  of  apples;  82,929  of 
pears;  1.287,835  of  peaches:  44.512  of  plums;  and  59,331  of  cherries. 
Of  small  fruits  there  were  3,487  acres  in  strawberries  ;  1,626  acres  in  rasp- 
berries ;  4.505  acres  in  blackberries;  and  467  acres  in  gooseberries.  There 
were  6,197  acres  of  land  planted  to  vineyards,  and  25.300  acres  occupied 
by  g.-irdcn-i.      ("See  Entomological  Commission.) 

Horton,  the  largest  town  in  Pirown  county,  is  an  incorporated  city  of 
the  second  class,  locatcrl  i.n   the  Chicago.   Rock  Island  I'v  Pacific  1\.  R. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  87S 

14  miles  south  of  Hiawatha,  the  county  seat.  It  has  electricity  for 
power  and  lighting  purposes,  waterworks,  fire  department,  opera  house, 
3  banks,  2  weekly  newspapers  (the  Headlight  and  the  Commercial),  good 
hotels  and  about  250  business  establishments.  The  Rock  Island  shops 
are  located  here.  The  town  is  supplied  with  telegraph  and  express 
offices  and  has  an  international  money  order  postoffice  with  three  rural 
routes.    The  population  according  to  the  census  of  1910  was  3,600. 

Horton  is  one  of  the  newer  towns  in  this  part  of  the  state.  It  was 
founded  in  Sept.,  1886.  A  weekly  paper  was  started  the  next  month. 
In  Sept.,  1887,  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  shops,  the  largest 
owned  by  that  road  in  the  west,  were  completed,  and  Horton  had  grown 
large  enough  to  be  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  second  class.  The  next 
month  a  daily  paper  was  established.  A  fire  department  was  organized 
in  November  of  the  same  year.  In  May,  1888,  the  street  railway  line  was 
completed  and  put  into  operation.  In  July  the  electric  light  plant  began 
business,  and  when  the  city  was  two  years  old  it  claimed  a  population 
of  4,600.  The  main  cause  of  the  rapid  growth  was  the  railroad  shops, 
which  were  built  to  employ  2,500  men.  The  waterworks  went  into  oper- 
ation in  1889.  In  189T  there  was  a  disastrous  fire  which  destroyed  the 
best  business  blocks  in  town,  the  loss  aggregating  $120,000. 

Horton,  Albert  Howell,  chief  justice  of  the  Kansas  supreme  court 
from  1876  to  1895.  was  born  near  Brookfield,  N.  Y.,  March  12,  1837. 
The  ancestry  of  his  family  runs  back  in  a  direct  line  to  Robert  de 
Horton,  who  lived  in  the  12th  century.  The  first  American  ancestor 
of  the  family  was  Barnabas  Horton,  born  at  Mausly,  Leicestershire, 
England,  Jnly  16,  1600,  and  came  to  Hampton,  Mass.,  about  1633.  In 
1640  he  removed  to  New  Haven,  Conn.,  and  subsequently  to  Southold, 
L.  I.  Albert  was  the  son  of  Dr.  Harvey  and  Mary  (Bennett)  Horton. 
He  received  his  elementary  education  in  the  public  schools;  attended  an 
academy  at  Goshen,  N.  Y. ;  entered  the  law  department  of  the  University 
of  Michigan  in  1855,  but  during  his  sophomore  year  was  compelled  to 
leave  college  because  of  an  affection  of  his  eyes.  He  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  i860,  and  the  same  year  he  removed  to 
Atchison,  Kan.,  where  he  was  soon  appointed  city  attorney.  In  April, 
1861,  he  was  elected  to  that  office  on  the  Republican  ticket,  and  in 
September  Gov.  Robinson  appointed  him  judge  of  the  Second  judicial 
district.  Later  he  was  elected  to  the  position  twice  without  opposition, 
but  resigned  to  resume  his  law  practice.  From  1861  to  1864  he  was  a 
member  of  the  editorial  staff  of  the  Atchison  Weekly  Champion.  In 
1868  he  was  a  Republican  presidential  elector  and  was  elected  as  mes- 
senger to  carry  the  vote  of  the  state  to  Washington.  In  May,  1869, 
President  Grant  appointed  him  United  States  district  attorney  for  Kan- 
sas. He  was  elected  to  the  lower  house  of  the  state  legislature  in  1872, 
and  state  senator  in  1876,  but  resigned  Jan.  i,  1877,  to  accept  the  ap- 
pointment of  chief  justice  tendered  him  by  Gov.  Osborn.  The  same 
year  he  was  elected  to  fill  the  unexpired  term.  In  1878  he  was  reelected 
for  a  term  of  six  years  and  was  reelected  in   1884  and   1890.     In   1885 


876  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

his  name  was  presented  to  the  joint  session  of  the  legislature  for 
United  States  senator,  and  on  the  first  ballot  the  vote  stood  86  for  John 
J.  Ingalls  and  83  for  Judge  Horton.  For  many  years  Judge  Horton 
was  president  of  the  Alumni  Association  of  the  University  of  jMichigan, 
for  the  Southwest  and  in  June,  1889,  his  Alma  Alater  conferred  upon 
him  the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D.  On  April  30,  1895,  he  resigned  his 
position  on  the  supreme  bench  to  resume  his  law  practice  at  Topeka,  as 
a  member  of  the  firm  of  Waggener,  Horton  &  Orr.  In  1864  Judge  Hor- 
ton married  Anna  A.  Robertson,  of  Middletown,  N.  Y.,  who  died  in  1883, 
leaving  four  children,  and  on  Nov.  13,  1887,  he  married  Mrs.  Mary  A. 
Prescott  of  Topeka.    Judge  Horton  died  on  Sept.  2,  1902,  at  Topeka. 

Howard,  the  judicial  seat  and  largest  town  in  Elk  count}^  is  located 
in  the  center  of  the  county  on  a  beautiful  eminence  overlooking  the 
valleys  of  the  Elk  river.  Paw  Paw  and  Rock  creeks,  and  is  a  station  on 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  It  has  2  banks.  2  weekly  news- 
papers, an  opera  house,  a  county  high  school,  and  an  ample  number  of 
good  church  buildings.  It  is  a  shipping  point  for  agricultural  products 
and  live  stock.  A  good  quality  of  limestone  is  found  in  the  vicinity. 
The  town  is  supplied  with  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  has  an 
international  money  order  postofiice  with  six  rural  routes.  The  popula- 
lation  in  1910  was  1,163. 

Howard  City,  as  it  was  called  in  earlier  times,  was  established  in  1870 
by  a  town  company,  of  which  Samuel  McFarland  was  president  and  T. 

A.  Dodd  was  secretary.  The  management  of  affairs  was  soon  left  to 
private  individuals,  and  the  principal  promoters  were,  John  McBee,  S. 

B.  Oberlander,  C.  T.  Adams,  P.  C.  Tapping,  Alexander  Bruce,  Perry 
and  Milton  \incent  and  T.  A.  Dodd.  The  first  business  enterprise  was 
undertaken  by  Oscar  McFarland,  who  built  a  store  in  1870.  The  second 
was  a  livery  stable  belonging  to  a  Mr.  McClure.  The  Howard  House 
was  built  in  1871,  by  John  Barnes  and  John  Parrett.  The  third  build- 
ing was  a  saloon,  and  the  fourth  a  printing  office,  installed  by  Kelley  & 
Turner.  The  postoffice  at  Paw  Paw  creek  was  brought  to  Howard  in 
1871.  T.  J.  Barnes  was  postmaster  at  the  time.  The  first  school  was 
taught  in  1873  by  W.  S.  Kent,  with  k)  jnipils  in  attendance.  An  $8,000 
building  was  erected  in  1882.  The  first  newspajjer — the  Howard  Coun- 
ty Messenger — was  established  by  Kelley  &  Turner  in  1872. 

In  Oct.,  1877,  Howard  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third  class, 
and  the  following  officers  were  chosen  at  the  first  election  :  Mayor,  A.  B. 
Steinberger;  police  judge,  A.  M.  Bowen ;  city  clerk,  IT.  .\.  Lanman ; 
city  treasurer,  William  Crooks;  city  attorney,  J.  A.  01i]ilianl  ;  city  mar- 
sihal,  \Villiam  M.  Vinson;  councilmcn,  N.  Momma.  William  Driscoll, 
J.  Q.  Burchfield,  S.  Lucas  and  James  Howell. 

Howard  County. — On  Feb.  26,  1867,  Gov.  Crawford  approved  an  act 
creating  a  number  of  new  counties  in  Ihc  territory  reccnlly  ac<]uired 
from  the  Osage  Indians.  One  of  these  counties  was  Howard,  the  bound- 
aries of  which  were  defined  as  follows:  "Coniinciu-ing  at  the  snutlieast 
corner  of  Greenwood  county,  thence  soutli   tn  the  371I1  det^rce  of  nurtji 


KANSAS    HISTORY  8/7 

latitude,  thence  west  31  miles  to  the  center  of  range  8  east,  thence  north 
to  the  southwest  corner  of  Greenwood  county,  thence  east  to  the  ])lace 
of  beginning." 

Owing  to  a  county  seat  fight,  the  county  was  divided  by  the  act  of 
March  11,  1875,  into  the  counties  of  Elk  and  Chautauqua,  and  Howard 
county  passed  out  of  existence. 

Howe,  Edgar  Watson,  journalist  and  author,  was  born  in  Wabash 
county,  Ind.,  May  3,  1S54,  a  son  of  Henry  and  Elizabeth  (Irwin) 
Howe.  When  he  was  about  three  years  of  age  the  family  removed  to 
Bethany,  Harrison  county,  Mo.,  where  the  father,  a  Methodist  preacher, 
published  a  newspaper  of  strong  abolition  sentiments.  Edgar  served  an 
apprenticeship  at  the  printer's  trade  in  his  father's  ofifice  and  in  1868 
started  out  for  himself.  He  visited  various  cities,  working  at  the  case 
to  earn  money  to  pay  his  way  from  one  place  to  another,  and  at  the  age 
of  eighteen  began  the  publication  of  the  Weekly  Globe  at  Golden,  Col. 
From  there  he  went  to  Falls  City,  Neb.,  where  he  published  a  newspaper, 
and  where  in  1873  he  married  Miss  Clara  L.  Frank.  In  1877  he  located 
in  Atchison,  Kan.,  and  established  the  Daily  Globe,  which  soon  came 
to  be  widely  quoted.  Mr.  Howe  is  the  author  of  several  works  of  fiction, 
the  best  known  of  which  are,  "The  Story  of  a  Country  Town,"  "The 
Mystery  of  the  Locks,"  and  "A  Moonlight  Boy." 

Hoxie,  the  county  seat  of  Sheridan  county,  is  situated  almost  in  the 
exact  geographic  center  of  the  county  on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.  The 
town  was  laid  out  in  the  early  part  of  1886  bv  a  company  composed  of 
E.  E.  Parker,  W.  P.  Rice,  J.  W.  Huff,  J.  H.  Huf¥,  H.  R.  Stimson,  H.  P. 
Churchill,  William  Mellen,  E.  H.  McCracken  and  Isaac  Mulholland. 
The  Kenneth  Sentinel  of  March  11,  1886,  says:  "On  last  Saturday  eve- 
ning a  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  Kenneth  was  held  at  the  school  house 
for  the  purpose  of  receiving  and  considering  a  proposition  from  the 
Hoxie  town  compainy  looking  to  a  consolidation  of  the  two  places,  and 
a  removal  of  the  buildings  to  the  Hoxie  town  site."  At  that  meeting 
the  Hoxie  interests  were  represented  by  AV.  P.  Rice,  J.  W.  HufT  and 
William  Mellen,  who  agreed  to  give  new  lots  to  those  who  owned  prop- 
erty in  Kenneth,  and  to  pay  the  expense  of  removing  their  buildings  to 
the  new  town,  which  was  about  3  miles  south  of  Kenneth.  These  men 
by  their  courtesy  and  diplomacy  won  the  day,  and  "after  mature  deliber- 
ation, extending  far  into  the  night,  a  vote  was  finally  reached  on  a 
motion  to  consolidate  the  two  towns  by  moving  Kenneth  to  the  Hoxie 
town  site,  and  it  was  adopted  without  a  dissenting  voice." 

This  absorption  of  the  town  of  Kenneth,  which  was  at  that  time 
the  county  seat,  gave  Hoxie  a  good  start  toward  becoming  a  city.  On 
June  6,  1886,  a  Presbyterian  church  was  organized,  and  the  town 
company  made  a  contract  with  George  Forgue,  of  Clifton,  Kan.,  to 
establish  a  brick  yard.  Hoxie  now  has  2  banks,  2  grain  elevators,  a 
weekly  newspaper  (the  Sentinel),  good  hotels,  an  international  money 
order  postofifice  with  four  rural  routes,  telegraph  and  express  offices,  a 
telephone  exchange,  and  a  number  of  well  stocked  stores  which  handle 


878  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

all  lines  of  merchandise.  The  county  high  school  is  located  at  Hoxie, 
and  there  are  also  graded  public  schools.  The  population  in  1910 
was  532. 

Hoyt,  a  town  of  Jackson  county,  is  located  on  the  Chicago,  Rock 
Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  in  Douglas  township,  14  miles  south  of  Holton, 
the  county  seat,  and  about  the  same  distance  north  of  Topeka.  It  is 
an  important  hay  market,  and  is  noted  for  large  shipments  of  live  stock. 
It  has  banking  facilities,  a  newspaper,  all  the  general  lines  of  business, 
telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  two 
rural  mail  routes.  The  town  was  founded  in  1886  by  a  company  of 
Holton  men,  of  which  I.  T.  Price  and  A.  D.  Walker  were  members. 
The  promoters  made  a  free  dinner  and  sale,  but  no  lots  were  taken. 
Later  W.  B.  McKeage  laid  out  on  his  farm  20  lots,  which  he  sold  at 
$100  each.  A  street  of  frame  buildings  was  built  by  the  town  company 
fronting  the  railroad.  Joseph  Burns  built  a  store  for  general  merchan- 
dise. About  1895  the  new  street,  which  is  the  present  business  section, 
was  built  up  of  stone  and  brick  buildings  by  the  citizens.  The  popu- 
lation in  1910  was  400. 

Hudson,  an  incorporated  town  of  Stafford  count}-,  is  situated  in  Hayes 
township  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  about  10  miles  northeast  of  St. 
John,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice  with 
one  rural  route,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Patriot),  grain  elevators,  a 
flour  mill,  a  creamery,  a  cement  stone  works,  telephone  connections  with 
the  surrounding  towns,  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  a  large  retail 
trade  in  all  lines  of  rnercliandise.  Hudson  was  incorporated  in  1908 
and  in  1910  reported  a  population  of  253. 

Hudson,  Thomas  J.,  lawyer  and  member  of  Congress,  was  born  Oct. 
30,  J844,  in  the  State  of  Indiana  and  reared  on  a  farm.  He  was  an 
ambitious  boy  and  wished  to  go  to  school,  but  was  forced  to  earn  the 
money  for  his  expenses  himself.  When  he  was  twenty-one  years  of  age 
he  decided  to  go  West  and  located  in  Kansas  in  the  spring  of  1866.  He 
engaged  in  farming  for  four  years,  then  studied  law  and  commenced 
practice  in  1870.  Air.  Hudson  took  an  active  part  in  the  jiolitical  life  of 
the  community  and  was  elected  to  the  Kansas  state  legislature,  lie 
was  elected  county  attorney  three  times  and  served  several  terms  as 
mayor  of  his  city.  In  1892  he  was  nominated  for  Congress  by  the 
Democratic  and  Populist  parties,  though  he  was  elected  as  a  Populist 
and  always  acted  with  that  party.  After  serving  one  term  ho  resumed 
his  law  practice  at  Fredonia,  where  he  still  lives. 

Huffaker,  Thomas  Sears,  one  of  the  pioneer  teachers  of  Kansas,  was 
born  in  Clay  county.  Mo.,  March  30,  1825,  a  son  of  Rev.  George  Huf- 
faker, who  had  come  from  Kentucky  five  years  before.  He  was  educated 
in  the  common  schools  and  the  Howard  high  school,  and  in  1849  came 
to  Kansas  in  connection  with  the  manual  training  school  for  the  Shaw- 
nee Indians  at  t,he  mission  in  wiiat  is  now  Jefferson  county.  The  fol- 
lowing year  he  went  to  Cmincil  Grove,  whore  he  took  charge  of  the 
Indian  mission  school  which  had  been  established  on  the  Kaw  reserva- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  S/'J 

tion  there  by  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  South.  lie  remained  at 
the  head  of  this  school  until  it  was  abandoned  in  1854.  On  May  6, 
1852,  Mr.  Huffaker  married  Miss  Eliza  A.  Baker,  who  was  born  in  Illi- 
nois in  1836.  About  the  time  the  Indian  mission  school  was  abandoned, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Huft'aker  organized  a  school  for  white  children,  which 
was  probably  the  first  school  of  the  kind  in  Kansas.  Mr.  Huf?aker  was 
one  of  the  incorporators  of  the  Council  Grove  town  company;  was  the 
first  postmaster  at  Council  Grove;  was  elected  to  the  state  legislature  in 
1874  and  again  in  1879;  was  a  regent  of  the  State  Normal  School  from 
1864  to  1871  ;  was  frequently  a  delegate  to  Republican  conventions,  and 
as  late  as  May,  1906,  was  a  member  of  the  state  convention  of  that  party. 
Mr.  Huffaker  died  on  July  10,  1910. 

Hugoton,  the  county  seat  and  only  incorporated  city  in  Stevens 
county,  is  located  a  little  southwest  of  the  center  of  the  county,  about 
28  miles  northwest  of  Liberal  and  23  miles  north  of  Hooker,  Okla., 
which  is  the  nearest  railroad  town.  Hugoton  was  founded  in  the  latter 
part  of  1885  and  for  a  time  had  a  promising  growth.  In  1887  bonds 
were  voted  for  the  construction  of  the  Denver,  Memphis  &  Atlantic 
railroad  on  condition  that  the  line  pass  through  Hugoton  and  that  the 
road  should  be  completed  and  in  operation  by  June,  1888.  In  August 
of  the  same  year  an  effort  was  made  to  build  the  Meade  Center,  Cimar- 
ron Valley  &  Trinidad  railroad,  the  organizers  of  the  company  being 
Stevens  county  men.  Both  these  projects  failed  of  realization  and  con- 
sequently Hugoton  failed  to  meet  the  anticipations  of  its  promoters.  In 
the  summer  of  1887  a  stage  line  was  started  to  Garden  City.  There 
are  now  daily  stages  to  Liberal,  Ulysses  and  Hartland.  Hugoton  has 
a  bank,  a  money  order  postoffice,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Hermes), 
telephone  connections,  Methodist  and  Presbyterian  churches,  and  a 
number  of  general  stores.  It  is  one  of  the  smallest  county  seats  in  the 
state,  the  population  in  1910  being  only  105. 

Hull,  a  hamlet  of  Marshall  county,  is  located  on  the  Big  Blue  river 
and  the  LTnion  Pacific  R.  R.  in  Marysville  township,  7  miles  north  of 
Marysville,  the  county  seat.  It  has  express  and  telegraph  offices,  a 
postofifice  and  some  local  trade.    The  population  in  1910  was  25. 

Humana,  Juan  De. —  (See  Bonilla's  Expedition.) 

Humboldt,  one  of  the  principal  cities  of  Allen  county,  is  on  the  line 
of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  railroad,  8  miles  south  of  lola,  the 
county  seat.  The  place  was  first  visited  by  B.  M.  Blanton,  a  Methodist 
missionary,  who  told  his  brother,  N.  B.  Blanton,  and  J.  A.  Coffey,  of 
Lawrence,  of  the  advantages  of  the  location  for  a  town.  In  March,  1857, 
the  town  site  was  located  by  R^r.  Coffey,  who  returned  to  Lawrence, 
where  he  found  some  German  colonists  looking  for  a  location  and 
induced  them  to  settle  in  his  new  town,  which  was  named  for  Baron 
von  Humboldt.  In  the  spring  of  1870  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas 
railroad  was  completed  through  that  portion  of  Allen  county,  and  the 
following  October  the  Leavenworth.  Lawrence  &  Galveston  was  run 
through  Humboldt.     Since  then  the  growth  of  the  city  has  been  steadv, 


880  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

until  at  the  present  time  Humboldt  is  one  of  the  busiest  cities  of  its  size 
in  the  state.  It  was  organized  as  a  village  in  1866  and  incorporated  as 
a  city  of  the  second  class  by  the  act  of  Feb.  28,  1870.  Being  located 
in  the  gas  and  oil  fields,  it  is  a  good  manufacturing  center.  It  has  large 
cement  and  brick  works,  an  oil  refinery,  flour  mills,  elevators,  two  banks, 
express  and  telegraph  offices,  and  the  press  is  well  represented.  The 
city  is  supplied  with  waterworks  and  electric  lights,  and  in  1910  reported 
a  population  of  2,548. 

Hummer,  one  of  the  inland  hamlets  of  Smith  county,  is  located  6  miles 
southeast  of  Smith  Center,  the  county  seat,  from  which  place  its  mail  is 
distributed  by  rural  route.     The  population  in  1910  was  25. 

Humphrey,  Lyman  Underwood,  eleventh  governor  of  the  State  of 
Kansas,  was  born  at  New  Baltimore,  Stark  county,  Ohio,  July  25.  1844. 
At  the  age  of  seventeen  years  he  left  high  school  at  Massillon,  Ohio, 
to  enlist  in  Company  I,  Seventy-sixth  Ohio  infantry,  which  was  mus- 
tered into  the  United  States  service  on  Oct.  7,  1861.  Subsequently  he 
was  a  member  of  Companies  D  and  E  of  the  same  regiment,  but  was 
mustered  out  on  July  15,  1865,  as  first  lieutenant  of  Company  I.  His 
regiment  was  first  attached  to  the  First  brigade.  First  division.  Fif- 
teenth army  corps,  commanded  first  b}'  Gen.  William  T.  Sherman  and 
later  by  Gen.  John  A.  Logan.  He  was  with  his  command  in  the  engage- 
ments at  Fort  Donelson,  Chickasaw  BlufTs,  Jackson,  Vicksburg,  about 
Chattanooga  in  the  fall  of  1863,  and  in  numerous  battles  and  skirmishes 
of  the  Atlanta  campaign  of  1864.  After  the  fall  of  .Atlanta  he  was  with 
Sherman  in  the  famous  "March  to  the  sea,"  and  up  through  the  Caro- 
linas.  taking  part  in  the  battle  of  Bentonville  and  being  present  at  the 
surrender  of  the  Confederate  army  under  Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston.  .After 
the  war  he  attended  Mount  I'nion  College,  at  .Alliance,  Ohio,  for  a 
short  time,  and  then  entered  the  law  department  of  the  University  of 
Michigan,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1867.  The  succeedin.g  year  he 
was  admitted  to  the  Ohio  bar,  but  soon  afterward  removed  to  Shelby 
county,  Mo.,  where  he  engaged  in  teaching  and  newspaper  work.  In 
1871.  with  his  mother  and  brother.  John  E.  Humphrey,  he  came  to 
Kansas,  locating  at  Independence,  which  city  has  since  been  his  home. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Independence  Tribune,  and  during 
the  early  years  of  its  existence  took  an  active  interest  in  its  career. 
On  Christmas  day,  in  1872,  Mr.  Humphrey  was  united  in  marriage  with 
Miss  Amanda  Leonard  of  Beardstown.  Til.,  and  in  1873  he  en.gaged  in 
the  practice  of  law.  Always  a  Republican,  he  soon  became  an  influen- 
tial factor  in  the  councils  of  that  party  in  Kansas,  and  in  1876  he  was 
elected  to  represent  his  district  in  the  lower  house  of  the  state  legis- 
lature. While  a  member  of  that  body  he  served  with  ability  on  the  judi- 
ciary committee,  one  of  the  most  important  of  the  house.  In  1877  he 
was  elected  lieutenant-governor  for  the  unexpired  term  of  Melville  J. 
Salter,  who  had  resigned,  and  the  following  year  was  elected  to  the 
office  for  a  full  term  of  two  years.  In  1884  he  was  elected  to  the  state 
senate,  and  in  flu-  ensuing  session  of  the  legislature  intrndncod  the  reso- 


KANSAS    IIISTORY"  88l 

lution  to  strike  the  word  "wliite"  from  the  constitiilinnal  pi'cnision  rehit- 
ing  to  the  state  militia.  Mr.  Humphrey  was  nominated  for  governor 
by  the  RepubHcan  state  convention  at  Topeka  on  July  26,  1888,  and 
at  the  election  the  following  November  was  victorious  by  a  plurality 
of  over  7,s,ooo  votes.  At' the  expiration  of  his  first  term  he  was  reelected, 
holding  the  office  for  four  years  altogether.  Upon  retiring  from  the 
office  of  governor  he  resumed  the  practice  of  law.  In  1892  he  was  the 
Republican  nominee  for  Congress  in  his  district,  but  was  defeated  by 
Thomas  J.  Hudson,  the  Populist  candidate.  Mr.  Humphrey  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Masonic  fraternity,  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Repablic,  the 
Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion,  and  several  other  fraternal  and 
benevolent  societies. 

Humphrey's  Administration. — Gov.  Humphrey  was  inaugurated  on 
Jan.  14,  iSSg.  The  regular  session  of  the  legislature  had  been  convened 
on  the  8th  and  organized  with  Lieut. -Gov.  A.  P.  Riddle  as  the  presiding 
officer  of  the  senate,  and  Henry  Booth  as  speaker  of  the  house.  Six 
days  later,  when  the  new  administration  was  installed,  Mr.  Riddle  was 
succeeded  by  the  new  lieutenantrgovernor,  Andrew  J.  Felt.  In  his 
inaugural  address  Gov.  Flumphrey  said: 

"Kansas,  in  her  career  thus  far,  covers  what  has  been  aptly  char- 
acterized a  focal  period  in  history,  toward  which  the  lines  of  progress 
have  converged,  and  beautifully  exemplifies,  in  her  present  conditions, 
the  philosophy  of  De  Tocqueville  that  the  growth  of  states  bears  some 
marks  of  their  origin;  that  the  circumstances  of  their  birth  and  rise 
afifect  the  whole  term  of  their  being.  In  Kansas  this  may  be  observed 
in  the  liberal  spirit  of  her  laws  and  in  the  genius  of  her  institutions. 
.  .  .  For  Kansas  w'as  but  the  first  born  child  of  Republican  supremacy 
on  American  soil ;  the  triumph  of  an  idea ;  the  idea  of  the  Pilgrim  as 
against  that  of  the  Cavalier ;  the  idea  of  the  founders  of  Lawrence  over 
the  idea  of  the  settlers  of  Lecompton.  .  .  .  /\nd  the  idea  which 
thus  triumphed  in  a  free  Kansas,  and  the  influences  going  out  from  our 
early  settlement,  are  a  living,  energizing  force  in  all  our  moral,  social 
and  material  progress." 

Two  days  after  the  delivery  of  this  address,  he  submitted  to  the  gen- 
eral assembly  his  first  official  message,  in  which  he  referred  to  the  fact 
that,  for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  state,  the  legislature  met  six 
days  before  the  new  executive  was  inaugurated.  (See  Martin's  Admin- 
istration.) 

"This  unanticipated  state  of  affairs,"  said  he,  "is  suggestive  of  the 
need  of  constitutional  revision,  and  prompts  the  inquiry,  whether  it 
would  not  be  well  to  provide  by  law  that  the  outgoing  governor  shall, 
in  all  cases,  prepare  and  leave  with  his  successor,  to  be  delivered  to 
the  legislature,  a  message  reviewing  the  condition  of  state  affairs  since 
the  last  preceding  session  of  that  body,  with  such  suggestions  and 
recommendations  as  he  may  deem  expedient.  His  experience  neces- 
sarily gives  him  a  familiarity  with  the  various  interests  of  the  com- 
monwealth, and  accurate  knowledge  of  the  condition  and  business 
(I-56) 


882  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

requirements  of  its  institutions  and  thoroughness  of  information  in  all 
matters  of  pubhc  concern.  This  information  should  be  communicated 
to  the  legislature  as  early  as  possible  after  its  organization,  and  it 
would  seem  appropriate  to  devolve  that  duty  upon  the  retiring  governor." 

He  then  mentioned  the  fact  that  Gov.  Anthony  had  left  such  a  mes- 
sage, and  expressed  his  belief  that  the  precedent  thus  established  should 
have  the  sanction  of  law.  Gov.  Click,  at  the  time  of  his  inauguration, 
made  a  similar  suggestion. 

Gov.  Humphrey  next  reviewed  the  promises  in  the  platform  upon, 
which  he  had  been  elected,  to-wit:  ist — The  enactment  of  legislation 
friendly  to  the  interest  of  the  wage-workers,  especially  laws  to  prevent 
unfair  competition  :  2d — An  amendment  to  the  law  relating  to  appren- 
tices so  as  to  protect  skilled  labor;  3d — To  provide  for  the  weekly  pay- 
ment of  wages ;  4th — To  reduce  the  legal  rate  of  interest  to  six  per  cent, 
per  annum,  and  the  maximum  contract  rate  to  ten  per  cent. ;  5th — The 
passage  of  a  law  to  regulate  trusts  ;  6th — The  fulfillment  of  the  assur- 
ance that  the  state  would  provide  liberally  for  the  soldiers'  orphans' 
home ;  7th — The  promise  that  the  railroad  commissioners  should  pro- 
tect farmers  against  excessive  charges  in  the  removal  of  crops ;  8th — The 
protection  of  the  home  against  the  saloon,  in  which  he  reminded  the 
legislature  that  the  state  was  fully  committed  to  the  policy  of  prohibi- 
tion; 9th — With  regard  to  woman's  rights,  which  subject  "is  entitled 
to  your  serious  consideration." 

The  legislature  of  1887  had  submitted  to  the  people  an  amendment 
to  section  17  of  the  Bill  of  Rights  of  the  state  constitution.  This  sec- 
tion as  originally  adopted  was  as  follows :  "No  distinction  shall  ever 
be  made  between  citizens  and  aliens  in  reference  to  the  purchase,  enjoy- 
ment or  descent  of  property."  The  object  of  the  amendment  was  to 
make  possible  the  enactment  of  a  law  prohibiting  aliens  from  owning 
land  in  the  state.  It  was  ratified  by  the  people  at  the  general  election 
in  1888,  and  the  governor  admonished  the  legislature  that  it  was  now 
their  duty  to  place  such  a  law  on  the  statute  books  as  would  give  the 
new  provision  full  force  and  effect.  He  also  recommended  the  amend- 
ment of  the  law  relating  to  the  assessment  of  property,  imposing  a 
penalty  upon  the  assessor  who  failed  to  perform  his  duty;  a  revision  of 
the  law  governing  corporations  so  each  business  corporation  would  liave 
to  pay  into  the  state  treasury  a  sti])ulalecl  per  cent,  of  its  capital  stock 
as  an  incorporation  fee;  the  placing  of  all  pu1)lic  officials  on  a  salary 
basis  and  doing  away  with  the  fee  system ;  the  continuance  of  the 
supreme  court  commissioners,  and  that  the  law  imposing  the  death- 
penalty  f<ir  murder  in  the  first  degree  should  l)e  citlu-r  nlmlislu-d  i>r 
amendi-d  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  it  eiT(!cti\c. 

Like  some  of  his  predecessors,  he  pointed  nut  the  necessity  for  a 
radical  revision  of  the  constitution.  Said  lie:  "It  detracts  nothing  from 
the  acknowledged  wisdom  of  the  framers  of  our  constitution  to  sa\  that 
it  is  now  very  defective.  Onr  marvelous  development  and  changed  con- 
ditions,  impossible  ')f  anticipation   when   it    w;is   devised,   call   now   for 


KANSAS   HISTORY  883 

revision.  ...  At  the  time  of  admission  the  popuhilion  of  the  state 
did  not  exceed  120,000.  .  .  .  The  Kansas  of  today  has  reached  the 
vast  proportions  of  an  empire,  requiring  a  readjustment  of  her  organic 
law  to  suit  the  present  needs." 

Especially  did  he  call  attention  to  the  inequalities  in   representation 
in  the  legislature  through  the  constitutional   provisions  fi.^r  apportion- 
ment,- some  districts  with  a  population  of  less  than  2,000  having  a  repre 
sentative,    while    in   others    there   were   only    one    representative    for 
population  of  12,000  or  more.    Then,  too,  the  time  of  making  the  ar  * 

tionment  was  such  that  every  few  years  a  special  session  wor  ,^  ,  ". 
necessary  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  the  constitution.  He  ;* .  ^ 
out   several   other  weaknesses   in   the   constitution,   and   disc       \!    f 

advisability  of  a  constitutional  convention.     "I  am  sure,"  sai      .  ^      , 

■  ,  ,     /-r      ,     ,  .  •  r     .  'J  ne,     that 

such  a  convention  would  afford  the  most  satisfactory  me?  ,     .^ 

the  many  infirmities  that  have  crept  into  the  constitutior      .        .      .       ® 

of  time.     I  am  further  persuaded,  however,  that  a  call  f    ^,  ^  '    ^         V 

.1  J  \     t  •     ■*       (  4^^-      '^^  ^  Cohvention 

can  never  receive  the  endorsement  of  a  majority  01  tl     -  ^„  ^1       r  j^ 

1  ,j   u        •       \i    ;       •<      'C' people  of  Ivan- 

sas,  unless  some  assurance  could  be  given  that  nei     i,o._  ^(  ,   . 

V     <-    r     i  r    .1  <-  .•*    4--  1  "^^^  °i  several  im- 

portant   features    of    the   present    constitution    sho'  ,m    ;«    „„  •        , 

14.      J   •         -J  ^  •  -1      r     u-  u  ir  ^  Jfa   m    any   wise    be 

altered,  impaired  or  put  in  peril,  of  which  I  may  r  mention  the  prohibitorv 
amendment    and    the    homestead    exemption.      ..  As    no         t  "  ' 

tions  respecting  these  features  could  be  impos.ed  upon  a  convention  that 
would  necessarily  bind  that  body  wh-n  once  called  into  existence  it  is 
doubtful  if  such  a  call  would  meet  with  popular  favor;  and  the  surest 
cheapest  and  speediest  mode  of  relief  vrould  seem  therefore  to  be 
through  carefully  prepared  amendments."  (See  Constitutional  Amend- 
ments.) 

The  governor  announced  the  appointment  of  delegates  to  represent 
the  state  at  the  centennial  of  Washington's  inauguration,  to  be  celebrated 
m  New  York  City,  and  recommended  an  appropriation  to  defray  the 
expenses  of  such  delegates.  He  also  recommended  appropriations  to 
pay  the  expenses  of  the  Kansas  delegates  to  the  Farmers'  Congress 
which  m  1889  met  in  Alabama,  and  for  the  support  of  the  state  militia'  ' 

On  Jan.  22  each  house  of  the  legislature  took  a  vote  for  United  States 
senator.  In  the  senate  Preston  B.  Plumb  received  35  votes— all  that 
were  cast— and  in  the  house  118  votes.  The  next  dav  the  two  branches  ' 
met  m  joint  session,  when  Mr.  Plumb  received  153  votes  and  was 
declared  .elected  for  the  full  term  of  six  years,  beginning  on  March 
4.  1889. 

During  the  session  there  were  passed  a  large  number  of  acts  Ic'-al- 
izing  the  actions  of  individuals  or  municipalities.  Among  the  appro- 
priations made  was  one  of  $36,000  for  a  Grand  Armv  buildino-  at  Ells 
worth :  one  of  $18,658.30  for  bounties  on  sugar  manufactured  in  the 
state  during  the  years  1887-88 ;  one  of  $9,700  for  the  encouragement  of 
silk  culture;  one  of  $9,733-54  for  the  benefit  of  the  Kansas  National 
Guard;  one  of  $14,367.67  for  the  payment  of  interest  on  the  Ouantrill 
raid  scrip,  and  one  of  $5,000  for  a  commissioner  to  the  Paris  exposition 


884  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Six  new  judicial  districts  were  created;  the  consent  of  the  state  was 
given  for  the  purchase  of  the  Haskell  Institute  by  the  United  States; 
jurisdiction  over  the  Fort  Rile}'  military  reservation  was  ceded  to  the 
Federal  government ;  a  law  was  passed  for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to 
animals;  the  supreme  court  commissioners  were  continued;  the  office 
of  oil  inspector  was  created ;  the  sale  of  tobacco  to  minors  was  pro- 
hibited;  additional  power  was  given  to  the  railroad  commissioners; 
the  name  of  Davis  county  was  changed  to  Geary ;  provision  was  made 
for  the  erection  of  a  building  and  the  equipping  of  a  girls'  industrial 
school  at  Beloit ;  the  establishment  of  a  state  soldiers'  home  on  either 
the  military  reservation  of  Fort  Hays  or  Fort  Dodge  was  authorized, 
provided  Congress  would  donate  the  land  for  that  purpose  ;  an  act  to 
encourage  the  growth  of  timber  was  passed,  and  also  one  for  the  regu- 
lation of  trusts. 

On  April  4,  1889,  Thomas  Ryan,  the  Congressman  from  the  Fotirth 
district,  resigned  to  become  minister  to  Mexico,  and  a  special  election 
was  ordered  for  May  21  to  choose  his  successor.  The  Republicans 
nominated  Harrison  Kelley,  and  the  Democrats  nominated  John  Heas- 
ton.  Several  others  were  voted  for,  the  result  being  as  follows :  Kelley, 
10,506  votes;  Heaston,  1,530;  David  Overmyer,  yj  \  John  .\.  Martin,  54; 
John  Martin,  28;  scattering,  121. 

At  the  municipal  elections  in  the  spring  of  1889  the  cities  of  Argonia, 
Cottonwood  Falls,  Rossville,  Oskaloosa  and  Baldwin  elected  women  to 
the  office  of  mayor. 

Kansas  participated  in  several  conventions  <ii"  national  importance  in 
the  year  1889,  and  in  some  instances  was  the  originator  of  the  move- 
ment that  culminated  in  the  convention.  Prior  to  the  legislative  session 
of  that  year,  the  governor  had  been  in  communication  with  the  chief 
executives  of  other  states,  with  regard  to  the  advisability  of  holding  a 
convention  to  protest  against,  and  formulate  some  plan  of  op])osing,  the 
avaricious  policy  of  the  "beef  and  ]iork  combine."  In  the  Kansas  legis- 
lature a  resolution  was  adopted  apjjropriating  ^2,500  to  pa\'  the  expenses 
of  delegates  to  such  a  convention,  and  aid  in  defraying  the  general  ex- 
])enses  of  the  meeting.  By  this  resolution  the  governor  of  Kansas  was 
authiirized  to  designate  March  12  as  the  time,  and  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  as  the 
place  of  holding  the  convention,'  provided  such  an  arrangement  was 
satisfactory  to  the  governors  of  other  states  that  had  signified  a  willing- 
ness to  take  part  in  the  movement.  The  convention  met  in  accurdance 
with  the  s]iirit  of  this  resolution,  and  after  several  daily  sessions  drafted 
a  bill  providing  for  state  inspection  as  the  best  means  of  acconi])lishing 
the  desired  result.  It  was  ascertained  later,  however,  ih.it  such  a  law 
would  violate  the  interstate  commerce  jirovisions  of  the  l'"ederal  consti- 
tutiiiu.  and  the  work  f)f  the  convention  was  therefore  in  vain. 

In  y\ugust  Gov.  Huinitlircy  issued  a  call  for  a  convention,  which  mot 
at  Topeka  on  Oct.  1.  18S9,  having  for  its  object  to  lend  assistance  to  the 
project  of  seeming  deep  water  h.'irbors  on  the  gulf  coast  of  Texas. 
Twenty-one   stales   were   represented   in    this   coiuention,    the    work   of 


KANSAS    HISTORY  885 

which  was  successful,  in  that  it  was  followed  by  Congressional  legis- 
lation in  aid  of  the  work. 

On  Nov.  27,  1889,  a  national  silver  c( invention  was  held  in  the  city 
of  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Gov.  Humphrey  appointed  delegates  to  represent  the 
State  of  Kansas,  and  in  his  message  of  1891  said:  ".\  very  interesting 
account  of  the  proceedings  is  embodied  in  the  report  of  Hon.  H.  B. 
Kelly,  one  of  the  delegates,  on  file  in  this  office.  It  is  believed  that  the 
action  of  the  convention  did  much  to  create  the  sentiment  resulting 
since  in  Congressional  legislation,  providing  for  increased  silver  coinage, 
to  be  followed,  it  is  hoped,  by  still  more  liberal  legislation  on  the 
subject." 

The  Farmers'  Alliance  (q.  v.)  and  kindred  organizations  came  into 
prominence  in  1889-90.  The  corn  crop  of  1889  was  unusually  large — 
over  270,000,000  bushels— and  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  1890  the 
price  of  corn  was  so  low  that  many  of  the  Kansas  farmers  refused  to  sell. 
On  Feb.  8,  1890,  Gov.  Humphrey  held  a  conference  with  the  representa- 
tives of  a  number  of  railroad  companies,  and  succeeded  in  obtaining  a 
reduction  of  ten  per  cent,  in  freight  rates.  This  had  the  effect  of  bring- 
ing a  large  quantity  of  corn  into  the  market,  but  it  also  encouraged  the 
agitation  in  favor  of  a  general  reduction  in  freight  rates.  In  April  the 
Alliance  sent  to  the  board  of  railroad  commissioners  a  petition  bearing 
20,000  signatures,  asking  for  a  reduction  in  freight  rates  from  all  points 
in  Kansas  to  the  Missouri  river.  The  commissioners  responded  with 
a  new  schedule,  to  take  effect  on  Sept.  i,  1890,  reducing  the  rates  on 
grain  over  thirty  per  cent. 

Throughout  the  year  1889  quite  a  number  of  persons  kept  up  a  per- 
sistent agitation  in  favor  of  the  resubmission  of  the  prohibitory  amend- 
ment. A  convention  was  held  at  Wichita  in  Jan..  1890,  which  resulted 
in  the  organization  of  the  "Republican  Resubmission  League."  Resolu- 
tions adopted  by  the  convention  declared  the  prohibitory  law  a  failure 
and  invited  the  people  to  work  for  the  resubmission  of  the  whole  ques- 
tion to  the  voters  of  the  state.  The  movement  received  some  impetus 
from  the  celebrated  "original  package"  case,  which  was  decided  by  the 
United  States  supreme  court  in  April,  1890,  the  decision  being  followed 
by  the  opening  of  a  number  of  "original  package"  shops  for  the  sale  of 
liquor.     (See  Prohibition.) 

McCray,  in  a  review  of  Gov.  Humphrey's  administration,  published 
in  the  Kansas  Historical  Collections  (vol.  ix,  p.  424),  savs :  "Although 
the  state  government  inaugurated  in  Jan.,  1S89,  'I'ld  '"'-"''  smoothly,  and 
the  actual  practical  business  of  the  state  was  never  more  efficiently 
or  satisfactorily  managed,  the  campaign  of  1890  was  perhaps  the  most 
angry  and  stormy  in  the  history  of  Kansas  politics." 

Much  of  this  storminess  was  due  to  appearance  of  a  new  element  in 
the  political  arena.  The  Farmers'  Alliance,  encouraged  by  the  victory 
won  in  the  reduction  of  freight  rates,  decided  to  invite  other  organiza- 
tions to  join  in  independent  political  action  as  a  remedy  for  all  the  ills 
\\liich   afflicted  the  body  politic.     Accordingly,  on    Tune   12,    1890.   dele- 


886  CYCLOPEDIA   OF 

gates  representing  the  Alliance,  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  the  Indus- 
trial Union,  the  Farmers'  Mutual  Benefit  Association,  the  Knights  of 
Labor,  and  a  number  of  Single  Tax  clubs,  met  in  Topeka  and  launched 
the  People's — or  Populist — party.  A  second  convention  was  held  at  To- 
peka on  Aug.  13,  when  the  following  state  ticket  was  nominated :  For 
governor,  John  F.  Willits ;  lieutenant-governor,  A.  C.  Shinn ;  secretary 
of  state,  R.  S.  Osborn ;  auditor.E.  F.  Foster;  treasurer,  W.  H.  Biddle ; 
attorney-general,  J-  N.  Ives ;  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  ]Miss 
Fannie  i\IcCormick :  chief  justice,  ^^^  F.  Rightmire.  The  platform  de- 
manded the  abolition  of  national  banks;  free  and  unlimited  coinage  of 
silver;  governmeni  ownership  of  railroads  and  telegraphs;  legislation  to 
prevent  dealing  in  options  or  futures,  and  the  prohibition  of  alien  land 
ownership. 

A  month  befi>re  the  nomination  of  the  Populist  ticket,  July  3,  the 
Prohibitionists  held  a  state  convention  at  RlcPherson  and  nominated  A. 
M.  Richardson  for  governor;  E.  Leonardson,  for  lieutenant-governor; 
Charles  Fairfield,  for  secretary  of  state;  H.  T.  Potter,  for  auditor;  J.  A. 
M\'^rs,  for  treasurer:  S.  S.  Weatherb)',  for  superintendent  of  pulilic 
instruction.  No  candidates  were  named  for  attorney-general  and  chief 
justice  of  the  supreme  court. 

On  Sept.  3  the  Republican  state  convention  met  in  Topeka.  Gov. 
Humphrey  was  renominated,  as  were  all  the  state  officers  except  the 
auditor  and  treasurer.  Charles  M.  Hovey  was  nominated  fur  auditor, 
and  S.  G.  Stover,  for  treasurer.  The  Republican  platform  declared  in 
favor  of  the  election  of  the  railroad  commissioners  li\'  the  people;  a  uni- 
form system  of  text-books  in  the  ])ublic  schools  of  the  state;  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  state  board  of  arbitration  ;  a  revision  of  the  laws  relating 
to  the  assessment  of  property  1(  r  taxation  ;  weekly  payment  of  wages ; 
the  prohibition  of  child  labor  in  mines  and  factories;  but  it  was  silent 
on  the  subject  of  resubmitting  the  prohibitory  amendment. 

The  Democratic  state  convention  was  held  in  Wichita  on  Sept.  9. 
Ex-Gov.  Charles  Robinson  was  nominated  for  governor;  D.  A.  Banta, 
for  lieutenant-governor ;  S.  G.  Isett,  for  secretary  of  state ;  Joseph  Dillon, 
for  auditor;  Thomas  Kirby,  for  treasurer;  M.  H.  Wood,  for  superin- 
tendent of  public  instruction;  M.  B.  Nicholson,  for  chief  justice,  and  for 
attorney-general  indorsed  J.  N.  Ives,  the  Populist  candidate.  The  most 
important  features  of  the  platform  were  the  expression  in  favor  of  the 
regulation  of  railroads  by  the  state;  the  declaration  in  opposition  to  all 
sumptuary  legislation  ;  the  demand  for  the  resubmission  of  the  prohibi- 
tory amendment,  and,  in  case  of  its  rejection,  the  enactment  of  laws 
providing  for  high  license  and  local  option. 

James  W.  Hamilton,  the  treasurer  of  state,  had  resigned  and  Gov. 
Humphrey  had  appointed  William  Sims  to  the  vacancy.  At  the  election 
on  Nov.  4,  the  candidates  for  slate  treasurer  on  the  several  tickets  were 
voted  for  to  finish  the  unexpired  term,  as  well  as  for  a  full  term  of  two 
years.  The  vote  for  governor  was  as  follows:  Humphrey,  115,025; 
Willcts,    106,972;  Robinson,  71,357;  Richardson,    1,230.     The   unusually 


KANSAS   HISTORY  887 

light  vote  received  by  Mr.  Richardson  was  due  largely  to  the  fact  that 
many,  conscientious  Prohibitionists  deemed  the  nomination  of  a  state 
ticket  ill-advised,  as  Gov.  Humphrey  had  consistently  enforced  the  pro- 
hibitory law,  and  by  doing  so  had  incurred  the  disjjlcasure  of  the  so- 
called  "liberal  element"  in  the  larger  cities.  This  class  of  persons  repu- 
diated the  action  of  the  McPherson  convention  and  supported  Gov. 
Humphrey. 

During  the  first  term  of  Gov.  Humphrey  he  was  frequently  called 
upon  to  exercise  the  appointing  power.  Besides  the  treasurer  of  state, 
already  mentioned,  the  creation  of  six  new  judicial  districts,  and  the 
establishment  of  new  courts  in  several  cities  of  the  state,  made  it  neces- 
sary for  him  to  appoint  a  number  of  judges.  The  legislature  of  1887  had 
passed  an  act  placing  the  police  affair.?  of  all  cities  of  the  first  class  in 
the  hands  of  a  board  of  commissioners,  appointed  by  the  governor  and 
subject  to  removal  by  him  at  will.  Gov.  Humphrey,  as  a  member  of  the 
state  senate,  had  supported  the  measure,  not  thinking,  perhaps,  that 
within  two  years  he  would  be  called  on  to  make  the  appointments.  When 
he  came  into  the  office  of  governor  he  found  that  Gov.  Martin  had  ap- 
pointed commissioners  only  in  the  cities  of  Wichita  and  Leavenworth, 
and  announced  his  intention  of  making  appointments  in  all  cities  subject 
to  the  provisions  of  the  act,  on  the  ground  that  "if  good  for  one,  it 
should  be  good  for  all."  Accordingly,  he  selected  police  commissioners 
for  the  cities  of  Atchison,  Fort  Scott,  Kansas  City  and  Topeka.  There 
was  some  dissatisfaction,  not  so  much  over  the  men  appointed  by  the 
governor  as  against  the  law,  which  took  the  control  of  local  affairs  out 
of  the  hands  of  the  citizens.  Gov.  Humphrey  also  appointed  a  board 
of  railroad  commissioners,  an  insurance  commissioner,  and  the  heads  of 
various  departments.  In  the  game  of  politics,  officials  vested  with  the 
power  to  make  appointments  frequently  become  unpopular  through  the 
petty  jealousies  aroused  in  the  defeated  applicants  for  positions.  Gov. 
Humphrey  escaped  this  fate  by  the  great  care  with  which  he  selected  his 
appointees,  making  no  attempt  to  build  up  an  organization  to  further  his 
personal  ambitions.  Some  of  the  judges  he  appointed  were  afterward 
elected  to  the  office  and  held  their  judicial  positions  for  several  years. 

Gov.  Humphrey  was  inaugurated  for  the  second  time  on  Jan.  12, 
1891.  The  next  day  the  eighth  regular  biennial  session  of  the  legisla- 
ture was  convened,  with  Lieut.-Gov.  Riddle  again  presiding  over  the 
senate  and  P.  P.  Elder  as  speaker  of  the  house.  Much  of  the  governor's 
message  to  this  legislature  was  devoted  to  the  subjects  of  the  state's 
financial  condition  and  municipal  indebtedness.     (See  Finances,  State.) 

"Ivansas,"  said  he.  "has  rounded  out  the  third  decennial  period,  and 
her  growth  in  the  last  decade  is  certainly  gratifying,  as  shown  by  the 
following  vital  statistics  from  the  reports  of  the  state  board  of  agricul- 
ture. 

For  convenience  of  comparison  and  conciseness  of  statement  the  sta- 
tistics referred  to  by  the  governor  are  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  table, 
given  on  the  next  page. 


888  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

i88o  1890 

Population  996,096  1,427,096 

Acres  of  field  crops 8,868,884  12,844,921 

Value  of  field  crops $63,111,634  $79,268,081 

\^alue   of   all    farm    products.  .  .  .   $80,500,244  $129,144,909 

Value  of  all  live  stock $61,563,956  $113,533,342 

Assessed    value    of    property.  ..  .$160,570,761  $347,717,218 

Capital  invested  in  mfrs $11,192,315  $45,000,000 

Number  of  school  districts 6,134  9,022 

Number  of  children  of  school  age          340,647  509,614 

^'alue  of  school  property $4,633,044  $10,617,149 

Number  of  church  edifices 964  2,339 

Value  of  church  property $2,430,385  $8,801,870 

Miles  of  railroad 3.400  8,866 

The  growth  of  cities  had  been  especially  marked  during  the  decade. 
The  five  3'ears  from  1880  to  1885  were  marked  by  general  prosperity 
in  all  lines  of  industry.  Large  additions  were  made  to  the  population ; 
new  farms  were  opened  in  all  parts  of  the  state;  cities  issued  bonds 
in  liberal  amounts  for  the  construction  of  public  improvements,  water- 
works, electric  lighting  plants,  new  school  buildings,  etc. ;  railroad 
lines  were  constructed  to  hitherto  unsettled  districts;  speculation  ran 
rife,  and  it  seemed  almost  as  though  the  magic  power  of  some  Aladdin's 
lamp  was  being  exerted  for  the  development  of  Kansas.  Then  came 
the  reaction.  The  years  1885-86  fell  far  below  the  acreage  in  produc- 
tion, and  in  1887  there  was  a  severe  drought.  Many  farmers  having 
mortgages  upon  their  homes  were  unable  to  meet  [Kiyments  when 
they  fell  due,  and  a  large  number  of  people  left  the   state.     The  year 

1888  was  more  fruitful,  and  as  previously  mentioned,  the  corn  crop  of 

1889  was  unusuall>-  large.  During  these  two  years  the  people  regained 
fresh  courage,  as  well  as  some  of  the  losses  sustained,  debts  incurred 
in  speculation  were  liquidated,  and  everything  wore  a  more  encour- 
aging aspect.  There  was  still  much  suffering,  however,  among  the 
settlers  on  the  frontier,  and  Gov.  ITumphrey  said  in  his  message: 
"Practical  legislation,  designed  to  encourage  these  people  in  western 
Kansas,  should  have  early  and  favorable  attention.  In  this  connection 
your  consideration  is  invited  to  the  report  of  a  convention  held  in 
Oberlin,  Decatur  county,  in  December  last,  to  consider  the  subject  of 
irrigation,  and  to  ask  state  and  n;itinn;d  legislation  in  .-lid  of  the  move- 
ment." (   See  Irrigation.) 

On  Jan.  27  the  two  houses  cast  a  ballot  for  Ignited  States  senator, 
and  the  following  day  met  in  joint  session  to  decide  the  result.  On 
the  ioinl  ballot  William  A.  PefTcr  received  loi  votes;  John  T.  Ingalls, 
58;  Charles  W.  F.lair,  3:  II.  P..  Kellcy.  1,  and  E.  N.  Morrifl,  i.  '  Mr. 
Peffer,  having  received  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  cast,  was  declared 
elected  for  the  term  of  six  years,  beginning  on  March  4.  1891. 

Pursuant  to  a   recommendation  of   tlu'   governor,  an   ,irt    was  ])assed 


KANSAS    TIISTORV  889 

at  this  session  declaring  tlie  first  Monday  in  Scptcm1)er  to  be  a  legal 
holiday,  known  as  "Labor  Day."  The  state  was  redistricted  for  legis- 
lative purposes  into  40  senatorial  and  125  representative  districts;  an 
act  f(5r  the  regulation  of  alien  land  ownership  was  passed;  the  office 
of  bank  commissioner  was  created;  jurisdiction  was  ceded  to  the  United 
States  for  a  site  for  a  Federal  building  in  the  city  of  Atchison  ;  a  board 
of  public  works  was  created ;  the  sum  of  $60,000  was  appropriated  for 
the  completion  of  the  state-house ;  a  similar  sum  for  the  benefit  of 
those  who  had  lost  their  crops  by  the  drought,  and  $3,500  for  an  ex])eri- 
ment  station  at  tlie  state  university  to  propagate  the  infectitjn  for  the 
destruction  of  chinch  bugs — a  discovery  of  Chancellor  Snow  in  1888. 
A  law  regulating  banks  was  also  passed  at  this  session,  and  a  proposi- 
tion to  hold  a  constitutional  convention  was  submitted  to  the  people 
at  the  general  election  in  1892. 

Gov.  Humphrey  was  again  called  upon  to  make  several  important 
appointments  during  his  second  term.  Among  these  were  supreme 
court  commissioners ;  the  bank  commissioner,  which  went  to  Charles 
F.  Johnson  of  Jefferson  count}' ;  commissioners  for  the  World's  Colum- 
bian exposition  at  Chicago  in  1893,  and  a  number  of  district  court 
judges.  The  death  of  Preston  B.  Plumb  on  Dec.  20,  1891,  left  Kansas 
with  but  one  I'nited  States  senator,  and  the  vacancy  was  filled  by  the 
appointment  of  Bishop  W.  Perkins  on  Jan.  i,  1892. 

The  Populists  were  the  first  to  hold  a  convention  for  the  nomina- 
tion of  state  candidates  in  1892.  Their  convention  met  at  Wichita  on 
June  16  and  nominated  Lorenzo  D.  Lewelling  for  governor;  Percy 
Daniels,  for  lieutenant-governor ;  Russell  S.  Osborn,  for  secretary  of 
state;  Van  E.  Prather,  for  auditor;  W.  IL  Biddle,  for  treasurer;  J.  T. 
Little,  for  attorney-general ;  Henry  N.  Gaines,  for  superintendent  of 
public  instruction ;  S.  H.  Allen,  for  associate  justice. 

On  June  30  the  Republican  state  convention  met  in  Topeka.  Abram 
W.  Smith  was  nominated  for  governor;  Robert  F.  Moore,  for  lieutenant- 
governor  ;  William  C.  Edwards,  for  secretary  of  state ;  Blanche  K. 
Bruce,  for  auditor;  John  B.  Lj-nch,  for  treasurer;  Theodore  F.  Garver, 
for  attorney-general ;  James  C.  Davis,  for  superintendent  of  public 
instruction;  D.  J\L  Valentine,  for  associate  justice. 

A  week  later,  July  6,  the  Democratic  party  held  a  state  convention 
in  Topeka,  and  after  a  stormy  session  indorsed  the  Populist  ticket.. 
On  July  13  the  Prohibitionists  held  their  state  convention  and  nominated 
the  following  candidates:  For  governor,  L  O.  Pickering;  lieutenant- 
governor,  H.  F.  Douthart ;  secretary  of  state,  H.  W.  Stone ;  auditor, 
C.  W.  Hewlett:  treasurer,  Joel  Miller;  attorney-general,  Robert  L. 
Davidson ;  superintendent  of  public  instruction,  Alice  M.  Henderson ; 
associate  justice,  C.  P.  Ste^'ens. 

The  Lhiited  States  census  of  1910  showed  a  sufficient  increase  in 
the  population  of  Kansas  to  entitle  the  state  to  eight  Congressmen, 
but  as  new  districts  could  not  be  created  in  time  for  the  election  of 
1892,  the  different  parties  nominated  candidates  for  representatives  in 


SpO  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

each  of  the  old  districts,  and  each  state  convention  nominated  a  candi- 
date for  Congressman-at-Large.  For  this  office  the  Populists  named 
W.  A.  Harris;  the  Republicans,  George  T.  Anthony,  and  the  Pro- 
hibitionists, J.  M.  Monroe. 

At  the  election  en  Nev.  8  the  Populists  carried  the  state  by  pluralities 
ranging  from  5,000  to  6,000  votes.  The  highest  vote  for  presidential 
elector  on  each  of  the  three  tickets  was  as  follows:  W.  N.  Allen, 
Populist,  163,111;  E.  G.  Dewey,  Republican,  157,241;  Charles  Fair- 
field, Prohibitionist,  4,553.  The  electoral  vote  of  the  state  was  cast 
for  Gen.  James  B.  Weaver,  the  People's  party  candidate.  The  vote 
for  governor  was  as  follows:  Lewelling,  163.507;  Smith,  158,075; 
Pickering,  4,178.  The  proposition  for  holding  a  constitutional  conven- 
tion was  defeated  by  466  votes. 

Gov.  Humphrey  retired  from  the  office  upon  the  inauguration  of 
Gov.  Lewelling  in  Jan.,  1893.  Concerning  his  administration  McCray, 
in  the  review  above  mentioned,  says:  '"Be  it  said  to  his  credit  that  he 
did  not  run  his  administration  with  a  brass  band  and  fireworks.  He 
did  not  consider  that  the  people  elected  governors  for  grand  stand 
purposes,  but  honestly,  faithfully  and  modestly  to  conduct  the  busi- 
ness of  the  state.  Gov.  Humphrey's  ambition  was  to  make  a  record 
that  should  be  meritorious  rather  than  notorious,  useful  rather  tlian 
spectacular;  that  should  be  remembered  as  a  quiet  and  faithful  endeavor 
to  perform  each  day's  duties  aright,  rather  than  a  noisy  display  of  the 
brief  authority  vested  in  the  chief  executive." 

Hunnewell,  one  of  the  smaller  of  the  incorporated  towns  of  Sumner 
county,  is  located  in  South  Haven  township,  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  18  miles  south  of  Wellington,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  a  number  of  retail  stores,  a  mill,  an  elevator  and  a  bank.  The 
town  has  gained  considerable  newspaper  notoriety  lately  by  having 
elected  a  woman  mayor,  who  got  into  trouble  with  the  council,  which 
was  made  up  of  men. 

Hunnewell  was  founded  in  1880,  and  the  first  house  was  erected 
bv  Ford  &  Leonard.  Within  a  month  a  number  of  buildings  had  been 
erected  and  the  town  had  practically  reached  its  growth.  Two  marshals 
and  a  police  judge  were  hired  by  the  railroad  company  and  the  citi- 
zens prior  to  the  organization  of  the  town.  The  postoffice  was  estab- 
lished in  Aug.,  1880,  and  Frank  ShilTdaner  was  appointed  postmaster. 
The  organization  of  the  city  government  took  place  in  April,  1881.  The 
following  were  the  first  officers:  Mayor,  J.  A.  Hughes;  police  judge, 
T.  G.  Ricketts;  city  clerk,  Thomas  T.  Ivers;  councilmen,  A.  B.  Smith, 
F.  Hoolcroft,  T.  B.  Sullivan,  J.  Dickerson  and  B.  F.  Hall.  The  town  is 
supplied  with  telegraph  and  express  offices  and  has  a  money  order 
postoffice  with  two  rural  routes.    The  population  in  1910  was  208. 

Hunter,  a  country  postoffice  in  Mitchell  county,  is  located  in  Custer 
township  in  the  southwest  corner  of  the  county,  25  miles  southwest 
of  Beloit,  the  county  seat,  and  16  miles  from  Lucas  on  the  L^nion 
Pacific,  the  nearest  shipping  point.     The  po]nilation  in  1910  was  50. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  89 J 

Hunter  County,  now  extinct,  was  one  of  the  counties  created  in  1855, 
by  the  first  territorial  legislature.  It  was  bounded  as  follows:  "Be- 
gmnnig-  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Butler  county;  thence  south  to  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  territory;  thence  west  30  miles;  thence  north 
to  a  point  west  of  the  place  of  beginning;  thence  east  30  miles  to  the 
place  of  beginning."  In  1857,  the  county  was  enlarged  by  extending 
the  western  boundary  to  the  line  between  ranges  4  and  5  east.  In 
i860  Irving  county  was  created  out  of  the  northern  part  of  Hunter, 
and  in  1864  Butler  county  was  enlarged  to  include  both  Irving  and 
Hunter,  which  disappeared.  The  greater  portion  of  what  was  once  the 
county  of  Hunter  is  now  included  in  Cowley  county. 

Huntsville,  a  little  inland  hamlet  in  Reno  county  is  located  between 
Salt  and  Peace  creeks  24  miles  west  of  Hutchinson,  the  county  seat 
and  6  miles  north  of  Plevna,  from  which  place  its  mail  is  distributed 
by  rural_  delivery.  Plevna  is  also  the  nearest  railroad  station  and  ship- 
ping point.  The  population,  according  to  the  government  census  of 
1910,  was  60. 

Huron,  the  fourth  largest  town  in  Atchison  county,  is  located  near 
the  northern  boundary  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  16  miles  north- 
west of  Atchison,  the  county  seat.  The  immediate  site  and  vicinity 
was  owned  by  D.  R.  Anthony  (q.  v.)  of  Leavenworth,  who  donated 
the  railroad  company  20  acres  of  land  and  the  right-of-way  for  a  mile. 
Within  six  weeks  after  the  town  was  surveyed  and  named  five  dwellings 
had  been  completed  or  were  under  way;  stores  were  erected;  the  village 
was  well  started  toward  prosperity ;  a  postoffice  was  established  withtn 
the  year  and  before  the  close  of  1882  there  were  at  least  50  houses 
in  the  town.  Two  churches  were  built  before  1883,  one  by  the  Baptists, 
the  other  by  the  Presbyterians,  on  ground  donated  by  Col.  Anthony! 
Huron  soon  became  an  important  shipping  and  supply  town,  and  its 
growth  has  been  steady.  At  the  present  time  it  has  good  schools, 
banking  facilities,  a  money  order  postoffice,  several  general  stores,  a 
blacksmith  shop,  lumber  yard,  hardware  and  implement  house,  express 
and  telegraph  offices,  etc.     In  1910  the  population  was  300. 

Hurt,  a  country  postoffice  in  Colony  township,  Greeley  county,  is 
located  16  miles  from  Tribune,  the  county  seat,  and  9  miles  north- 
west of  Astor,  the  nearest  shipping  point.  The  population  in  1910 
was  15. 

Huscher,  a  post-village  of  Nelson  township.  Cloud  county,  is  a  station 
on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  6  miles  southeast  of  Con- 
cordia, the  county  seat,  with  which  it  is  connected  by  telephone.  It 
has  a  local  trade,  does  some  shipping,  and  in  1910  had  a  population 
of   50. 

Hutchinson,  the  "salt  city,"  is  one  of  the  important  cities  of  the  first 
class  in  Kansas.  It  is  the  judicial  seat  of  Reno  county,  in  the  central 
part  of  the  state,  and  is  168  miles  southwest  of  Topeka.  It  is  at  the 
outlet  of  a  great  corn  and  wheat  raising  district,  and  has  one  of  the 
largest  salt  works  in  the  world.     Hutchinson  is  a  city  of  active,  wide- 


892  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

awake  business  men.  excellent  railroad  facilities,  fine  hotels,  extensive 
manufacturing  and  jobbing  interests,  shady  streets,  beautiful  buildings, 
and  plenty  of  automobiles.  A  home  owned  electric  street  railway  sys- 
tem extends  all  over  the  city.  The  Hutchinson  salt  plants  have  been 
yielding  from  2,500  to  5,000  barrels  of  salt  per  day  for  the  last  twenty 
3'ears  and  the  source  still  seems  inexhaustible.  The  vein  of  rock  salt 
is  400  feet  thick  and  is  found  at  a  depth  of  375  feet.  The  Hutchinson 
salt  is  unsurpassed  as  a  table  salt.  The  amounts  of  money  spent  in 
running  these  plants  is  enormous,  the  cost  of  fuel  alone  being  more  than 
the  amount  received  for  salt  sold  within  the  state,  the  profits  coming 
from  export  sales — and  that  with  natural  gas  for  fuel  at  10  cents  per 
1,000  feet.  The  various  flour  mills  have  a  combined  capacity  of  3,000 
barrels  per  day,  most  of  which  is  shipped  out  of  the  country  by  way 
of  Galveston.  The  elevators  have  a  storage  capacity  of  6,500,000 
l)ushels.  The  soda  ash  plant,  which  is  probably  the  largest  institution 
of  its  kind  in  the  country,  manufactures  the  raw  material  or  base  of 
all  soda  products.  The  wholesale  business  aggregates  $11,500,000 
annually  and  400  traveling  salesmen,  representatives  of  Hutchinson 
firms,  have  their  homes  here.  There  is  a  meat  i)acking  establishment 
and  the  poultry  and  egg  business  is  extensive  and  brings  large  returns. 
There  are  foundries,  a  -straw  board  factory,  canning  factory,  paint 
factory,  creamery,  blank  book  manufactory,  machine  shop,  furniture 
factory  and  boiler  works.  The  five  Hutchinson  banks  have  a  combined 
capital  of  over  $500,000,  and  they  were  among  the  few  banks  in  the 
country  which  did  not  in  some  manner  restrict  cash  ])ayments  during 
the  panic  of  1907. 

The  city  is  paved,  lighted  with  electricity,  has  a  gnod  sower  system, 
waterworks,  an  efficient  fire  department  and  police  force.  The  fniest 
hotel  between  the  great  lakes  and  the  Pacific  coast,  and  the  best  retail 
stores  between  the  6th  principal  meridian  and  the  Continental  divide 
are  located  here.  This  is  the  seat  of  the  state  reformatory.  Hutchinson 
has  a  live  commercial  club,  which  is  continually  inducing  new  factories 
and  new  commercial  enterprises  to  locate  there.  The  railroad  facilities 
are  greatly  to  their  advantage,  in  these  matters,  and  have  been  one 
of  the  principal  factors  in  the  growth  of  the  city  into  an  im])ortanl 
commercial  and  manufacturing  center.  The  main  lines  of  both  the 
Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  and  the  Atchison,  To])cka  &  Santa  I'"e 
pass  through  the  city;  the  Missouri  Pacific  line  from  Ellsworth  to 
Wichita  runs  through  Hutchinson,  and  there  are  two  additional  lines 
of  the  .\tchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe,  one  running  south  and  the  other 
running  west  to  Kinsley,  where  it  meets  the  main  line.  The  In-ighl 
hauled  from  Hutchinson  by  the  Snnta  Fe  alone  amounts  to  more  tons 
])er  month  than  that  of  any  town  on  the  line,  except  Kansas  City  and 
the  terminals.  Hutdiinson  ranks  sixth  among  all  the  towns  on  the 
road,  terminals  included.  .\  state  fair  is  held  annually  at  llutcliin- 
.son  by  a  fair  association  owning  large  grounds  and  i)niMings.  Fxhibits 
f)f  live  stock  and  agricultural  products  cr)nic  from  all  over  K;ins.is  and 
neighboring  slates. 


KANSAS    HISTOUV  893 

Aside  from  her  money  making  interests  llutciiinson  has  other  valu- 
able assets,  not  tlie  least  of  these  being  her  large  and  beautiful  shade 
trees,  which  money  cannot  buy  and  which  time  alone  can  produce. 
A  Carnegie  library,  many  tine  churches,  and  the  best  of  schools  make 
the  town  attractive  from  an  intellectual  and  religious  standpoint.  The 
population  in  1910,  according  to  the  government  census,  was  16,364. 
It  is  rapidly  increasing,  as  a  great  deal  of  labor  is  needed  in  the  factories. 
In  1900  the  population  was  but  a  little  over  9,000. 

The  town  was  founded  by  C.  C.  Hutchinson  in  1871.  The  first  build- 
ing on  the  site  was  erected  in  the  fall  of  that  year  and  in  early  days 
was  the  stopping  place  for  newcomers  and  travelers.  It  was  also  the 
grocery  store,  the  meat  market,  and  contained  the  real  estate  office  of 
C.  C.  Hutchinson.  In  Aug.,  1872,  the  new  town  having  sufficient  pop- 
ulation, it  was  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  third  class.  The  first  officers 
were:  Mayor,  Taylor  Flick;  police  judge,  J.  B.  Brown;  councilmen, 
John  McMurray,  G.  A.  Brazee,  E.  Wilcox.  R.  C.  Bailey  and  D.  M. 
Lewis.  The  founder  of  the  town  and  the  city  officers  from  the  first 
tried  to  eliminate  the  selling  of  intoxicants  in  or  about  the  town.  In 
spite  of  this  some  of  it  was  sold  outside  the  limits,  and  as  there  was 
no  county  government  at  the  time  the  offenders  could  not  be  molested 
by  the  city.  However,  they  were  arrested  by  the  United  States  marshal. 
Among  the  first  to  open  stores  were  W.  Bailey,  general  store;  T.  F. 
Leidigh,  grocery ;  Jordan  &  Bemis,  general  store ;  E.  Wilcox,  hard- 
ware and  farm  implements;  J.  S.  Fay  opened  a  hotel,  and  J.  &  C. 
McMurray,  a  livery  stable.  The  year  1872  was  an  eventful  one.  The 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  was  built  past  this  point;  the  first 
bank  was  started  by  the  founder  of  the  town;  the  Hutchison  News 
was  founded  on  July  4,  and  the  first  school  was  taught  by  Miss  Jennie 
Hodgson  in  a  small  frame  building  on  Main  street.  Mr.  Hutchinson 
was  elected  to  the  legislature,  and  through  his  eft'orts  Hutchinson 
became  the  county  seat. 

Hymer,  a  hamlet  of  Chase  county,  is  located  on  Diamond  creek,  in 
the  township  of  the  same  name,  and  is  a  station  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  13  miles  northwest  of  Cottonwood  Falls, 
the  county  seat.  It  has  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  a  money 
order  postoffice.  The  population,  according  to  the  census  of  igio. 
was  30. 


latan  Flag. — Early  in  1861,  before  war  had  been  declared,  a  Confed- 
erat  f^ag  was  raised  at  latan.  Mo.,  a  small  village  about  12  miles  above 
Leavenworth.  Col.  D.  R.  Anthony  of  Leavenworth,  one  day  hap- 
pened to  be  a  passenger  on  a  boat  that  was  carrying  regular  troops 
from  Fort  Leavenworth  to  St.  Joseph,  and  when  the  boat  tied  up  at 
the  landing  near  latan,  he  and  a  companion  decided  to  visit  that  village 


894  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

and  make  inquiries  regarding  the  flag.  They  found  the  town  loating^ 
place  was  a  small  grocery,  at  which  place  they  made  their  inquiry. 
About  a  dozen  men  were  in  the  store  at  the  time,  and  one  of  them 
pointed  to  the  flag  that  was  folded  and  lying  on  the  counter.  "I'll  take 
that  with  me,"  said  Anthony,  whereupon  every  individual  in  the  store 
drew  a  revolver,  and  the  colonel  changed  his  mind.  The  story  reached 
Leavenworth  and  the  pro-slavery  element  had  considerable  fun  out  of 
the  incident. 

Shortly  after  the  organization  of  the  First  Kansas  infantr}-  a  few 
members  of  Companies  A  and  I  learned  that  the  flag  still  defiantly 
floated,  and  also  that  a  force  of  Confederate  cavalry  had  been  organ- 
ized and  armed  at  the  place.  A  spy  was  sent  to  latan  to  make  investi- 
gations and  upon  his  return  reported  that  the  flag  pole  had  been  erected 
within  a  few  feet  of  the  railroad  track,  that  a  company  of  "rangers" 
had  been  organized  and  was  then  encamped,  140  strong,  within  the 
town.  On  June  3,  1861,  a  portion  of  the  First  Kansas  received  arms, 
and  a  few. of  them  resolved  to  lower  the  latan  flag.  The  members  of 
the  proposed  expedition,  through  the  kindness  of  friends  among  the 
other  companies,  secured  rifles  enough  to  arm  their  crowd,  together 
with  a  limited  supply  of  ammunition.  That  night  17  men  stole  quietly 
out  of  camp  and  midnight  found  them  hunting  up  and  down  the  river 
for  boats  to  enable  them  to  cross.  A  small  skift  capable  of  holding 
5  persons  was  found  and  the  first  load  crossed.  In  the  meantime  another 
small  boat  had  been  found  and  pressed  into  service.  When  the  first 
boat  returned  for  the  others,  5  men  concluded  to  withdraw  from  the 
expedition,  leaving  but  12  to  carry  out  the  plans.  The  balance  of  the 
members  were  taken  across  the  river,  whereupon  they  started  on  a 
long  march  for  their  destination,  arriving  at  the  outskirts  of  latan 
about  daybreak.  The  spy  originally  sent  to  make  investigations  was 
again  delegated  to  make  a  reconnoissance,  which  he  did,  reporting  that 
the  flag  would  not  be  hoisted  that  day  and  that  it  was  kept  at  the  rear 
of  a  small  store.  Determining  to  have  the  flag  at  any  cost,  the  party 
advanced  on  the  town  and  when  turning  a  corner  within  a  hundred 
yards  of  the  flag  pole  discovered  that  the  stars  and  bars  were  being 
run  u]).  The  members  of  the  expedition  charged  and  surrounded  the 
flag  pole  just  as  the  cord  had  been  tied.  A  demand  was  made  for  the 
flag,  which  resulted  in  a  little  parleying,  whereupon  "Mell"  Lewis, 
one  of  the  expedition,  whipped  out  a  knife,  cut  the  rope,  and  the  flag 
fell  at  their  feet.  It  was  gathered  up  and  a  retreat  ordered,  when 
some  one  inside  the  store  opened  fire  on  them  at  a  distance  of  less 
than  100  feet,  three  of  the  expedition  being  wounded  by  buckshot,  two 
of  them  quite  severely.  The  retreat  was  much  slower  than  was  hoped 
for  on  account  of  the  wounded  men,  but  at  last  all  were  safely  landed 
on  the  Kansas  side  with  their  trophy. 

The  men  taking  part  in  the  caj)turc  of  the  Hag  were  Fran]<  II.  I)ien- 
ning,  Thomas  Merrick.  Frank  M.  Tracy,  G.  Mellen  Lewis,  Fred  Amerine, 
William    Smart    and    lames    Liddle.   of   the    Flwood    Guards.    ;ind    I'lnil 


KANSAS    HISTORY  895 

Umfried,    Theo.    Kroll,    ■ Voeth,    Richard    Lander    and    Jlenry 

Laurenzier,  of  the  Steuben  Guards.  The  boys  reached  camp  about 
dusk  and  intended  to  keep  the  matter  quiet,  but  the  story  got  out  and 
was  printed  in  the  Leavenworth  Conservative  the  next  morning.  This 
noted  flag  now  reposes  in  the  museum  of  the  Kansas  State  Historical 
Society  at  Topeka. 

Idana,  a  village  in  Clay  county,  is  located  in  Five  Creeks  township 
on  the  Union  Pacific  R.  R.,  8  miles  west  of  Clay  Center,  the  county  seat. 
It  has  about  25  business  establishments,  among  which  is  a  bank.  There 
is  a  telegraph  ofiice  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route. 
The  population  in  1910  was  225. 

Idell,  a  small  hamlet  in  the  western  part  of  Crawford  county,  is  12 
miles  southwest  of  Girard,  the  county  seat  and  most  convenient  rail- 
road station,  from  which  point  mail  is  delivered  by  rural  carrier. 

Idenbro,  a  station  on  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas  R.  R.  in  Labette 
county,  is  located  in  Labette  township,  5  miles  southwest  of  Parsons 
and  15  miles  northwest  of  Oswego,  the  county  seat.  It  receives  its 
mail  from  Parsons.    The  population  in  1910  was  104. 

Idylwild,  a  hamlet  in  Clay  county,  is  located  11  miles  north  of  Clay 
Center,  the  county  seat  and  postoffice  from  which  its  mail  is  delivered 
by  rural  route.     The  population  in   1910  was  15. 

Igo,  a  hamlet  in  Rooks  county,  is  located  on  Big  Medicine  creek,  10 
miles  southeast  of  Stockton,  the  county  seat,  and  5  miles  south  of 
Woodston,  the  nearest  shipping  point  and  postoffice  whence  mail  is 
distributed  by  rural  route. 

Imes,  a  village  in  the  eastern  part  of  Franklin  county,  is  located  on 
the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  7  miles  southeast  of  Ottawa,  the  county 
seat.  It  has  a  money  order  postoffice  and  is  a  shipping  point  for  the 
rich  agricultural  district  by  which  it  is  surrounded.  In  1910  it  had  a 
population  of  40. 

Immigration. — The  United  States  census  of  i860  showed  the  popula- 
tion of  Kansas  to  be  107,206.  Early  the  following  year  the  state  was 
admitted  into  the  Union  with  a  population  of  less  than  two  persons 
to  the  square  mile.  Almost  immediately  came  the  great  Civil  war,  which 
♦  for  four  years  overshadowed  everything  else.  The  people  and  author- 
ities of  Kansas  felt  the  need  of  increasing  the  population  with  an  intelli- 
gent and  industrious  citizenship  for  the  development  of  the  state's  vast 
and  varied  resources.  In  his  message  to  the  legislature  in  Jan.,  1864, 
Gov.  Carney  said : 

"The  subject  of  immigration  is  one  which  attracts  the  attention  of 
the  whole  country.  Near  200,000  of  the  young  men  of  the  republic 
sleep  in  the  soldier's  grave,  or  are  disabled  for  life,  and  a  million  of 
kindred  spirits  are  in  the  field.  This  drain  upon  the  labor  of  the  coun- 
try taxes  it  heavily,  and  will  tax  it  still  more,  unless  we  supply  it  with 
alien  labor.  The  president  of  the  L'nited  States,  in  his  annual  message, 
foreseeing  this  result,  urges  upon  Congress  the  polic)'  of  facilitating, 
by  every  means  in  its  power,  a  rapid  immigration,  and  the   secretary 


896  CYCLOPEUIA    OF 

of  State,  anxious  to  ward  oft"  its  consequences,  has  sent  a  special  agent 
to  Europe  to  stimulate  it.  Every  western  state,  acting  upon  this 
theory,  has  its  bureau  of  immigration,  or  its  agents  abroad,  laboring 
especially  for  their  interests.  .  .  .  These  are  plain  and  simple  facts ; 
but  plain  and  simple  as  they  are,  none  more  important  could  be  brought 
to  your  attention.  You  will  weigh  them  and  weigh  them  well,  and 
after  doing  so,  will  determine  which  is  the  best  course  to  pursue,  or 
the  wisest  policy  to  adopt.  Whether  30U  will  establish  a  bureau  of 
foreign  immigration,  or  send  commissioners  abroad  or  do  both.  .  . 
I  am  so  convinced  of  the  necessity  of  prompt,  systematic  and  thorough 
action,  that  I  would  gladly  cooperate  with  you  in  any  practical  measure 
you  may  adopt." 

In  response  to  this  message,  the  legislature  passed  an  act,  which 
was  approved  by  Gov.  Carney  on  Feb.  26,  1864,  "to  establish  a  bureau 
of  immigration  and  appoint  agents  therefor."  15}'  the  provisions  of 
the  act  the  governor  was  authorized  to  appoint,  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  senate,  two  commissioners,  who,  with  himself, 
should  constitute  the  bureau  of  immigration.  The  bureau  was  given 
power  to  appoint  one  or  more  agents  to  visit  Europe  for  the  purpose 
of  encouraging  and  directing  immigration  to  the  state ;  to  make  con- 
tracts with  railroad  and  packet  companies  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
a  low  rate  of  fare  to  immigrants,  and  to  perform  such  other  duties 
as  might  be  necessary  to  secure  the  ends  aimed  at  in  the  act.  The 
higher  educational  institutions  of  the  state  were  directed  to  preserve 
a  meteorological  record  and  other  scientific  facts,  which  were  to  be 
forwarded  to  the  bureau  for  publication.  Aii  appropriation  of  $5,000 
was  made  to  carry  out  these  provisions,  and  the  bureau  was  directed  to 
try  to  eflfect  the  organization  of  county  iiiiniigration  societies  to 
cooperate  with  it. 

The  Congress  of  1864  passed  an  act  organizing  a  national  bureau 
of  immigration  in  the  department  of  agriculture.  Agents  were  sent 
abroad  or  stationed  at  all  the  leading  coast  cities  of  the  I'nited  States. 
In  his  message  to  the  legislature  in  Jan.,  1865,  Gov.  Crawford  recom- 
mended that  the  law  of  1864  "be  so  amended  as  to  provide  simply  for 
a  Kansas  state  agent  in  the  city  of  New  York,  whose  duty  it  should, 
in  part,  be  to  visit  the  principal  cities  of  the  Union,  and  make  such 
arrangements  with  the  railroad  and  steamboat  ccnnpanies  as  will  lessen 
the  rate  of  fare,  and  otherwise  facilitate  the  passage  of  emigrants  to 
Kansas." 

The  general  assembly  failed  to  addpt  the  governor's  advice,  and, 
in  fact,  no  legislation  supplementary  tn  tlir  act  of  1864  was  enacted 
until  1870.  Immediately  after  the  close  df  the  Civil  war  there  was 
a  tide  cjf  immigration  to  Kansas,  many  of  the  newcomers  being  dis- 
charged soldiers  seeking  to  establish  homesteads  in  the  West.  In  the 
spring  of  1868  Rev.  S.  G.  Earsen,  a  Swedish  minister,  visited  Kansas 
with  a  view  to  locating  some  of  his  countrymen  in  the  stale.  Ailjt.- 
Gen.  McAfee,  in  his  rejiort  at  the  close  of  that  year,  said  :     "The  great 


KANSAS    HISTOKV  897 

famine  in  Sweden  has  been  causing  tens  of  thousands  to  inimit^rate  to 
this  country;  a  great  portion  of  them  might,  with  proper  effort,  be 
secured  to  this  state.  Large  purchases  have  already  been  made  in 
Republic,  Jewell,  Cloud,  Mitchell,  Ottawa,  Lincoln,  Saline  and  McPher- 
son  counties."     (See  Swedish  Settlements.) 

In  his  message  to  the  legislature  of  1869  Gov.  Harvey  complained 
that  the  general  assembly  had  "persistently  refused  to  appropriate 
any  money  to  induce  immigration,  throwing  the  burden  upon  those 
public  spirited  citizens,  who,  together  with  the  governors,  have  con- 
stituted the  board  of  immigration."  lie  recommended  that  the  legis- 
lature "at  least  make  provision  for  the  compilation,  publication  and 
dissemination  of  a  large  number  of  pamphlets  in  tlie  English,  German 
and  Scandinavian  languages,  showing  the  advantages  and  resources 
of  the  state,"  but  again  the  legislature  declined  to  make  any  appro- 
priation. The  following  year  he  again  called  attention  to  the  subject 
and  mentioned  the  fact  that  railroad  companies,  auxiliary  organiza- 
tions and  enterprising  real  estate  firms  were  doing  good  work,  while  the 
state  sat  idly  by  and  did  nothing.  Gov.  Harvey  joined  with  other 
governors  in  calling  an  immigration  convention  at  Indianapolis,  Ind., 
Nov.  23,  1870,  and  in  1871  he  submitted  a  report  of  this  convention  to 
the  legislature,  which  provided  for  the  preparation  and  publication  of 
some  pamphlets.     These  were  distributed  by  the  governor. 

In  Aug.,  1873,  the  Catholic  Publication  Society  of  New  York  issued 
a  book  on  "Irish  Emigration  to.  the  United  States,"  which  gave  a  good 
description  of  Kansas.  About  that  time  the  military  laws  of  Russia 
drove  many  of  the  inhabitants  of  that  country  to  the  United  States. 
The  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad  company  had  about  3,000,- 
000  acres  of  land  which  it  desired  to  dispose  of  to  settlers.  A.  E.  Touza- 
lin,  general  passenger  agent  and  land  commissioner  of  the  company, 
and  Carl  B.  Schmidt,  immigration  agent,  succeeded  in  attracting  some 
of  these  Russian  immigrants  to  Kansas.  Mr.  Schmidt  conducted  a 
party  of  them  to  the  vicinity  of  Great  Bend  and  Earned,  and  A.  Rodel- 
heimer,  of  the  Kansas  (now  Union)  Pacific,  showed  them  lands  in 
Rush,  Ellsworth  and  Ellis  counties.  A  large  Russian  settlement  was 
planted  in  Ellis  county. 

The  Centennial  exposition  at  Philadelphia  in  1876  was  of  great 
benefit  in  stimulating  immigration  to  the  state.  In  presenting  this 
matter  to  the  legislature  of  1877,  Gov.  Anthony  announced  that  letters 
of  inquiry  were  coming  in  by  scores  and  that  colonies  had  alreadv 
been  located  in  various  sections  of  the  state.  In  Jan.,  187S,  a  German 
immigration  convention  was  held  in  Topeka,  and  the  same  year  the 
"Kansas  Hand  Book"  was  issued  by  J.  S.  Boughton.  The  year  1878 
witnessed  the  largest  influx  of  settlers  of  any  year  in  the  history  of 
the  state  up  to  that  time.  Concerning  this  tide  of  immigration  the 
Atchison  Champion  said :  "Bj-  every  railroad  train  and  along  every 
highway  leading  to  Kansas,  immigrants  are  pouring  into  the  state. 
It  is  an  immense  immigration  that  is  now  pouring  into  and  over  Kan- 
(1-57^ 


898  CYCLOrEDIA    OF 

sas — the  largest  known  for  at  least  four  years.  And  it  is  swelling  in 
volume  every  week,  and  bids  fair  to  continue  for  a  year  or  more  to 
come." 

By  1880  the  population  of  the  state  had  reached  almost  to  the 
million  mark,  and  the  subject  of  immigration  dropped  to  a  position  of 
secondary  importance.  Since  that  time  the  railroad  companies,  land 
companies,  commercial  clubs  and  business. men's  associations  have  been 
somewhat  active  in  advertising  their  respective  localities,  but  the  state 
has  passed  no  additional  laws  for  the  promotion  of  immigration.. 

Imperial,  a  country  postoffice  in  Finney  county,  is  located  in  Garfield 
township,  2ji  miles  northeast  of  Garden  City,  the  county  seat,  and  19 
miles  southwest  of  Dighton,  Lane  county,  which  is  the  nearest  rail- 
road station.     It  has  tri-weekly  mail.    The  population  in  igio  was  20. 

Independence,  one  of  the  important  cities  of  southeastern  Kansas, 
and  from  a  manufacturing  standpoint,  one  of  the  most  important  in 
the  state,  is  located  in  the  central  part  of  Montgomery  county,  of  which 
it  is  the  judicial  seat.  It  is  on  the  Verdigris  river  in  the  midst  of  the 
great  natural  gas  and  oil  fields,  and  the  gas,  which  is  furnished  for 
commercial  purposes  for  3  cents  per  1,000  feet,  has  been  a  great  factor 
in  developing  the  local  mineral  deposits.  Coal,  limestone,  cement  stone, 
clay  shale  and  sand  for  glass  are  found  in  considerable  quantities  in 
the  immediate  vicinity.  The  manufacturing  establishments  include  a 
rubber  factory,  3  glass  factories,  2  ice  factories,  2  iron  plants,  vitrified 
brick  plant,  paper  mill,  cracker  factory,  cotton  twine  factory,  shirt  fac- 
tory, machine  shops,  foundries,  candy  factory,  several  oil  refineries, 
extensive  cement  works  and  an  electric  light  plant.  The  city  is  one 
of  the  best  equipped  in  the  state  so  far  as  public  improvements  are 
concerned.  It  has  a  good  system  of  waterworks,  a  $50,000  opera  house, 
more  miles  of  paved  streets  than  any  other  city  in  the  gas  belt,  a  fine 
sewerage  and  drainage  system,  a  $25,000  Carnegie  library,  and  an 
auditorium  seating  3,000  people.  It  claims  to  have  the  best  band  and 
the  finest  high  school  building  in  the  state.  All  the  business  houses 
are  of  brick  and  stone  with  plate  glass  fronts,  and  some  of  the  finest 
lodge  buildings  in  the  state  are  located  here.  There  are  4  banks,  2 
daily  and  2  weekly  newspapers,  flour  mills  and  elevators.  A  hospital 
and  nurses  training  school  is  maintained  in  a  building  erected  for  the 
purpose  at  an  expense  of  $20,000.  Independence  is  connected  with 
Cherryvale  and  Coflfeyville  by  intcrurban  electric  railway.  It  is  sup- 
plied with  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  has  an  international  money 
order  postoffice  with  seven  rural  routes.  The  ]inpuIntion,  according  to 
the  census  of  1910,  was  io,.j8o. 

The  site  of  Independence  was  bought  from  the  Indians  by  George 
A.  Brown  in  Sept..  1869,  before  the  land  had  been  acquired  by  the 
government.  The  town  was  promoted  by  Oswego  men,  and  a  paper 
was  started  in  Oswego  called  the  "Independence  Pioneer."  through 
which  the  new  town  was  extensively  advertised.  In  October  the  first 
colony,   consisting   of    18   families    fmni    liuliana,    settled    on    the    town 


KANSAS    HISTORY  899 

site.  They  built  temporary  huts  of  prairie  hay,  and  it  is  said  that  no 
less  than  40  hay  huts  stood  on  the  Independence  town  site  that  winter. 
The  next  spring  building  began.  The  town  company  erected  a  hotel 
called  the  Judson  House.  The  first  store  was  opened  in  Oct.,  1869,  by 
E.  E.  Wilson  and  F.  D.  Irwin.  In  May,  1870,  Independence  became 
the  county  seat,  and  in  July  the  postoffice  was  established.  A  gov- 
ernment land  office  was  established  there  in  1872.  In  January  of  that 
year  the  branch  railway  called  "Bunker's  Plug"  was  completed.  .-\t 
this  time  over  200  houses  had  been  built,  the  population  numbered 
2,300,  mills  had  been  put  up  and  other  business  enterprises  established. 
Independence  now  became  a  city  of  the  second  class,  having  been  first 
organized  as  a  village  in  July,  1870,  and  made  a  city  of  the  third  class 
in  November  of  that  year.  The  trustees  of  the  village  were:  J.  H. 
Pugh,  J.  E.  DonLavy,  E.  E.  Wilson,  R.  F.  Hall  and  O.  P.  Smart.  The 
first  officers  elected  after  the  incorporation  as  a  city  of  the  third  class 
were:  Mayor,  J.  B.  Craig;  clerk,  C.  M.  Ralstine;  treasurer,  J.  E. 
DonLavy;  councilmen,  Thomas  Stevenson,  A.  Waldtschmidt,  W.  T. 
Bishop,  G.  H.  Brodie  and  F.  D.  Irwin.  Independence  was  made  a  city 
of  the  second  class  March  20,  1872. 

The  first  school  was  taught  by  Miss  Mary  Walker  in  1870.  The 
first  religious  services  were  held  in  the  hay-shed  residence  of  Mrs. 
McClurg  in  1869.  The  south  Kansas  Tribune,  which  is  still  published, 
was  the  first  newspaper  and  was  established  in  1871  b}-  L.  U. 
Humphrey  &  W.  T.  Yoe.  The  first  banking  house,  known  as  Hull's 
Banking  company,  was  established  in  Dec,  1871.  It  was  the  only  one 
that  continued  in  business  during  the  subsequent  hard  years.  In  1881 
a  company  was  organized  to  mine  coal.  The  discovery  of  gas  and  oil 
followed. 

Independent  Churches. — Under  this  head  are  presented  the  religious 
organizations  which  are  not  identified  with  any  ecclestical  body  and 
which  have  no  affiliation  with  other  churches  that  would  entitle  them 
to  be  included  under  a  specific  name.  There  is  no  general  classifica- 
tion but  certain  distinct  types  appear.  First,  there  are  the  churches 
which  call  themselves  independent  or  unassociated,  which  originally 
were  missions  established  in  newly  settled  or  outlying  districts  by 
people  belonging  to  different  denominations.  The  second  class  are 
churches  that  use  a  denominational  name,  but  decline  to  have  ecclesias- 
tical connection  with  any  denominational  body.  The  third  class  are 
union  churches  where  members  of  two  or  more  denominations  have 
united  to  hold  service  but  refuse  to  become  identified  with  any  of  the 
regular  religious  body.  The  fourth  class  includes  a  number  of  religious 
organizations  generally  known  as  Holiness  churches.  They  represent 
a  definite  church  life  but  no  denominational  organization. 

Independent  churches  were  established  in  Kansas  in  the  '80s.  In 
1890  there  were  2  in  Cherokee  county,  2  in  Wyandotte  county  and  one 
each  in  Johnson,  Miami,  Montgomery,  Riley  and  Shawnee  counties, 
having  a  total  membership  of  271.     During  the  next  fifteen  years  the 


900  CYCLOPEDIA   OF 

Independent  churches  more  than  doubled,  as  there  were  28  organiza- 
tions reported  in  1906,  with  a  total  membership  of  685. 

Indianola,  a  discontinued  postoffice  in  Butler  county,  is  located  12 
miles  southwest  of  Eldorado,  the  county  seat,  and  8  miles  northwest 
of  Augusta,  the  usual  shipping  point  and  the  postoffice  from  which  its 
mail  is  distributed  by  rural  route. 

Indians. — At  the  time  Columbus  discovered  America,  the  continent 
north  of  Mexico  was  inhabited  by  four  great  groups  of  aborigines,  to 
whom  was  given  the  general  name  of  '"Indians,"  the  discoverers  believ- 
ing they  had  circumnavigated  the  earth  and  arrived  at  the  eastern 
border  of  India.  In  the  extreme  north  were  the  Eskimo  tribes,  who 
have  never  played  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  country's  history.  The 
Algonquin  group,  probably  the  most  important  of  the  four,  inhabited 
a  triangle  which  may  be  roughlj'  described  by  a  line  drawn  from  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence  river  to  the  Rocky  mountains,  thence  by 
a  line  from  that  point  to  the  Atlantic  coast  near  the  Neuse  river,  and 
up  the  coast  to  the  place  of  beginning.  Also  within  this  triangle  lived 
the  Iroquoian  group,  whose  habitat  was  along  the  shores  of  Lakes 
Erie  and  Ontario,  extending  to  the  lower  Susquehanna  and  westward 
into  Illinois.  South  and  east  of  the  triangle  were  the  tribes  of  the 
Muskhogean  stock,  the  Creeks,  Choctaws,  etc.  \\'est  of  all  these  lay 
the  Siouan  group. 

When  the  first  white  men  visited  the  region  now  comprising  the 
State  of  Kansas,  they  found  it  inhabited  bj'  four  tribes  of  Indians:  the 
Kansa  or  Kaw%  which  occupied  the  northeastern  and  central  part  of 
the  State  (Morehouse,  Kansas  Historical  Collections,  vol.  X,  p.  ^2~, 
says  they  owned  the  larger  part  of  Kansas)  :  the  Osage,  located  south 
of  the  Kansa;  the  Pawnee,  whose  country  lay  west  and  north  of .  the 
Kansa ;  and  the  Padouca  or  Comanche,  whose  hunting  grounds  were 
in  the  western  part  of  the  state. 

A  hand-book  issued  by  the  bureau  of  American  Ethnology  in  1907 
defines  the  Kansa  as  "A  southwestern  Siouan  tribe ;  one  of  five,  accord- 
ing to  Dorsey's  arrangement,  of  the  Dhegiha  group.  Their  linguistic 
relations  are  closest  with  the  Osage,  and  are  close  with  the  Ounpaw. 
In  the  traditional  migration  of  the  group,  after  the  Quapaw  had  first 
separated  therefrom,  the  main  body  divided  at  the  mouth  of  the  Osage 
river,  the  Osage  moving  up  that  stream  and  the  Omaha  and  Ponca 
crossing  the  Missouri  river  and  ])roceeding  northward,  while  the  Kansa 
ascended' the  Missouri  on  the  south  side  to  the  niduth  nf  the  Kansas 
river." 

The  15th  annual  report  of  the  bureau  (]).  191)  says:  "According 
tr)  tribal  traditions  collected  by  Dorsey,  the  ancestors  of  the  Omaha. 
Ponka,  Kwapa,  Osage  and  Kansa  were  originally  one  people  dwelling 
on  the  Ohio  and  Wabash  rivers,  but  gradually  working  westward.  The 
first  separation  took  place  at  the  moulii  of  tlie  Ohio.  Those  .going 
down  the  Mississippi  became  the  Kwapa  or  'down  stream  ])eople,'  those 
will)  went  up  became  the  Omaha  or  'up  stream  people. '  " 


KANSAS    HISTORY  yOl 

After  the  Kansa  separated  from  tlic  Omaha  and  I'onka  and  estab 
lished  themselves  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas  river,  they  gradually 
extended  their  domain  to  the  present  northern  boundary  of  Kansas, 
where  they  were  met  and  driven  back  by  the  Iowa  and  Sauk  tribes, 
who  had  already  come  in  contact  with  the  white  traders  from  whom 
they  had  received  fire  arms.  The  Kansa,  being  without  these  superior 
weapons,  were  forced  back  to  the  Kansas  river.  Here  thev  were 
visited  by  the  "Big  Knives,"  as  they  called  the  white  men,  who  per- 
suaded them  to  go  farther  west.  The  tribe  then  successively  occupied 
some  twenty  villages  along  the  Kansas  valley  before  they  were  set- 
tled at  Council  Grove,  whence  they  were  finally  removed  to  the  Indian 
Territory  in  1873. 

Probably  the  first  white  man  to  acquire  a  knowledge  of  the  Kansa 
Indians  was  Juan  de  Ofiate,  who  met  them  on  his  expedition  in  1601, 
and  who  refers  to  them  as  the  "Escansaques."  In  this  connection  it 
is  well  to  note  that  the  name  of  the  tribe  is  spelled  in  various  ways. 
Morehouse,  in  the  article  already  alluded  to,  says:  "In  the  9th  volume 
of  the  Kansas  Historical  Collections  Prof.  Hay's  article  on  the  name 
Kansas,  prepared  in  1882,  gives  24  ways  of  spelling  the  word.  The 
editors  of  volume  9,  in  a  footnote,  add  some  20  additional  forms,  and  for 
several  years  past  I  have  been  gathering  similar  data  coupled  with 
authority  for  the  same.  At  present  (1907)  I  have  all  of  the  44  forms 
mentioned  and  twice  as  many  besides,  or,  in  all,  over  125  ways  used 
in  the  past  to  spell  the  name  designating  this  tribe  of  Indians,  the  verbal 
forerunners  of  the  word  Kansas." 

Although  Marquette's  map  of  1673  showed  the  location  of  the  Kansa 
Indians,  the  French  did  not  actually  come  in  contact  with  the  tribe 
until  1750,  when,  according  to  Stoddard,  the  French  explorers  and 
traders  ascended  the  Missouri  "to  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas  river,  where 
they  met  with  a  welcome  reception  from  the  Indians.  Their  success 
in  this  quarter  obliterated  from  their  minds  the  reverses  they  had 
experienced  on  the  upper  Mississippi  as  likewise  the  verv  existence  of 
the  copper  mines." 

These  early  Frenchmen  gave  the  tribe  the  name  of  Kah  or  Kaw, 
which,  according  to  the  story  of  an  old  Osage  warrior,  was  a  term  of 
derision,  meaning  coward,  and  was  given  to  the  Kansa  by  the  Osage 
because  they  refused  to  join  in  a  war  against  the  Cherokees.  .A.nother 
Frenchman,  Bourgmont  (q.  v.),  who  visited  the  tribe  in  1724,  called 
them  the  "Canzes,"  and  reported  that  they  had  two  villages  on  the 
Missouri,  one  about  40  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Kansas  and  the 
other  farther  up  the  river,  both  on  the  right  bank.  These  villages  were 
also  mentioned  by  Lewis  and  Clark  nearly  a  century  later.  As  the 
Lewis  and  Clark  expedition  ascended  the  Missouri  a  daily  journal  was 
J<ept,  in  which  were  recorded  the  events  of  each  day  as  they  proceeded. 
On  June  28,  1804,  referring  to  the  Kansas  river,  the  journal  states 
that : 

"This   river   receives   its   name   from   a    Nation   which    dwells   at   this 


902  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

time  on  its  banks  &  (has)  2  villages  one  about  20  leagues  and  the  other 
40  leagues  up,  those  Indians  are  not  verry  noumerous  at  this  time, 
reduced  by  war  with  their  neighbors.  &c.  they  formerly  lived  on  the 
south  banks  of  the  A'lissourie  24  leagues  above  this  river  in  an  open 
and  butifull  plain,  and  were  verry  noumerous  at  the  time  the  french 
first  Settled  the  Illinois." 

The  journal  for  July  2  says :  "We  camped  after  dark  on  the  S. 
Side  above  the  Island  and  opposit  the  ist  old  village  of  the  Kanzes, 
which  was  Situated  in  the  valley,  between  two  points  of  high  Land, 
and  immediately  on  the  river  bank,  back  of  the  village  and  on  a  rise- 
ing  ground  at  about  one  mile."  Two  days  later  (July  4)  the  journal 
contains  this  entry:  "The  right  fork  of  Creek  Independence  meander- 
ing thro  the  Middle  of  the  Plain  a  point  of  high  Land  near  the  river 
givs  an  ellivated  Situation,  at  this  place  the  Kanzas  formerly  lived, 
this  Town  appears  to  have  cov'd  a  large  space,  the  Nation  must  have 
been  noumerous  at  the  time  they  lived  here,  the  Cause  of  their  moveing 
to  the  Kansas  River,  I  have  never  heard,  nor  can  I  learn,"  etc. 

On  Sept.  14,  1806,  as  the  expedition  was  returning,  the  journal  tells 
of  a  custom  of  the  tribe  to  rob  boats  passing  up  the  river.  "We  have 
ever}'  reason."  says  the  narrator,  "to  expect  to  meet  with  them,  and 
agreeably  to  their  common  custom  of  examining  every  thing  in  the 
perogues  and  takeing  what  they  want  out  of  them,  it  is  probable  they 
may  wish  to  take  those  liberties  with  us,  which  we  are  deturmined 
not  to  allow  of  and  for  the  Smallest  insult  we  shall  fire  on  them." 

George  J.  Remsburg,  who  is  regarded  as  an  authority  on  matters 
relating  to  the  Kansa  Indians,  says  the  grand  village  of  the  tribe,  the 
one  visited  by  Bourgmont  in  1724,  was  located  where  the  town  of 
Doniphan  now  stands,  and  was  known  as  "the  village  of  the  Twenty- 
four."  After  the  Big  Knives  induced  them  to  remove  farther  west  the 
principal  village  of  the  tribe  was  near  the  southwest  corner  of  Pot- 
tawatomie county.  In  the  spring  of  1880  Franklin  G.  .■\dams,  secretary 
of  the  Kansas  Historical  Society,  had  the  site  of  this  village  surveyed. 
In  his  report  he  states  that  the  old  village  was  "about  two  miles  east 
of  Manhattan,  on  a  neck  of  land  between  the  Kansas  and  Big  Blue 
rivers.  The  rivers  here  by  their  course  embrace  a  peninsular  tract  of 
about  two  miles  in  length,  extending  east  and  west.  .\t  the  point  where 
the  village  was  situated  the  neck  between  the  two  rivers  is  about  one- 
half  mile  wide,  and  the  village  stretched  from  the  banks  of  the  Kan- 
sas northward  for  the  greater  part  of  the  distance  across  toward  the 
Blue." 

The  15th  annual  report  of  the  llureau  of  .Anu'rican  I'.thnnlogy 
says  there  was  a  Kansa  village  at  the  mouth  of  the  Saline  river, 
and  that  the  first  treaty  between  them  and  the  I'nited  States  was 
concluded  there.  .After  the  treaty  of  1825  the  tribes  moved  east  again 
and  in  1830  had  two  villages  near  the  mouth  of  Mission  creek  a  short 
distance  west  of  Topeka.  The  village  of  American  Chief,  containing 
some  20  lodges  and   100  followers,  was  on  the  west  side  of  the  creek 


KANSAS    lilSlflRY  9O3 

about  two  miles  from  the  Kansas  river.  Hard  Chief's  village,  nearer 
the  river,  had  some  500  or  600  inhabitants,  and  a  third  village,' that  of 
Fool  Chief,  was  located  on  the  north  side  of  the  Kansas,  not  far  from 
the  present  station  of  Menoken  on  the  Union  Pacific  railroad. 

In  1847  the  several  remnants  of  the  tribe  were  ordered  to  what  was 
known  as  the  "diminished  reserve"  at  Council  Grove.  Concerning  this 
movement  on  the  part  of  the  government  of  the  United  States,  More- 
house says:  "It  was  not  only  a  blunder,  but  it  was  criminal  after 
cheating  them  out  of  their  Kansas  valley  homes,  to  remove  them  to 
Council  Grove.  Here  they  were  placed  near  a  trading  center  on  the 
Santa  Fe  trail,  where  their  contact  with  piejcne  (fire-water),  the 
whisky  of  the  whites,  and  other  vices,  proved  far  more  injurious  than 
any  knowledge  of  civilization  received  could  overcome.  Here  they 
were  totally  neglected  in  a  religious  way,  and  only  experiments  of  a 
brief  nature  undertaken  for  their  education." 

Among  the  Kansa  the  gentile  system  prevailed.  Dorsey  reports  seven 
phratries  or  tribal  subdivisions,  and  these  were  still  further  divided 
into  sixteen  clans  or  gentes,  viz.:  Manyinka  (earth  lodge),  Ta  (deer), 
Panka  (Ponca),  Kanze  (Kanza),  Wasabe  (black  bear),  Wanaghe 
(ghost),  Kekin  (carries  a  turtle  on  his  back),  Minkin  (carries  the  sun 
on  his  back),  Upan  (elk),  Khuga  (white  eagle),  Han  (night),  Ibache 
(holds  the  firebrand  to  the  sacred  pipe),  Hangatanga  (large  Hanga), 
Chedunga  (buffalo  bull),  Chizhuwashtage  (peacemaker;,  Lunikashinga 
(thundering  people). 

Ethnologically  the  Osage  were  closely  allied  to  the  Kansa.  Geo- 
graphically they  were  divided  into  three  bands — Pahatsi  (great), 
Utsehta  (little),  and  the  Santsukhdi  band  which  lived  in  Arkansas. 
Dorsey  thinks  these  divisions  were  comparativel}'  modern  in  their  origin. 
Marquette's  map  of  1675  showed  the  tribe  located  on  a  stream  believed 
to  be  the  Osage  river,  and  other  explorers  and  writers  locate  them  in 
the  same  place.  In  1686  Donay  made  mention  of  17  villages  of  the 
Osage,  but  Father  Jaques  Gravier  eight  years  later  wrote  from  the 
Illinois  mission  that  the  tribe  had  but  one  village,  the  other  16  being 
mere  hunting  camps  occupied  only  at  intervals.  Iberville,  in  1701, 
gave  an  account  of  a  tribe  of  some  1,500  families  living  in  the  region 
of  the  Arkansas  river,  near  the  Kansas  and  Missouri,  and  like  them 
speaking  a  language  that  he  took  to  be  Quapaw.  La  Harpe  says  the 
Osage  were  a  warlike  tribe  which  kept  the  Caddoan  tribes  in  a  state 
of  terror,  also  the  Illinois  Indians,  though  once  when  the  latter  were 
driven  across  the  Mississippi  by  the  Iroquois  they  found  shelter  with 
the  Osage  nation.  Friendly  relations  must  have  been  established 
between  the  Osage  and  Illinois  in  the  18th  century,  as  Charlevoix  met 
some  Osages  at  Kaskaskia  in  1721,  and  Bossu  reports  some  at  Cahokia 
in  1756. 

Early  in  the  i8th  century  French  traders  visited  the  Osage  and  suc- 
ceeded in  making  peace  treaties  with  the  tribe  that  lasted  for  vears. 
In    1714  some  of  the  Osage  warriors  assisted   the   French   against  the 


904  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Fox  Indians  at  Detroit,  and  in  1806  a  Little  Osage  chief  named  Chtoka 
(Wet  Stone)  told  Lieut.  Pike  that  he  was  at  the  defeat  of  Gen.  Brad- 
dock  in  1755.  with  all  the  warriors  of  his  tribe  that  could  be  spared 
from  the  village.  It  is  said  that  some  of  the  Kansa  Indians  also  marched 
to  the  assistance  of  the  French  on  that  occasion,  but  did  not  arrive 
in  time  to  take  part  in  the  action.  When  Dutisne  (q.  v.)  visited  the 
tribe  in  1719  he  found  on  the  Osage  river  a  village  consisting  of  about 
100  cabins  and  200  warriors,  while  southwest,  on  the  Little  Osage  was 
another  village.  Dutisne's  account  was  the  first  mention  of  the  Osage 
tribe  in  the  white  man's  history  of  America. 

Alention  has  been  made  of  Dorsey's  belief  that  the  Osage  nation  was 
originally  one  people,  and  that  the  division  into  three  bands  happened 
in  at  a  comparatively  recent  period.  According  to  Lewis  and  Clark 
about  one-half  of  the  Great  Osage,  under  a  chief  named  Big  Track, 
migrated  to  the  Arkansas  river  about  1802  and  laid  the  foundation  of 
the  Santsukhdi  band.  Two  years  after  this  separation  Lewis  and  Clark 
found  the  Great  Osage,  numbering  500  warriors,  in  a  village  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Osage  river,  and  the  Little  Osage,  numbering  250  or 
300  warriors,  about  6  miles  distant  on  the  Arkansas  river  and  one  of 
its  tributaries  called  the  Vermilion  river.  The  present  Osage  reservation 
was  established  in  1870. 

The  Indian  name  of  the  tribe  was  Wazhaze,  which  was  corrupted  by 
the  French  into  Osage.  A  tribal  tradition  relates  that  originally  the 
nation  consisted  of  two  tribes — the  Tsishu  or  peace  people,  and  the  Waz- 
haze or  true  Osage.  The  former  lived  on  a  vegetarian  diet  and  kept  to- 
the  left,,  while  the  latter,  being  a  war  people,  ate  meat  and  kept  to  the 
right.  After  a  time  the  two  tribes  began  to  trade  with  each  other.  The 
Tsishu  came  into  possession  of  four  kinds  of  corn  and  four  kinds  of 
pumpkins,  which  were  dropped  from  the  left  hind  legs  of  as  many  dif- 
ferent bufifalo,  and  this  increased  their  importance  as  a  tribe.  Subse- 
quently they  met  a  warlike  people  called  tlie  "ITangda-utadhantse,"' 
with  whom  the}'  made  peace,  and  all  three  were  then  united  under  the 
general  name  of  Wazhaze.  After  the  consdlidation  the  tribe  was  divided 
into  14  gentes — 7  of  the  former  Tsishu,  5  of  the  Hangda,  and  2  of  the 
Wazhaze,  so  that  the  number  of  gentes  of  the  peace  people  and  the  war 
people  were  equal.  In  forming  their  camps  it  was  the  custom  to  locate 
the  entrance  on  the  east  side,  to  the  left  of  which  were  the  gentes  of  the 
peace  people,  while  the  gentes  of  the  war  people  were  on  the  right,  in 
Iiarmony  with  the  old  tradition. 

'J"he  Pawnee  nation  was  a  confederacy  of  tribes  lielonging  td  the  C"ad- 
doan  family,  and  called  themselves  Chahiksichahiks,  "men  of  men."  .\s 
the  Caddoan  tribes  moved  northeast  the  Pawnees  separated  fruni  the 
main  body  somewhere  near  the  Platte  r\\<.-v  in  Nebraska,  wiun-  iluir 
traditions  say  they  acfpiired  a  territory  by  con(|uest,  and  wlurt'  lhi'\ 
were  subsccpiently  found  by  the  .Sionan  tribes. 

There  is  some  question  with   regard  tn  the  nrigin  of  the  name  "Paw 
nee."     The   word    Pani.    whieii   h;is   beeoine   s\ni 'n\  ini  in>>    with    Pawnee.. 


KANSAS    HISTORY 


90s 


means  slave.  As  it  was  from  tliis  lril)t'  tlial  the  Ali^diniuian  triljes  alxnit 
the  great  lakes  obtained  their  slaves,  some  writers  maintain  that  the 
word  Pawnee  is  equi\alent  to  the  word  slave,  and  that  the  tribal  name 
resulted  from  the  fact  that  so  man_\-  members  of  it  were  subjected  to  a. 


FULL-HLOUL)     PAWNEE    I.\]jiA.\S — FATHEK     AND    SuN. 


state  of  bondage.  Hamilton  says :  "As  most  of  the  Indian  slaves  be- 
longed to  the  nation  of  Panis  (English  Pawnees),  the  name  Pani  was- 
given  in  the  i8th  century  to  every  Indian  reduced  to  servitude."  Others^ 
among  whom   is  Prof.  John  B.   Dunbar,   think   the   name   Pawnee   was- 


900  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

probably  derived  from  "pariki"  (a  horn),  a  term  used  to  describe  their 
manner  of  dressing  the  scalp  lock,  which  they  stiffened  *vith  paint  and 
grease  and  bent  it  into  a  shape  resembling  a  horn. 

The  tribal  organization  of  the  Pawnees  was  based  on  the  village 
communities,  which  represented  subdivisions  of  the  tribe.  Each  village 
had  its  name,  its  hereditary  chiefs,  a  shrine,  priests,  etc.  The  dominat- 
ing power  in  their  religion  was  Tirawa  (father),  whose  messengers 
were  the  winds,  thunder,  lightning  and  rain.  Pawnee  lodges  were  of 
two  types — the  common  form  of  skins  stretched  over  a  framework  of 
poles,  and  the  earth  lodge.  The  latter  was  circular  in  form,  from  30  to 
60  feet  in  diameter,  partly  under  ground,  and  its  construction  was 
usually  accompanied  with  elaborate  religious  ceremonies.  Among  the 
men,  the  only  essential  articles  of  wearing  apparel  were  the  breechcloth 
and  moccasins,  though  these  were  supplemented  by  a  robe  and  leggings 
in  cold  weather  or  on  state  occasions.  After  marriage  a  man  went  to 
live  with  his  wife's  family,  though  polygamy  was  not  uncommon. 

Juan  de  Oiiate,  in  his  account  of  his  expedition  in  1601,  says  the 
Escansaques  and  Ouivirans  were  hereditary  enemies,  and  Prof.  Dun- 
bar has  demonstrated  almost  to  an  absolute  certainty  that  the  Ouivirans 
mentioned  by  Onate  were  the  Pawnees,  who  were  also  the  inhabitants 
of  the  ancient  Indian  province  of  Harahey.  The  first  Pawnee  to  come 
in  contact  with  the  white  man  was  the  one  whom  the  Spaniards  of 
Coronado's  expedition  (q.  v.)  called  "the  Turk."  Soon  after  the  expedi- 
tion of  Onate  the  Spanish  settlers  of  New  Mexico  became  acquainted 
with  Pawnees  through  their  raids  into  the  white  settlements  for  horses, 
and  for  two  centuries  the  Spaniards  tried  to  establish  peaceful  relations 
with  the  tribe,  but  with  only  partial  success.  Consequently  the  Pawnee 
villages  in  the  17th  and  i8th  centuries  were  so  remote  from  the  white 
settlements  that  they  escaped  the  intluences  generally  so  fatal  to  the 
aborigines. 

In  1702  Iberville  estimated  the  Pawnee  population  at  2,000  families. 
When  Louisiana  was  purchased  from  France  by  the  United  States  a 
century  later  the  Pawnee  country  was  south  of  the  Niobrara  river  in 
Nebraska,  extending  southward  into  Kansas.  On  the  west  were  the 
Cheyenne  and  Arapaho  tribes,  on  the  east  were  the  Oniahas,  and  south 
were  the  Otoes  and  Kansa.  Soon  after  the  Louisiana  purchase,  the 
Pawnees  came  in  contact  with  white  traders  from  St.  Louis.  In  Sept., 
1806,  at  the  Pawnee  village  in  what  is  now  Republic  county,  Kan.,  Lieut. 
Pike  lowered  the  Spanish  flag  and  raised  the  flag  of  the  United  States. 
CSee  Pike's  Expedition.)  In  1838  the  number  of  Pawnees  was  estimated 
at  10,000,  but  in  1849  the  tribe  was  reduced  to  about  4,500  by  a  cholera 
epidemic.  Five  years  before  this,  however,  they  ceded  to  the  United 
.Slates  their  lands  south  of  the  Platte  and  were  removed  from  Kansas. 
Between  the  years  1873  and  1875  what  remained  of  the  tribe  were  set- 
tled upon  a  reservation  in  the  Indian  Territory.  .\t  tliat  time  there  were 
al)out  1,000,  representing  four  trilics  n(  wii.il  was  once  tlie  great  Pawnee 
{■onfcdcracy. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  907 

The  Comanches  or  Padoucas,  who  inhabited  western  Kansas  in  the 
early  part  of  the  i8th  century,  were  an  offshoot  of  the  Shoslioni  of  Wyo- 
ming, as  shown  by  their  language  and  traditions.  The  Siouan  name  was 
Padouca,  by  which  they  were  called  in  the  accounts  of  the  early  French 
explorers,  notably  Bourgmont,  who  visited  the  tribe  in  1724.  As  late  as 
1805  the  North  Platte  river  was  known  as  the  Padouca  fork.  At  that 
time  the  Comanche  roamed  over  the  country  about  the  headwaters  of 
the  Arkansas,  Red,  Trinity  and  Brazos  rivers  in  Colorado,  Kansas, 
Oklahoma  and  Texas.  According  to  a  Kiowa  tradition,  when  that  tribe 
moved  southward  from  the  country  about  the  Black-hills,  the  Arkansas 
river  formed  the  northern  boundary  of  the  Comanche  country.  The 
hand-book  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology  says:  "It  must  be 
remembered  that  from  500  to  800  miles  was  an  ordinary  range  for  a 
prairie  tribe,  and  that  the  Comanche  were  equally  at  home  on  the  Platte 
and  in  the  Bolson  de  Mapimi  of  Chihuahua." 

For  nearly  two  centuries  the  Comanches  were  at  war  with  the  Span- 
iards of  the  southwest  and  made  frequent  raids  as  far  south  as  Durango. 
They  were  generally  friendly  with  the  Americans,  but  did  not  like  the 
Texans.  The  Comanche  was  probably  never  a  large  tribe,  as  they  did 
not  settle  down  in  villages,  but  lived  as  nomadic  buffalo  hunters,  follow- 
ing the  herds  as  they  grazed  from  place  to  place.  They  were  fine  horse- 
men, the  best  riders  on  the  plains,  full  of  courage,  had  a  high  sense  of 
honor,  and  considered  themselves  superior  to  the  tribes  with  which  they 
associated.  In  1867  they  were  given  a  reservation  in  southwestern  Okla- 
homa, but  they  did  not  go  to  it  until  after  the  outbreak  of  the  plains 
tribes  in  1874-75.     (See  Indian  Wars.) 

The  Cheyennes  (people  of  strange  language)  belonged  to  the  Algon- 
quian  group.  They  are  first  mentioned  in  history  by  the  name  of  "Chaa," 
some  of  them  visiting  La  Salle's  fort  on  the  Illinois  river  to  invite  the 
French  to  their  country  where  beaver  and  other  fur-b'earing  animals 
were  plentiful.  At  that  time  they  inhabited  the  region  bounded  by  the 
Mississippi,  Minnesota  and  upper  Red  rivers.  According  to  a  Sioux 
tradition,  the  Cheyenne  occupied  the  upper  Mississippi  country  before 
the  Sioux.  AVhen  the  latter  appeared  in  that  locality  there  was  some 
friction  between  the  two  tribes,  which  resulted  in  the  Cheyenne  cross- 
ing the  Missouri  river  and  locating  about  the  Black-hills,  where  they 
were  found  by  Lewis  and  Clark  in  1804.  From  there  they  drifted  west- 
ward and  southward,  first  occupying  the  region  about  the  headwaters 
of  the  Platte  and  next  along  the  Arkansas  river  in  the  vicinity  of  Bent's 
fort.  A  portion  of  the  tribe  remained  on  the  Platte  and  the  Yellowstone 
and  became  known  as  the  northern  Cheyennes. 

The  Cheyenne  have  a  tradition  that  when  they  lived  in  Minnesota, 
before  the  coming  of  the  Sioux,  they  lived  in  fixed  villages,  practiced 
agriculture,  made  pottery,  etc.,  but  everything  was  changed  when  the 
tribe  was  driven  out  and  they  became  roving  hunters.  About  the  onlv 
institution  of  the  old  life  that  remained  with  them  was  the  great  tribal 
ceremony  of  the  Sun  dance. 


908  CVCLOPEDIA    OV 

In  1838  the  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho  attacked  the  Kiowas  on  Wolf 
creek,  Okla.,  but  two  years  later  peace-  was  established  between  the 
tribes,  after  which  the  Cheyenne,  Arapaho,  Kiowa,  Comanche  and 
Apache  were  frequently  allied  in  wars  against  the  whites.  The  northern 
Cheyennes  joined  the  Sioux  in  the  Sitting  Bull  war  of  1876.  In  the  win- 
ter of  1878-79  a  band  of  the  northern  Cheyenne  was  taken  as  prisoners  to 
Fort  Reno  to  be  colonized  with  the  southern  Cheyenne  in  Oklahoma. 
The  chiefs  Dull  Knife,  Wild  Hog  and  Little  Wolf,  with  about  200  fol- 
lowers, escaped  and  were  pursued  to  the  Dakota  border,  where  most  of 
the  warriors  were  killed. 

In  Feb.,  1861,  the  Che3'ennes  and  Arapahoes  relinquished  their  title 
to  lands  in  Nebraska,  Wyoming,  Colorado  and  northwest  Kansas,  and  in 
1867  the  southern  Cheyenne  were  given  a  reservation  in  western  Okla- 
homa. They  refused  to  occupy  it,  however,  until  after  the  surrender  of 
1875,  when  some  of  their  leaders  were  sent  to  Florida  as  a  final  means 
of  quelling  the  insurrection.  In  1902  the  southern  Cheyenne  were  alloted 
lands  in  severalty.  Two  years  later  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  reported 
3,300  members  of  the  tribe — 1,900  southern  and  1,400  northern. 

The  Arapaho  (our  people),  a  plains  tribe  of  the  Algonquian  group, 
was  closely  allied  with  the  Cheyenne  for  ahnost  or  quite  a  century.  They 
were  called  by  the  Sioux  and  Cheyenne  "Blue  sk\'  men"  or  "Cloud  men." 
An  Arapaho  tradition  tells  how  the  tribe  was  once  an  agricultural  peo- 
ple in  northwestern  Minnesota,  but  were  forced  across  the  Missouri 
river,  where  they  met  the  Cheyenne,  with  whom  they  moved  southward. 
Like  the  Cheyenne,  they  became  divided,  the  northern  Arapaho  remain- 
ing about  the  mountains  near  the  head  of  the  Platte  and  the  southern 
branch  drifting  to  the  Arkansas.  In  1867  the  southern  portion  of  the 
tribe  was  given  a  reservation  with  the  southern  Cheyenne  in  Oklahoma. 
By  1892  they  had  made  sufficient  progress  to  justify  the  government  in 
allotting  them  lands  in  severalty,  the  rest  of  the  reservation  being  thrown 
open  to  white  settlement.  The  northern  branch  was  established  in  1876 
on  a  reservation  in  Wyoming. 

Between  the  years  1825  and  1830,  the  Kansa  and  Osage  tribes  with- 
drew from  a  large  part  of  their  lands,  which  were  turned  over  to  the 
United  States.  This  gave  the  national  government  the  opportunity  of 
establishing  the  long  talked  of  Indian  territory  west  of  the  Mississippi. 
Congress  therefore  passed  a  bill  providing  that  the  country  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  not  included  in  any  state  or  organized  territory  of  the 
United  States,  should  be  set  apart  as  a  home  for  the  Indians.  This  In- 
dian territory  joined  Missouri  and  Arkansas  on  the  west  and  was  annexed 
to  those  states  for  judicial  purposes.  During  the  decade  following,  the 
])assagc  of  the  bill,  a  number  of  eastern  tribes  found  what  they  thought 
were  ])ermanent  homes  within  the  present  State  of  Kansas.  .Among 
them  were  the  Shawnees,  Delawares,  Ottawas,  Miamis,  Chippewas,  Kick- 
apoos,  Sauks  and  Foxes,  Wyandots,  and  a  few  others -of  less  miporlance. 

The  Shawnees  (southerners)  were  the  first  to  seek  a  home  in  the  new 
territorv.     The  carlv  history  of  the  .'^hawnec  tribe  is  sdiuewhat  <il)scure. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  909 

though  it  was  known  to  be  an  important  trilje  in  Pennsylvania.  Oliio, 
Tennessee,  South  Carolina,  and  along  the  Savannah  river  in  Georgia, 
vvhicli  Stream  Adair  says  was  named  for  the  tribe.  Some  writers  claim 
that  tlie  Shawnees  were  identical  with  the  Eries  of  the  early  Jesuits,  and 
attempts  have  been  made  to  show  that  they  were  allied  to  the  Andaste 
or  Conestoga  of  the  Iroquois  family.  Their  language  was'  that  of  the 
central  Algonquian  dialects- — similar  lo  that  of  the  Sauks  and  Fo.xes — 
and  the  Delawares  had  a  tradition  that  made  the  Shawnee  and  Nanti- 
coke  one  people. 

The  recorded  history  of  the  Shawnee  or  Shawano  begins  about  1670, 
when  there  were  two  bodies,  some  distance  apart,  with  the  friendly  Cher- 
okee nation  between.  In  1672  the  western  Shawnee  were  allied  with 
the  Andaste  in  a  war  against  the  Iroquois.  Twelve  years  later  the  Iro- 
quois made  war  on  the  Miamis  because  they  were  trying  to  form  an 
alliance  with  the  Shawnees  for  the  purpose  of  invading  the  Iroquois 
country.  About  the  middle  of  the  i8th  century  the  eastern  and  western 
Shawnees  were  united  in  Ohio,  and  from  that  time  to  the  treaty  of 
Greeneville  in  1795  were  almost  constantly  at  war  with  the  English. 
They  were  driven  from  the  head  of  the  Scioto  river  to  the  head  of  the 
Miami,  and  after  the  Revolutionary  war  some  of  them  went  south  and 
formed  an  alliance  with  the  Creeks,  with  which  tribe  Bartram  says  they 
were  closely  connected,  their  language  being  almost  identicaL  Others 
joined  with  a  portion  of  the  Delaware  tribe  and  accepted  a  Spanish  invi- 
tation to  occupy  a  tract  of  land  near  Cape  Girardeau,  Mo. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  19th  century  the  Shawnees  in  Indiana  and 
Ohio,  with  some  of  the  Delawares,  joined  the  movement  of  the  Shawnee 
chief  Tecumseh  and  his  brother,  Tenskawata  (the  Prophet),  to  unite 
the  tribes  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  valleys  in  a  general  uprising 
against  the  whites.  The  conspiracy  was  effectually  crushed  by  Gen. 
Harrison  at  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  Nov.  4,  181 1.  In  the  war  of  1812 
some  of  the  Shawnees  fought  with  the  British  until  Tecumseh  was  killed 
at  the  battle  of  the  Thames.  The  fall  of  their  great  war  chief  broke 
the  warlike  spirit  of  the  tribe  and  the  Shawnees  sued  for  peace.  In 
1825  the  Missouri  Shawnees  sold  their  lands  and  received  a  reservation 
in  Kansas  south  of  the  Kansas  river  and  bordering  on  the  Missouri.  The 
Ohio  Shawnees  sold  their  lands  near  Wapakoneta  in  1831  and  joined 
their  brethren  in  Kansas,  the  mixed  band  of  Shawnee  and  Seneca  com- 
ing in  about  the  same  time.  Some  of  the  tribe  in  1845  withdrew  from 
the  Kansas  reservation  and  went  to  the  Canadian  river  in  Oklahoma. 
They  became  known  as  the  "absentee  Shawnee."  In  1867  those  with 
the  Senecas  removed  to  the  Indian  Territory,  and  in  1869  the  main  body 
w-as  incorporated  with  the  Cherokee  nation. 

The  Shawnee  tribe  consisted  of  five  divisions,  which  were  further 
divided  into  13  clans,  the  English  names  of  which  were  the  wolf,  loon, 
bear,  buzzard,  panther,  owl,  turkey,  deer,  raccoon,  turtle,  snake,  horse 
and  rabbit.  Of  these  the  clan  of  the  turtle  was  the  most,  important,  espe- 
cially in  their  mythological  traditions.    About  all  that  is. left  of  this  once 


9IO  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

great  tribe  are  the  names  of  rivers  and  towns  that  have  been  adopted 
by  the  white  race,  such  as  Chillicothe,  Tippecanoe,  Shawneetown,  Wapa- 
koneta,  etc. 

The  Delawares,  formerly  the  most  important  confederacy  of  the 
Algonquian  stock,  occupied  the  entire  valley  of  the  Delaware  river.  They 
called  themselve  the  Lenape  or  Leni-lenape  (real  men).  The  English 
gave  them  the  name  of  Delawares,  and  the  French  called  them  Loups 
(w'olves).  Morgan  divides  the  Lenape  into  three  phratries — the  ]\Iun- 
see,  Unami  and  the  Unalachtigo — though  it  is  probable  that  some  of  the 
bands  in  New  Jersey  may  have  formed  a  fourth  phratr}^  The  Tammany 
society  in  New  York,  the  best  known  political  society  in  the  country, 
takes  its  name  from  Tamenend,  the  great  chief  of  the  Delawares. 

About  1720  the  Iroquois  assumed  authority  over  the  Delawares  and 
forbade  them  to  sell  their  lands.  This  condition  lasted  until  after  the 
French  and  Indian  war.  Then  they  were  gradually  crowded  westward 
by  the  white  men  and  began  to  form  settlements  in  Ohio,  along  the 
Muskingum  river  with  the  Hurons.  Flere  they  were  supported  by  the 
French  and  became  independent  of  the  Iroquois.  They  opposed  the 
English  with  determination  until  the  treaty  of  Greeneville  in  1795.  Six 
years  before  that  treaty  was  consummated  the  Spanish  government  of 
Louisiana  gave  the  Delawares  permission  to  settle  in  that  province,  near 
Cape  Girardeau,  JNIo.,  with  some  of  the  Shawnee  tribe.  In  1820  there 
were  two  bands — numbering  about  700 — in  Texas,  but  by  1835  most  of 
the  Delawares  were  settled  upon  their  Kansas  reservation  between  the 
Kansas  and  Missouri  rivers.  Their  title  to  this  reservation  w'as  finally 
extinguished  in  1866,  and  on  April  11,  1867,  President  Johnson  approved 
an  agreement  by  which  the  Delawares  merged  their  tribal  existence  with 
the  Cherokee  nation. 

In  1820  there  was  found  an  ancient  hieroglyphic  bark  record  giving 
the  traditions  of  the  Delaware  tribe.  This  old  record  was  translated 
and  published  by  Brinton  in  1885.  It  gives  an  account  of  the  creation 
of  the  world  by  great  Manito;  and  of  the  flood,  in  which  Xanabush,  the 
Strong  White  one,  grandfather  of  men,  created  the  turtle,  on  which  some 
were  saved.    This  book  is  known  as  the  "Walam  Olnm." 

The  Munsees  (where  stones  are  gathered  together),  one  of  the  three 
principal  divisions  of  the  Delawares,  originally  occupied  the  country 
about  the  headwaters  of  the  Delaware  river.  By  what  was  known  as  the 
''walking  purchase,"  about  1740,  they  were  defrauded  out  of  the  greater 
portion  of  their  lands  and  forced  to  remove.  They  obtained  lands  from 
the  Iroquois  on  the  Susquehanna,  where  they  lived  until  the  Indian  coun- 
try was  established  by  the  act  of  1830,  when  they  removed  to  what  is 
now  Franklin  county,  Kan,,  with  some  of  the  Chippewa.  The  report  of 
the  Bureau  of  Ethnology  for  1885  says  the  only  Munsees  then  recognised 
officially  by  the  United  States  were  72,  living  in  Franklin  county,  Kan., 
all  the  others  having  been  incorporated  with  the  Cherokee  nation. 

The  Ottawas  (traders),  according  to  one  of  their  traditions,  were  once 
part  of  a  tribe  tn  which  belonged  also  the  Chi])pcwa  and   Pottawatonii, 


KANSAS    HISTORY 


911 


all  of  the  great  Algonquian  family.  They  moved  as  one  tribe  from  their 
original  habitat  north  of  the  great  lakes,  and  separated  about  the  straits 
of  Mackinaw.  Another  account  says  that  when  the  Iroquois  destroyed 
the  Hurons  in  1648-49,  the  remnant  of  the  Hurons  found  refuge  with 
the  Ottawa,  which  caused  the  Iroquois  to  turn  on  that  tribe.  The 
Ottawas  and  the  Hurons  then  fled  to  Green  bay,  where  they  were  wel- 
comed by  the  Pottawatomi,  who  had  preceded  them-to  that  locality. 

The  tribe  is  mentioned  in  the  Jesuit  Relations  as  early  as  1670,  When 
Father  Dablon,  superior  of  the  mission  at  Mackinaw,  said:  "We  call 
these  people  Upper  Algonkin  to  distinguish  them  from  the  Lower 
Alkonkin,  who  are  lower  down  in  the  vicinity  of  Tadousac  and  Quebec. 
People  commonly  give  them  the  name  of  Ottawa,  because,  of  more  than 
30  different  tribes  which  are  found  in  these  countries,  the  first  that 
descended  to  the  French  settlements  were  the  Ottawa,  whose  name  after- 
ward attached  to  all  the  others." 

After  a  time  the  Ottawas  and  Hurons  went  to  the  Mississippi  and 
established  themselves  on  an  island  in  Lake  Pepin.  Thev  were  soon 
driven  out  by  the  Sioux  and  went  to  the  Black  river  in  Wisconsin,  where 
the  Hurons  built  a  fort,  but  the  Ottawas  continued  east  to  Chaquamegon 
bay.  In  1700  the  Hurons  were  located,  near  Detroit  and  the  Ottawas 
were  between  that  post  and  the  Saginaw  bay.  The  Ohio  Ottawas  were 
removed  west  of  the  Mississippi  in  1832.  The  following  year,  by  the 
treaty  of  Chicago,  those  living  along  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Michigan 
ceded  their  lands  there  and  were  given  a  reservation  in  Franklin  county, 
Kan.,  the  county  seat  of  which  bears  the  name  of  the  tribe.  In  1906  there 
were  about  1.500  Ottawas  living  in  Manitoulin  and  Cockburn  islands, 
Canada;  197  under  the  Seneca  school  in  Oklahoma;  and  nearly  4,000  in 
the  State  of  Michigan. 

The  Chippewa  or  Ojibway  (to  roast  till  puckered  up)  formerly  ranged 
along  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior  and  Lake  Huron,  extending  across 
Minnesota  to  the  Turtle  mountains  in  North  Dakota.  Warren  says 
that  at  the  time  America  was  discovered  the  Chippewa  lived  at  La 
Pointe,  Ashland  county.  Wis.,  on  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior, 
where  they  had  a  village  called  Shangawaumikong.  Early  in  the  i8th 
century  the  Chippewa  drove  the  Foxes  from  northern  Wisconsin,  and 
also  drove  the  Sioux  west  of  the  Mississippi.  Other  Chippewa  overran 
the  peninsula  lying  between  Lake  Huron  and  Lake  Erie  and  forced  the 
Iroquois  to  withdraw  from  that  section.  Warren  sa.vs  there  were  ten 
principal  divisions  of  the  tribe  scattered  through  Michigan,  Wisconsin, 
Minnesota  and  North  Dakota,  and  Morgan  gives  a  list  of  23  gentes! 
Prior  to  1815  the  Chippewa  were  frequently  engaged  in  war  with  the 
whites,  but  after  the  treaty  of  that  year  they  remained  peaceful.  In 
1836  what  were  known  as  the  Swan  Creek  and  Black  River  Chippewa 
sold  their  lands  in  southern  Michigan  and  removed  to  the  Munsee 
reservation  in  Franklin  county,  Kan.  In  1905  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology 
estimated  the  number  of  Chippewa  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  at 
30,000,  about  one-half  of  which  were  in  the  United  States. 


■912  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

The  Miamis  (peninsular  people),  one  of  the  most  important  of  the 
Algonquian  tribes,  was  called  by  some  of  the  early  chroniclers  the 
"Twightwees."'  The  region  over  which  they  roamed  was  once  outlined 
in  a  speech  by  their  famous  chief.  Little  Turtle,  who  said :  "My  fathers 
kindled  the  first  fire  at  Detroit;  thence  they  extended  their  lines  to  the 
headwaters  of  the  Scioto ;  thence  to  its  mouth  ;  thence  down  the  Ohio 
to  the  mouth  of  the  \\'abash,  and  thence  to  Chicago  over  Lake 
Michigan." 

The  men  of  the  Miami  tribe  have  been  described  as  "of  medium 
height,  well  built,  heads  rather  round  than  oblong,  countenances  agree- 
able rather  than  sedate  or  morose,  swift  on  foot  and  excessively  fond  of 
racing."  The  women  spun  thread  of  buffalo  hair,  of  which  they  made 
bags  in  which  to  carry  provisions  when  on  a  march.  Their  deities  were 
the  sun  and  the  thunder,  and  they  had  but  few  minor  gods.  Six  bands 
of  the  Miami  were  known  to  the  French,  the  principal  ones  being  the 
Piankeshaw,  Wea  and  Pepicokia.  The  Piankeshaw  was  first  mentioned 
by  La  Salle  in  1682  as  one  of  the  tribes  that  gathered  about  his  fort  in 
the  Illinois  country.  Chauvignerie  classed  the  Piankeshaw,  Wea  and 
Pepicokia  as  one  tribe,  but  inhabiting  different  villages.  The  Miami 
were  divided  into  ten  gentes — wolf,  loon,  eagle,  buzzard,  panther,  tur- 
ke)',  raccoon,  snow,  sun  and  water — and  the  elk  and  crane  \\-ere  their 
principal  totems.  Early  in  the  19th  century  the  Piankeshaw  antl  Wea 
were  located  in  Missouri,  and  in  18,^2  they  agreed  to  remo\-e  to  Kansas 
as  one  tribe.  About  1834  they  were  consolidated  with  the  Peorias  and 
Kaskaskias,  and  in  1868  the  consolidated  tribe  was  removed  to  a  reser- 
vation on  the  Xeosho  river  in  northeastern  Oklahoma.  Numerous 
treaties  were  made  between  the  main  body  of  the  Miamis  and  the  L'nited 
States,  and  in  Nov.,  1840,  the  last  of  the  tribe  was  removed  west  of  the 
Mississippi.  Six  years  later  some  of  them  were  in  Linn  county,  Kan., 
and  others  had  been  confederated  with  the  Peorias  and  other  tribes.  In 
1873  they  were  removed  to  the  Indian  Territor}'. 

The  Sauks  and  Foxes,  usually  spoken  of  as  one  tribe,  were  originally 
two  separate  and  distinct  tribes,  but  lioth  of  Algonquian  stock.  The 
Sauks,  when  first  met  by  white  men,  inhabited  the  lower  peninsula  of 
Michigan  and  were  known  as  "yellow  earth  people."  At  that  time  the 
Foxes  lived  along  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Superior  and  were  called 
the  "red  earth  people."  There  is  a  tribal  tradition  that  before  the  Sauks 
became  an  independent  people  they  belonged  to  an  Algonquian  group 
composed  of  the  Pottawatomies,  Foxes  and  Mascoulens.  After  the  sepa- 
ration the  Sauks  and  Foxes  moved  northwest,  and  in  1720  were  located 
near  Green  l)ay,  but  as  two  sci>arate  tribes.  Trouble  with  the  Foxes 
led  to  a  division  of  the  Sauks,  one  faction  going  to  the  Foxes  and  the 
other  to  the  Pottawatomies.  In  1733  some  Foxes  pursued  by  the  I'rench 
took  refuge  at  the  Sauk  village  near  the  present  city  of  Green  Hay,  Wis. 
Sieur  de  Villiers  made  a  demand  for  the  surrender  of  the  refugees,  but  it 
was  refused,  and  in  trj'ing  to  take  liicm  by  force  several  of  the  ImcucIi 
were  killed.     Tlov.   reauharnois,  of  Canada,  llien  gave  orders   to  make 


KANSAS    HISTORY  y,  , 


war  on  the  Sai,ks  and  Foxes.     This  led  to  a  close  confederation  of  the 

?oxes  '   '"'   """   ^'"^"   ^'"'^'  '^^^"   '^^^"    ^"--^   -  the   Sauks   and 

In  the  early  days  of  the  confederacy  there  were  numerous  gentes   but 

HI  time  these  were  reduced  to  14,  viz:   trout,  sturgeon,  bass   great  Wnx 

tlnXr'^Sk  H'alT  7'^'^^''  fT'^'  ^'''  ^-'"'  ^-us^'eag.Vlnd 
c  an       After    ..         w  '  ^^"^  ''"'^'  ^^'  ^  '^^'"'^^'-  °f  the  thunder 

^oxes    n  1837  ceded  their  lands  in  Iowa  and  were  given  a  reservation  in 

abTff  "hu  t?oTd^;?"r"%''-^"-  ^"  ^^59  theWxes  /eturned  fro. 
cedinc  the  ?cV  ''  '"  '^''"  "'^''""  ^'^^  -'^^"'^^  '^^d  made  a  treaty 

cedmg  the  Kansas  reservation  to  the  United  States.  The  Fox  chief 
refused  to  ratify  the  cession  and  with  some  of  his  trusty  followers  set 
out  for  Iowa,  whither  a  few  of  the  Foxes  had  previously  returned  Thev 
purchased  a  small  tract  of  land  near  Tama  City,  adding  to  i  by  "subset 
quent  purchases,   until   the   tribe  owned  some  3  000  ac^-es      From  that 

United   stt  ^  "?'  reservation  passed  into  the  hands  of  the 

United  States  government,  the   Indians  accepting  a  reservation  in   the 
Indian  Territory,  and  in  1889  they  were  allotted  iLds  in  seve^altv 

Ihe  lowas  (sleepy  ones),  according  to  Dorsev,  were  a  southwestern 
S.ouan  tribe  belonging  to  the  Chiwere  group,  composed  of  Tow^^^^^ 
Otoes  and   M.ssouris,  all   of  which   spralig  from   Winnebago  stock    to 

ctiStoldV  t^fV""'  '>■  ^^"^^"i^  -^^  tradition.'  Old  twa 
chiefs  told  Dorsey  that  the  tribe  separated  from  the  Winnebago  on  the 
shores  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  at  the  time  of  the  separation  recdveS  the 

the  De°s  I"^  '"°"-       ''''''''''  ^'^P^"^'^"  ^'--^  '-^d  successively  on 
the  Des  Moines  river,  near  the  pipestone  quarry  in  Minnesota    at  the 
mouth  of  the  Platte,  and  on  the  headwaters  of  the  Little  RaUe  in  Mis 
sour,.     In  1824  they  ceded  their  lands  in  Missouri,  and  in  1836  r  moved 

0  a  reservation  in  the  northeast  corner  of  Kansas      When  this  reTerva 
t.on  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  the  tribe  removed  to  central  Ok  a- 
homa,  where  in  1890  they  were  alloted  lands  in  severalty 

The  K.ckapoos,  a  tribe  of  the  central  Algonquian  group,'  is  first  men- 
tioned in  history  about  1670,  when  Father  Allouez  found  them  livinl 
near  the  portage  between  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  rivers.  Ethnoro^icali? 
the  Kickapoos  were  closely  related  to  the  Sauks  and  Foxes,  with  uSm 

1  y  entered  into  a  scheme  for  the  destruction  of  Detroit  in  i~T  When 
the  Illinois  confederacy  was  broken  up  in  1765.  the  Kickaooos  h.d  th.Jr 
headquarters  for  a  time  at  Peoria.     They  w'ere  allied    vitrTeclsel'^ 
bLTTI"^  '"'■'V"  ''^  ^9th  century,  and  in   1832  took  part    nth 
Black  Hawk  war.     Five  years  later  they   aided  the  government  in  t le 
war  with  the  Seminoles.     After  ceding  their  lands   in  cenraT  Illinois 
they  removed  to  Missouri  and  still  later  to  Kansas,  settling  on  a  reser 
vation   near  Fort   Leavenworth.     About   18=52   a   number  of  TC,VI. 
joined  a  party  of  Pottawatomies  and  went  t^  Tex^^   Late      hev  ^nt 
to   Mexico  and   became  known   as  "Mexican    Kickapoo."     In    1935   the 


914  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Bureau  of  Ethnology  reported  434  Kickapoo — 247  in  Oklahoma  and  167- 
in  Kansas. 

Among  the  Kickapoos  the  gentile  system  prevailed  and  marriage  was 
outside  of  the  gens.  The  principal  gentes  were  water,  tree,  berry,  thun- 
der, man,  bear,  elk,  turkey,  bald  eagle,  wolf  and  fox.  In  summer  they 
lived  in  houses  of  bark,  and  in  winter  in  oval  lodges  constructed  of 
reeds.  They  practiced  agriculture  in  a  primitive  way.  Their  mythology 
was  characterized  by  many  fables  of  animals,  the  dog  being  especially 
venerated  and  regarded  as  an  object  of  offering  always  acceptable  to 
the  great  Manitou. 

The  Pottawatomies  belonged  to  the  Algonquian  group  and  w^ere  first 
encountered  by  white  men  in  the  vicinity  of  Green  Bay,  Wis.  They  were 
originally  associated  with  the  Ottawa  and  Chippewa  as  one  tribe,  the 
separation  taking  place  about  the  head  of  Lake  Huron.  Subsequently 
the  three  tribes  at  time  formed  a  confederacj'  for  oiTense  or  defense,  and 
when  removed  west  of  the  Mississippi  asked  to  be  united  again.  They 
sided  with  the  French  until  about  1760,  took  part  in  the  Pontiac  con- 
spiracy, and  fought  against  the  United  States  in  the  Revolution.  The 
treaty  of  Greeneville  put  an  end  to  hostilities,  but  in  the  war  of  i8i2- 
they  again  allied  themselves  with  the  British.  Between  the  years  1836 
and  1841  they  were  removed  west  of  the  Mississippi,  those  in  Indiana 
having  to  be  removed  by  force.  Some  escaped  to  Canada  and  this  band 
or  their  descendants  still  live  on  Walpole  island  in  the  St.  Clair  river. 
In  1846  all  those  in  the  United  States  were  united  on  a  reservation  in 
Miami  county,  Kan.  In  Nov.,  1861,  this  tract  was  ceded  to  the  United 
States  and  the  tribe  accepted  a  reservation  of  30  miles  square  near 
Holton,  Jackson  county.  Kan.,  where  some  of  the  tribe  still  live.  From 
government  reports  in  1908,  it  is  ascertained  that  there  were  then  about 
2,500  Pottawatomies  in  the  United  States,  676  of  whom  were  in  Kansas. 

The  15  gentes  of  the  tribe  were  the  wolf,  bear,  beaver,  elk,  loon,  eagle, 
sturgeon,  carp,  bald  eagle,  thunder,  rabbit,  crow,  fox,  turkey  and  black 
hawk.  Their  most  popular  totems  were  the  frog,  tortoise,  crab  and  crane. 
In  early  days  they  were  sun-worshipers.  Dog  flesh  was  highly  prized,. 
especially  in  the  "feast  of  dreams,"  when  their  special  manitou  was 
selected. 

The  Kiowas  (principal  people)  once  inhabited  the  region  on  the  upper 
Missouri  and  the  Yellowstone  rivers.  Next  they  formed  an  alliance 
with  the  Crows,  but  were  driven  southward  by  the  Cheyenne  and' 
Arapaho  to  the  country  about  the  upper  Arkansas  and  Canadian  rivers 
in  Colorado  and  Oklahoma.  They  are  first  mentioned  in  history  liv 
Spanish  explorers  about  1732,  and  in  1805  Lewis  and  Clark  found  them 
living  on  the  North  Platle.  About  1840  they  formed  an  alliance  with 
tlie  Comanches,  with  whom  they  were  afterward  frequently  associated 
in  raids  on  the  frontier  settlements  of  Texas  and  Mexico.  In  1865  they 
joined  with  the  Comanche  in  a  treaty  which  ceded  to  the  United  States 
a  large  tract  of  land  in  Colorado,  Texas  and  southwest  Kansas,  and 
tliree  years  later  Ihey  were  put  nn  a  reservation  in  tiMiilnvesl  Texas  and' 
the  western  jiart  of  the  Indian  Territory. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  915 

The  Quapaws,  or  Kwapa,  a  southwestern  tribe  of  the  Siouan  group, 
is  frequently  mentioned  by  early  writers,  such  as  Joutel,  Tonti,  Du 
Pratz,  etc.  Mention  has  previously  been  made  of  their  separation  from 
other  tribes  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  river.  In  1833  they  ceded  their 
lands  in  Arkansas,  the  map  of  the  session  showing  a  small  strip  in 
southeastern  Kansas,  extending  from  the  Missouri  line  to  the  Neosho 
river. 

The  Otoes,  one  of  the  three  Siouan  tribes  forming  the  Chiwere  group, 
were  originally  part  of  the  Winnebago,  from  whom  they  separated  near 
Green  Bay.  Moving  southwest  in  quest  of  buffalo,  the  Otoes  went  up 
the  Missouri,  crossed  the  Big  Platte,  and  Marquette's  map  of  1673  shows 
them  on  the  upper  Des  Moines  or  upper  Iowa  river.  Lewis  and  Clark 
in  1804  found  them  on  the  south  side  of  the  Platte,  30  miles  from  its 
mouth,  where,  having  become  decimated  by  war  and  small-pox,  they 
lived  under  the  protection  of  the  Pawnees.  The  Otoes  were  never  an 
important  tribe  in  Kansas  history,  though  in  March,  1881,  they  ceded 
to  the  I'nited  States  a  tract  of  land,  a  small  portion  of  which  lies  north 
of  Marysville,  Marshall  county. 

In  Jan.,  1838,  several  New  York  tribes  were  granted  reservations  in 
Kansas,  but  they  refused  to  occupy  the  lands,  only  32  Indians  coming 
from  New  York  to  the  newly  established  Indian  territory.  Some  10,000 
acres  were  allotted  to  these  32  Indians  in  the  northern  part  of  Bourbon 
county.  In  1857  the  Tonawanda  band  of  Senecas  relinquished  their 
claim  to  the  Kansas  reservations,  and  in  1873  the  government  ordered 
all  the  lands  sold  to  the  whites,  including  the  10,000  acres  in  Bourbon 
county,  because  the  Indians  had  failed  to  occupy  them  permanently. 

By  the  treaty  of  New  Echota,  Ga.,  Dec.  29,  1835,  the  Cherokee  nation 
ceded  the  lands  formerly  occupied  by  the  tribe  east  of  the  Mississippi 
and  received  a  reservation  in  southeastern  Kansas.  The  tribe  never  as- 
sumed an  important  status  in  Kansas  affairs,  and  in  1866  the  land  was 
ceded  back  to  the  United  States.  (See  Neutral  Lands.)  The  Cherokee 
tribe  was  detached  from  the  Iroquois  at  an  early  day  and  for  at  least 
three  centuries  inhabited  Tennessee,  Georgia,  southwestern  Virginia, 
the  Carolinas  and  northeastern  Alabama.  They  were  found  by  De 
Soto  in  the  southern  Alleghany  region  in  1540,  and  were  among  the  most 
intelligent  of  Indian  tribes. 

Last  but  not  least  of  the  Indian  tribes  that  dwelt  in  Kansas  at  some 
period  or  other  were  the  Wyandots,  or  Wyandot-Iroquois,  who  were 
the  successors  to  the  power  of  the  ancient  Hurons.  Champlain  says 
the  habitat  of  the  Hurons  was  on  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario. 
About  the  middle  of  the  i8th  century  the  Huron  chief  Orontony,  or 
Nicholas,  removed  from  the  Detroit  river  to  the  lowlands  about  San- 
dusky bay.  Nicholas  hated  the  French  and  organized  a  movement  for 
the  destruction  of  their  posts  and  settlements,  but  a  Huron  woman 
divulged  the  plan.  The  hand-book  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology-  says: 
"After  this  trouble  the  Hurons  seem  to  have  returned  to  Detroit  and 
Sandusky,  where  they  became  known  as  Wyandots  and  gradually  ac- 
quired a  paramount  influence  in  the  Ohio  valley  and  the  lake  region." 


9l6  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

During  the  French  and  Indian  war  the  tribe  was  allied  with  the 
French,  and  in  the  Revolutionary  war  they  fought  with  the  British 
against  the  colonies.  For  a  long  time  the  tribe  stood  at  the  head  of  a 
great  Indian  confederacy  and  was  recognized  as  such  by  the  United 
States  government  in  making  treaties  in  the  old  Northwest  Territory. 
At  one  time  they  claimed  the  greater  part  of  Ohio,  and  the  Shawnee  and 
Delaware  tribes  settled  there  with  Wyandot  consent.  In  March,  1842, 
they  relinquished  their  title  to  lands  in  Ohio  and  Michigan  and  agreed 
to  remove  west  of  the  Mississippi.  On  Dec.  14,  1843,  they  acquired  by 
purchase  39  square  miles  of  the  east  end  of  the  Delaware  reserve  in  Kan- 
sas. Connelley  says :  "They  brought  with  them  from  Ohio  a  well 
organized  Methodist  church,  a  Free  Masons'  lodge,  a  civil  government, 
a  code  of  written  laws  which  provided  for  an  elective  council  of  chiefs, 
the  punishment  of  crime  and  the  maintenance  of  social  and  public  order." 

Soon  after  the  W'yandots  came  to  Kansas  efforts  were  made  in  Con- 
gress to  organize  the  Territory  of  Nebraska,  to  include  a  large  part  of 
the  Indian  country.  The  Indians  realized  that  if  the  territory  was 
organized  it  meant  they  would  have  to  sell  their  lands,  notwithstanding 
the  treaty  promises  of  the  government  that  they  should  never  be  dis- 
turbed in  their  possessions,  and  that  their  lands  should  never  be  incor- 
porated in  any  state  or  territory.  A  congress  of  the  Kansas  tribes  met 
at  Fort  Leavenworth  in  Oct.,  1848,  and  reorganized  the  old  confederacy 
with  the  Wyandots  at  the  head.  At  the  session  of  Congress  in  the  winter 
of  1851-52  a  petition  asking  for  the  organization  of  a  territorial  govern- 
ment was  presented,  but  no  action  was  taken.  The  people  then  con- 
cluded to  act  for  themselves,  and  on  Oct.  12,  1852,  Abelard  Guthrie  was 
elected  a  delegate  to  Congress,  although  no  territorial  government 
existed  west  of  the  Missouri.  At  a  convention  on  July  26,  1853,  which 
had  been  called  in  the  interest  of  the  central  route  of  the  proposed 
Pacific  railroad,  a  series  of  resolutions  were  adopted  which  became  the 
basis  of  a  provisional  territorial  government,  with  William  Walker,  a 
Wyandot  Indian,  as  governor.  (See  Connelley 's  Provisional  Govern- 
ment of  Nebraska  Territory.) 

On  Jan.  31,  1855,  tribal  relations  aniung  the  Wyandots  were  dissolved 
and  they  became  citizens  of  the  Cnited  States.  At  the  same  time  the 
39  sections  purchased  in  1843  were  ceded  to  the  government,  with  the 
understanding  that  a  new  survey  was  to  be  made  and  the  lands  conveyed 
to  the  Wyandots  as  individuals,  the  reservees  to  be  permitted  to  locate 
on  any  government  land  west  of  Missouri  and  Iowa. 

In  tlie  social  organization  of  the  Wyandots  four  groups  were  recog- 
nized— the  family,  the  gens,  the  phratry  and  the  tribe.  A  family  con- 
sisted of  all  who  occupied  one  lodge,  at  the  head  of  which  was  a  woman. 
The  gens  included  all  the  blood  relations  in  a  given  female  line.  At 
the  time  the  tribe  removed  to  Kansas  it  was  made  up  of  eleven  gentes 
which  were  divided  into  four  phratrics.  The  first  phratry  included  the 
bear,  deer  and  striped  turtle  gentes;  the  second  was  composi'd  of  the 
black    turtle,    mud    turtle   and   smooth    large    turtle   gentes:    the    third 


KANSAS    HISTORY  pi/ 

included  the  gentes  of  tlic  liawk,  Ix'avcr  and  wolf,  and  the  fourth  liad  but 
two  gentes — the  sea  snake  and  tlic  porcupine. 

Mooney  says  the  Wyandots  were  "the  most  inlUiential  tribe  of  the 
Ohio  region,  the  keepers  of  the  great  wampum  Ijclt  of  union  and  the 
lighters  of  the  council  fire  of  the  allied  tribes."  But,  like  the  other 
great  tribes  that  once  inhabited  the  central  region  of  North  America, 
the  Wyandots  have  faded  away  before  the  civilization  of  the  pale-face. 
The  wigwam  has  given  way  to  the  school  house,  the  old  trail  has  been 
supplanted  by  the  railroad,  and  in  a  few  generations  more  the  Indian  will 
be  little  more  than  a  memory. 

(Works  consulted:  Beach's  Indian  Miscellany,  Brinton's  Aboriginal 
American  Literature,  Cutler's,  Ilazelrigg's  and  Prentis'  Histories  of 
Kansas,  Kansas  Historical  Collections,  Drakes  North  American  In- 
dians, Gregg's  Commerce  of  the  Prairies,  Lewis  and  Clark's  Journal, 
Reports  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  Brownell's  Indian 
Races,  etc.) 

Indian  Brigade. — Although  the  LTnited  States  government  had  not 
always  treated  the  western  Indians  fairly,  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil 
war  in  1861  most  of  them  promptly  took  sides  with  the  North.  On  Jan. 
15,  1862,  a  party  of  L^nion  Indiahs  was  defeated  in  the  Indian  Territory 
and  driven  across  the  line  into  Kansas.  They  encamped  on  Fall  river 
and  later  in  the  year  these  refugee  Indians,  with  some  of  those  living 
in  Kansas,  were  organized  into  the  "Indian  Brigade,"  or,  as  it  was  some- 
times called,  the  "Indian  Home  Guard." 

The  First  Indian  regiment  was  organized  at  Leroy  on  May  22,  1862. 
The  Second  and  Third  were  organized  on  Big  Creek  and  Five-mile  creek 
in  June  and  Juh-,  and  the  three  regiments  were  then  organized  into  a 
brigade,  which  was  commanded  successively  by  William  A.  Phillips,  A. 
Engleman,  C.  W.  Adams  and  John  Edwards.  A  fourth  regiment  was 
commenced,  but  was  never  completed,  the  men  enlisting  for  service  in 
it  being  distributed  among  the  other  regiments. 

The  brigade  served  in  the  Departments  of  Kansas,  Missouri  and  Ar- 
kansas, and  in  the  Army  of  the  Frontier.  It  participated  in  the  opera- 
tions about  Fort  Gibson,  Fort  Blount  and  old  Fort  A\'ayne ;  was  at  Cane 
Hill  and  the  Boston  Mountain  engagements  in  Arkansas;  fought  at 
Newtonia  and  Honey  Springs,  and  in  a  number  of  minor  actions,  and 
about  500  of  the  Indians  were  with  Col.  James  M.  Williams  and  his 
First  Kansas  colored  regiment  at  Cabin  creek.  Much  of  their  service 
consisted  of  scouting,  in  which  they  were  particularly  adept,  and 
throughout  their  entire  term  of  service  the  Indians  proved  themselves 
to  be  good  soldiers.    The  brigade  was  mustered  out  on  May  31,  1865. 

Indian  Floats. —  (See  Floats.) 

Indian  Treaties. — Prior  to  the  beginning  of  the  19th  century,  when 
the  white  settlements  were  few  in  number  and  scattered  over  a  wide 
expanse  of  country,  the  pressure  of  the  white  race  upon  the  domain  of 
the  native  population  was  so  slight  that  the  question  of  land  acquisition 
was  hardly  considered.     While   Kansas  was  a  part  of  the  piovince  of 


9l8  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Louisiana,  the  French  and  Spanish  authorities  found  it  expedient  to 
enter  into  more  or  less  formal  agreements  with  the  various  tribes  with 
which  they  came  in  contact,  but  these  early  treaties  were  merely  for  the 
purpose  of  establishing  friendly  relations  with  the  natives,  the  question 
of  land  cession  rarely,  if  ever,  entering  into  the  negotiations.  Treaties 
of  this  character  were  made  by  Iberville,  Bienville  and  Cadillac  as  gover- 
nors of  the  colony,  and  by  such  early  explorers  as  Dutisne  and  Bourg- 
mont,  but  in  many  instances  the  records  regarding  these  treaties  are 
incomplete. 

East  of  the  Mississippi  river,  it  was  the  policy  of  the  British  govern- 
ment, especially  after  the  peace  of  1763,  to  prohibit  the  whites  from 
settling  on  the  Indian  lands,  and  after  the  Revolution  the  same  policy 
was  pursued  by  the  United  States  for  several  years,  the  Federal  govern- 
ment during  this  time  recognizing  the  several  tribes  and  confederacies 
as  quasi-nationalities,  devoid  of  sovereigntj-,  but  having  a  right  to  the 
soil,  with  power  to  dispose  of  the  same.  etc.  But  almost  immediately 
after  the  acquisition  of  Louisiana  by  the  United  States  the  government 
began  the  inauguration  of  a  different  policy,  looking  to  the  removal 
of  some  of  the  eastern  tribes  west  of  the  Mississippi.  The  act  of  1804, 
which  divided  Louisiana  into  two  territories,  provided  for  the  removal 
of  those  tribes  that  could  be  persuaded  to  make  the  change,  but  made 
no  provision  for  defraying  the  expenses  of  such  removals.  A  few  of 
the  weaker  tribes  accepted  the  invitation  and  removed  to  their  new 
domain,  but  it  was  not  until  some  thirty  years  later  that  the  removal 
policy  assumed  any  considerable  proportions.  By  the  act  of  Congress 
of  May  20,  1834,  a  large  territory,  extending  from  the  Platte  and  Mis- 
souri rivers  to  the  Mexican  possessions  and  estimated  to  contain  over 
132,000,000  acres,  was  set  apart  for  the  exclusive  occupancy  of  the 
Indians.     The  house  committee,  in  reporting  this  bill,  said: 

"The  territorj'  is  to  be  dedicated  to  the  use  of  the  Indian  tribes  for- 
ever by  a  guaranty,  the  most  sacred  known  among  civilized  com- 
munities— the  faith  of  the  nation.  .  .  Our  inability  to  perform 
our  treaty  .  guarantee  [heretofore]  arose  from  tlie  conflicts  between 
the  rights  of  the  states  and  the  LTnited  States.  Nor  is  it  surprising 
that  questions  arising  out  of  such  a  conflict,  which  h;i\e  bewildered 
wiser  heads,  should  not  be  readily  coniprclicndcd  or  appreciated  by  the 
unlettered  Indians." 

Some  removals  had  been  effected  before  the  passage  of  this  act.  Imt 
after  it  became  a  law  the  transfer  of  the  Indians  was  more  rapid,  and 
by  1837  '^ver  50,000  Indians  had  been  located  in  the  domain  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  a  few  of  them  coming  into  Kansas.  Of  the  treaties 
of  amity  made  with  the  western  tribes  by  representatives  of  the  United 
States,  little  need  be  said,  as  they  were  generally  made  for  tenipor.uv 
purposes  and  were  often  unnfTicial,  or  at  least  partially  so,  in  their  ch.ar- 
acter.  Treaties  of  this  nature  were  made  by  Lewis  and  Clark,  l.ieut. 
Pike,  Maj.  Stcplien  11.  Long  and  others.  The  treaties  of  cession  played 
a   more   important   part    in   the    iiistory   of    Kansas,    as    it    w.is    ihrongh 


KANSAS    HISTORY  9I9 

them  that  tribes  east  of  the  Mississippi  were  assigned  homes  in  the  new 
Indian  Territory,  and  in  the  end  the  domain  was  acquired  by  the  gov- 
ernment and  opened  to  white  settlers.  Following  is  a  list  of  the  prin- 
cipal treaties  oi  this  character  that  had  an  influence  upon  Kansas  lands, 
given  by  tribes  in  the  order,  as  nearly  as  possible,  in  which  Ihev  were 
neL;ritiated. 

Osage. — The  first  cession  of  Osage  lands  in  Kansas  was  made  by  the 
treaty  of  June  2,  1825,  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  William  Clark,  superintend- 
ent of  Indian  affairs,  acting  as  commissioner  for  the  I'nited  States. 
By  this  treaty  the  Great  and  Little  Osage  ceded  to  the  United  States 
all  their  lands  in  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  and  all  lands  "west  of  the 
State  of  Mis.souri  and  the  Territory  of  Arkansas,  north  and  west 
of  the  Red  river,  south  of  the  Arkansas  river,  and  east  of  a  line  to  be 
diawn  from  the  head  sources  of  the  Kansas  southwardly  through  the 
Rock  Saline,"  except  certain  reservations,  etc.  The  northern  boundary 
of  the  ceded  lands  was  the  divide  between  the  Kansas  and  Arkansas 
rivers ;  the  line  drawn  through  the  Rock  Saline  crossed  the  southern 
boundary  of  Kansas  near  the  western  line  of  Clark  county,  after  run- 
ning due  south  from  the  Arkansas  river  not  far  from  Dodge  City.  In 
the  treaty  the  boundaries  of  the  general  tribal  reservation  are  thus 
described: 

"Beginning  at  a  point  due  east  of  White  Hair's  village  and  25  miles 
west  of  the  western  boundary  line  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  fronting 
on  a  north  and  south  line  so  as  to  leave  10  miles  north  [south?]  and 
40  miles  south  [north?]  of  the  point  of  said  beginning  and  extending 
west,  v/ith  the  width  of  50  miles  to  the  western  boundary  of  the  lands 
ceded  and  relinquished." 

In  addition  to  this  general  reservation,  42  square  miles  were  reserved 
to  certain  half-breed  members  of  the  tribe  and  54  square  miles  were 
set  apart  to  be  sold  and  the  proceeds  used  to  establish  a  school  fund 
for  the  Osage  children.  For  the  lands  ceded  and  relinquished  the  gov- 
ernment agreed  to  furnish  the  tribe  immediately  with  600  cattle,'  600 
hogs,  1,000  domestic  fowls,  10  yoke  of  oxen,  and  such  farming  utensils 
as  the  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs  might  direct;  to  erect  four  com- 
fortable dwellings  for  the  four  principal  chiefs  at  their  respective 
villages;  and  to  pay  the  tribe  an  annuity  of  $7,000  for  20  years. 

On  Aug.  ID.  1825,  at  Council  Grove  the  Osage  nation  granted  a 
right  of  way  through  the  reservation  for  the  Santa  Fe  trail  (q.  v.),  and 
by  a  treaty  concluded  at  Fort  Gibson  on  Jan.  11,  1839,  the  tribe  ceded 
all  interest  in  any  reservation  claimed  by  another  tribe  and  reaffirmed 
the  cession  of  1825,  the  government  agreeing  to  pay  them  an  annuity 
of  $20,000  for  20  years,  erect  a  saw  and  grist  mill  and  furnish  millers 
for  15  years,  furnish  1,000  cows  and  calves,  2,000  hogs,  certain  farm- 
ing utensils,  and  pay  all  claims  against  the  Osages  for  depredations, 
not  exceeding  $30,000,  and  was  given  the  right  to  buy  the  42  individual 
reservations  of  the  Osage  half-breeds  at  a  price  not  exceeding  $2  an 
acre. 


920  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

The  next  treat}-  with  the  Osage  nation  was  at  Canville,  Kan.,  Sept. 
29,  1865.  Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  annuities  granted  by  the  govern- 
ment under  the  treaties  of  1825  and  1839  had  expired,  the  tribe  was  in 
an  impoverished  condition  and  readily  consented  to  sell  30  miles  off 
the  east  end  of  their  reservation  and  a  strip  of  20  miles  wide  off  the 
north  side  of  the  remainder,  the  latter  to  be  sold  in  trust  for  their  bene- 
fit. The  government  agreed  to  place  $300,000  to  the  credit  of  the 
Osages,  that  sum  being  the  purchase  price  agreed  upon  for  the  30 
miles  off  the  east  end  of  their  lands,  and  to  pay  the  tribe  five  per  cent, 
upon  that  amount  semi-annually,  in  money  or  goods  as  they  might 
choose.  The  Indians  promptly  gave  possession  of  the  ceded  lands, 
but  the  government  was  not  so  prompt  in  placing  the  $300,000  to  their 
credit  or  in  paying  the  interest.  Consequently,  in  1877  the  Osage  nation 
employed  Charles  Ewing,  an  attorney,  to  look  after  their  interests  in 
the  matter.  On  June  16,  1880,  President  Hayes  approved  an  act  of 
Congress  providing  that  the  sum  of  $1,028,785  be  placed  to  the  credit 
of  the  tribe.  Ewing's  fee  in  this  case  was  over  $70,000.  In  the  mean- 
time Congress  had,  on  July  15,  1870.  passed  an  act  providing  for  the 
sale  of  the  remaining  Osage  lands  in  Kansas,  and  on  March  27,  1871, 
the  secretarv  of  the  interior  was  authorized  to  designate  a  new  reserva- 
tion   in   the   Indian  Territory. 

Kansa. — On  June  3,  1825,  the  day  following  the  treaty  with  the  Osage 
nation,  the  chiefs  and  head  men  of  the  Kansa  tribe  entered  into  a 
treaty  with  William  Clark,  superintendent  of  Indian  aft'airs,  at  St. 
Louis,  Mo.,  by  which  the  tribe  ceded  to  the  United  States  all  claim  to 
lands  in  and  west  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  the  boundaries  of  the  cession 
being  described  as  follows :  "Beginning  at  the  entrance  of  the  Kansa 
river  into  the  Missouri ;  thence  nortli  to  the  northwest  corner  of  the 
State  of  Missouri;  thence  westwardly  to  the  Nodcwa  river,  30  miles 
from  its  entrance  into  the  Missouri;  thence  to  the  entrance  of  tlic  Big 
Nemahavv  river  into  the  Missouri,  and  with  that  river  to  its  source; 
thence  to  the  source  of  the  Kansas  river,  leaving  the  old  village  of 
the  Pania  Republic  to  the  west ;  thence  on  the  ridge  dividing  the  waters 
of  the  Kansas  river  from  those  of  the  Arkansas  to  the  western  bound- 
ary line  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  and  with  that  line  to  the  place  of 
beginning." 

This  cession  included  all  tlie  northern  half  of  Kansas  east  of  the 
Araphoe  and  Cheyenne  lands,  except  a  triangular  tract  of  the  Pawnee 
country  lying  northwest  of  the  divide  between  the  Prairie  Dog  creek 
and  the  north  fork  of  the  Solomon  river,  and  a  reservation  "beginning 
20  leagues  up  the  Kansas  river  and  to  include  their  village  on  that  river; 
extending  west  30  miles  in  width  througli  the  lands  ceded." 

The  east  line  of  this  reserve  was  about  10  miles  west  of  the  present 
city  of  Tojjeka,  and  it  included  westward  from  that  line  townshijis  8, 
9,  10.  II  anfl  12.  the  northern  boundary  of  the  reserve  being  35  miles 
from  the  Nebraska  line.  At  tiiat  time  the  sources  of  the  Kansas  river 
were  not  definitely   known,  and   from  government   maps  of  Indian  cos- 


KANSAS    HISTORY  92 1 

sions  it  appears  that  the  Kansa  cession  extended  no  farther  west  than 
the  headwaters  of  the  Solomon,  the  country  farther  up  the  Kc-publican 
fork   belonging   to   the    Pawnees. 

A  second  treaty  with  the  Kansa  Indians  was  concluded  at  the 
Methodist  mission  in  Kansas  on  Jan.  14,  1846.  By  its  provisioris  the 
tribe  ceded  2,000,000  acres  off  the  east  end  of  their  reserve,  the  full 
30  miles  in  width  and  extending  west  until  the  designated  quantity 
of  land  was  obtained.  The  government  agreed,  in  the  event  there  was 
not  sufificient  timber  on  the  remaining  portion  of  the  reservation,  to 
lay  off  a  new  reservation  near  the  western  boundary  of  the  2,000,000 
acres  ceded.  Pursuant  to  this  stipulation,  when  it  was  found  that  there 
was  a  scarcity  of  timber  on  the  diminished  reserve,  the  government 
assigned  to  the  tribe  an  additional  tract  in  the  vicinity  of  Council  Grove. 
Part  of  this  tract  was  claimed  by  the  Shawnees,  but  that  tribe 
relinquished  its  claim  in  1854,  giving  the  Kansa  Indians  a  clear  title. 

On  Oct.  5,,  1859,  at  the  Kansas  agency,  a  treaty  was  negotiated  with 
that  tribe  by  which  the  reservation  was  reduced  to  a  tract  9  by  14 
miles  in  the  southwest  corner  of  the  reservation  near  Council  Grove 
and  the  remainder  of  the  reserve  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  in 
trust,  to  be  sold  for  the  benefit  of  the  tribe.  An  act  of  Congress  on 
May  8,  1872,  provided  for  the  sale  of  the  remaining  "trust"  lands  and 
the  "diminished  reserve,"  and  the  removal  of  the  tribe,  to  the  Indian 
Territory.  Another  act,  approved  on  June  5,  of  the  same  year,  con- 
firmed a  reservation  selected  in  the  Indian  Territory,  and  by  the  act 
of  June  23,  1874,  the  lands  acquired  from  the  Kansa  Indians  were 
ordered  to  be  sold  to  actual  settlers. 

Shawnee. — Contemporaneous  with  the  Osage  and  Kansa  cessions, 
which  gave  to  the  United  States  about  iive-sixths  of  the  present  State 
of  Kansas,  other  tribes  ceded  lands  in  Nebraska,  thus  giving  the  nation 
a  large  tract  of  territory  to  be  set  apart  for  the  use  and  occupancy  of 
the  Indian  tribes  farther  east.  And  almost  immediately  upon  the 
acquisition  of  these  western  lands  the  government  began  negotiations 
for  the  removal  of  the  eastern  tribes  to  the  new  territory.  On  Nov. 
7,  1825,  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  a  treaty  was  concluded  with  the  Shawnee 
tribe  living  near  Cape  Girardeau  upon  a  tract  of  land  acquired  by 
Spanish  grant,  signed  by  Baron  de  Carondelet,  governor  of  Louisiana, 
and  dated  Jan.  4,  1793.  By  the  St.  Louis  treaty  this  tract  was  ceded 
to  the  United  States,  and  the  Shawnees  were  assigned  another  tract, 
equal  to  50  square  miles,  "Commencing  2  miles  northwest  of  the  south- 
west corner  of  Missouri;  thence  north  25  miles;  thence  west  100  miles; 
thence  south  25  miles;  thence  east  100  miles  to  the  place  of  beginning." 

This  tract  happened  to  overlap  the  Osage  lands  in  the  Indian  Ter- 
ritory and  was  not  acceptable  to  the  Shawnees,  who  were  then  assigned 
another  reservation,  "Beginning  at  a  point  in  the  western  boundary 
of  the  State  of  Missouri,  3  miles  south  of  where  said  boundary  crosses 
the  mouth  of  the  Kansas  river;  thence  continuing  south  on  said  bound- 
ary 25  miles;  thence  due  west  120  miles;  thence  due  north  until  said  line 


922  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

shall  intersect  the  southern  boundary  of  the  Kansas  reservation ; 
thence  due  east  coinciding  with  the  southern  boundary  of  said  reserva- 
tion to  the  termination  thereof;  thence  due  north  coinciding  with  the 
€astern  boundary  of  said  reservation  to  the  southern  shore  of  the  Kan- 
sas river ;  thence  along  said  southern  shore  of  said  river  to  where  a 
line  from  the  place  of  beginning"  drawn  due  west  shall  intersect  the 
same." 

As  thus  established  the  Shawnee  reservation  included  the  present 
counties  of  Johnson  and  Douglas,  a  little  of  the  northern  portions  of 
Miami,  Franklin  and  Lyon,  the  northern  part  of  Osage,  the  southern 
part  of  Shawnee,  the  greater  part  of  Wabaunsee,  and  portions  of  Morris 
and  Geary,  the  northwest  corner  of  the  reserve  being  about  3  miles 
southeast  of  Junction  City. 

By  a  treaty  concluded  with  the  Shawnee  chiefs  at  Washington, 
D.  C,  May  10,  1854,  all  the  above  described  reservation  was  ceded  to  the 
United  States  except  200,000  acres,  which  also  included  about  25,000 
acres  to  be  allotted  to  the  "absentee  Shawnees"  upon  their  return  to 
the  tribe.  Many  of  these  never  returned  and  the  land  was  ordered  to 
be  sold  to  actual  settlers  by  an  act  of  Congress,  approved  by  President 
Johnson  on  April  7,  1869.  Another  act,  approved  by  President  Hayes 
on  March  3,  1879,  provided  for  the  disposition  of  the  entire  reserve 
and  the  removal  of  the  Shawnees  to  a  new  reservation  outside  the 
state. 

Delawares. — As  early  as  Oct.  3,  1818,  the  Delawares  of  Ohio,  by  a 
treaty  at  St.  Mary's  in  that  state,  ceded  their  Ohio  lands  to  the  United 
States  and  were  promised  peaceable  possession  of  reservation  west 
of  the  Mississippi.  The  Ohio  Delawares  first  joined  their  tribesmen 
near  Cape  Girardeau,  Mo.,  but  by  the  treaty  of  Sept.  24.  1829,  the 
Missouri  lands  were  ceded  to  the  United  States  and  the  tribe  was 
assigned  a  reservation  "in  the  fork  of  the  Kansas  and  Missouri  rivers, 
extending  up  the  Kansas  river  to  the  Kansa  line  and  up  the  Missouri 
river  to  Camp  Leavenworth,  and  thence  by  a  line  drawn  westwardly, 
leaving  a  space  of  10  miles  wide  north  of  the  Kansas  boundary  line  for 
an  outlet,"  etc.  These  lands  were  surveyed  the  following  year,  and 
by  the  treaty  at  Castor  Hill.  Mo.,  Oct.  26,  1832,  the  cession  and  reserva- 
tion were  reaffirmed.  The  Delaware  lands  in  Kansas  included  the  pres- 
ent county  of  Wyandotte,  the  greater  part  of  the  counties  of  Leaven- 
worth and  Jefferson,  and  small  portions  of  Jackson  and  Shawnee. 

By  a  treaty  concluded  at  Washington,  D.  C,  May  6,  1854,  the  Dela- 
wares granted  the  right  of  way  for  certain  roads  and  railroads  through 
their  reservation,  and  ceded  to  the  Ihiited  Stales  all  their  reserve 
except  39  square  miles  which  had  been  sold  to  the  W3'andots  fq.  v.) 
and  "excepting  that  part  of  said  counlry  lying  cast  and  south  of  a  line 
beginning  at  a  point  on  the  line  between  the  land  of  tlie  Delaware  and 
half-breed  Kansas,  40  miles  in  a  direct  line  west  of  the  boundary 
between  the  Delawares  and  Wyandots ;  thence  north  10  miles;  thence 
in  an  easterly  course  to  a  point  on  the  south  bank  of  Rig  Island  creek, 


KANSAS    HISTORY  923 

which  shall  also  be  on  the  bank  of  the  Missouri  river  where  the  usual 
high-water  line  of  said  creek  intersects  the  high-water  line  of  said 
river." 

By    the    same    treaty    4   square   miles    were    to    be    confirmed    to    the 
Munsees   or   Christian   Indians  upon  payment  of  $2.50  per  acre.     This, 
tract  was  sold  by  the  Christian  Indians  to  A.  J.  Isaacs  and  the  sale  was 
confirmed  by  act  of  Congress  on  June  8,  1858. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  treaty  of  May  30,  786o,  which  was  con- 
cluded at  Sarcoxieville,  on  the  Delaware  reservation,  a  portion  of  the 
reservation  was  allotted  to  them  in  severalty  and  the  remainder  was 
sold  to  the  Leavenworth,  Pawnee  &  Western  Railroad  company.  This 
sale  was  confirmed  by  a  treaty  at  Fort  Leavenworth  on  July  2,  1861, 
and  by  a  supplementary  treaty  at  the  Delaware  agency  on  July  4,  1866, 
the  entire  reservation  passed  from  the  hands  of  the  Delawares,  whose 
tribal  existence  was  at  that  time  merged  with  the  Cherokee  nation. 

Ottawa. — Two  bands  of  this  tribe — the  Blanchard's  Fork  and  Roche 
de  Boeuf — met  with  representatives  of  the  L'nited  States  at  the  Miami 
bay  of  Lake  Erie,  near  the  city  of  Toledo,  Ohio,  Aug.  30,  1831,  and 
entered  into  a  treaty  by  which  they  ceded  their  lands  in  Ohio  and 
accepted  a  reservation  in  Kansas.  The  Roche  de  Boeuf  band  received 
40,000  acres  and  the  Blanchard's  fork  band  34,000  acres.  The  present 
city  of  Ottawa,  the  county  seat  of  Franklin  county,  stands  near  the 
center  of  this  reserve.  After  the  removal  to  Kansas  the  two  bands 
became  confederated.  On  June  24,  1862,  the  reservation  was  ceded  to 
the  L^nited  States  under  certain  conditions,  one  of  which  was  that  the 
tribal  relations  of  the  Ottawas  were  to  be  dissolved  at  the  end  of 
five  years,  when  they  were  to  become  citizens  of  the  United  States 
and  receive  allotments  of  land  in  severalty.  By  a  treaty  on  Feb.  23, 
1867,  which  was  concluded  at  Washington.  D.  C,  a  portion  of  the 
reservation  was  sold  to  the  Ottawa  University  and  the  tribe  was 
assigned  lands  in  the  Indian  Territorj'.  Thus  matters  stood  until  June 
10,  1872,  when  Congress  passed  a  law  providing  for  the  sale  of  the 
unsold  portions  of  the  Ottawa  reserve,  including  the  lands  sold  to  the 
.Ottawa  University  under  the  treaty  of  1867. 

Illinois  Confederacy. — At  Castor  Hill,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  Oct.  27,  1832, 
a  treaty  was  concluded  with  the  Kaskaskias,  Peorias  and  some  minor 
tribes  of  the  Illinois  confederacy,  by  which  they  ceded  certain  lands 
in  Missouri  and  Illinois  and  were  assigned  a  reservation  in  Kansas,  to 
consist  of  150  square  miles  of  land  "to  include  the  present  Peoria 
village,  west  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  on  the  waters  of  the  Osage  river, 
to  be  bounded  as  follows,  to-wit :  North  by  the  lands  assigned  to  the 
Shawanoes ;  west  by  the  western  line  of  the  reservation  made  for  the 
Piankeshaws,  W'eas  and  Peorias ;  and  east  by  the  lands  assigned  the 
Piankeshaws  and  Weas." 

Prior  to  the  negotiations  of  this  treaty  the  government  had  made 
preparations  for  quartering  the  Piankeshaws  and  Weas  in  Kansas,  and 
some  had  actually   taken   up   their  abode   there.     On   Oct.  29,    1832,   a 


924  CYCLOPEDIA    OF  v 

treaty  was  concluded  -with  these  bands  at  Castor  Hill,  whereb}'  they 
accepted  a  reservation  "within  the  limits  of  the  survey  of  the  lands  set 
apart  for  the  Piankeshaws,  Weas  and  Peorias,  bounded  east  by  the 
western  boundary  line  of  the  State  of  Missouri  for  15  miles;  north  by 
the  southern  boundary  of  the  lands  assigned  to  the  Shawanoes;  west 
by  the  lands  assigned  to  the  Peorias  and  Kaskaskias,  and  south  by  the 
southern  line  originally  surveyed  for  the  Piankeshaws,  Weas  and 
Peorias,  said  tract  being  intended  to  include  the  present  villages  of  the 
Piankeshaws  and  Weas." 

The  reservation  of  the  tribes  of  the  Illinois  confederacy  embraced 
a  tract  14  miles  wide  by  32  miles  long,  250  sections  of  which  were 
assigned  to  the  Piankeshaw  and  Wea  bands.  The  present  city  of  Paola 
is  not  far  from  the  center  of  the  old  reservation,  the  northern  boundary 
of  which  is  nearly  represented  by  the  third  standard  parallel.  By  the 
treatv  of  Feb.  23,  1867,  these  lands  were  ceded  back  to  the  United 
States  and  the  confederated  tribes  were  given  another  reservation  in 
the  Indian  Territory. 

Kickapoo. — V>y  a  treaty  concluded  with  this  tribe  at  Castor  Hill  on 
Oct.  24.  1832,  certain  lands  were  ceded  to  the  United  States  and  the 
tribe  was  given  a  reservation  of  1,200  square  miles  in  Kansas.  The 
boundaries  as  described  in  the  treaty  were  not  satisfactory  to  the  In- 
dians, and  on  Nov.  26,  1832,  a  supplementary  treaty  was  entered  into 
fixing  the  boundaries  as  follows:  "r>eginning  on  the  Delaware  line 
where  said  line  crosses  the  left  branch  of  Salt  creek ;  thence  down  said 
creek  to  the  Missouri  river;  thence  up  the  Missouri  river  30  miles  when 
measured  on  a  straight  line;  thence  westwardly  to  a  point  20  miles  from 
the  Delaware  line,  so  as  to  include  in  the  lands  assigned  the  Kickapoo 
at  least  1,200  square  miles." 

Near  the  northeast  corner  of  this  reserve  as  thus  established  now 
stands  the  little  city  of  Troy,  and  the  city  of  Hiawatha,  the  county 
seat  of  Brown  county,  is  very  near  the  north  line  of  the  old  Kickapoo 
reservation.  The  southern  boundary  ran  from  the  Missouri  river  near 
Fort  Leavenworth  in  a  northwesterly  direction  to  a  point  not  far  from 
the  southeast  corner  of  Nemaha  county. 

At  Washington,  D.  C.  May  18,  1854,  a  treaty  was  made  with  the 
Kickapoos  by  which  they  ceded  a  portion  of  their  reserve,  retaining 
150,000  acres  in  the  western  part,  and  they  also  granted  right  of  way 
for  roads  and  railroads  to  pass  through  their  lands.  .\  further  diminu- 
tion of  the  reserve  was  made  by  the  treaty  of  June  28,  1862,  which  was 
concluded  at  the  Kickapoo  agency  in  Kansas,  and  which  set  apart  a 
certain  tract  to  be  held  in  common  and  authorized  the  sale  of  the 
remainder  of  the  reserve  to  the  Atchison  &  Pike's  Peak  Railroad  com- 
pany. The  tract  reserved  for  the  Indians  is  in  township  4  south,  ranges 
15  and  16  east,  a  little  west  of  the  city  of  Ilorton.  By  an  act  of  Con- 
gress, approved  on  July  28,  1882,  the  sale  of  the  tracts  reserved  by  the 
treaty  of  1862  for  a  mill  site,  mission  and  agency  was  authorized,  .nul 
by  an  executive  order  of  Aug.  15.  1883,  President  Arthur  set  njiart  a 
Kickapoo  reserve  in  the  Indian  Territory. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  y25 

Quapaw.— A  treaty  wiili  the  Ouapaws  at  Fort  Gibson,  liul.  Ter.,  May 
13.  1833,  assigned  that  tribe  a  reservation  of  150  square  miles  "west 
of  the  state  line  of  Missouri  and  between  the  lands  of  the  Senecas  and 
Shawnees  not  previously  assigned  to  any  other  tribe."  Of  this  reserva- 
tion a  strip  about  half  a  mile  wide  in  the  southeast  corner  of  Kansas 
extended  from  the  Missouri  line  to  the  Neosho  river.  It  was  ceded  to 
the  United  States  by  the  treaty  concluded  at  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb. 
23,  1867,  except  320  acres  which  were  reserved  and  patented  to  Samuel 
G.  Vallier. 

Pawnee.— From  the  time  of  the  Louisiana  purchase  the  Pawnees 
never  manifested  hostility  toward  the  United  States,  and  their  lands  in 
Kansas  and  Nebraska  were  acquired  with  little  difficulty.  On  Oct.  9, 
1833,  at  the  Grand  Pawnee  village  on  the  Platte  river,  the  confederated 
Pawnee  bands  ceded  to  the  nation  all  right  and  title  to  lands  claimed 
by  them  south  of  the  Platte  river.  That  portion  of  the  cession  lying 
in  Kansas  is  a  triangular  tract,  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  line 
separating  Kansas  from  Nebraska,  on  the  west  by  a  line  running  near 
the  center  of  range  36  west  (near  the  western  "boundary  of  Rawlins 
and  Thomas  counties),  and  on  the  south,  or  southeast,  along  the  divide 
between  the  Solomon  river  and  Prairie  Dog  creek,  extending  eastward 
to  the  state  line  in  range  11  west. 

Cherokee.— By  the  treaties  of  May  6,  1828,  and  Feb.  14,  1833,  tliis 
tribe  had  been  granted  lands  west  of  the  Mississippi,  but  in  the  negotia- 
tion of  the  treaty  of  New  Echota,  Ga.,  Dec.  29,  1835,  ihe  Indians  set 
up  the  claim  that  the  lands  thus  granted  were  insufficient  for  their  use 
and  the  United  States  assigned  to  them  an  additional  tract  of  land 
"situated  between  the  west  line  of  the  State  of  Missouri  and  the  Osage 
reservation,  beginning  at  the  southeast  corner  of  the  same  and  run- 
ning north  along  the  east  line  of  the  Osage  lands  50  miles  to  the  north- 
east corner  thereof;  thence  east  to  the  west  line  of  the  State  of  Mis- 
souri ;  thence  with  said  line  south  50  miles;  and  thence  west  to  the  place 
of  beginning." 

The  tract  above  described  is  situated  in  the  southeast  corner  of 
Kansas,  embracing  approximately  the  present  counties  of  Cherokee  and 
Crawford,  and  was  known  as  'the  "Cherokee  Neutral  Lands."  By  the 
treaty  of  July  19,  1866,  the  Neutral  Lands  were  ceded  in  trust  to  the 
L'nited  States,  with  the  condition  that  they  be  sold  for  the  benefit  of 
the  Cherokee  nation,  and  at  the  same  time  the  Delaware,  Chippewa 
and  other  tribes  were  merged  with  the  Cherokee.  The  lands  were  sold 
to  James  F.  Joy,  and  on  April  27,  1868,  at  Washington,  D.  C,  a  treaty 
with  the  Cherokees  reaffirmed  the  sale.     (See  Neutral  Lands.) 

Chippewa. — Henry  R.  Schoolcraft,  acting  as  commissioner  for  the 
United  States,  negotiated  a  treaty  with  the  chiefs  and  head  men  of 
the  Swan  Creek  and  Black  River  bands  of  the  Chippewa  tribe  at  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  May  9,  1836,  when  these  bands  ceded  their  lands  in 
Michigan,  and  the  government  agreed  to  give  them  a  reservation  of 
13    square    miles    west    of   the    Mississippi    river    or    northwest    of    St 


926  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Anthony's  Falls,  to  be  located  by  an  agent  of  the  government.  The 
reservation  selected  was  situated  south  of  the  Shawnee  lands,  between 
the  lands  assigned  the  Ottawas  and  Sauks  and  Foxes,  near  the  western 
line  of  Franklin  county.  When  the  tribal  existence  of  the  Chippewa 
was  merged  with  the  Cherokee  nation  by  the  treaty  of  July  19,  1866, 
their  reservation  reverted  to  the  United  States  and  was  opened  to  white 
settlers. 

■  Sauk  &  Fox. — In  most  of  the  treaties  made  with  the  Sauk  and  Fox, 
especially  the  earlier  treaties,  the  Iowa  Indians  were  also  interested. 
At  Fort  Leavenworth  Sept.  17,  1836,  William  Clark,  superintendent  of 
Indian  affairs,  concluded  a  treaty  with  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  and  lowas, 
by  which  those  tribes  ceded  their  lands  in  Missouri  to  the  United 
States.  B}'-  article  2  of  the  treaty  the  United  States  granted  to  these 
tribes  "the  small  strip  of  land  on  the  south  side  of  the  Missouri  river. 
King  between  the  Kickapoo  northern  boundary  line  and  the  Grand 
Nemahar  river,  and  extending  from  the  Missouri  back  and  westwardly 
with  the  said  Kickapoo  line  and  the  Grand  Nemahar,  making  400  sec- 
tions to  be  divided  between  the  loways  and  the  Missouri  band  of  Sacks 
and  Foxes,  the  lower  half  to  the  Sacks  and  Foxes  and  the  upper  half 
to  the  loways." 

This  reservation  included  an  irregular  shaped  tract  of  land  in  the 
northeast  corner  of  Kansas  and  the  southeast  corner  of  Nebraska.  The 
west  line  of  the  reserve  was  about  the  middle  of  range  15  east,  and 
the  city  of  Hiawatha  stands  near  the  southern  border. 

By  a  treaty  concluded  at  Washington,  D.  C,  May  17,  1854,  the  lowas 
relinquished  their  title  to  the  reservation  established  by  the  treaty  of 
Sept.  17,  1836,  except  a  tract  "Beginning  at  the  mouth  of  the  Great 
Nemehaw  river,  where  it  empties  into  the  Missouri ;  thence  down  the 
Missouri  to  the  mouth  of  Noland's  creek ;  thence  due  south  one  mile ; 
thence  due  west  to  the  south  fork  of  the  Great  Nemehaw  river,  and 
thence  with  tJie  meanders  of  said  river  to  the  place  of  beginning." 

The  tract  of  land  thus  excepted  from  the  cession  lies  partly  in  Kan- 
sas and  partly  in  Nebraska.  At  the  same  time  a  lialf-section  was  set 
apart  for  the  Presbyterian  board  of  foreign  missions,  and  anolhcr  half- 
section  was  reserved  for  John  B.  Roy. 

On  Oct.  I,  1859,  at  the  Sauk  and  Fox  agency,  Kan.  Ter,,  the  tribe 
reserved  153,600  acres  of  their  lands  in  Osage  and  Franklin  counties 
and  ceded  the  remainder  to  the  United  States  to  be  opened  to  white 
settlers.  The  boundaries  of  the  portion  reserved  were  described  in  the 
treaty  as  follows:  "Beginning  at  a  point  on  the  northern  boundary 
line  of  their  reservation  6  miles  west  of  the  northeast  corner  of  the 
same;  running  thence  due  south  to  the  soutliern  boundary  of  the  same; 
thence  west  along  the  southern  boundary  12  miles;  thence  due  north 
to  the  northern  boundary  of  said  reserve  20  miles;  thence  east  along  the 
said  boundary  12  miles  to  the  place  of  beginning."  The  city  of  Lyndon, 
the  county  scat  of  Osage  county,  is  near  the  center  of  this  diminished 
reserve. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  927 

By  a  treaty  concluded  at  the  Great  Nemaha  agency  in  Nebraska  on 
March  6,  1861,  the  lowas  ceded  to  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  all  that  part 
of  the  resefve  in  northeastern  Kansas  and  southeastern  Nebraska  lying 
south  of  Robert's  creek,  after  which  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  ceded  the 
reservation  to  the  United  States.  Congress,  by  the  act  of  Aug.  15, 
1876,  provided  for  the  sale  of  10  sections  off  the  west  end  of  this  reserve 
—partly  in  Kansas  and  partly  in  Nebraska— and  by  the  act  of  March 
3,  1885,  the  secretary  of  the  interior  was  directed  to  survey  and  sell 
all  the  Sauk  and  Fox  and  Iowa  lands  in  Nebraska  and  Kansas. 

Pottawatomie.— The  lands  held  by  this  tribe  in  the  State  of  Indiana 
were  ceded  to  the  United  States  by  the  treaty  of  Washington,  D.  C, 
Feb.  II,  1837,  and  the  Indians  agreed  to  remove  to  a  reservation  in 
Kansas  within  three  years.  The  lands  assigned  to  them  were  situated 
between  the  Shawnee  reservation  and  that  of  the  New  York  Indians, 
just  west  of  the  Miami  reserve.  The  city  of  Garnett,  the  county  seat 
of  Anderson  county,  stands  near  the  center  of  the  original  Pottawatomie 
reservation.  In  1842  the  Sauks  and  Foxes  were  granted  a  reserve 
which  overlapped  the  Pottawatomie  lands.  This  led  to  a  controversy, 
and  by  the  treaties  of  June  5  and  17,  1846,  concluded  near  Council 
Bluffs,  the  Pottawatomies  ceded  their  claims  to  lands  in  Iowa  and 
were  given  a  new  reservation  including  the  southern  half  of  Jackson 
county,  the  greater  part  of  Shawnee,  the  southeastern  part  of  Pot- 
tawatomie and  the  northeastern  part  of  Wabaunsee— a  tract  30  miles 
square,  embracing  the  lands  in  ranges  11  to  15  and  townships  8  to  12, 
inclusive. 

On  Nov.  15,  1861,  at  the  Pottawatomie  agency  in  Kansas,  was  made 
a  treaty  by  which  576,000  acres  of  this  reserve  were  to  be  held  in  com- 
mon, T7,2,S7  acres  were  set  apart  for  the  "Prairie  Band,"  a  portion  was 
sold  to  the  Leavenworth,  Pawnee  &  Western  Railroad  company,  and 
a  portion  was  allotted  in  severalty  to  certain  individuals.  The  part 
set  apart  to  be  held  in  common  is  located  in  Jackson  county,  now  known 
as  the  Pottawatomie  reserve,  and  is  inhabited  by  what  is  left  of  the 
Prairie  Band.  On  Feb.  27,  1867,  the  tribe  was  assigned  a  tract  30  miles 
square  in  the  Indian  Territory,  but  with  the  understanding  that  this 
arrangement  was  not  to  affect  the  rights  of  those  holding  their  lands, 
in  commnn  under  the  previous  treaty. 

New  York  Tribes.— At  Buffalo '  creek,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  15,  1838,  the 
Oneidas,  Tuscaroras,  Senecas,  Cayugas  and  some  minor  tribes  entered 
into  an  agreement  by  treaty  to  relinquish  all  their  lands  in  the  State 
of  New  York  and  accept  a  reservation  in  Kansas.  Accordingly  a  tract 
of  land  was  set  apart  for  their  use  and  occupancy,  embracing  prac- 
tically the  counties  of  Bourbon,  Allen,  Woodson  and  the  greater  part 
of  Greenwood,  but  they  refused  to  occupy  it.  A  few  of  the  New  York 
Indians  came  to  Kansas  and  were  assigned  a  small  reservation  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  the  present  Bourbon  county,  but  the  lands  were 
all  finally  sold  by  order  of  Congress  under  the  provisions  of  the  acts, 
of  Feb.  19,  1873,  June  23,  1874,  and  April  17,  1878. 


928  ■  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

Miami. — At  the  forks  of  the  Wabash  river  in  Indiana,  Xov.  iit..i838, 
a  treaty  was  negotiated  with  the  Aliamis  by  which  they  agreed  to 
relinquish  their  claims  to  certain  lands  in  Indiana  and  accept  in  exchange 
therefor  a  reservation  in  Kansas.  The  tract  assigned  to  them  lay 
between  the  lands  of  the  Illinois  tribes  on  the  north  and  the  New  York 
tribes  on  the  south,  extending  from  the  Alissouri  line  to  the  Pot- 
tawatomie reservation,  in  what  is  now  Linn  and  Aliami  counties,  and 
contained  500,000  acres.  By  a  second  treaty  at  the  forks  of  the  Wabash 
on  Nov.  28,  1840,  the  reserve  was  to  be  held  in  trust  for  the  chief  Me- 
shing-go-me-sia  and  his  band,  and  by  the  treaty  of  Washington,  D.  C, 
June  5,  1854,  the  reservation,  except  70,000  acres  for  the  use  of  the 
tribe,  640  acres  for  school  purposes  and  50  sections  reserved  to  indi- 
viduals, was  ceded  to  the  United  States.  By  an  act  of  Congress, 
approved  by  President  Grant  on  June  i,  1872,  the  reserve  was  par- 
titioned among  the  members  of  the  band  and  patents  issued  in  sev- 
eralty, and  by  the  act  of  March  3,  1873,  the  remainder  of  the  reserve 
was  ordered  to  be  sold,  the  Miamis  at  that  time  bei  g  merged  with 
the  Kaskaskias,  etc. 

Wyandot. — At  Upper  Sandusky,  Ohio,  March  17,  1842.  the  Wyandot 
Indians  ceded  their  lands  in  Ohio,  and  on  Dec.  14,  1843,  they  pur- 
chased 39  square  miles  off  the  east  end  of  the  Delaware  reservation 
in  Kansas,  where  Kansas  City,  Kan.,  now  stands.  The  purchase  of 
this  tract  was  approved  by  act  of  Congress  on  July  25,  1848.  By  the 
treaty  of  Washington,  D.  C,  April  i,  1850,  the  39  sections  were  ceded 
to  the  United  States  for  a  consideration  of  $1.25  per  acre,  and  by  the 
treaty  of  Jan.  31,  1855,  the  lands  were  ordered  to  be  subdivided  and 
reconveyed  to  the  W3^andots  as  individuals.  On  Feb.  27,  1867,  a  por- 
tion of  the  Wyandot  tribe  was  assigned  lands  in  the  Indian  Territory. 

Arapaho  and  Cheyenne. — A  few  years  before  the  organization  of 
Kansas  as  a  territory  some  of  the  western  tribes  became  involved  in 
a  dispute  as  to  their  respective  domains.  To  settle  this  controversy 
and  fix  definitely  the  boundaries  of  the  Sioux,  Gros  Ventres,  ]\Tandan, 
Blackfoot,  Crow,  Arickarce,  Cheyenne  and  .Arapaho,  a  treaty  was 
arranged  with  these  tribes  at  Fort  Laramie  Sept.  17,  1851.  By  this 
treaty  the  boundaries  of  the  Cheyenne  and  Arapaho  wefe  thus  described : 
"Commencing  at  the  Red  Bute,  or  the  place  where  the  road  leaves  the 
north  fork  of  the  Platte  river;  thence  up  the  north  fork  of  the  Platte 
river  to  its  source;  thence  along  the  main  range  of  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains to  the  headwaters  of  the  .Arkansas  river:  thence  down  the  Arkan- 
sas river  to  the  crossing  of  the  .Santa  Fc  road  :  thence  in  a  northwesterly 
direction  to  the  forks  of  the  Platte  rixcr;  and  thence  up  the  Pl.ille  river 
to  the  place  of  beginning." 

Within  these  boundaries  lies  that  pnvtion  of  K.'insas  north  of  the 
Arkan.sas  river  and  west  of  the  cessions  of  the  Osage,  Kansa  and  Paw- 
nee tribes.  This  tract  was  ceded  to  the  Ignited  States  by  the  Cheyenne 
and  Arapaliri  in  a  treaty  concluded  at  Fort  Wise,  Kan.  Ter..  Feb. 
18,  ]P.f>J. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  929 

Oto  and  Missouri. — These  two  tribes  never  cut  much  figure  in  Kan- 
sas history.  By  a  treaty  concluded  at  Washington,  D.  C,  March  15, 
1854,  they  were  given  a  reserve  consisting  of  a  strip  10  miles  wide  on 
the  Big  Blue  river.  About  3  miles  of  this  strip  was  in  the  northern 
part  of  Marshall  and  Washington  counties,  extending  from  about  the 
middle  of  range  4  to  the  middle  of  range  8  east.  After  several  supple- 
mentary treaties  their  reserve  was  ordered  to  be  sold  by  act  of  Con- 
gress of  May  3,  1881,  and  the  Oto  and  Missouri  Indians  were  given  a 
new  reserve  in  the  Cherokee  nation. 

Munsee. — This  tribe,  known  also  as  the  "Christian  Indians,"  was 
allowed  to  purchase  4  square  miles  from  the  Delawares  by  the  treaty 
of  May  6,  1854.  (See  Delawares.)  This  tract  was  sold  to  A.  J.  Isaacs 
on  June  8,  1858,  when  a  new  home  was  found  for  the  Munsees  with  the 
Chippewas  a  little  south  of  Leavenworth,  and  on  July  16,  1859,  the 
tribe  was  merged  with  the  Chippewas. 

Comanche  and  Kiowa. — The  United  States  came  into  possession  of 
the  lands  claii»ied  by  these  tribes,  including  that  portion  of  Kansas 
west  of  th'e  Osage  reservation  as  established  by  the  treaty  of  June  2, 
1825,  and  south  of  the  Arkansas  river,  by  a  treaty  concluded  at  a  camp 
on  the  Little  Arkansas  river,  Oct.  18,  1865.  At  the  same  time  the  two 
tribes  were  given  a  reservation  in  the  Indian  Territor}'.  With  the 
exception  of  the  reservations  previously  established,  this  was  the  last 
Indian  cession  of  Kansas  lands. 

Indian  Wars. — During  the  early  years  of  settlement,  while  Kansas 
was  a  territory,  but  little  trouble  with  the  Indians  was  experienced. 
A  few  depredations  were  committed  by  some  of  the  tribes,  but  none 
of  them  was  of  sufficient  magnitude  to  cause  serious  alarm.  Col.  Sum- 
ner led  an  expedition  into  the  Indian  country  in  1857  (see  Cheyenne 
expedition),  and  in  the  spring  of  1839  a  battle  was  fought  on  Crooked 
creek,  near  the  southwest  corner  of  the  present  Ford  county.  The 
action  was  an  incident  of  the  Washita  expedition,  which  was  under 
command  of  Maj.  Earl  Van  Dorn,  who  afterward  became  a  general  in 
the  Confederate  army.  These  two  affairs  w'ere  the  most  important 
events  in  connection  with  Indian  warfare  during  the  territorial  period. 

Shortly  after  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war,  while  the  Federal  gov- 
ernment was  engaged  in  conflict  with  the  so-called  Southern  Confed- 
eracy, the  Indians  took  advantage  of  the  opportunity  to  harass  the  white, 
settlements  in  the  states  west  of  the  Mississippi  river.  The  first  notable 
instance  of  this  character  was  the  Sioux  uprising  in  Minnesota  in  the 
summer  of  1862.  The  following  year  the  Comanches,  Cheyennes  and 
Kiowas  became  troublesome  in  Colorado,  requiring  the  presence  of 
troops  to  protect  the  people.  On  Nov.  27,  1863,  Col.  Chivington's  com- 
mand attacked  a  camp  of  Cheyennes  and  Arapahoes  on  Sand  creek  and 
killed  a  large  number  of  Indians,  for  which  Col.  Chivington  was  sub- 
jected to  an  investigation.  In  1864  Gen.  Samuel  R.  Curtis  was  sent  to 
Fort  Riley,  Kan.,  by  the  war  department  to  raise  a  force  of  militia  for 
the  relief  of  some  trains  corralled  on  Cow  creek  on  the  Santa  Fe  trail 
(1-59) 


930  CYCLOl'EDIA    OF 

on  account  of  the  hostility  of  the  Indians.  The  same  summer  Capt. 
Henr}-  Booth  and  Lieut.  Hallowell,  escorted  by  their  company — Com- 
pany L,  Eleventh  Kansas — while  on  a  tour  of  inspection,  became 
separated  from  their  escort  and  were  chased  for  some  distance  by  a 
large  body  of  Indians,  but  succeeded  in  escaping.  Some  of  the  In- 
dians in  the  Indian  Territory  acted  with  the  Confederate  armies  and 
caused  some  apprehension  among  the  settlers  of  southeastern  Kansas. 
(See  War  of  1861-65.) 

In  the  years  1865-66  several  expeditions  were  led  against  the  hostile 
Indians  of  the  northwest,  the  storm  centers  being  at  Fort  Laramie  and 
in  the  Black  Hills  of  Dakota.  The  massacre  by  the  Sioux  at  Fort  Phil 
Kearny  in  the  fall  of  1866  increased  the  prestige  of  the  chief  Red  Cloud, 
who  planned  a  general  uprising  for  Aug.,  1867.  But  by  that  time  the 
government  was  in  a  position  to  send  sufiScient  military  forces  into  the 
Indian  country  to  forestall  the  movement.  None  of  these  conflicts  was 
in  Kansas,  but  the  successive  defeats  of  the  Indians  in  the  northwest 
caused  the  tribes  to  break  up  into  small  bands  which  gradually  worked 
their  wa}'  southward,  raiding  the  settlements  as  they  went. 

On  June  27,  1867,  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman  called  upon  the  governor  of 
Kansas  for  volunteers,  and  on  July  i  Gov.  Crawford  issued  a  proclama- 
tion authorizing  the  organization,  "as  speedily  as  possible,  one  regi- 
ment of  volunteer  cavalry,  to  be  mustered  into  the  Lhiited  States 
service  for  a  period  of  six  months,  unless  sooner  discharged."  A  full 
regiment  was  not  organized,  but  a  battalion,  known  as  the  Eighteenth 
Kansas,  was  mustered  in  on  July  15,  "for  the  purpose  of  guarding  the 
employees  on  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  the  western  settlements  and 
the  emigrant  trains  bound  westward."  The  battalion  was  commanded 
by  Maj.  Horace  L.  Moore,  formerly  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Fourth 
Arkansas  cavalry.  It  consisted  of  four  companies,  to-wit :  Company 
A,  Capt.  Henry  Lindsey ;  Company  B,  Capt.  Edgar  A.  Barker ;  Com- 
pany C,  Capt.  George  B.  Jenness ;  Company  D,  Capt.  David  L.  Payne, 
the  entire  battalion  numbering  358  officers  and  enlisted  men.  It  served 
in  western  Kansas  until  Nov.  15,  when  it  was  mustered  out.  Com- 
panies B  and  C  were  engaged  in  a  fight  with  Indians  on  Prairie  Dog 
creek  on  Aug.  2r,  though  the  action  is  known  as  the  battle  of  Beaver 
creek  (q.  v.). 

The  summer  of  1868  witnessed  considerable  activity  on  the  part  of 
hostile  Indians.  I^arly  in  June  the  Chcyenncs  made  a  raid  as  far  as 
Council  Grove,  ostensibly  for  the  purpose  of  revenging  themselves  on 
the  Kansas  Indians  for  injuries  received  through  that  tribe  the  fall 
before  near  Fort  Zarah,  but  tliuy  robbed  settlers,  killed  cattle,  and  com- 
mitted other  outrages  on  the  whites.  On  Aug.  4  some  225  Cheyennes, 
Arapahrics  and  Sioux  left  Pawnee  fork  and  a  few  days  later  were  on 
the  Saline  river.  Tlicx  repaid  the  kindness  of  the  white  settlers  with 
treachery,  raided  the  valleys  of  the  Saline  and  Solomon,  captured  trains, 
killed  the  escorts  and  burned  the  wagons,  and  carried  two  women — 
Miss  White  and  Mrs.   Morgan — into  captivity.     They   finally  cxlcnded 


KANSAS    HISTORY  93 1 

their  field  of  o|)crations  to  within  20  miles  of  Denver,  their  numbers 
increasing  by  the  addition  of  other  bands  until  a  formidable  force 
was  gathered  together.  The  governors  of  both  Kansas  and  Colorado 
reported  the  outrages  to  the  authorities  at  Washington,  urging  that 
something  be  done  with  the  Indians,  and  threatening  to  call  out  the 
state  troops.  The  national  government  tried  to  induce  the  savages  to 
return  to  their  reservations,  and  failing  in  this.  Gen.  I'.  II.  Sheridan, 
commanding  the  Department  of  the  Missouri,  was  ordered  to  take  the 
field  against  the  Cheyennes  under  Roman  Nose  and  Black  Kettle.  It 
was  in  this  campaign  that  Col.  George  A.  P'orsyth's  band  of  scouts, 
armed  with  revolvers  and  repeating  rifles,  scouted  the  country  about 
the  headwaters  of  the  Solomon  and  Fort  Wallace,  and  in  September 
fought  the  battle  of  Arickaree.     (See  Arickaree,  Rattle  of.) 

On  Oct.  9,  1868,  Gen.  Sheridan  called  upon  Gov.  Crawford  for  a 
regiment  of  mounted  volunteers  "to  serve  for  a  period  of  six  months, 
unless  sooner  discharged,  against  the  hostile  Indians  on  the  plains." 
The  regiment  consisted  of  twelve  companies  of  loo  men  each,  and  was 
ofificered  as  follows :  Colonel,  Samuel  J.  Crawford ;  lieutenant-colonel, 
Horace  L.  Moore;  ma-jors,  W.  C.  Jones,  Charles  Dimon,  Richard  W. 
Jenkins  and  Milton  Stewart.  On  Nov.  4  Gov.  Crawford  resigned  his 
office  to  take  command  of  the  regiment,  which  left  Topeka  the  next 
day  for  the  Indian  country,  under  orders  to  join  Gen.  Sheridan's  com- 
mand at  Camp  Supply.  The  march  took  24  days,  and  was  made  on  9 
days'  subsistence  and  7  days'  forage,  the  regiment  reaching  Camp 
Supply  on  the  29th. 

In  the  meantime,  upon  the  approach  of  winter.  Black  Kettle's  band 
moved  southward  to  the  \\'ashita  river.  Gen.  George  .\.  Custer  was 
sent  out  from  Camp  Supply  in  pursuit,  and  late  on  Nov.  26  the  scouts 
came  within  sight  of  Black  Kettle's  village.  Bivouac  was  made  for 
the  night,  and  at  daybreak  the  next  morning  his  bugles  sounded  the 
charge.  With  the  band  playing  the  Seventh  regimeiit's  fighting  tune 
of  "Garry  Owen,"  Custer's  men  swept  like  a  tornado  through  the 
village.  Black  Kettle  was  killed  early  in  the  fight  and  the  command 
of  the  Indians  fell  on  Little  Rock,  a  Cheyenne  chief  almost  as  well 
known  as  Black  Kettle  himself.  The  village  was  destroyed,  but  Custer 
soon  learned  that  this  band  vi-as  only  one  of  many,  and  that  there 
were  in  the  vicinity  about  2,000  warriors — Cheyennes,  Arapahoes, 
Kiowas.  Comanches  and  a  few  Apaches.  He  dismounted  his  men  and 
assumed  the  defensive.  The  Indians  were  led  by  Little  Raven  fan 
Arapaho),  Satanta  (a  Kiowa),  and  Little  Rock.  The  ammunition  ran 
low,  but  the  quartermaster,  Maj.  Bell,  charged  the  line  and  brought 
in  a  wagon  loaded  with  a  fresh  supply,  after  which  the  Indians  grew 
more  wary  and  finally  began  to  retreat.  Custer  threw  out  flankers  and 
followed,  his  object  being  to  make  the  savages  think  his  command  was 
but  the  advance  of  a  large  army,  until  he  could  withdraw  with  safety. 
The  ruse  succeeded,  and  as  soon  as  the  Indians  were  in  full  retreat 
Custer  started  for  Camp  Supply,  where  he  arrived  on  Dec.  i,  two  davs 


93-2  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

after  the  Nineteenth  Kansas.  Official  reports  give  the  number  of 
officers,  soldiers  and  citizens  killed  during  the  year  1868  as  353. 

From  Dec.  18,  1868,  to  Jan.  6,  1869,  the  Nineteenth  was  in  camp  at 
Fort  Cobb.  It  then  moved  28  miles  southward  and  established  Fort 
Sill.  Col.  Crawford  resigned  on  Feb.  12,  and  on  March  23  Lieut.-Col. 
Moore  was  made  colonel,  i\Iaj.  W.  C.  Jones  at  the  same  time  being 
promoted  to  lieutenant-colonel.  On  March  2,  1869,  the  command  left 
camp  at  Fort  Sill,  dismounted,  and  moved  along  the  southern  base  of 
the  Wichita  range  "to  stir  up  the  Cheyennes."  Salt  fork  was  crossed 
on  the  6th,  and  after  a  hard  march  the  Indians  were  overtaken  on  the 
20th.  The  men  of  the  Nineteenth  were  ready  to  open  fire,  when  Col. 
Moore  received  an  order  from  Gen.  Custer  not  to  fire.  For  a  short 
lime  there  was  almost  mutiny  in  the  ranks.  The  men  begged,  argued, 
swore,  and  some  even  shed  tears  in  their  disappointment,  but  the  prin- 
cipal object  was  to  recover  the  two  women  (Mrs.  Morgan  and  Miss 
White)  who  had  been  captured  in  Kansas  the  year  before.  .\  parlej'^ 
was  held,  which  resulted  in  the  chiefs  Dull  Knife,  Big  Head,  Fat  Bear 
and  Medicine  Arrow  being  left  with  Custer  as  hostages  until  the  women 
were  safeh"  delivered  to  their  friends,  which  .was  done  on  the  22nd. 
No  battles  were  fought  by  the  Ninteenth,  but  its  presence  in  the  hostile 
No  battles  were  fought  by  the  Nineteenth,  but  its  presence  in  the  hostile 
regiment  was  mustered  out  at  Fort  Hays  on  April  18,  1869. 

Early  in  May,  1869,  predatory  bands  of  Indians  began  to  lurk  around 
the  settlements  on  the  frontier.  On  the  21st  they  attacked  a  party 
of  hunters  on  the  Republican  river  and  drove  them  and  the  settlers 
on  White  Rock  creek,  in  Republican  county,  down  to  Lake  Sibley. 
Five  days  later  B.  C.  Sanders  of  Lake  Sibley  v^'rote  to  Adjt.-Gcn.  W. 
S.  Morehouse  that  6  men  had  been  killed,  and  that  i  woman  and  2 
boys  were  missing.  On  the  30th  the  Indians  made  a  raid  on  the  set- 
tlements along  the  Saline  river,  killed  and  wounded  13  persons,  and 
carried  Mrs.  Allerdice,  Mrs.  Weichell  and  a  child  into  captivity.  Mrs. 
Weichcll  was  recaptured,  but  the  other  prisoners  were  killed  during 
a  fight  Ijetwecn  the  savages  and  the  white  troops  under  Gen.  Carr.  For 
the  protection  of  the  settlers,  the  adjutant-general  mustered  a  battalion 
of  four  companies — 311  men  and  officers.  Company  .\.  commanded 
by  Capt.  A.  J.  Pliley,  was  stationed  at  a  blockhouse  on  Spillman  creek; 
Company  B,  under  Capt.  W.  A.  Winsell,  was  placed  on  Plum  creek; 
Company  C,  commanded  b}'  Capt.  I.  N.  Dalrymple,  was  located  near 
the  mouth  of  Spillman  creek,  with  detachments  from  Alinneapolis  to 
Fisher  creek;  Company  D,  commanded  by  Capt.  Richard  Stanfield.  was 
stationed  near  the  forks  of  the  Kepul)lican  river  and  Beaver  creek. 
Lieut.  Stinson,  with  30  men,  was  placed  on  Turkey  creek  in  miles  from 
tiic  mouth.  The  expense  of  this  battalion  was  a  little  over  $83,800, 
but  its  presence  in  the  menaced  districts  held  the  Indians  at  liay  and 
no  doubt  saved  several  limes  llie  cost  in  pro|H-rty.  to  say  noljiini;'  of 
the  preservation  of  human  life. 

The  year  1870  was  comparatively  quiet.     ,\ccording  tn  the  report  of 


KANSAS    HISTORY  933 

tlic  adjutant-general,  some  20  or  30  Indians  early  in  May  attacked  the 
settlements  on  Limestone  creek,  Mitchell  county,  and  killed  3  unarmed 
men.  These  were  the  only  persons  killed  in  the  state  by  Indians  during 
the  year. 

No  further  Indian  troubles  of  consequence  occurred  in  Kansas  until 
1874.  In  the  spring  of  that  year  some  roving  bands  began  to  molest 
the  settlers  in  Ford,  Barber  and  Comanche  counties,  and  Gov.  Osborne 
sent  a  small  body  of  state  troops  into  that  section.  In  August  about 
20  or  30  Osages  belonging  to  Black  Dog's  and  Big  Chief's  bands  came 
into  Kansas,  under  pretense  of  hunting  on  their  old  hunting  grounds. 
Capt.  Ricker,  with  some  40  men,  was  occupying  a  stockade  near  Kiowa, 
Barber  county.  Knowing  that  the  Indians  were  ofif  their  reservation 
without  permission  or  authority,  he  marched  out  to  their  camp  to  learn 
their  intentions.  The  chief  came  out  and  met  him  a  short  distance 
from  the  camp.  When  Ricker  told  him  to  order  the  others  to  come 
up  the  chief  gave  orders  in  the  Osage  language  to  fire  upon  the  whites. 
Lieut.  Mosely  understood  the  order.  He  promptly  seized  the  chief 
and  informed  him  that  any  more  evidence  of  treachery  would  result  in 
his  having  the  top  of  his  head  blown  off.  The  action  of  the  leader 
probably  incensed  Ricker's  men  to  a  degree  that  made  them  more 
vindictive  than  they  would  otherwise  have  been  in  dealing  with  the 
Indians.  The  camp  was  broken  up.  the  ponies  and  camp  equipage  car- 
ried off  by  the  whites,  and  in  the  fight  that  ensued  4  of  the  Osages  were 
killed.  Edward  P.  Smith,  Indian  commissioner,  wrote  to  the  interior 
department  that  Ricker  acted  without  authority,  but  that  after  the  out- 
rage, as  he  called  it,  Gov.  Osborn  had  the  company  mustered  as  militia 
and  the  order  of  muster  antedated,  in  order  to  make  it  appear  the  act 
was  committed  by  authority  of  the  state.  Gov.  Osborn  commissioned 
Capt.  Lewis  Hanback  to  investigate  the  affair  and  report.  The  con- 
clusion reached  by  Capt.  Hanback  was  that  "The  attempt  made  by  the 
Indian  authorities  to  fasten  the  charge  of  murder  and  robbery  on  the 
whites,  is  wholly  and  utterly  without  foundation.  It  arises  either  from 
a  misconception  of  the  facts,  or  a  willful  desire  to  malign  and  mis- 
represent."    (See  Osborn's  Administration.) 

Following  this  event  came  four  years  of  peace,  and  then  came  the 
last  Indian  raid  in  Kansas.  That  raid  has  been  deemed  sufficiently  im- 
portant to  receive  separate  treatment  in  this  work.  fSee  Chevenne 
Raid,  1878.) 

Industrial  Schools. — John  Howard,  who  died  in  1790,  was  the  first 
man  to  advocate  a  system  of  prison  reform  that  would  separate  young 
persons,  convicted  for  the  first  time,  from  hardened  criminals— a  sys- 
tem that  has  since  found  expression  in  the  establishment  of  reform 
schools.  As  early  as  1803.  Edward  Livingston,  while  mavor  of  New 
York  city,  suggested  legislation  in  favor  of  such  separation,  and  in 
1821  he  incorporated  his  ideas  in  the  Louisiana  code.  The  first  organ- 
ized effort  for  the  reformation  of  juvenile  offenders  was  in  Engfand 
in  1817.     Seven  years  later  the  city  of  New  York  established  a  "House 


934  CYCLOI'EDIA    OF 

of  Refuge"  in  what  is  now  known  as  JMadison  square ;  Boston  followed 
with  a  similar  institution  in  1826,  and  Philadelphia  opened  a  reform 
school  in  1828.  In  1900  there  were  56  such  schools  in  the  L'nited 
States. 


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MAIN  BUILDING.   BOYS'   INDUSTRIAL   SCHOOL. 


Kansas  has  two  schools  of  this  character,  viz. :  the  "State  Industrial 
School  for  Boys,"  at  Topeka,  and  the  "State  Industrial  School  for 
Girls,"  at  Beloit.  The  former  was  established  under  the.  provisions  of 
an  act  passed  by  the  legislature  ol'  1S70.  which  appmiirialed  .'f^^s.ooo 
for  the  erection  of  buildings,  etc.  The  control  and  sujicrvision  of  the 
school  was  i)laced  in  the  hands  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  state 
charitable  institutions,  which  was  directed  to  select  a  siic  witliin  5 
miles  of  the  state  house,  provided  tlie  city  of  Topeka  wmild  doii.ite  a 
tract  of  not  less  than  160  acres  of  land  fur  the  ptir])iise.  ."^Imrily  after 
the  passage  of  the  act,  the  board  appointed  Dr.  J.  I..  W'evcr.  .\.  T. 
Sharpe  and  C.  E.  Faulkner  as  a  cnmmiltee  to  visit  other  states  and 
examine  into  the  workings  of  their  refcnm  sohodls.  '\'hv  cuniniitlee 
reported  in  favor  of  founding  an  institution  that  should  be  educitional 
rather  than  jienal  :  that  cells,  bolts  and  bars  should  be  omitted;  that 
none  over  sixteen  years  of  age  should  be  admitted;  that  forms  of  tri.il 
in  making  commitments  should  be  omitted  as  far  as  jKissible,  and  that 
there  should  be  a  complete  separation  of  the  sexes.  The  report  was 
adfipted  and  the  school  was  founded  upon  that  basis.  It  is  located  3 
miles  north  of  the  capitol  building,  on  a  tract  of  170  acres  which  was 


KANSAS    HISTORY 


935 


given  by  the  city  of  Topeka,  and  to  this  has  been  added  70  acres  by 
purchase.  The  west  wing  of  the  main  building  was  completed  in  time 
to  open  the  school  on  June  i,  1881,  with  J.  G.  Eckles  as  superintendent. 
Mr.  Eckles  was  succeeded  on  March  i,  1882,  by  J.  F.  Ikick,  who  served 
to  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  on  June  30,  1891.  Since  then  the  superin- 
tendents have  been  as  follows:  W.  E.  Fagan,  1891-92;  E.  C.  Hich- 
cock,  1893-94;  W.  H.  Flowell,  1895-96;  J.  M.  Hart,  1897  to  May  i,  1899; 
W.  S.  Hancock,  May  i,  1899,  to  Jan.  i,  1902;  H.  W.  Charles,  Jan.  i, 
1902 . 

In  his  report  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  on  June  30,  1900,  Supt.  Han- 
cock stated  that  upon  assuming  the  management  of  the  institution  he 
found  a  number  of  boys  whose  conduct  merited  a  discharge,  but  could 
not  be  discharged  because  they  had  no  suitable  homes  to  which  they 
could  go.  He  consulted  with  Gov.  Stanley  and  the  board  of  trustees, 
with  the  result  that  the  parole  system  was  adopted.  That  year  31 
boys  were  sent  out  on  parole  and  only  two  came  back.  They  were 
again  sent  out — to  different  places — and  that  time  remained.  Since 
then  the  parole  system  has  been  made  a  permanent  feature  of  the 
institution. 


GIRLS'    INDUSTRIAL  SCHOOL,    BELOIT. 


On  Feb.  i,  1888.  the  Women's  Christian  Temperance  Union  of  Beloit 
opened  a  school  of  a  reformatory  character  for  girls.  This  school  was 
kept  up  by   private   contributions  until  the   meeting  of  the   legislature 


936  CVCLOl'EDIA    OF 

in  1889,  when  a  law  was  passed  appropriating  $25,000  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  reform  school  for  girls  at  Beloit,  provided  that  city  would 
"secure  a  suitable  tract  of  land,  without  cost  to  the  state,  not  less  than 
40  acres,  within  3  miles  of  said  city,  as  a  site  for  said  school,"  the  site 
to  be  approved  by  the  state  board  of  charitable  institutions.  The  people 
of  Beloit  donated  a  tract  of  80  acres  within  half  a  mile  of  the  city,  and 
on  March  18,  1889,  the  state  took  over  the  school  that  had  been  started 
the  year  previous  by  the  Women's  Christian  Temperance  Union.  A 
building  capable  of  accommodating  100  inmates  was  erected,  and  the 
first  commitment  was  from  Butler  county  on  May  10,  1889. 

The  act  creating  the  school  gave  courts  of  record  and  probate  courts 
the  power  to  commit:  i.  Any  girl  under  the  age  of  sixteen  years  who 
might  be  liable  to  punishment  by  imprisonment  under  any  existing 
law  of  the  state.  2.  Any  girl  under  sixteen,  with  the  consent  of  her 
parent  or  guardian,  against  whom  any  charge  of  violation  of  law  might 
have  been  made,  the  penalty  for  which  would  be  imprisonment.  3.  Any 
girl  under  sixteen  who  is  incorrigible  and  habitually  disregards  the 
commands  of  her  father,  mother  or  guardian,  and  who  leads  a  vagrant 
life,  or  resorts  to  immoral  places  or  practices,  and  neglects  or  refuses 
to  perform  labor  suitable  to  her  years,  and  to  attend  school.  Every 
girl  so  committed  to  the  institution  was  required  to  remain  until  she 
reached  the  age  of  twenty-one,  unless  sooner  discharged  upon  the 
superintendent's  recommendation,  though  girls  might  be  apprenticed 
or  dismissed  upon  probation,  to  be  returned  to  the  school  if  they 
proved  untrustworthy.  Biennial  reports  have  been  made  by  the  super- 
intendents as  follows:  Mary  Marshall,  1890;  Martha  P.  Spencer,  1892; 
Tamsel  F.  Hahn,  1894;  Mrs.  S.  V.  Leeper,  1896;  Phoebe  J.  Bare,  1898; 
Hester  A.  Ilanback,  1900;  and  since  thai  time  to  1910  by  Mrs.  Julia  B. 
Perry. 

The  aims  and  objects  of  the  industrial  schools  are  to  surround  way- 
ward boys  and  girls  with  an  atmosphere  of  refinement  and  morality 
which  will  aid  in  their  reformation,  and  to  teach  them  the  rudiments 
of  some  useful  employment  that  will  place  in  their  hands  the  means  of 
supporting  themselves  after  being  discharged  from  the  institution.  The 
boys  are  taught  tailoring,  shoe  and  harness  making,  woodworking  of 
various  kinds,  baking,  printing,  etc.,  and  the  girls  are  taught  sewing, 
weaving,  cooking,  gardening  and  horticulture,  wood  carving,  clay 
modeling,  and  the  general  duties  of  the  household.  Music  is  taught  in 
both  schools,  which  are  provided  with  libraries.  A  printing  press  has 
been  installed  in  the  boys'  school,  and  a  monthly  paper  called  the 
"Boys'  Chronicle"  is  issued  and  circulated  llir(UiL;lii  mt  llu-  stale  and 
mailed  to  similar  schools  elsewhere. 

Industry,  a  village  in  Clay  county,  is  locatiil  nn  (  lia]iinaii  creek,  16 
miles  south  of  Clay  Center,  the  county  scat,  and  9  miles  southwest  of 
Wakefield,  the  postoffice  from  which  it  receives  its  mail.  There  are 
several  business  establishments,  among  which  are  2  llnur  mills  The 
population  in   1910  was  250. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  937 

Ingalls,  a  lilllc  town  in  Gray  county,  is  located  in  the  township  of 
the  same  name,  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  6  miles 
west  of  Cimarron,  the  county  scat.  There  are  a  number  of  stores,  tele- 
graph and  express  offices,  and  a  money  order  postoffice.  The  popula- 
tion, according  to  the  census  of  1910,  was  250.  Ingalls  was  one  of  the 
candidates  for  county  scat  in  the  latter  '80s,  and  at  one  time  had  the 
cnunty  offices. 

Ingalls,  John  James,  I'nited  States  senator,  was  born  at  Middle- 
town,  Mass.,  Dec.  29,  1833,  a  son  of  Elias  T.  and  Eliza  (Chase)  Ingalls. 
He  was  a  descendant  of  Edmond  Ingalls,  who,  with  his  brother  Francis, 
founded  the  town  of  Lynn,  Mass.,  in  1628.  In  1855  he  graduated  at 
Williams  College,  Williamstown,  Mass.,  and  two  years  later  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  his  native  county  of  Essex.  In  1858  he  came  to  Kan- 
sas;  was  a  member  of  the  Wyandotte  constitutional  convention  in  1859; 
and  was  secretary  of  the  territorial  council  in  i860.  While  secretary 
of  the  state  senate  in  1861,  at  the  first  session  of  the  state  legislature, 
he  submitted  a  design  for  a  state  seal  (see  Seal  of  State),  and  in  1862 
was  elected  to  the  state  senate.  During  the  Civil  war  he  served  as 
judge  advocate  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  George  W.  Deitzler,  with  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel,  and  in  1864  was  nominated  for  lieutenant-governor 
on  the  "Anti-Lane"  ticket.  Mr.  Ingalls  married  Miss  Anna  L.  Cheese- 
borough  of  Atchison,  Kan.,  in  1865,  and  in  1873  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  senate  to  succeed  Samuel  C.  Pomeroy.  He  was  twice 
reelected  and  served  in  the  senate  for  18  years,  part  of  that  time  being 
the  presiding  officer.  Lie  was  a  great  reader,  a  close  student  of  men 
and  events,  a  fine  parliamentarian,  and  was  probably  the  readiest  man 
in  debate  that  ever  represented  Kansas  in  the  upper  house  of  Con- 
gress. Senator  Harris  of  Tennessee  said  of  him:  "Mr.  Ingalls  will 
go  down  in  history  as  the  greatest  presiding  officer  in  the  history  of 
the  senate."  Mr.  Ingalls  was  possessed  of  fine  literary  talent,  and  had 
he  turned  his  attention  in  that  direction  instead  of  entering  politics, 
his  name  would  no  doubt  have  been  among  the  great  writers  of  the 
country.  His  poem  entitled  "Opportunity,"  which  has  been  widely 
quoted,  is  a  classic.  He  died  at  Las  Vegas,  New  Mex.,  Aug.  16,  igoo. 
The  writings,  including  essays,  addresses  and  orations  of  Mr.  Ingalls, 
were  published  in  1892  by  Mrs.  Ingalls.  The  book  is  dedicated  to  the 
people  of  Kansas. 

Inman,  one  of  the  important  little  towns  of  McPherson  countv,  is 
located  on  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  R.  R.  11  miles  south- 
west of  McPherson,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  weekly  news- 
paper (the  Inman  Review),  telegraph  and  express  offices,  and  an  inter- 
national money  order  postoffice  with  four  rural  routes.  The  population, 
according  to  the  census  of  1910,  was  484.  Inman  is  one  of  the  newer 
towns  of  the  county,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  the  famous  pioneer 
character,  Henry  Inman.     It  is  on  the  route  of  the  old  Santa  Fe  trail. 

Inman,  Henry,  soldier  and  author,  was  born  in  the  citv  of  New  York 
on  July  3,    1837,   of  Dutch   and    Huguenot   ancestry.      In    1857  he   was. 


938  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

commissioned  second  lieutenant  in  the  United  States  arni_\-  and  was 
sent  to  the  Pacific  coast.  On  Oct.  22,  1861,  he  married  Eunice  C.  D}er 
of  Portland,  Me.,  where  her  father,  Joseph  W.  Dyer,  was  a  well  known 
ship  builder.  During  the  Civil  war  Lieut.  Inman  served  as  an  aide  on 
the  staff  of  Gen.  George  Sykes,  and  on  Feb.  11,  1869,  was  brevetted 
lieutenant-colonel.  After  the  war  he  won  distinction  as  a  magazine 
writer.  In  1895  he  published  "The  Old  Santa  Fe  Trail,"  which  was 
widely  read.  This  was  followed  by  '"The  Great  Salt  Lake  Trail,"  "The 
Ranch  on  the  Oxhide."  and  the  "Delahoyd  Boys."  For  several  3'ears 
before  his  death  ^Ir.  Inman  was  in  feeble  health  and  he  left  a  number 
of  unfinished  manuscripts.     He  died  at  Topeka,  Kan.,  Nov.  13,  1899. 

Insane  Asylums. — The  three  Kansas  institutions  for  the  care  and 
treatment  of  persons  of  unsound  mind  are  the  "Topeka  State  Hospital," 
the  "Osawatomie  State  Hospital,"  and  the  "Epileptic  Hospital."  each  of 
which  is  treated  under  its  own  title. 

Internal  Improvements. — Section  8,  Article  XI,  of  the  state  constitu- 
tion of  Kansas,  reads :  "The  state  shall  never  be  a  party  in  carrying 
on  any  works  of  internal  improvements." 

By  this  provision  Kansas  escaped  the  heavy  burden  of  indebtedness 
that  fell  on  some  of  the  Western  and  Southern  states  through  the 
adoption  of  a  so-called  "liberal  policy"  in  the  construction  of  railroads, 
canals,  etc.  But,  while  the  state  as  a  unit  was  thus  prohibited  from 
aiding  in  the  work  of  internal  improvement,  the  legislature  has  repeat- 
edly given  authority  to  county  commissioners  and  to  municipal  authori- 
ties in  incorporated  cities  to  issue  bonds  for  internal  improvements. 
The  General  Statutes  of  1868  (Chapter  52)  provides  the  method  in 
which  counties  and  cities  might  issue  bonds  for  building  bridges  and 
erecting  buildings  for  public  purposes,  said  bonds  to  be  made  payable 
in  not  less  than  ten  nor  more  than  twenty  years,  but  before  being  issued 
the  question  was  to  be  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people. 

Since  that  time  there  has  been  scarcely  a  session  of  the  general 
assembly  at  which  bills  have  not  been  introduced  providing  for  bond 
issues  by  counties  or  municipalities  for  bridges,  school  houses,  court- 
houses, waterworks,  electric  light  plants,  poor  houses,  jails,  etc.  Many 
of  these  bills  have  become  laws,  and  much  of  the  improvement  of  Kan- 
sas counties  and  cities  is  due  to  such  legislation. 

Invasion  of  the  2,700. — Early  in  the  forenoon  of  Sept.  14,  1856,  a  mes- 
senger rode  into  Lawrence  and  announced  that  a  large  body  of  Mis- 
sourians,  which  had  been  in  camp  on  the  Wakarusa.  were  advancing 
on  the  town.  They  were  the  territorial  militia  called  into  service  liy  the 
order  of  acting  Gov.  Woodson,  and  the  plan  was  to  destroy  Lawrence 
before  any  contrary  instructions  could  be  received  from  the  newly  ap- 
pointed governor,  Geary.  Brinton  W.  Woodward,  in  his  address  before 
the  Kansas  Historical  Society  in  1898,  said:  "The  actual  numl)er  of 
the  enemy  was  unknown  to  us,  but  we  had  reason  to  believe  that  it 
was  overwhelming  in  comparison  with  our  deplctc-d  remnant.  There 
has  alwavs  been  some  latitude  in  its  estimate — whelluT  j,=;()o  cir  2,800; 


KANSAS    HISTORY  939 

Ijtil  su])])licd  as  they  were  with  the  best  of  arms,  4  pieces  of  cannon, 
officered  by  the  men  of  most  military  experience  among  our  Ijilter  foes, 
and  led  by  John  W.  Keid,  ex-colonel  of  the  Mexican  war,  there  were 
surely  enough  of  them  to  wipe  us  out  utterly." 

Including  all  the  defenders,  old  and  young,  there  were  probably 
not  more  than  200  men  in  Lawrence.  The  three  forts  located  near 
Vermont,  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island  streets,  bearing  east  and  west 
from  each  other  in  a  line  coinciding  to  that  of  Henry  street,  were  first 
manned.  These  earthworks  were  rudely  constructed  and  about  4  feet 
high.  A  second  detachment,  about  40  in  number,  was  stationed  in  the 
fort  on  Mount  Oread,  south  of  where  North  College  now  stands.  It 
occupied  a  commanding  position  but  without  cannon  was  in  no  condition 
to  put  up  a  strong  defense,  yet  some  historians  believe  that  this  fort 
had  much  to  do  with  saving  Lawrence.  John  Brown  was  among  the 
defenders,  and  while  he  had  no  command  gave  the  defenders  council  and 
advice.  Anxiety  increased  as  the  day  wore  on  and  no  news  or  relief 
came  from  Gov.  Geary.  At  length — between  4  and  5  o'clock  p.  m. — the 
enemy  was  seen  advancing  toward  Franklin,  about  3  miles  southeast  of 
Lawrence,  having  fired  Stroup's  mill  on  the  way.  The  defenders  realized 
that  the  enemy  must  be  repulsed  or  they  would  all  perish  in  the  city. 
Col.  O.  E.  Learnard,  who  had  been  commanding  a  little  force  of  horse- 
men, left  the  town  with  what  few  men  he  could  gather,  and  started 
down  the  road  toward  Blanton's  bridge.  Two  other  parties  were  also 
sent  out,  one  under  Capt.  Cracklin,  but  the  leader  of  the  second  party, 
sent  out  by  John  Brown,  is  not  known.  The  party  in  command  of  Col. 
Learnard  went  about  2  miles  from  town,  and  finding  no  enemy  in  that 
direction,  turned  eastward  and  joined  the  other  parties  upon  an  elevated 
ridge  nf  land  which  commanded  the  road  from  Franklin,  where  they 
intercepted  the  advance  of  the  Missourians  about  300  strong.  The  free- 
state  men,  seeing  that  the  southerners  were  attempting  to  cut  them  of?, 
began  to  retreat  up  the  road  toward  town,  keeping  up  a  running  fire 
for  some  distance.  When  the  Missourians  had  advanced  some  distance 
they  left  the  road,  approached  much  nearer  the  town  and  circled  around 
northward  on  the  prairie.  It  is  thought  the  pro-slavery  men  believed 
that  there  was  a  cannon  in  the  fort  on  Mount  Oread,  and  that  this  idea 
prevented  them  from  making  a  dash  into  the  town,  as  the  men  in  the  fort 
deployed  in  a  manner  to  present  quite  a  formidable  array.  The  Missouri 
force  evidently  concluded  that  they  had  not  sufficient  strength  to  take 
the  town  and  retired  to  their  main  body.  That  evening  Gov. 
Geary  arrived  with  the  United  States  troops,  the  crisis  was  passed  and 
Lawrence  was  saved  from  the  sack,  burning  and  plunder  which  was  some 
few  years  later  to  be  her  fate.     (See  Geary's  Administration.) 

lola,  the  seat  of  justice  and  largest  city  of  Allen  county,  is  situated  a 
little  northwest  of  the  center  of  the  county,  at  the  junction  of  the  Atchi- 
son, Topeka  &  Santa  Fe,  the  Missouri,  Kansas  &  Texas,  and  the  Mis- 
souri Pacific  railways.  Duncan's  History  of  Allen  County  says  that  a 
meeting  was  held  in  Jan.,  1859,  at  the  residence  of  J.  C.  Clark,  near  the 


940  CYCLOPEDIA    UF 

mouth  of  Deer  creek,  to  locate  a  new  town  w  ith  a  view  to  making  it  the 
count}'  seat.  A  town  company  was  organized  with  John  W.  Scott, 
president ;  John  Hamilton,  vice-president ;  J.  M.  Perkins,  secretary ;  and 
James  McDonald,  treasurer.  The  town  was  named  for  Mrs.  lola  Col- 
born,  the  wife  of  J.  F.  Colborn,  who  erected  the  first  fraine  house,  a 
log  house  having  been  previously  put  up  by  Bolivar  B.  Bayne.  In  i860 
James  Faulkner  and  Aaron  Case  removed  their  stores  from  the  old  town 
of  Cofachique  to  lola.  Little  progress  was  made  during  the  war,  but  in 
the  few  years  immediately  follow-ing  the  growth  was  more  rapid.  In 
1866  \V.  H.  Johnson  began  the  publication  of  the  Neosho  Valley  Regis- 
ter, which  was  the  first  newspaper.  The  first  bank  was  started  by  the 
King  Bridge  company,  but  when  the  bridge  company  went  out  of  busi- 
ness the  bank  also  ceased  to  exist.  L.  L.  Northrup  then  started  a  private 
bank,  which  later  developed  into  the  present  Northrup  National  bank. 
The  city  also  has  two  state  banks  and  a  savings  bank.  lola  is  well 
equipped  W'ith  paved  streets,  a  good  waterworks  system,  electric  lights, 
a  street  railway  system,  a  fire  department,  gas  for  both  heating  and 
illuminating  purposes,  an  opera  house,  two  daily  and  three  weekly  news- 
papers, a  public  library,  five  fine  graded  public  schools  and  a  high  school^ 
and  various  religious  denominations  are  represented  by  handsome  houses 
of  worship.  Eight  large  cement  factories  turn  out  about  25,000  barrels 
a  day,  employing  about  3,000  men ;  the  9  zinc  smelters  produce  about 
one-third  of  the  world's  supply;  and  a  large  spelter  employs  some  i,8oO' 
persons.  There  are  also  flour  mills,  brick  and  tile  works,  iron  works, 
planing  mills,  ice  factory  and  cold  storage  plant,  rug  factory,  bottling 
works,  creamery,  broom  factory,  and  a  number  of  smaller  manufacturing 
enterprises.  lola  is  connected  by  an  electric  railway  with  La  Harpc,  the 
line  passing  through  the  gas  field,  with  branches  to  Bassett  and  Con- 
crete. On  Feb.  28.  1870,  lola  w'as  incorporated  as  a  city  of  the  second 
class  by  an  act  of  the  legislature.  The  population  in  1910,  according  to 
the  U.  S.  census,  was  9,032,  and  the  city  was  at  that  time  composed  of  six 
wards.  Four  rural  delivery  routes  emanate  from  the  lola  post- 
office  and  supply  mail  to  a  large  agricultural  district  anil  a  number  of 
smaller  villages. 

Ionia,  a  village  of  Jewell  county,  is  located  in  Ionia  township,  12  miles 
southwest  of  Mankato,  the  county  seat,  and  9  miles  west  of  Jewell  City, 
on  the  middle  branch  of  Limestone  creek  and  the  Smith  Center  and 
Jewell  City  road.  It  has  banking  facilities,  postoffice  and  telegraph.  It 
was  homesteadc'd  in  iSfig  and  settled  in  1870.  The  population  in  1910- 
was  250. 

Iowa  Point,  an  old  town  in  Doni]ihan  county,  is  located  dii  the  Mis- 
souri river  and  the  Chicago,  lUirlington  &  Ouincy  R.  R.  in  Iowa  town- 
ship 74  miles  northwest  of  Troy,  the  county  seat.  It  has  express  and 
telegraph  oiTices  and  a  money  order  postoffice.  The  poinilation  in  T910 
was  150.  This  is  one  of  the  important  towns  of  the  county,  historically. 
It  was  founded  in  1855  ^'X  ^^-  W.  Forman,  J.  W.  Forman  and  J.  S.  Pem- 
berton  on  land  fornu-rly  belonging  to  Rev.  S.  M.  Irwin,  the  missionary. 


KANSAS    HISTORY  94I 

The  first  two  buildings  were  erected  by  members  of  the  town  company 
in  1854.  The  first  store  was  occupied  by  Beeler  &  WiUiams.  A  hotel 
was  opened  by  B.  Beeler.  The  first  drug  store  was  opened  by  Leigh  & 
Brown,  the  former  being  the  first  physician.  Jn  1856  the  town  took  a 
decided  boom.  Fine  brick  buildings  went  up,  among  them  a  $10,000 
hotel,  a  sawmill  and  a  grist  mill.  One  of  the  earliest  Masonic  lodges 
in  the  state  was  moved  to  the  town  in  1857,  ^^'^  the  first  lodge  of  Good 
Templars  was  organized.  The  town  soon  out-stripped  Atchison  in  size 
and  iDecame  second  in  the  state  in  point  of  population  and  first  in  busi- 
,  ness.  Several  wholesale  iiouses  were  in  operation  by  1858,  a  brick  yard 
was  started,  and  a  ferry  boat  was  put  in  operation  on  the  Missouri.  With 
the  beginning  of  the  war  the  citizens  promptly  organized  a  company  of 
militia  under  Capt.  C.  J.  Beeler,  which  took  part  in  the  war  during  the 
entire  four  years.  In  1862  a  company  of  the  Eighth  Kansas  was 
stationed  at  Iowa  Point  for  the  protection  of  the  river  front.  In  that 
year  a  great  fire  destroyed  the  main  part  of  town  (the  big  hotel  had 
already  been  burned),  the  ferry  boat  sunk,  and  the  newspapers  sus- 
pended. The  town  never  recovered  from  the  effects  of  these  disasters. 
It  was  southern  in  its  sympathies  and  the  only  slave  ever  offered  for 
sale  was  sold  at  auction  in  the  street  in  1857. 

Irene,  a  country  postoffice  in  Hamilton  county,  is  located  in  Bear 
Creek  township,  15  miles  southwest  of  Syracuse,  the  county  seat.  It 
has  mail  tri-weekly.  The  principal  occupation  in  the  vicinity  is  farm- 
ing and  stock  raising.     The  population  in  1910  was  25. 

Ironquill. —  (See  Ware,  Eugene  F.) 

Irrigation. — In  the  late  '70s  and  early  '80s  a  general  interest  in  irriga- 
tion spread  throughout  the  western  states.  The  settlers  of  western 
Kansas  realizing  the  extreme  fertility  and  richness  of  their  soil,  if  only 
sufficient  moisture  could  be  obtained,  received  the  irrigation  idea  with 
enthusiasm,  which  resulted  in  much  speculation  about  the  possibilities 
of  irrigating  from  the  Arkansas  river,  and  its  ultimate  trial.  One  com- 
pany, organized  at  Garden  City  in  1879,  dammed  a  channel  in  the  river 
between  an  island  and  the  main  land.  From  the  reservoir  thus  formed 
was  dug  a  ditch  8  feet  wide,  2  feet  deep  and  10  miles  long.  This  was 
successful  enough  to  induce  man}-  other  companies  to  organize  irriga- 
tion projects,  and  in  1883,  not  less  than  five  large  ditches  had  been  con- 
structed in  that  vicinity.  All  of  these  ditches  when  first  made  had  an 
ample  flow  of  water  from  the  river  and  would,  if  the  flow  had  been  unin- 
terrupted, have  supplied  water  for  all  of  the  lands  below  the  ditches. 
About  1887  and  1888,  Colorado  people  began  an  extensive  system  of 
irrigation  from  the  Arkansas  river.  The  great  area  watered  from  the 
stream  diverted  so  much  water,  that  by  1891-92  the  ditches  in  the  Kan- 
sas valley  were  practically  abandoned.  Litigation  between  Kansas  and 
Colorado  followed  in  the  supreme  court  of  the  L^nited  States.  The  case 
was  settled  soniewhat  indefinitely,  but  practically  against  Kansas 

In  1895  the  state  took  up  the  question,  created  a  board  of  irrigation 
and- defined  its  object  and  duties,  as  is  seen  in  Section  5,  Chapter  162, 


942  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

the  Session  laws  of  1895,  which  reads:  "In  order  that  tliere  may  be 
made  a  practical  test  of  the  water  supply  on  the  uplands  of  western  Kan- 
sas for  irrigation  purposes  said  board  shall  cause  to  be  constructed 
twenty  irrigation  wells  and  pumping  stations,  or  more  if  possible  under 
this  appropriation,  not  more  than  one  of  which  shall  be  located  in  the 
same  county,  which  shall  be  constructed  and  operated  under  the  direc- 
tion of  said  board  in  such  manner  that  correct  data  of  the  depth  of 
wells,  quality  of  water  supply,  kinds  of  pumps  and  power  employed, 
and  the  capacity  of  each  of  said  wells,  and  said  board  are  hereby  em- 
powered to  make  a  practical  test  of  the  so-called  underflow  water  for 
irrigation  purposes,  to  make  a  fine  and  complete  examination  of  said 
underflow  water  as  they  may  be  enabled  to  do  with  the  means  placed 
at  their  command,  to  demonstrate  the  best  method  of  raising  water  to 
the  surface  and  storing  it  for  irrigation  purposes,  making  as  full  and 
complete  report  of  their  investigation  in  detail."  etc. 

Full  provision  was  made  in  the  bill  for  directing  all  phases  of  the  work 
and  an  appropriation  of  $30,000  was  made  to  carry  it  on.  This  law  is 
supplemented  in  Chapter  21,  Session  laws  of  1897,  by  ''an  act  relating 
to  forestry  and  irrigation."  combining  both  lines  of  investigation  under 
one  commissioner,  manner  of  appointment,  length  oi  time,  defining 
duties  of  said  commission,  and  disposing  of  irrigation  plants  established 
by  the  state  irrigation  commission.  In  1900  the  commissioner  reports 
that  owing  to  lack  of  water  and  too  heavj^  machinery,  the  irrigation 
plant  at  Ogallah  station  had  not  been  as  successful  as  had  been  hoped. 
The  irrigation  plants  in  Kansas  had  not  met  with  the  results  anticipated 
when  F.  H.  Newell,  of  the  U.  S.  geological  survey,  reviewed  the  condi- 
tions in  western  Kansas  and  recommended  wells  as  the  best  solution 
of  the  water  supply  problem. 

In  April,  1905,  the  United  States  geological  survey  announced  to  the 
public  that  ]ircparation  was  being  made  to  install  an  irrigation  plant 
near  Deerfield,  Finney  county,  Kan.,  Prof.  Schlichter,  an  engineer  of 
the  reclamation  service,  having  demonstrated  that  there  is  a  great 
underflow  at  that  point  which,  by  the  use  of  pumps,  cnuld  l>e  utilized  for 
irrigation.  This  plant  was  immediately  constructed  at  a  cost  of  $250.- 
000  and  used  water  from  wells  and  from  the  Arkansas  river  for  its 
canals.  Up  to  this  time  the  idea  of  irrigating  from  wells  had  existed  in 
a  limited  way,  but  the  discovery  of  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  under- 
ground water  in  Finney  and  other  western  counties  along  the  .Arkansas 
river,  which  can  be  found  at  a  depth  of  16  to  200  feet,  created  a  system 
of  windmill  irrigation  that  is  both  extensive  and  successful.  The  water 
is  pumped  by  the  windmill  into  reservoirs,  and  from  these  it  is  car- 
ried by  ditches  leading  to  difTerent  fields.  One  windmill  and  one  reser- 
voir 73  by  150  feet  and  6  feet  deep  will  irrigate  from  10  to  20  acres. 
While  irrigation  in  the  valley  of  the  Arkansas  river  is  the  most  exten- 
sive and  inipf)rtant,  there  arc  other  sections  where  difl'erent  modes  of 
irrigation  have  been  employed  advantageously.  As  early  as  1877  a  Mr. 
.Mlnian.  who  'supplied   I'Url   Wallace  witii  jirovisions,  fell    the  necessity 


KANSAS    HISTORY  943 

of  artificial  watering  of  crops,  and  built  a  satisfactor}'  ditch  from  the 
Smoky  Hill  river,  which  ditch  has  been  in  continual  use  since  that  time. 
In  Scott  county,  a  Mr.  Jones  has  a  fully  developed  system  of  hillside 
irrigation,  the  water  being  obtained  from  springs.  Mr.  Warner,  in  the 
same  county,  has  installed  a  system  of  flumes  through  which  to  convey 
spring  water  to  his  fields.  In  many  parts  of  western  Kansas  are  never 
failing  springs,  from  which  individual  irrigation  may  be  made.  As 
they  are  located  at  different  elevations,  sometimes  on  the  bed  of  an 
arroyo,  at  other  times  on  the  side  of  a  high  blufif,  different  engineering 
methods  have  to  be  used  to  control  the  water.  In  Meade  county  is  an 
artesian  area  of  about  20  miles  in  length  by  6  miles  in  width.  In  this 
area  wells  have  been  drilled  from  50  to  250  feet  in  depth.  The  flow 
of  these  wells  varies  from  a  pailful  in  five  minutes  to  over  1,000  gallons 
per  minute.  (See  Artesian  Wells.)  The  water  obtained  is  used  for 
irrigation  purposes.  The  accessible  water  supply  of  western  Kansas 
has  been  of  untold  value,  not  only  to  its  immediate  territory,  but  to 
Kansas  as  a  whole. 

Irrigation,  State  Board  of. — This  board  was  created  by  the  legislature 
of  1895  '^o  be  known  as  a  board  of  Irrigation  Survey  and  Experiment, 
and  to  be  composed  of  five  members,  the  geologist  of  the  State  Univer- 
sity at  Lawrence,  the  president  of  the  agricultural  college  at  Manhattan, 
and  three  others  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor.  (See  Irrigation 
ante.)  The  men  appointed  on  this  board  were  George  T.  Fairchild, 
president  of  the  Agricultural  College,  Erasmus  Haworth,  professor  of 
geology  in  the  State  I'niversity.  D.  M.  Frost,  of  Garden  City,  M.  B. 
Tomblin,  of  Goodland,  and  William  B.  Sutton,  of  Russell.  The  board 
organized  March  13,  1895,  with  D.  M.  Frost  as  president  and  William 
B.  Sutton  as  secretary.  The  board  considered  it  impossible  to  accom- 
plish all  the  act  embraced  with  the  appropriation  made,  but  deter- 
mined to  carry  out  the  principal  provisions  of  the  law  as  far  as  was 
practicable.  As  a  preliminary  step  the  territory  to  be  investigated  was 
divided  into  three  districts  under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  Tomblin,  Mr. 
Sutton  and  Mr.  Frost.  Stations  were  located  in  Rawlins,  Sherman, 
Rooks,  Trego,  Logan,  ^^'allace,  Greeley,  Wichita,  Lane,  Hodgeman, 
Hamilton,  Grant,  Haskell,  Gray,  Ford  and  Seward  counties.  In  1897 
the  legislature  reorganized  the  irrigation  work,  created  the  office  of 
commissioner  of  forestry  and  irrigation,  thus  doing  away  with,  the 
board  of  irrigation.  In  this  act  relating  to  irrigation  all  stations  estab- 
lished by  the  state  irrigation  commission  were  ordered  to  be  sold. 

Irvin,  Samuel  M.,  an  earl}-  missionary  and  teacher  to  the  Sac  and  Fox 
Indians,  was  born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1812.  In  1835  the  Presbvterian 
foreign  board  appointed  him  missionary  to  the  Iowa  Indians,  or  rather 
to  act  as  superintendent  of  the  mission,  which  was  established  in  April, 
1837,  on  what  is  known  as  the  "Platte  Purchase,"  in  northwestern  Mis- 
souri. The  next  year  it  was  moved  across  the  Missouri  river  and 
located  near  the  present  town  of  Flighland,  Doniphan  county,  Kan'. 
Here  Mr.   Irvin  and  his  wife  continued  their  labors  until  the  mission 


944  CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

was  discontinued,  after  which  he  was  for  several  years  connected  with 
the  Highland  University.  At  the  time  he  came  to  Kansas  the  nearest 
postoifice  was  at  Liberty,  Mo.  On  Feb.  12,  1879,  Mr.  Irvin  delivered  an 
address  before  the  Kansas  State  Historical  Society.     He  died  in  1887. 

Irving,  an  incorporated  city  of  Marshall  county,  is  located  in  Blue 
Rapids  township  15  miles  south  of  Marysville,  the  county  seat,  at  the 
junction  of  the  Union  Pacific  and  ^Missouri  Pacific  railroads,  and  on  the 
Big  Blue  river.  All  lines  of  business  enterprise  is  represented.  There 
are  good  banking  facilities,  a  weekly  newspaper,  telegraph  and  express 
ofifices,  graded  schools,  public  library,  churches  of  all  denominations,  and 
three  rural  routes  extend  from  the  Irving  postoffice.  In  19 10  the  popu- 
lation was  403. 

Irving  County,  which  has  disappeared  from  the  map  of  Kansas,  was 
created  by  the  act  of  Feb.  27,  i860,  aind  named  in  honor  of  Washington 
Irving.  The  territory  included  in  the  county  was  taken  from  Hunter, 
and  it  was  bounded  as  follows:  "Commencing  at  the  point  where  the 
guide  meridian  crosses  the  5th  standard  parallel,  between  ranges  8  and 
9;  thence  due  west  36  miles;  thence  due  south  24  miles;  thence  due  east 
to  a  point  due  south  of  the  first  named  point;  thence  north  to  the  place 
of  beginning."  The  territory  included  within  these  boundaries  now 
embraces  the  southern  part  of  Butler  county,  the  northern  tier  of  Con- 
gressional townships  of  Cowley,  a  little  of  the  southwest  corner  of 
Greenwood,  and  the  northwest  corner  of  Elk  county. 

Isabel,  an  incorporated  town  in  Barber  county,  is  located  on  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  R.  R.  13  miles  north  of  Medicine  Lodge, 
the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  a  weekly  newspaper  (the  Herald),  over 
a  score  of  mercantile  establishments,  express  and  telegraph  offices,  and 
a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route.  The  population  in  1910 
was  222. 

Island,  an  inland  hamlet  of  Neosho  county,  is  located  in  Lincoln  town- 
ship, about  12  miles  southeast  of  Erie,  the  county  seat,  and  about  8 
from  St.  Paul,  from  which  place  it  receives  daily  mail  by  rural  route. 

luka,  an  incorporated  city  of  the  third  class  in  Pratt  county,  is  located 
in  the  township  of  the  same  name  on  the  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.,  5  miles 
north  of  Pratt,  the  county  seat.  It  has  a  bank,  2  elevators,  a  hotel,  a 
number  of  mercantile  establishments,  churches  and  schools,  express  and 
telegraph  offices,  and  a  money  order  postoffice  with  one  rural  route. 
The  population  in  1910  was  223.  The  lown  was  seltUnl  in  1X77.  and 
was  at  one  time  the  county  seat.     (See  Pratt  County.) 

Ivanhoe,  a  hamlet  in  Haskell  county,  is  located  6  miles  north  of  Santa 
Fe,  the  county  scat,  and  7  miles  northwest  of  Jean,  the  postoffice  from 
which  its  mail  is  distributed  by  rural  route. 


UNrVERSITY  OF  CALITORNIA  LIBRARY 

Los  Angeles 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


1989 


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